6/8/2011 GD & T

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Countersink - is used to indicate a countersink. The symbol precedes the dimensions of the countersink
with no space.

Depth/Deep - is used to indicate that a dimension applies to the depth of a feature. This symbol precedes
the depth value with no space in between.

Square - is used to indicate that a single dimension applies to a square shape. The symbol precedes the
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Square - is used to indicate that a single dimension applies to a square shape. The symbol precedes the
dimension with no space between.

Number of Places - the X is used along with a value to indicate the number of times a dimension or
feature is repeated on the drawing.

Arc Length - indicating that a dimension is an arc length measured on a curved outline. The symbol is
placed above the dimension.

Radius - creates a zone defined by two arcs (the minimum and maximum radii). The part surface must lie
within this zone.

Spherical Radius - precedes the value of a dimension or tolerance.

Spherical Diameter - shall precede the tolerance value where the specified tolerance value represents
spherical zone. Also, a positional tolerance may be used to control the location of a spherical feature
relative to other features of a part. The symbol for spherical diameter precedes the size dimension of the
feature and the positional tolerance value, to indicate a spherical tolerance zone.

Controlled Radius - creates a tolerance zone defined by two arcs (the minimum and maximum radii) that
are tangent to the adjacent surfaces. Where a controlled radius is specified, the part contour within the
crescent-shaped tolerance zone must be a fair curve without flats or reversals. Additionally, radii taken at
all points on the part contour shall neither be smaller than the specified minimum limit nor larger than the
maximum limit.

Between - to indicate that a profile tolerance applies to several contiguous features, letters may designate
where the profile tolerance begins and ends. These letters are referenced using the between symbol
(since 1994) or the word between on drawings made to earlier versions of the Standard.

Statistical Tolerance - is the assigning of tolerances to related components of an assembly on the basis
of sound statistics (such as the assembly tolerance is equal to the square root of the sum of the squares of
the individual tolerances). By applying statistical tolerancing, tolerances of individual components may be
increased or clearances between mating parts may be reduced. The increased tolerance or improved fit
may reduce manufacturing cost or improve the product's performance, but shall only be employed where
the appropriate statistical process control will be used. Therefore, consideration should be given to
specifying the required Cp and /or Cpk or other process performance indices.

Datum Target - is a specified point, line, or area on a part that is used to

establish the Datum Reference Plane for manufacturing and inspection
operations.

Target Point - indicates where the datum target point is dimensionally located on the direct view of the
surface.

Actual Mating Envelope

Calculating Additional Tolerance Permitted when a Position Tolerance is Modified at MMC.

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An additional tolerance, often called Bonus tolerance, is permitted when a position tolerance is modified at maximum
material condition (MMC) and the actual mating envelope of the feature has departed from the MMC.

In these illustrations, the part is black and the actual mating envelope is red

For an internal feature such as a hole or slot:

For an external feature such as a boss or tab:

Note: The Actual Mating Envelope must be oriented relative to the specified Datums. When an inspector merely uses the
size of a feature to calculate the bonus tolerance, out of spec parts may be accepted.

If a hole, for instance, has the following size and geometric control, and the hole measures .502. It would be incorrect to use
a bonus tolerance of .003 (.502 - .499(MMC)) if the hole is not perfectly oriented to the Datums. If the hole is out of
perpendicular to datum A by .002, for instance, the bonus that may be used is reduced by that amount. The bonus would be
merely .001 and the allowable position tolerance = .016.

Angularity:
Use Two Datum References for Angularity!
When setting up a part for the measurement of angularity on a sine bar, it is difficult to orient the part before
performing the inspection.

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This problem is overcome if a second datum is referenced in the angularity callout

Basic Dimensions:
Give Production the Dimensions They Need.
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Give Production the Dimensions They Need.
When GD&T is used, the geometric tolerances apply to the features - not the dimensions. Therefore when BASIC
dimensions are used with geometric tolerances, several different dimensioning schemes may be used without changing the
meaning of the drawing. The first drawing below is an example of baseline dimensioning. The other two illustrate chain
dimensioning. Since the position tolerance is related to datums A, B and C, all three drawings have the same meaning even
though the dimensioning is different. This would not be true if the dimensions locating the holes were toleranced rather than
BASIC. Because the meaning of these drawings is the same, the designer should consider the needs of those who will read
the print when placing dimensions.

Boundaries:
Think Boundary, not Bonus

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The typical approach to inspecting a feature such as the n1.000 hole is to measure the size, calculate a bonus and then try
to locate the axis of the hole to see if it is within the allowable position tolerance. Another approach is to inspect the size and
make measurements to see if the hole violates the inner boundary (virtual condition). If a hard gage were produced to
inspect the position of this hole, it would have a pin n.970 (+gage tolerance and wear allowance) located at the basic
location from the datums.
This hard gage may be simulated using a height gage in an open setup or CMM probe. By adding and subtracting half the
virtual condition from the basic dimensions, the distance from the datums that may not be violated may be calculated. These
distances may be easily inspected.

Centerlines :
Dimension to Centerlines When it Makes Sense

Many past Tips have illustrated dimensioning from and to center lines. There continues to be questions about when it is
okay to dimension with center lines and when it is not appropriate. Dimensions may be to and from center lines on a
drawing if the dimensions are basic and the center line is representing the:

• axis, center point or centerplane of a feature of size

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• center of a pattern such as a bolt pattern
• center of a radius
• center of a slot length or width

In all of these cases if direct tolerancing is used, confusion may result. There is no reason to have this confusion except
to fall back on "that's the way we've always done it". If you always do what you've always done, you'll always get what
you've always got. In other words, you will never improve. The drawing below shows the common correct application of
dimensions to center lines. In every case the dimensions to and from the center lines are basic.

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chenyongleleft a comment

Actually speaking, i am a BEGIN reader, And i think this book is good for people like me for starting
learning GD&T

12 / 04 / 2009
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