1

Final Coverage

Ethical Issues

a. Abortion and Human Life

b. Euthanasia and Conscience

Objectives

After reading this module the students be able to

 define what is abortion?

 Differentiate what is pro-life and pro-choice views of abortion
 evaluate the moral issue of “death without suffering” in the light of any ethical
theories.
 discuss the different type of abortion and the risk it brings to human beings

Over the past four decades, since abortion was legalized in Roe v. Wade, the term
“pro-life” has been distorted and discredited.  We are told that if we are pro-life we don't care
about babies outside the womb, even as we care for men, women, and children through non-
profits, ministries, and pregnancy resource centers. We are told we only care about saving
the child from abortion, even as we foster and adopt children in need of homes.

Opponents have often misrepresented the term “pro-life” by pointing out only that which it
stands against – abortion. Yet the term encapsulates so much more than simply an
opposition to abortion.  In fact, it is everything we stand for, rather than simply what we stand
against, that motivates the pro-life movement. The terms "pro-life" and "pro-choice" refer to
the dominant ideologies concerning abortion rights. Those who are pro-life, a term that some
argue is biased because it suggests that the opposition does not value human life, believe
that abortion should be banned. Those who are pro-choice support keeping abortion legal
and accessible.

In reality, the controversies related to reproductive rights are much more complex.
Some people back abortions in certain circumstances and not in others or believe such
procedures should be "safe, rare, and legal." Complicating matters is that there's no
consensus on when exactly life begins. The shades of gray in the abortion debate are why
the reproductive rights discussion is far from simple.
Abstraction
The Pro-Life Perspective
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Someone who is "pro-life" believes that the government has an obligation to preserve all
human life, regardless of intent, viability, or quality-of-life concerns. A comprehensive pro-life
ethic, such as that proposed by the Roman Catholic Church, prohibits:

 Abortion
 Euthanasia and assisted suicide
 The death penalty
 War, with very few exceptions

In cases where the pro-life ethnic conflicts with personal autonomy, as in abortion and
assisted suicide, it's considered conservative. In cases where the pro-life ethnic conflicts with
government policy, as in the death penalty and war, it's said to be liberal.

Pro-Choice Perspective People who are "pro-choice" believe that individuals have unlimited
autonomy with respect to their own reproductive systems, as long as they don't breach
theautonomy of others. A comprehensive pro-choice position asserts that the following must
remain legal:

 Celibacy and abstinence

 Contraception use
 Emergency contraception use
 Abortion
 Childbirth
 Under the Partial Birth Abortion Ban passed by Congress and signed into law in
2003, abortion became illegal under most circumstances in the second trimester of
pregnancy, even if the mother's health is in danger. Individual states have their own
laws, some banning abortion after 20 weeks and most restricting late-term abortions.

 The pro-choice position is perceived as "pro-abortion" to some in the U.S., but this is
inaccurate. The purpose of the pro-choice movement is to ensure that all choices
remain legal.

Point of Conflict
The pro-life and pro-choice movements primarily come into conflict on the issue of abortion.
The pro-life movement argues that even a nonviable, undeveloped human life is sacred and
must be protected by the government. Abortion should be prohibited, according to this model,
and not practiced on an illegal basis either. The pro-choice movement argues that the
government should not prevent an individual from terminating a pregnancy before the point of
viability (when the fetus can't live outside the womb). The pro-life and pro-choice movements
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overlap to an extent in that they share the goal of reducing the number of abortions. However,
they differ with respect to degree and methodology.
Religion and the Sanctity of Life
Politicians on both sides of the abortion debate only sometimes reference the
religious nature of the conflict. If one believes that an immortal soul is created at the moment
of conception and that "personhood" is determined by the presence of that soul, then there is
effectively no difference between terminating a week-old pregnancy and killing a living,
breathing person. Some members of the anti-abortion movement have acknowledged (while
maintaining that all life is sacred) that a difference exists between a fetus and a fully-formed
human being.
Religious Pluralism and the Obligation of Government
The U.S. government can't acknowledge the existence of an immortal soul that
begins at conception without taking on a specific, theological definition of human life. Some
theological traditions teach that the soul is implanted at quickening (when the fetus begins to
move) rather than at conception. Other theological traditions teach that the soul is born at
birth, while some assert that the soul doesn't exist until well after birth. Still, other theological
traditions teach that there is no immortal soul whatsoever.
Can Science Tell Us Anything?

Although there is no scientific basis for the existence of a soul, there is no such basis
for the existence of subjectivity, either. This can make it difficult to ascertain concepts such as
"sanctity." Science alone can't tell us whether a human life is worth more or less than a rock.
We value each other for social and emotional reasons. Science doesn't tell us to do it. To the
extent that we have anything approaching a scientific definition of personhood, it would most
likely rest in our understanding of the brain. Scientists believe that neocortical development
makes emotion and cognition possible and that it doesn't begin until the late second or early
third trimester of pregnancy.

Alternative Standards for Personhood

Some pro-life advocates argue that the presence of life alone, or of unique DNA,
defines personhood. Many things that we don't consider to be living persons might meet this
criterion. Our tonsils and appendices are certainly both human and alive, but we don't
consider their removal as anything close to the killing of a person. The unique DNA argument
is more compelling. Sperm and egg cells contain genetic material that will later form the
zygote. The question of whether certain forms of gene therapy also create new persons could
be raised by this definition of personhood.

Not a Choice
The pro-life vs. pro-choice debate tends to overlook the fact that the vast majority of
women who have abortions don't do so by choice, at least not entirely. Circumstances put
them in a position where abortion is the least self-destructive option available. According to a
study conducted by the Guttmacher Institute, 73 percent of women who had abortions in
the United States in 2004 said that they couldn't afford to have children.
The Future of Abortion
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The most effective forms of birth control—even if used correctly—were only 90

percent effective in the late 20th century. Today, contraceptive options have improved and
even should they fail for some reason, individuals may take emergency contraception to
prevent pregnancy. Advancements in birth control may help to further reduce the risk of
unplanned pregnancies. Someday abortion may grow increasingly rare in the United States.
But for this to happen, individuals from all socioeconomic backgrounds and regions would
need to have access to cost-effective and reliable forms of contraception.
To Be Pro-Life is to be Pro-Science
In the age of technology, there are near constant innovations and discoveries that
deepen our understanding about human development.  Scientific knowledge about the
development of human life inside the womb is infinitely more advanced today than it was in
1973 when Roe v. Wade was handed down by the Supreme Court. The 7 members of
the Roe majority referenced the science of their time, yet abortion jurisprudence has not kept
up with scientific advances ever since. With the improvement in ultrasound technology, now
more than ever, we are given a window into the womb to confirm what science has always
been very clear about - life begins at conception. Even though our media and politicians
sympathetic to the abortion industry refute science and logic, this fundamental truth
remains. We now know that the heart begins beating in the first several weeks after
conception. The brain, spinal cord, and other organs begin to form during those early weeks
as well. Through 3D ultrasounds, we see the babies reacting to stimuli, see them wiggling
their tiny fingers.  We are able to see their precious faces, confirming what science has
already exposed – this is a unique human life with unique DNA. As we fight for life at all
stages of development, we are supporting and promoting that which science continues to
reveal – life begins at conception and thus deserves the full protection of our laws from that
very moment forward.

To Be Pro-Life is to Be Pro-Women

The abortion industry has successfully peddled the fallacy that in order to be pro-
woman one must be pro-abortion.  But nothing could be further from the truth.

Those of us who advocate for life know that to be pro-life is to promote the empowerment and
well-being of all women – born and unborn.  As the revered suffragist Alice Paul said,
“Abortion is the ultimate exploitation of women.”  Abortion tells a woman that she is not strong
enough to handle tough circumstances she might face during her pregnancy. Abortion tells a
woman that her distinctive ability to bear children is an obstacle to her success, rather than a
unique quality worth protecting and supporting.  Abortion tells a woman that she must be
more like a man before she will be valued as a member of our society. But in stark contrast,
the pro-life movement believes that life is the empowering choice for women.  By encouraging
women to choose life for their babies, we celebrate the inherent and unique abilities of
women.  We tell women that they have what it takes to do the hard and wonderful work of
motherhood.  We tell women that they are valuable and contributing members of society just
as they are.  In fact, without childbirth and motherhood, there would be no society.

To Be Pro-Life is to Promote Human Flourishing for All

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But above all, the pro-life movement is deeply rooted in the fundamental belief that all
life, no matter how small or poor or unwanted, is worth protecting.  Those of us who are pro-
life fight for the inherent dignity within every human life, no matter what the age or stage of
human development.   Our advocacy does not end in the delivery room.  In fact, that is only
where it begins. To be pro-life is to defend the unborn, the widows, the disabled, and the
orphans, like organizations serving those with special needs or helping families adopt
orphans.  To be pro-life is to serve the least of these in communities next door and across
oceans, like organizations who serve the homeless or refugees who have fled war zones.   
To be pro-life is to build institutions that promote the flourishing of all human beings.

The ACLJ has just released our new documentary entitled Abortion, Inc., which shines a light
on many of the straw man arguments levied against the pro-life movement.  The film features
stories of post-abortive women whose lives were shattered by the lies of the abortion
industry, but who have found hope and healing through the work of pro-life
organizations.  Abortion, Inc. offers real solutions for how we can continue to promote a
culture of life.

What are the different types of abortion?

There are a number of types of abortion, and options depend on the duration of the
pregnancy. An abortion is a medical means of ending a pregnancy. Worldwide, around half of
all reported unintended pregnancies end in abortion. Abortion is legal throughout the majority
of the United States and in many other countries. In this article, we describe the different
types of abortion, when and where they are available, and what they involve. We also look
into advantages and disadvantages, recovery, and potential risks. When can a woman have
an abortion?

Share on Interest Women usually get abortions toward the end of the first trimester.
Where abortion is legal in the U.S., doctors usually perform them in the first trimester or the
early part of the second trimester. The first trimester lasts from conception to week 12 of
pregnancy. The second trimester is from week 13 to week 28. Some states allow abortion in
the latter part of the second trimester. In 2015, two-thirds (65.4%) of reported abortions in the
country took place when the pregnancy had lasted fewer than 8 weeks, according to
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In the same year, almost all of the
reported abortions (91.1%) took place when the pregnancy had lasted fewer than 13 weeks.

In the first trimester, options for abortion commonly include:

 medical abortion
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 vacuum aspiration

A woman can usually access medical abortion until about 10 weeks after her last period.
It involves taking two types of medication. Surgical options, such as vacuum aspiration and
dilation and evacuation, are more common after 10 weeks.

In the second trimester, a woman may undergo:

 dilation and evacuation

 Labor induction abortion, Abortion is rare during the third trimester, but a doctor may
perform it after 29 weeks of pregnancy if a woman’s life is in danger. They may use
the same methods that are use during the second trimester. Medical abortion a
medical abortion requires a woman to take pills at separate times.

How it works

This type of abortion involves taking two medications, mifepristone and misoprostol.

A doctor or nurse will advise about the timing, but a woman should take the second
medication, misoprostol, no more than 48 hours after taking the first, mifepristone.
Mifepristone stops the pregnancy from developing. Misoprostol triggers the uterus to empty,
which will begin 1–4 hours after taking the pill. A woman will experience cramping and
bleeding as the uterus empties, which may feel like having an unusually heavy period. Some
women feel more severe cramping than others. Within around 4–5 hours, the pregnancy
tissue will likely have passed from the body, but it can take longer.

Some advantages of a medical abortion are:

 It does not involve surgery.

 It is available in the first trimester.

 It does not require an anesthetic.

Some disadvantages of a medical abortion are:

 It is not available in the second trimester.

 Only part of the treatment takes place in a clinic.

 It may cause painful cramping.

 Rarely, it is not effective. It may be a good idea to have a partner or friend close by
for support while the tissue is passing.
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Recovery from a medical abortion involves:

 some bleeding and spotting that may last for several weeks

 a check-up with the doctor to monitor recovery

Risks, Some women experience side effects of the medications. These can include:

nausea
heavy vaginal bleeding
dizziness
fatigue
diarrhea
mild fever

Vacuum aspiration

Vacuum aspiration is a type of surgical abortion that involves using gentle suction to
end a pregnancy. Doctors typically recommend this during the first trimester.

How it works

A doctor begins the vacuum aspiration procedure by inserting a speculum into the
woman’s vagina. They then apply medication or use an injection to numb the area. Next, they
use thin rods called dilators to open the cervix, then insert a tube into the uterus. Then, they
use either a manual or mechanic suction device to empty the uterus.

The advantages of vacuum aspiration are:

 It is available in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy.

 It is quick, with the procedure only taking 5–10 minutes.

 It is relatively pain-free, though some women experience cramping, sweating,

nausea, or a combination.

 It does not require a general anesthetic.

The main disadvantage of vacuum aspiration is that it is not available in the second
trimester.

Recovery from vacuum aspiration involves:

 resting for up to 1 hour after treatment

 taking antibiotics to prevent infection

 avoiding sex for 1 week after treatment

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Also, some women experience cramping for a few days following the procedure, and
irregular bleeding or spotting can occur for several weeks.

Risks

The potential complications of vacuum aspiration include bleeding and infection.

However, the risk of these complications is low. Speak to the doctor right away if signs of
bleeding or new symptoms occur.

Dilation and evacuation Dilation and evacuation is a type of surgical abortion that
doctors commonly use during the second trimester.

How it works

A doctor may give a general anesthetic before performing a dilation and evacuation.
This type of anesthetic ensures that a person does not feel anything during the
procedure.The doctor begins by inserting a speculum into the woman’s vagina. Then, they
use dilators to open the cervix. Next, they remove the pregnancy tissue with small forceps.
Finally, they use suction to remove any remaining tissue.

The advantages of dilation and evacuation are:

 It is available in the second trimester.

 It is a safe and effective way to end a pregnancy.

The disadvantage of dilation and evacuation is that it can require a general

anaesthetic.

Recovery from dilation and evacuation involves resting.

Mild pain and cramping can occur for a few days after the procedure, and there may
be some bleeding for up to 2 weeks.

Risks, Potential complications of dilation and evacuation include:

 infection

 heavy bleeding

 injury to the uterus

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The risk of injury to the uterus or other organs during a second-trimester abortion is less
than 1 in 1,000, according to The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
Labor induction abortion

Labor induction abortion is a late-term method of ending a pregnancy in the second or

third trimester. This type of abortion is rare, and a doctor may recommend it if a woman’s life
is in danger.

How it works

Labor induction involves using medications to start labor, which causes the uterus to
empty over a period of around 12–24 hours. A woman can take these medications by mouth
or the doctor may place them into the vagina or inject them into the uterus. Doctors usually
also administer pain relief medication or a local anesthetic, as intense cramping occurs during
this type of abortion.

Recovery

After the abortion is complete, a woman tends to remain in the clinic or hospital for
anywhere from a few hours to 1–2 days, depending on health and other factors. The doctor
can help determine the length of the stay, and they may be able to estimate it before the
abortion.

Risks, The medications that induce labor can cause side effects, such as:

 nausea and vomiting

 fever

 diarrhea

Complications are rare but can include:

 hemorrhage

 cervical injury

 infection

 rupture of the uterus

 incomplete release of the pregnancy tissue

Are abortions legal?

Share on PinterestWomen can speak with their healthcare provider for advice about
access to abortion services in their area. Abortions are legal in most U.S. states and in many
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countries. However, the state of Alabama banned abortions in 2019, and the following U.S.
states strictly limit access:

 Georgia

 Kentucky

 Louisiana

 Missouri

 Mississippi. These types of restrictions require some women to travel to a different

state or country to have an abortion. Speak to a healthcare provider for advice about
access.

Euthanasia

(From Greek:  "good death" "well" or "good”, thanatos; "death") is the practice of

intentionally ending a life to relieve pain and suffering. Different countries have
different euthanasia laws. The British House of Lords select committee on medical
ethics defines euthanasia as "a deliberate intervention undertaken with the express intention
of ending a life, to relieve intractable suffering”. In the Netherlands and Belgium, euthanasia
is understood as "termination of life by a doctor at the request of a patient".  The Dutch law,
however, does not use the term 'euthanasia' but includes the concept under the broader
definition of "assisted suicide and termination of life on request".

Euthanasia is categorized in different ways, which include voluntary, non-voluntary, or

involuntary:

 Voluntary euthanasia is legal in some countries.

 Non-voluntary euthanasia (patient's consent unavailable) is illegal in all countries.
 Involuntary euthanasia (without asking consent or against the patient's will) is also illegal
in all countries and is usually considered murder.

As of 2006 euthanasia had become the most active area of research in bioethics.[7] In

some countries divisive public controversy occurs over the moral, ethical, and legal issues
associated with euthanasia. Passive euthanasia (known as "pulling the plug") is legal under
some circumstances in many countries. Active euthanasia, however, is legal or de facto legal
in only a handful of countries (for example: Belgium, Canada and Switzerland), which limit it
to specific circumstances and require the approval of counsellors and doctors or other
specialists. In some countries - such as Nigeria, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan - support for
active euthanasia is almost non-existent.

Like other terms borrowed from history, "euthanasia" has had different meanings
depending on usage. The first apparent usage of the term "euthanasia" belongs to the
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historian Suetonius, who described how the Emperor Augustus, "dying quickly and without
suffering in the arms of his wife, Livia, experienced the 'euthanasia' he had wished for." The
word "euthanasia" was first used in a medical context by Francis Bacon in the 17th century,
to refer to an easy, painless, happy death, during which it was a "physician's responsibility to
alleviate the 'physical sufferings' of the body." Bacon referred to an "outward euthanasia"—
the term "outward" he used to distinguish from a spiritual concept—the euthanasia "which
regards the preparation of the soul." In current usage, euthanasia has been defined as the
"painless inducement of a quick death". However, it is argued that this approach fails to
properly define euthanasia, as it leaves open a number of possible actions which would meet
the requirements of the definition, but would not be seen as euthanasia. In particular, these
include situations where a person kills another, painlessly, but for no reason beyond that of
personal gain; or accidental deaths that are quick and painless, but not intentional.

Another approach incorporates the notion of suffering into the definition. The definition

offered by the Oxford English Dictionary incorporates suffering as a necessary condition, with
"the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an
irreversible coma", This approach is included in Marvin Khol and Paul Kurtz's definition of it
as "a mode or act of inducing or permitting death painlessly as a relief from
suffering". Counterexamples can be given: such definitions may encompass killing a person
suffering from an incurable disease for personal gain (such as to claim an inheritance), and
commentators such as Tom Beauchamp and Arnold Davidson have argued that doing so
would constitute "murder simpliciter" rather than euthanasia.

The third element incorporated into many definitions is that of intentionality – the death
must be intended, rather than being accidental, and the intent of the action must be a
"merciful death". Michael Wreen argued that "the principal thing that distinguishes euthanasia
from intentional killing simplicities is the agent's motive: it must be a good motive insofar as
the good of the person killed is concerned." Likewise, James Field argued that euthanasia
entails a sense of compassion towards the patient, in contrast to the diverse non-
compassionate motives of serial killers who work in health care professions.

 Similarly, Heather Draper speaks to the importance of motive, arguing that "the motive
]

forms a crucial part of arguments for euthanasia, because it must be in the best interests of
the person on the receiving end." Definitions such as that offered by the House of
Lords Select committee on Medical Ethics take this path,

where euthanasia is defined as "a deliberate intervention undertaken with the express
intention of ending a life, to relieve intractable suffering." Beauchamp and Davidson also
highlight Baruch Brody's "an act of euthanasia is one in which one person ... (A) kills another
person (B) for the benefit of the second person, who actually does benefit from being killed".

Draper argued that any definition of euthanasia must incorporate four elements: an agent
and a subject; an intention; a causal proximity, such that the actions of the agent lead to the
outcome; and an outcome. Based on this, she offered a definition incorporating those
elements, stating that euthanasia "must be defined as death that results from the intention of
one person to kill another person, using the most gentle and painless means possible, that is
motivated solely by the best interests of the person who dies." Prior to Draper, Beauchamp
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and Davidson had also offered a definition that includes these elements. Their definition
specifically discounts fetuses to distinguish between abortions and euthanasia:

In summary, we have argued ... that the death of a human being, A, is an instance of

euthanasia if and only if

(1) A's death is intended by at least one other human being, B, where B is either the
cause of death or a causally relevant feature of the event resulting in death (whether by
action or by omission);

(2) there is either sufficient current evidence for B to believe that A is acutely suffering or
irreversibly comatose, or there is sufficient current evidence related to A's present condition
such that one or more known causal laws supports B's belief that A will be in a condition of
acute suffering or irreversible comatoseness;

(3) (a) B's primary reason for intending A's death is cessation of A's (actual or predicted
future) suffering or irreversible comatoseness, where B does not intend A's death for a
different primary reason, though there may be other relevant reasons, and (b) there is
sufficient current evidence for either A or B that causal means to A's death will not produce
any more suffering than would be produced for A if B were not to intervene;

(4) The causal means to the event of A's death are chosen by A or B to be as painless as
possible, unless either A or B has an overriding reason for a more painful causal means,
where the reason for choosing the latter causal means does not conflict with the evidence in
3b;

(5) A is a nonfetal organism.

Voluntary euthanasia
Voluntary euthanasia is conducted with the consent of the patient. Active voluntary
euthanasia is legal in Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Passive voluntary
euthanasia is legal throughout the US per Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health.
When the patient brings about their own death with the assistance of a physician, the
term assisted suicide is often used instead. Assisted suicide is legal in Switzerland and the
U.S. states of California, Oregon, Washington, Montana and Vermont.

Non-voluntary euthanasia
Non-voluntary euthanasia is conducted when the consent of the patient is
unavailable. Examples include child euthanasia, which is illegal worldwide but decriminalised
under certain specific circumstances in the Netherlands under the Groningen Protocol.

Involuntary euthanasia
Involuntary euthanasia is conducted against the will of the patient.

Passive and active euthanasia

Voluntary, non-voluntary and involuntary types can be further divided into passive or
active variants. Passive euthanasia entails the withholding treatment necessary for the
continuance of life. Active euthanasia entails the use of lethal substances or forces (such as
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administering a lethal injection), and is the more controversial. While some authors consider
these terms to be misleading and unhelpful, they are nonetheless commonly used. In some
cases, such as the administration of increasingly necessary, but toxic doses of painkillers,
there is a debate whether or not to regard the practice as active or passive.

Euthanasia was practiced in Ancient Greece and Rome: for example, hemlock was

employed as a means of hastening death on the island of Kea, a technique also employed
in Marseilles. Euthanasia, in the sense of the deliberate hastening of a person's death, was
supported by Socrates, Plato and Seneca the Elder in the ancient world,
although Hippocrates appears to have spoken against the practice, writing "I will not
prescribe a deadly drug to please someone, nor give advice that may cause his death"
(noting there is some debate in the literature about whether or not this was intended to
encompass euthanasia).

Early modern period

The term euthanasia in the earlier sense of supporting someone as they died, was
used for the first time by Francis Bacon. In his work, Euthanasia medica, he chose this
ancient Greek word and, in doing so, distinguished between euthanasia interior, the
preparation of the soul for death, and euthanasia exterior, which was intended to make the
end of life easier and painless, in exceptional circumstances by shortening life. That the
ancient meaning of an easy death came to the fore again in the early modern period can be
seen from its definition in the 18th century Zedlers Universallexikon:

Euthanasia: a very gentle and quiet death, which happens without painful
convulsions. The word comes from ευ, bene, well, and θανατος, mors, death.

The concept of euthanasia in the sense of alleviating the process of death goes back
to the medical historian, Karl Friedrich Heinrich Marx, who drew on Bacon's philosophical
ideas. According to Marx, a doctor had a moral duty to ease the suffering of death through
encouragement, support and mitigation using medication. Such an "alleviation of death"
reflected the contemporary zeitgeist, but was brought into the medical canon of responsibility
for the first time by Marx. Marx also stressed the distinction between the theological care of
the soul of sick people from the physical care and medical treatment by doctors.

Euthanasia in its modern sense has always been strongly opposed in the Judeo-
Christian tradition. Thomas Aquinas opposed both and argued that the practice of euthanasia
contradicted our natural human instincts of survival, as did Francois Ranchin (1565–1641), a
French physician and professor of medicine, and Michael Boudewijns (1601–1681), a
physician and teacher. Other voices argued for euthanasia, such as John Donne in 1624, and
euthanasia continued to be practised. In 1678, the publication of Caspar Questel's De
pulvinari morientibus non-subtrahend, ("On the pillow of which the dying should not be
deprived"), initiated debate on the topic. Questel described various customs which were
employed at the time to hasten the death of the dying, (including the sudden removal of a
pillow, which was believed to accelerate death), and argued against their use, as doing so
was "against the laws of God and Nature". 

This view was shared by others who followed, including Philipp Jakob Spener, Veit
Riedlin and Johann Georg Krünitz. Despite opposition, euthanasia continued to be practised,
 14

involving techniques such as bleeding, suffocation, and removing people from their beds to
be placed on the cold ground.

Suicide and euthanasia became more accepted during the Age of

Enlightenment. Thomas More wrote of euthanasia in Utopia, although it is not clear if more
was intending to endorse the practice. Other cultures have taken different approaches: for
example, in Japan suicide has not traditionally been viewed as a sin, as it is used in cases of
honor, and accordingly, the perceptions of euthanasia are different from those in other parts
of the world.

Objectives

After reading this module the students will be able to:

 treat every living creature with kindness and respect

 discuss the difference between animal rights and animal welfare
 learn on how to practice and protect animals from exploitation
 appreciate the importance of the environment to human beings

Animal welfare refers to the physical and social well-being of animals or rather the
concern for animals. Animal welfare movement is a movement that began in the mid-
19th century with a primary goal of protecting and improving the treatment of animals that are
used by human beings. Just like humans, animals feel pain, hunger, loneliness, fear, and
anxiety. They, therefore, have a right to live without being harmed, abused, or exploited.

Black Beauty is a novel written by Anna Sewell with the intention of promoting better
treatment of horses. In modern society, the government and unions have come up with
mandatory animal welfare standards to offer protection to animals against exploitation by their
owners. This essay is a short explanation on to why animals should be treated with kindness
and respect. I think that animals should be treated well because they are living creatures and
thus also deserve proper treatment.

Abstraction
 15

Everywhere around the world, people use animal products, including meat, eggs,
milk, among others. Also, animals are used in the entertainment sector, for instance, horse
racing, to entertain people. In some of these sports, for instance, bull fighting as practiced in
Mexico, animals are exposed to great dangers. The fact that animals have feelings and
emotions is a good reason to allow these animals to live normally without subjecting them to
brutal conditions.

I am advocating for better treatment of animals. Animals should be treated well without
subjecting them to the harsh conditions that they are often subjected to. Animals serve us
with a lot of respect and loyalty. Animals always obey instructions from their master without
question. Also, once you own an animal, it will be your possession forever.

Unique care for these animals calls for providing for them good shelter, good food, and
treating them well in general. Ensuring stable growth and good health of animals should be a
major concern as this is the only way we can reward them for their continued support in our
lives.

There is a need to understand the characters of horses and treat them well. Due to
different experiences and situations that horses are subjected to, each has different
characters. In Black Beauty, chapter twenty-three, Beauty says that if the mistreatment lasted
much longer, then his health or temper would have paved its way. This explains why some
horses have a temper and why they behave the way they do, and therefore, it is upon the
owner to understand his or her horse. According to Duchess, Colts ought not to work like
horses. He understands that they are yet to mature, and therefore, they cannot be assigned
to hard tasks (Fraser 3).

Animals belong to God. In the Bible, God created all animals and instructed man to
take good care of these animals, as seen in Genesis 1:20 (The Bible 1). Since human beings
are meant to take care of the animals on behalf of God, it is prudent that we do not abuse
animals. Christians, therefore, have the responsibility of looking after animals irrespective of
their take when it comes to animal welfare and rights. In the bible in Matthew 6:25, we see
God taking good care of the animals when he says that he feeds birds in the air (The Bible
673). Also, it is illegal to mistreat an animal. This means that one should abide by the law
which prohibits any individual from mistreating animals. Animals are our social companions.
Duchess’ master used to talk to horses in a kind manner. Though animals do not talk, they
are happy when they are treated well. Duchess was always happy to see his master. He
jumped up with joy and trot up to him. Sometimes he accompanied his master for a walk. This
means that Duchess was a social companion of his master. Animals, especially dogs, provide
security to man when needs arise.
 16

Animals feed us; they give us products like eggs, milk, and honey. People who keep
animals for these purposes need to ensure good health for such animals in the interest of
both the animals and themselves. By so doing, they obey the command from God and also
benefit fully from these animals. The fact that these animals are a source of food means that
we should treat them the same way we treat other sources of food. To be precise, many
people value their jobs because it is from these jobs that they get income, which helps them
to purchase food. Teachings of Duchess in Black Beauty are very significant in our everyday
life. Duchess advised Beauty to have good manners. To be precise, she urged Beauty to be
good and gentle, to do good things, and do the best that she could.

This does not only apply to horses but human beings as well. In many walks of life,
there are different people, people with different beliefs and attitudes. Some people will treat
you in a good way, while others will treat you in a bad way. I think that Sewell was trying to
bring across the fact that good people or people with good moral values will always treat
animals in a good way.

Sewell advocated for moral concern for others, which will lead to moral concern for
animals. Duchess advised Beauty to have manners and to have a good heart. She urged
beauty to be good and gentle, do good things, and do the best that she could. When we have
moral concern for others, it means we will also have moral concern for animals. One should
try to put himself/herself in the shoes of animals and feel how it feels like to be treated
harshly. This can make it possible for one to treat animals with respect. It is high time we stop
treating animals like animals; rather, we should treat them like living creatures that need to be
treated with kindness and respect. Abuse of animals is on the rise. It is, therefore, the duty of
every individual, to treat every living creature with kindness and respect. The government
should also try to educate the public on the need to treat animals well by holding campaigns,
educational programs, and seminars on animal rights. Laws should also be formulated to
protect animals that are exploited, and legal action should be taken on anyone who does not
respect the rights of these animals. This way, we will be able to build a generation that fosters
kindness and respect for all animals.

The terms animal welfare and animal rights hold different definitions. The majority of
people confuse them with one another and use it interchangeably. It is essential to know how
these terms describe entirely different sets of ideas. The ‘animal rights vs animal welfare’
debate is under the spotlight since forever. Thinking about the welfare of animals, which we
use as a source of food and for other purposes, is different from preserving animals’ rights.
Let’s understand it this way, if you agree that animals’ humans should treat animals in the
right way, without making them suffer from any kind of cruelty then you are a supporter of
animal welfare. On the contrary to what advocates of animal welfare say, animal right
 17

supporters say that humans hold absolutely no right to use animals for anything at all, not
even as a source of food. According to them, livestock production businesses should be shut
down once and for all. Understanding the difference between these two and knowing how
some aspects of animal welfare can contribute to the end-goals of human rights proponents.

What is Animal Welfare?

It encompasses all the responsibilities that we, humans, have while treating animals,
whether it is a stray animal or is in captivity. Zoos, farms, laboratories, they all keep animals
for different purposes. Animal welfare is all about how humans make sure that animals get
good care such as food, shelter, health treatment, and good living conditions free from
sufferings. Animal rights activists are strong opponents of animal consumption by humans in
any way and this is where the issue arises. Animal rights activists have a specific end goal in
mind. They believe that humans do not have the right to use animals for food, entertainment,
testing, or anything in between.

Animal rights vs animal welfare

Animal welfare supporters hold the view that animals deserve humane treatment
while they are in captivity. In addition to this, they also stand with the fact that there are
certain areas where use of animals by humans is justified. According to some theories of
animal welfare, the use of animals by humans is acceptable until the animals are treated
humanely. There is a large number of people who are proponents of treating animals
humanely and sparing them unnecessary suffering. There are many people who can be
extremists when it comes to preserving animal rights and the same happens with animal
welfare proponents. Most animal rights supporters strongly believe that putting a complete
stop on the consumption of animals by humans is the only way to preserve the rights of
animals as they deserve the same rights as humans. Whereas, supporters of animal welfare
believe that as long as animals get good treatment, free from any cruelty, there is nothing
wrong with their use and consumption.

An animal welfare activist is concerned about how the living conditions of zoo and
farm animals can be improved, while an animal right proponent argues why we should have
zoos.

Why Animal Welfare Exists?

We live in a world where people use animals as tools for transportation or for
entertainment which is why the existence of animal welfare is necessary. In old times, people
used animals primarily for survival. But now the time has changed and using animals as a
source of food, or for transportation and protection is not necessary for survival. However,
there are still large markets where they sell animal products. Indeed it requires a large sum of
money in making people believe that they still need animal products in today’s age. Marketing
the use in today’s world manipulates people into thinking that animal protein is what they
need, and that’s not right. Whereas fashion and automobile industries are telling people that
they need leather, which is again, not true. We are witnessing the downfall of animal-themed
parks and circuses but the truth is that they are still there, and they, in fact, attract visitors and
supporters. Whereas, there is a huge number of animals that remain captive and get
slaughtered for the use of humans, every year. It includes the consumption of animals as
clothing, food, and for experimental purposes in laboratories. Change isn’t something that
 18

happens overnight and regularizing the practice of treating animals humanely is a process not
an event so it will take time. However, the percentage of people who are following a lifestyle
that includes cruelty-free products and is vegan is still very low.

The concerns of animal welfare activists are all about improving the living standards
of animals that are in captivity. No matter how much we would love to see a world where
animals are not used as mere products or tools, the reality shows us otherwise.

Is It Possible for Animal Rights Proponents to Support Animal Welfare?

Of course, an animal right advocate would prefer that a hen stays cage-free its whole
life rather than being put in a cage where it cannot even move properly. But there are many
reasons why human rights proponents can possibly support animal welfare. The animals,
these advocates fight for, are already living in poor conditions so it is better to improve those
conditions and give the animals a better and healthy environment. However, accepting them
as a replacement for what is supposed to be the end goal, is not fair. It is where the conflict
arises. When something is wrong, improving the conditions and making the process better
won’t make the wrong an acceptable thing, according to the animal rights activists.

The Support of Cost-Benefit Analysis

This analysis was brought in by utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham who focused
precisely on the question of suffering. He gave yet another turn to this whole debate and
introduced to people the cost-benefit analysis. Of course, the activities of humans affect
animals and their well-being to some extent. So people follow Bentham’s cost-benefit
analysis to know whether what they are doing is right or not. Such as the treatments for
diabetic patients were found in animal laboratories. The animals that were worked on paid the
cost, with their lives to save the lives of millions of people. Even today, people are benefitting
from these treatments. A human welfare scientist has to make sure that the cost is minimized
as much as possible and benefits are maximized greatly to ensure that animals get less
affected by human activities. This supports and justifies the use of animals by humans in the
form of food, or for research or entertainment purposes.

What are the examples of animal rights?

Animal rights encompass things that are morally wrong to do to animals. These things
are unacceptable even if done in a humane way. For example:

 Not using them for experimental purposes

 Not killing and breeding them for medicine, clothes, or food
 Not hunting them
 Not using them for hard labor
 19

 Not using them for entertainment purposes

What does it mean by animal rights?

Animal rights favor the freedom of animals from human consumption. These rights
are to protect animals from exploitation. This certainly does not mean that animals are
somewhat superior to humans or that they have the same rights as humans. Moreover,
animal rights are not as same as animal welfare.

Why are animal rights important?

Humans have rights in order to protect themselves from unjustified acts and
sufferings. Animal rights proponents demand the same for animals to protect them from
cruelty, exploitation, and to give them the freedom to live as freely as humans do.

Do animals have rights?

Animal right supporters strongly believe that animals also have worth, a value that is
independent of their uses for human consumption. According to animal rights proponents,
every animal holds a right to live a life that is free from suffering, pain, and captivity. The
challenge the view that animals exist only to be consumed by humans.

The Environment and Human Values

THE BASIC ILLNESS

The obvious causes of our current environmental symptoms should not conceal the
nature of the basic illness. No single analysis of the problem of the human environment has
exposed the root of the difficulties facing the world today: that the social structures of the
world and the systems of values on which they were built cannot meet the new human needs.

Man has developed a new relationship to both his natural environment and his fellow.
The radical transformation of his physical environment by science and technology during the
last century has given him the power to control and modify natural forces. It has eliminated
physical barriers to world unity, but it has created at the same time complex and divisive
social relationships. We are consequently allowed the alternatives of either regressing to a
primitive level of technology, or fulfilling the potential of a united world. To achieve the latter -
a world civilization - we must recreate our societies and their values. Aware of the
interdependence of the major elements of the world ecosystem - an interdependence evident
also at the social, economic and political levels - we are beginning to see that integration of
life on the planet requires unified action on a scale we have not yet achieved. Partial solutions
seem only to prolong the difficulties; yet we hesitate to adopt a new and workable system of
values for the world. For until there is unity at the most fundamental level - that of human
values - social problems, simple or complex, will remain unresolved.
 20

THE FOUNDATION OF HUMAN VALUES strangely, religion, which has traditionally been the
area of human experience most centrally concerned with human values and the definition of
man's purpose, is seldom considered in the search for solutions to current world problems
such as those of the human environment. Yet religion (in the broadest sense) has not been
static: new teachers, new movements have come many times in human history, providing
new social and cultural directions for man. The major religions in particular have succeeded,
at least for a time, in unifying many disparate elements into a common social force based on
a common set of values.

Today our need is similar. A lack of understanding or agreement between men at the
most basic level - their goals and purposes - undermines attempts at comprehensive and
long-range solutions to specific world problems, whether environmental, political, economic,
or social.

The Environment

Did you notice that the world is getting smaller? I don't mean it is physically shrinking
in size, but there's no denying that in today's modern world we are more keenly aware of the
fact that an event or action that happens on one side of the globe can impact what happens
on the opposite side.

Things like the Internet, a more globalized economy, and widespread changes in
climate draw our attention to events happening around the world, and with this new
awareness comes some ethical questions regarding the responsibilities humans have with
respect to the care of the planet. In this lesson, we will discuss environmental ethics and
human values and describe how they affect our ability to deal with the environmental
problems that our world faces.

Environmental Ethics & Human Values

Environmental ethics is the philosophical discipline that considers the moral and ethical
relationship of human beings to the environment. In other words: what, if any, moral
obligation does man have to the preservation and care of the non-human world? While ethical
issues concerning the environment have been debated for centuries, environmental ethics did
not emerge as a philosophical discipline until the 1970s. Its emergence was the result of
increased awareness of how the rapidly growing world population was impacting the
environment as well as the environmental consequences that came with the growing use of
pesticides, technology, and industry.

Environmental ethics helps define man's moral and ethical obligations toward the
environment. But human values become a factor when looking at environmental ethics.
Human values are the things that are important to individuals that they then use to evaluate
 21

actions or events. In other words, humans assign value to certain things and then use this
assigned value to make decisions about whether something is right or wrong. Human values
are unique to each individual because not everyone places the same importance on each
element of life. For example, a person living in poverty in an undeveloped country may find it
morally acceptable to cut down the forest to make room for a farm where he can grow food
for his family. However, a person in a developed country may find this action morally
unacceptable because the destruction of forests increases carbon dioxide emissions into the
atmosphere, which can negatively impact the environment. Environmental ethics, along with
human values, make for challenging philosophical debates about man's interaction with the
environment. Water and air pollution, the depletion of natural resources, loss of biodiversity,
destruction of ecosystems, and global climate change are all part of the environmental ethics
debate. And we see that within the discipline of environmental ethics there are tough ethical
decisions humans must consider.

For example: is it acceptable for poor farmers in undeveloped countries to cut down
forest to make room for farmland, even if this action harms the environment? Is it morally
wrong for humans to continue to burn fossil fuels knowing that this action leads to air pollution
and global climate changes? Is it ethically permissible for man to build a hydroelectric dam
knowing that this will disrupt the migration pattern of certain fish, leading to their extinction?
Does a mining company have a moral obligation to restore the natural environment destroyed
by their mining techniques?

How to Save the Environment: 10 Practical Ways to Follow

Nowadays we hear a lot of debate on climate changes, deforestation, pollution, etc.

All these issues are related to the destruction of the environment around us.It is everyone’s
duty to protect the environment. Since we are born, brought up, and even perish in the
environment, we are indebted to it. Our only responsibility is to safeguard the environment.
The environment was fine for many centuries in the past. It started getting deteriorated rapidly
in recent decades. This is due to overexploitation and also the use of technology.

Tips on How to Protect the Environment

Go organic
This means using food and other substance made by organic methods. Going
organic is one of the best ways to save the earth. It has many ways like

1. Improves health: Organic food consumption is said to be healthier than other foodstuffs

from the market. They tend to reduce the chances of diseases and thereby the use of drugs.
Drugs are made by the use of many chemicals and a high amount of electric energy. So one
can save the environment in terms of chemical spillage on land and polluting the environment
in terms of energy usage.

2. Save the birds & other animals:  When crops are grown using artificial fertilizers, the
chances of getting infected with pests and diseases is high. So farmers use highly toxic
pesticides to control them. In doing so, the pesticides from the plant are consumed by
insects, larvae which become prey to birds. These birds on consuming them get killed by the
poison.
 22

3. Minimize water and land pollution: Since there is the minimization of pesticide and other
harmful chemical use in organic farming, there is no chance of groundwater contamination
and also river water contamination. Because, when there are rains, the toxin from the farm is
carried away by water into rivers or into the groundwater. When pesticides are avoided, such
a problem is prevented.

Grow trees
Trees are life saviors for many animals on the earth including humans. These trees
should be spared and grown more. It should be the duty of everyone to grow more trees.
Growing trees has many advantages which save a lifelike
1. Decrease air pollution: Trees take up the poisonous gases from the air. In doing so, they
minimize pollution. They take up carbon dioxide at a faster rate than other gases. But still, in
the longer run, they minimize the pollution of all the air content and bring a safe balance.  So
it is important to grow as many trees as possible to minimize air pollution.

2. Absorb suns heat: Many countries suffer due to excess

heat of summer. But we can clearly notice that, among such countries, a place with a large
number of trees is cooler than the remaining parts. I personally noticed that in a lush green
education campus the temperature was low b two degrees than outside it. This is because of
only sufficient trees.
3. Bring rainfall: Rainfall is a sequence of the water cycle. Water from land and oceans is
collected by evaporation into the sky. This forms clouds and reaches the ground as rainfall at
places where the clouds get cooled. So we can notice that rainfall occurs in a place where
there are sufficient trees but not over desert areas. Trees bring in rainfall which can help the
land animals get water to drink. So, it is quite essential to save trees from being cut down and
grow them instead.

Minimize travel.
Travel is for fun, recreation, learning, and even for work. This does not mean that we
should avoid travel. But we can definitely avoid unnecessary travel. For example, traveling to
our workplace daily for miles together. This adds to air pollution, sound pollution, the death of
small animals (road accidents), and also physical stress. The other way around is to stay
 23

near the place of work or schooling. This avoids even daily cost of travel and adds to save the
environment. If we go by facts, almost 90% of people who go for work, travel. Some use
automobiles, while other bicycles and some even walk. Though walking, the cycle is safer, as
it is not feasible for long-distance travel due to time constraints. So it is good to stay near the
workplace.

Save rainwater
Water is essential for drinking and other needs for all living beings. This drinking
water and fresh water is provided by some perennial rivers, groundwater, and also by rainfall.
But rivers and groundwater also depend on rains to get refilled. So since we are exploiting a
lot of these rivers, groundwater, it is also our duty to harvest rainwater. We are overly
exploiting the river and groundwater for farming, industries, etc. So sufficient harvesting of
rainwater helps to refill the rivers and groundwater and save the environment. Due to the rise
in groundwater, there is water for plants, trees and also for bore-wells to drain water for
crops. This also keeps the climate cool and helps it stay green with plants.

Minimize requirements
We, humans, have many requirements for living. This starts from our kitchen to the
bedroom and more. We tend to buy as many things as possible as a way of satisfaction.

But in doing so we are doing harm to the environment. It is good to minimize our
requirements like in terms of a number of pairs of shoes, belts, electronic equipment, etc.

How to save the environment from pollution

Pollution is another cause of environmental destruction. And the primary contributing
living being for the pollution is the man himself. Pollution occurs in different forms like air,
water, land, sound, radiation, etc. This affects almost all the living beings on the earth. So we
need to decrease pollution.

Use renewable energy

Energy is produced in some places by the use of fossil fuels. This adds to pollution
and also waste generation. To minimize this, renewable energy sources like wind, hydro, and
solar sources should be encouraged widely.

Avoid chemical pollution

We use a lot of chemicals out of necessity. But using synthetic chemical can be
harmful to nature as they are hard to be decomposed. Also, they contribute to land and water
pollution. So using biologically derived products would be safe. As they get degraded fast
without much soil contamination.
Minimize light pollution
Nowadays it is impossible to imagine the night without a light. But those who have
seen the sky without light would find the experience wonderful. Though light is essential to
 24

carry out activities in the dark, still too much use of it disturbs sleep and leads to diseases like
obesity.
How to save the environment at home
Minimize electricity and water wastage at home. Prefer solar electricity and also use
home-grown vegetables if you can cultivate them. Decrease population growth: This is not
the last option but the first priority. Those countries with excess population will have a heavy
demand for natural resources leading to environmental destruction. To minimize the
population to save the environment.

Direction on how to do your activities

This time you will make a video of your explanation about the topic assigned to
you. Limit the video to four minutes so that it can be uploaded in gc. To further explain the
topic you have, make a poster to discuss it very well. Read the full-text module above so
that you are being guided on how to do it. This is 100 points. The date of submission will be
on April 20,2022. Late submission, deduction of points will be imposed.
Final Exam will follow.

Rubrics: (Activities and Quizzes)

40% -Content that speak for the correctness of your thought or answers
40% -Originality/ neatness and authenticity of the works
20% -Submitted on time and following instructions
100% Total
For the Final Grades

60% activities
40% Summative test
100% Total

Names Topic

1. ABACIAL, April Jay Ibon

Save The Mother Earth

2. ABELARDO, Jovelyn

3. ABELLA, Oshien

Environmental problems and Its effect to human

4. ABRAHAM, Erica Ross
being

5. ALFORQUE, Maristel Baroman

6. ALVIAR, Alijie Romero Animal rights

 25

7. AMEROL, Aliah Imam

Animal welfare
8. ANDOY, Ladu Lou Ramos

9. ARUELO, Quenie Yunting

Abortion as a moral issue

10. ARUMPAC, Mohamad

11. BAHIAN, Junjie Laranjo

Pro-life and Pro-choice views of abortion

12. BALILI, Edgar, Jr. Mejorada

13. BANUA, Jhon Omandam Euthanasia otherwise known as “death without

suffering”
14. CABASE, Claire Joy Cabilao

15.CUESTA, Stephen Jay P. Science and technology, its effect on

complicated problem of dying
16.DELICANO, Crester Bryan L.

17. EDANO, Honey Mae Penias

Mercy Killing
18.GORDONIO, Rezel Repulies

19.HELBERO, Jamesly Babiera

Rights and Animal Welfare
20. JASMIN, Charimae Joy T.

21.LEDRES, Irish Cebedia

Human Values and the Environment
22.LIM, Kinishe Marie

23. MAGLIPAC, Allen Rosalejos As a student, how can you help in achieving an
ecologically sound society.
24.MALAGAR, Cherry Jean P.

25.MALAGAR, Cyrene Kaye P. Why do we need to discuss and

understand the interplay between
26.MANACIO, Efril Lou A. humans and their environment?

27.MANINAO, Aiza Amon

What is environmental ethics for you?
28. MARIGA, Rasmia M.

29.MILLION, Aina Cajeta What do you think are the different

environmental problems in your community?
30.MONSALOD, Hanna Grace How do these environment issues affect your
life and your family?
 26

31. MONTEALTO, Georex M.

Family Concept
32. NOYNA, Gerlie Masiada

33.PAJENTE, Crislyn Caballes Combating Gender Stereotypes and Sexism

34.PAJENTE, Elmer Villanueva

35.PERINO, Sittie Nadja Preventing and Combating Violence

against Women.
36.PLAZA, Angielen Vidad

37.RICAPRINTE, Junbert L. Guaranteeing Equal Access of Women

to Justice.
38.TAWAKAL, Modisa A.

39.TERSONA, Kint Aberion Achieving Balanced Participation of

Women and Men in Political and Public
40.TUBAT, Clifford Abrasaldo Decision-Making.

41.UBANAN, Mae be Jean Rabe

42.MARIGA, Montaner M. Using Animals for Commercial Research

43.ANDONG, Jay S.

End of Module
 27

References

Books

Barbara MacKinnon and Andrew Fiala. Ethics: Theories and Contemporary Issues. (USA: Cengage
Learning, 2015).

Maboloc, Christopher Ryan. Ethics and Human Dignity (Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc., 2010).

Oscar G. Bulaong Jr. Mark Joseph T. Calano, Albert M. Lagliva, Michael Ner E. Mariano, Jesus
Deogracias Z. Principe. 2018. Ethics: Foundation of moral valuation First edition. Sampaloc, Manila: Rex
Book Store, Inc.,
Gerry F. Arambola, Rhiza mae D. Arambala, Ryan H. Calica, Introduction to the Philisophy of the Human
Person

Other Sources

 DeSanctis, Alexandra. "How Democrats Purged 'Safe, Legal, Rare' From the Party", November,
15, 2019.
 Finer, Lawrence B. "Reasons U.S. Women Have Abortions: Quantitative and Qualitative
Perspectives." Lori F. Frohwirth, Lindsay A. Dauphinee, Susheela Singh, Ann M. Moore, Volume
37, Issue 3, Guttmacher Institute, September 1, 2005.
 Santorum, Sen. Rick. "S.3 - Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003." 108th Congress, H. Rept.
108-288 (Conference Report), Congress, February 14, 2003.
 "State Bans on Abortion throughout Pregnancy." State Laws and Policies, Guttmacher Institute,
April 1, 2019.

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https://www.school-for-champions.com/character/morality.htm#.X1TgnxjmgzR
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