MATHEMATICS

MATRICES

CONTENTS
KEY CONCEPTS — Page-2-7

PROFICIENCY TEST — Page-8-10

EXERCISE-I — Page-11-12

EXERCISE-II — Page-12-13

EXERCISE-III — Page-14-15

EXERCISE-IV — Page-15-18

EXERCISE-V — Page-18-24

ANSWER KEY — Page-25-26

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 KEY CONCEPTS
MATRICES
USEFUL IN STUDY OF SCIENCE, ECONOMICS AND ENGINEERING

1. Definition : Rectangular array of m n numbers . Unlike determinants it has no value.

 a 11 a 12 ...... a 1n   a 11 a 12 ...... a 1n 
a  
 21 a 22 ...... a 2 n   a 21 a 22 ...... a 2 n 
A = 
: : : :  or  : : : : 
   
a m1 a m 2 ...... a mn   a m1 a m 2 ...... a mn 

Abbreviated as : A = a  ij 1  i  m ; 1  j  n, i denotes the row and

j denotes the column is called a matrix of order m × n.

2. Special Type Of Matrices :

(a) Row Matrix : A = [ a11 , a12 , ...... a1n ] having one row . (1 × n) matrix.
(or row vectors)
 a 11 
a 
(b) Column Matrix : A =
 21  having one column. (m × 1) matrix
 : 
(or column vectors)  
 a m1 
(c) Zero or Null Matrix : (A = Om  n)
An m  n matrix all whose entries are zero .

 0 0  0 0 0
   
A =
 0 0  is a 3  2 null matrix & B = 0 0 0
  is 3  3 null matrix
 0 0   0 0 0
(d) Horizontal Matrix : A matrix of order m × n is a horizontal matrix if n > m.

1 2 3 4 
2 5 1 1
  2 5
1 1 
(e) Verical Matrix : A matrix of order m × n is a vertical matrix if m > n. 
3 6
 
2 4
(f) Square Matrix : (Order n)

If number of row = number of column  a square matrix.

Note (i) In a square matrix the pair of elements aij & aj i are called Conjugate Elements .
e.g.
 a 11 a 12 
 
 a 21 a 22 
(ii) The elements a11 , a22 , a33 , ...... ann are called Diagonal Elements . The line along which
the diagonal elements lie is called " Principal or Leading " diagonal.
The qty  ai i = trace of the matrice written as , i.e. tr A
MATRICES

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 Square Matrix
Triangular Matrix Diagonal Matrix denote as
ddia (d1 , d2 , ....., dn) all elements
except the leading diagonal are zero
 1 3  2  1 0 0
   
A = 0 2 4 ; B =  2  3 0 diagonal Matrix Unit or Identity Matrix
   
0 0 5  4 3 3
Upper Triangular Lower Triangular  d1 0 0 
0  1 if i  j
ai j = 0  i > j ai j = 0  i < j
 d2 0  aij =  
 0 if i  j
Note that : Minimum number of zeros in  0 0 d 3 
a triangular matrix of Note: (1) If d1 = d 2 = d3 = a Scalar Matrix
order n = n(n–1)/2 (2) If d1 = d 2 = d3 = 1 Unit Matrix
Note: Min. number of zeros in a diagonal matrix of order n = n(n – 1)
"It is to be noted that with square matrix there is a corresponding determinant formed by the elements of A in the
same order."

3. Equality Of Matrices :
Let A = [a i j ] & B = [b i j ] are equal if ,
(i) both have the same order . (ii) ai j = b i j for each pair of i & j.
4. Algebra Of Matrices :

Addition : A+ B= a ij  bi j  where A & B are of the same type. (same order)

(a) Addition of matrices is commutative.
i.e. A+ B = B + A A=mn ; B=m n
(b) Matrix addition is associative .
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C) Note : A , B & C are of the same type.
(c) Additive inverse.
If A + B = O = B + A A = m n
5. Multiplication Of A Matrix By A Scalar :

a b c  ka k b kc 
If A = b c a ; k A =  kb kc k a 
c a b   kc ka kb 
 
6. Multiplication Of Matrices : (Row by Column)
AB exists if , A = m  n & B= np
23 33
AB exists , but BA does not  AB  BA
 A  pre factor
Note : In the product AB , 
 B  post factor

 b1 
b 
B =  : 
2
A = (a1 , a2 , ...... an) &
 
 b n 
1n n 1
A B = [a1 b1 + a2 b2 + ...... + an bn]
MATRICES

 
n
If A = a i j m  n & B = bi j   n 
 p matrix , then (A B)i j = 
r 1
ai r . br j

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 Properties Of Matrix Multiplication :
1. Matrix multiplication is not commutative .

1 1  1 0  1 0  1 1 
A = ;B =  0 0  ; AB =  0 0  ; BA =  0 0 
 0 0     
 AB  BA (in general)
1 1   1 1  0 0 
2. AB =  2 2   1 1 =  0 0   AB = O 
 A = O or B = O

Note: If A and B are two non- zero matrices such that AB = O then A and B are called the divisors of zero.
Also if [AB] = O  | AB |  | A | | B | = 0  | A | = 0 or | B | = 0 but not the converse.
If A and B are two matrices such that
(i) AB = BA  A and B commute each other
(ii) AB = – BA  A and B anti commute each other
3. Matrix Multiplication Is Associative :
If A , B & C are conformable for the product AB & BC, then
(A . B) . C = A . (B . C)
4. Distributivity :
A (B  C)  A B  A C 
(A  B) C  A C  BC
Provided A, B & C are conformable for respective products
s

5. POSITIVE INTEGRAL POWERS OF A SQUARE MATRIX :

For a square matrix A , A2 A = (A A) A = A (A A) = A3 .
Note that for a unit matrix I of any order , Im = I for all m  N.

6. MATRIX POLYNOMIAL :
If f (x) = a0xn + a1xn – 1 + a2xn – 2 + ......... + anx0 then we define a matrix polynomial
f (A) = a0An + a1An–1 + a2An–2 + ..... + anIn
where A is the given square matrix. If f (A) is the null matrix then A is called the zero or root of the polynomial
f (x).

DEFINITIONS :
(a) Idempotent Matrix : A square matrix is idempotent provided A2 = A.
Note that An = A  n > 2 , n  N.
(b) Nilpotent Matrix: A square matrix is said to be nilpotent matrix of order m, m  N, if
Am = O , Am–1  O.

(c) Periodic Matrix : A square matrix is which satisfies the relation AK+1 = A, for some positive integer K, is a
periodic matrix. The period of the matrix is the least value of K for which this holds true.
Note that period of an idempotent matrix is 1.

(d) Involutary Matrix : If A2 = I , the matrix is said to be an involutary matrix.

–1
Note that A = A for an involutary matrix.

7. The Transpose Of A Matrix : (Changing rows & columns)

Let A be any matrix . Then , A = ai j of order m  n
 A or A = [ aj i ] for 1  i  n & 1  j  m of order
T
n 
m

Properties of Transpose : If AT & BT denote the transpose of A and B ,

(a) (A ± B) = A ± BT
T T
; note that A & B have the same order.
IMP. (b) (A B)T = BT AT A & B are conformable for matrix product AB.
(c) (AT)T = A
(d) (k A)T = k AT k is a scalar .
General : (A1 , A2 , ...... An)T = A Tn , ....... , A 2T , A1T (reversal law for transpose)
MATRICES

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 8. Symmetric & Skew Symmetric Matrix :
A square matrix A = a 
ij is said to be ,
symmetric if ,
ai j = aj i  i&j (conjugate elements are equal) (Note A = AT)
n (n  1)
Note: Max. number of distinct entries in a symmetric matrix of order n is .
2
and skew symmetric if ,
ai j =  aj i  i & j (the pair of conjugate elements are additive inverse
of each other) (Note A = –AT )
Hence If A is skew symmetric, then
ai i =  ai i  ai i = 0  i
Thus the digaonal elements of a skew symmetric matrix are all zero , but not the converse .

Properties Of Symmetric & Skew Matrix :

P  1 A is symmetric if AT = A
A is skew symmetric if AT =  A
P  2 A + AT is a symmetric matrix
A  AT is a skew symmetric matrix .
Consider (A + AT)T = AT + (AT)T = AT + A = A + AT
T
A + A is symmetric .
Similarly we can prove that A  AT is skew symmetric .

P  3 The sum of two symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix and

the sum of two skew symmetric matrix is a skew symmetric matrix .
Let AT = A ; BT = B where A & B have the same order .
T
(A + B) = A + B
Similarly we can prove the other

P  4 If A & B are symmetric matrices then ,

(a) A B + B A is a symmetric matrix
(b) AB  BA is a skew symmetric matrix .

P  5 Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as a sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
1 1
A = (A + AT) + (A  AT)
2 2

P Q
Symmetric Skew Symmetric

9. Adjoint Of A Square Matrix :

 a11 a12 a13 

 
Let A=  
aij =  a 21 a 22 a 23  be a square matrix and let the matrix formed by the cofactors
a a 33 
 31 a 32
 C11 C12 C13 
 
of [ai j ] in determinant A is =  C 21 C 22 C 23  .
C C33 
 31 C32
 C11 C 21 C31 
 
Then (adj A) =  C
12 C 22 C 32 
C 
 13 C 23 C33 
MATRICES

V. Imp. Theorem : A (adj. A) = (adj. A).A = |A| In , If A be a square matrix of order n.

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 Note : If A and B are non singular square matrices of same order, then
(i) | adj A | = | A |n – 1
(ii) adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
(iii) adj(KA) = Kn–1 (adj A), K is a scalar
Inverse Of A Matrix (Reciprocal Matrix) :
A square matrix A said to be invertible (non singular) if there exists a matrix B such that,
AB = I = BA
B is called the inverse (reciprocal) of A and is denoted by A 1 . Thus
A 1 = B  AB = I = B A .
We have , A . (adj A) = A In
A 1
A (adj A) = A 1 In 
In (adj A) = A 1 A In
(adj A)
 A 1 =
|A|

Note : The necessary and sufficient condition for a square matrix A to be invertible is that A 0.
Imp. Theorem : If A & B are invertible matrices ofthe same order , then (AB) 1 = B 1 A 1. This is reversal law for
inverse.
Note :
(i) If A be an invertible matrix , then AT is also invertible & (AT) 1 = (A 1)T.

(ii) If A is invertible, (a) (A 1) 1 = A ; (b) (Ak) 1 = (A 1)k = A–k, k N

(iii) If A is an Orthogonal Matrix. AAT = I = ATA

(iv) A square matrix is said to be orthogonal if , A 1 = AT .

1
(v) | A–1 | =
|A|
SYSTEM OF EQUATION & CRITERIAN FOR CONSISTENCY
GAUSS - JORDAN METHOD
x+y+z = 6
xy+z=2
2x + y  z = 1

 x  yz  6
 x  y z   
or   =  2
 2x  yz  1

1 1 1  x 6
 1 1 1   y  2
    = 1
 2 1 1  z  

AX = B  A 1 A X = A 1 B

(adj. A).B
X = A 1 B = .
|A|
MATRICES

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 Note :
(1) If A 0, system is consistent having unique solution
(2) If A 0 & (adj A) . B  O (Null matrix) ,
system is consistent having unique non  trivial solution .
(3) If A 0 & (adj A) . B = O (Null matrix) ,
system is consistent having trivial solution .
(4) If A  = 0 , matrix method fails

If (adj A) . B = null matrix = O If (adj A) . B O

Consistent (Infinite solutions) Inconsistent (no solution)

MATRICES

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 PROFICIENCY TEST-01
1. In the following, upper triangular matrix is

1 0 0 5 4 2 2 1
    0 2 3   
(A) 0 2 0  (B) 0 0 3  (C)   (D) 0 3
    0 0 4   
3 0 3  0 0 1 0 0

5 2 2 3 
2. If A    and B    , then |2A – 3B| equals
1 0 5 – 1

(A) 77 (B) –53 (C) 53 (D) –77

3. For a square matrix A = [aij], aij = 0, when i  j, then A is

(A) unit matrix (B) scalar matrix (C) diagonal matrix (D) None of these

4. If A and B are matrices of order m × n and n × n respectively, then which of the following are defined
(A) AB, BA (B) AB, A2 (C) A2, B2 (D) AB, B2

– 1 5 
 – 1 0 2  
5. If A    and B   2 7  , then
 3 1 2  
 3 10

(A) AB and BA both exist (B) AB exists but not BA

(C) BA exists but not AB (D) Both AB and BA do not exist

6. If A is a matrix of order 3 × 4, then both ABT and BTA are defined if order of B is
(A) 3 × 3 (B) 4 × 4 (C) 4 × 3 (D) 3 × 4

0 5 – 7
 
7. Matrix  – 5 0 11  is a
 
 7 – 11 0 

(A) Diagonal matrix (B) Upper triangular matrix

(C) Skew-symmetric matrix (D) Symmetric matrix

8. If A is symmetric as well as skew symmetric matrix, then

(A) A is a diagonal matrix (B) A is a null matrix
(C) A is a unit matrix (D) A is a triangular matrix

9. If A is symmetric matrix and B is a skew-symmetric matrix, then for n  N, false statement is

(A) An is symmetric when n is odd (B) An is symmetric only when n is even
(C) Bn is skew symmetric when n is odd (D) Bn is symmetric when n is even
MATRICES

10. Let A be a square matrix. Then which of the following is not a symmetric matrix
(A) A + AT (B) AAT (C) ATA (D) A – AT

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 1 1
11. If A    and n  N, then An is equal to
1 1

(A) 2nA (B) 2n – 1 A (B) nA (D) None of these

12. If A = [aij] is scalar matrix of order n × n such that aii = k for all i, then |A| equals
(A) nk (B) n + k (C) nk (D) kn

3 – 4 
13. If A    , then for every positive integer n, An is equal to
 1 – 1

1  2n 4n  8  1  2n – 4n  1– 2n 4n 
(A)  (B)  
1  2n 
(C) 
n  2 
(D) None of these
 n  n 1 – 2n  n

14. If A is any skew-symmetric matrix of odd orders, then |A| equals

(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) None of these

0 c – b a 2 ab ac 
   
15. If A   – c 0 a  and B  ab b 2 bc  then AB is equal to
   
 b – a 0  ac bc c 2 
 

(A) A (B) B (C) an Identity matrix (D) a Null matrix

PROFICIENCY TEST-02
0 1 1  x 
  
1. The root of the equation [x 1 2]  1 0 1  – 1  0 is
  
 1 1 0  1 
1 1
(A) (B) – (C) 0 (D) 1
3 3

2. For square matrices A and B, AB = O, then {O : null matrix}

(A) A = O or B = O (B) A = O and B = O
(C) It is not necessary that A = O and/or B = O (D) None of these

3. If A and B are matrices of order m × n and n × m respectively, then the order of matrix BT (AT)T is
(A) m × n (B) m × m (C) n × n (D) Not defined

1 2 3 
 
4. If A  2 3 4 , then the value of adj (adj A) is
 
0 0 2
MATRICES

(A) 4A2 (B) –2A (C) 2A (D) A2

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  cos x sin x   1 0
5. If A    and A.(adj A) = k   , then k equals
 – sin x cos x  0 1

(A) sinx cosx (B) 1 (C) sin 2x (D) –1

 1 –2 3 
 
6. If A   4 0 – 1 , then (adj A)23 =
 
 – 3 1 5 

{i.e., the element of (adj A) which belongs to second row and third column}
(A) 13 (B) –13 (C) 5 (D) –5

7. (adj AT) – (adj A)T equals

(A) |A| I (B) 2|A| I (C) Null matrix (D) Unit matrix

2 3  4 6   1 0
8. If A   , B   , C    , then which of these matrices are invertible ?
1 3 2 3  0 1

(A) A and B (B) B and C (C) A and C (D) All

9. Which of the following matrices is inverse of itself

1 1 1  1 0 1 0 1 0
     
1 1 1 3 2  0 0 0  1 1 1
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
1 1 1  4 3   1 0 1 0 1 0

10. If D is a diagonal matrix with diagonal elements as {d1, d2, d3 ..., dn} in order, then we may represent it as
D = diag (d1, d2, ......., dn). Then Dn equals
(A) D (B) diag (d1n – 1, d2n – 1, ......, dnn – 1)
(C) diag (d1n, d2n, ......, dnn) (D) None of these

cos  – sin  0
 
11. If A   sin  cos  0 , then
 
 0 0 1

(A) adj A = A (B) adj A = A–1 (C) A–1 = –A (D) None of these

12. If A is invertible matrix, then det (A–1) equals {where, det (B) means determinant of matrix B}
1
(A) det (A) (B) det (A) (C) 1 (D) None of these

13. If A and B are non-zero square matrices of the same order such that AB = O, then {O : null matrix}
(A) Either adj A = O or adj B = O (B) adj A = O and adj B = O
(C) Either |A| = 0 or |B| = 0 (D) |A| = 0 and |B| = 0

14. Let A be an idempotent square matrix, then (I + A)4 is :

(A) I – A (B) I + A (C) I + 15A (D) I
MATRICES

15. If A and B are two square matrices such that B = –A–1BA, then (A + B)2 =
(A) A2 + 2BA + B2 (B) A2 + B2 (C) A2 + 2AB + B2 (D) A2 – B2

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 EXERCISE-I
1. Find the number of 2 × 2 matrix satisfying
(i) aij is 1 or –1 ; 2 + 2 = 2 + 2 = 2 ; (iii) a a + a a = 0
(ii) a11 a12 a 21 a 22 11
1 21 12 22

2. Find the value of x and y that satisfy the equations.

3  2 3 3
3 0   y y  = 3y 3y 
2 4   x x  10 10 

a b p  0
3. Let A = c d  and B = q   0 . Such that AB = B and a + d = 5050. Find the value
of (ad – bc).

0 1 8 6 4 2
0
4. Define A = 3 0 . Find a vertical vector V such that (A + A + A + A + I)V = 11
(where I is the 2 × 2 identity matrix).
1 0 2
5. If, A = 0 2 1 , then show that the maxtrix A is a root of the polynomial f (x) = x3 – 6x2 + 7x + 2.
2 0 3

1 2 a b 
6. If the matrices A = 3 4 and B = c d 
db
(a, b, c, d not all simultaneously zero) commute, find the value of . Also show that the
acb
   2 3
matrix which commutes with A is of the form    
a b 
c 1  a  is an idempotent matrix. Find the value of f(a), where f(x) = x– x , when bc = 1/4. Hence
2
7. If
otherwise evaluate a.
1 1
8. If the matrix A is involutary, show that (I + A) and (I – A) are idempotent and
2 2
1 1
(I + A)· (I – A)=O.
2 2
1 0
9. Show that the matrix A = 2 1 can be decomposed as a sum of a unit and a nilpotent marix. Hence
2007
evaluate the matrix
1 0 .
2 1
1 x 1  3 3 z 
10. Given matrices

A= x 2 y ; B =  3 2  3
1 y 3   z  3 1 

Obtain x, y and z if the matrix AB is symmetric.
0 1  1
11. Let X be the solution set of the equation = I, where A = 4  3 4  and I is the corresponding unit
Ax
3  3 4 
matrix and x  N then find the minimum value of  (cos x   sin x ) ,   R.

 3 a  1  d 3 a 
A =2 5 c  is Symmetric and B =  b  a e  2b  c  is Skew Symmetric, then find AB.
MATRICES

12.
b 8 2   2 6  f 
  
Is AB a symmetric, Skew Symmetric or neither of them. Justify your answer.

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 13. A is a square matrix of order n.
l = maximum number of distinct entries if A is a triangular matrix
m = maximum number of distinct entries if A is a diagonal matrix
p = minimum number of zeroes if A is a triangular matrix
If l + 5 = p + 2m, find the order of the matrix.
14. If A is an idempotent non zero matrix and I is an identity matrix of the same order, find the value of n, n
 N, such that ( A + I )n = I + 127 A.
1 2 5
15. Consider the two matrices A and B where A =  4 3  ; B =  3 . If n(A) denotes the number of elementss
in A such that n(XY) = 0, when the two matrices X and Y are not conformable for multiplication. If C =

 n (C ) | D |2  n ( D )
 
(AB)(B'A); D = (B'A)(AB) then, find the value of  .
 n (A )  n (B) 

EXERCISE-II
1. A3 × 3 is a matrix such that | A | = a, B = (adj A) such that | B | = b. Find the value of (ab2 + a2b + 1)S

1 a a 2 a3
where S =  3  5  ...... up to , and a = 3.
2 b b b

 4 4 5 
2. For the matrix A =  2 3  3 find A–2.
 3  3 4 

1 1 1
 2 3 1 0 1 
3. 
Given A = 2 4 1 , B = 3 4 . Find P such that BPA = 0 1 0
2 3 1    

 1 3 5
4. Given the matrix A =  1  3  5 and X be the solution set of the equation A x = A,
 1 3 5 

 x3  1 
where x  N – {1}. Evaluate   x 3  1  where the continued product extends  x  X.
 

cos x  sin x 0
5. 
If F(x) = sin x cos x 0 then show that F(x). F(y) = F(x + y)
 0 0 1

Hence prove that [ F(x) ]–1 = F(– x).

6. Use matrix to solve the following system of equations.

MATRICES

x  y z 3 x  y z 3 x  y z3
(i) x  2 y3z4 (ii) x  2 y3z4 (iii) x  2 y3z4
x  4 y9z 6 2 x 3 y  4 z 7 2 x 3y4z9

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 7. Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix such that a11 = a33 = 2 and all the other aij = 1. Let A–1 = xA2 + yA + zI then find the
value of (x + y + z) where I is a unit matrix of order 3.

2 1  3 2  2 4 
8. Find the matrix A satisfying the matrix equation, 3 2 . A . 5 3 = 3 1 .

k m
9. If A =  l n  and kn  lm ; then show that A2 – (k + n)A + (kn – lm) I = O.
 
Hence find A–1.

2 1 9 3
10. Given A=  2  ; B= 3 1 . I is a unit matrix of order 2. Find all possible matrix X in the following cases.
 1

(i) AX = A (ii) XA = I (iii) XB = O but BX  O.

1 2
11. If A = 2 4 then, find a non-zero square matrix X of order 2 such that AX = O. Is XA = O.

1 2
If A = 2 3 , is it possible to find a square matrix X such that AX = O. Give reasons for it.

3  2 1  x   b 
12. Determine the values of a and b for which the system 5  8 9 
 y   3 
2 1 a   z   1
 

(i) has a unique solution ; (ii) has no solution and (iii) has infinitely many solutions

1 2 3 1 1 2  x1 x2 
13. If A = 3
 4 

; B = 1 0 ; C = 2 4 and X =
    x x 4  then solve the following matrix equation.
 3
(a) AX = B – I (b) (B – I)X = IC (c) CX = A

14. If A is an orthogonal matrix and B = AP where P is a non singular matrix then show that the matrix
PB–1 is also orthogonal.

3  4 a b
15. Consider the matrices A = 1   APT and
and B = 0 1  and let P be any orthogonal matrix and Q = PAP
 1   
R = PTQKP also S = PBPT and T = PTSKP
Column I Column II
(A) If we vary K from 1 to n then the first row (P) G.P. with common ratio a
first column elements at R will form
(B) If we vary K from 1 to n then the 2nd row 2nd (Q) A.P. with common difference 2
column elements at R will form
(C) If we vary K from 1 to n then the first row first (R) G.P. with common ratio b
MATRICES

column elements of T will form

(D) If we vary K from 3 to n then the first row 2nd column (S) A.P. with common difference – 2.
elements of T will represent the sum of

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 EXERCISE-III
  
1. If   is square root of 2 (2 × 2 Identity matrix), then ,  and  will satisfy the relation
  –  

(A) 1 + 2 +  = 0 (B) 1 – 2 +  = 0 (C) 1 + 2 –  = 0 (D) –1 + 2 +  = 0

 cos  sin  
2. If A     , then which of following statement is true
 – sin  cos  

 cosn  sinn    cos n sin n 

(A) A . A = A and ( A  )n
   (B) A . A = A and ( A  )n   
  
 – sinn  cosn    – sin n cos n 
 

 cosn  sinn    cos n sin n 

(C) A . A = A and ( A  )n
   (D) A . A = A and ( A  )n
  
  
 – sinn  cosn    – sin n cos n 
 

 1 2
3. If M    and M2 – M – I = 0, then  equals
2 3

(A) –2 (B) 2 (C) –4 (D) 4

– 1 2 
4. If A be a matrix such that inverse of 7A is the matrix   , then A equals
 4 – 7

 1 2  1 4 / 7 1 4  1 2 / 7
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
4 1 2 / 7 1/ 7  2 1 4 / 7 1/ 7 

 0 1
5. If A    and (aI + bA)2 = A, (a > 0), then
 – 1 0

1 1
(A) a  b  2 (B) a  b  (C) a  b  3 (D) a  b 
2 3

6. If A and B are square matrices such that AB = B and BA = A, then A2 + B2 is equal to

(A) 2AB (B) 2BA (C) A + B (D) None of these

–1
 1 – tan   1 tan  a – b
7. If       , then
tan  1   – tan  1  b a 

(A) a = sin 2, b = – cos 2 (B) a = cos 2, b = sin 2

(C) a = sin 2, b = cos 2 (D) a = cos 2, b = – sin 2
MATRICES

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  1 2 3 7 
8. Let the matrices A and B be defined as A    and B    , then the value of determinant of matrix
2 3  1 3
(2A7B–1), is :
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) –2

9. There are two possible values of A in the solution of the matrix equation
1
2A  1 5   A  5 B  14 D 
 4 
A   2A  2 C   E F 
, where A, B, C, D, E, F are real numbers. The absolute value of the

difference of these two solutions, is :

13 11 17 19
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 3

10. If A is a square matrix, and B is a singular matrix of same order, then for a positive integer n, (A–1BA)n equals
(A) A–nBnAn (B) AnBnA–n (C) A–1BnA (D) n(A–1BA)

EXERCISE-IV
a b    
1. If A    and A 2    , then [AIEEE 2003]
b a   
(A)  = a2 + b2,  = ab (B)  = a2 + b2,  = 2ab
(C)  = a2 + b2,  = a2 – b2 (D)  = 2ab,  = a2 + b2

 0 0 1
 
2. Let A =  0 1 0  . The only correct statement about the matrix A is : [AIEEE 2004]
 1 0 0 

(A) A is a zero matrix (B) A2 = I

(C) A–1 does not exist (D) A = –I, where I is a unit matrix

 1 1 1   4 2 2
   
3. Let A  2 1 3 and 10B   5 0   . If B is the inverse of A, then  is : [AIEEE 2004]
 
 1 1 1   1 2 3 

(A) –2 (B) 5 (C) 2 (D) –1

4. If A2 – A + I = O, then the inverse of A is : [AIEEE 2005]

(A) A + I (B) A (C) A – I (D) I – A

1 0  1 0
5. If A    and I    , then which one of the following holds for all n  1, by the principle of mathematical
1 1 0 1
induction [AIEEE 2005]
(A) An = nA – (n–1)I (B) An = 2n–1A – (n–1)I (C) An = nA + (n –1)I (D) An = 2n–1A + (n–1)I

If A and B are square matrices of size n × n such that A2 – B2 = (A – B)(A + B), then which of the following will
MATRICES

6.
be always true ? [AIEEE 2006]
(A) A = B (B) AB = BA
(C) Either A or B is a zero matrix (D) Either A or B is an identity matrix

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 1 2 a 0 
7. Let A    and B    , a, b  N. Then [AIEEE 2006]
3 4  0 b 
(A) there cannot exists any B such that AB = BA.
(B) there exists more than one but finite numbe of B's such that AB = BA.
(C) there exists exactly one B such that AB = BA.
(D) there exists infinitely many B's such that AB = BA.

 5 5  
8. Let A  0  5  . If |A2| = 25, then || equals : [AIEEE 2007]
 
0 0 5 

(A) 52 (B) 1 (C) 1/5 (D) 5

9. Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix with real entries. Let I be the 2 × 2 identity matrix. Denote by tr(A), the sum of
diagonal entires of A. Assume that A2 = I. [AIEEE 2008]
Statement 1 : If A  I and A  –I, then detA = –1.
Statement 2 : If A  I and A  –I, then tr(A)  0.
(A) Statement 1 is false, statement 2 is true.
(B) Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is true; statement 2 is a correct explanation for statement 1.
(C) Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is true; statement 2 is not a correct explanation for statement 1.
(D) Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is false.

10. Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix. [AIEEE 2009]

Statement 1 : adj.(adj A) = A
Statement 2 : |adj A| = |A|
(A) Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is true; statement 2 is a correct explanation for statement 1.
(B) Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is true; statement 2 is not a correct explanation for statement 1.
(C) Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is false.
(D) Statement 1 is false, statement 2 is true.

11. The number of 3 × 3 non-singular matrices with four entries as 1 and all other entries as 0 is : [AIEEE 2010]
(A) at least 7 (B) less than 4 (C) 5 (D) 6

12. Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix with non-zero entries and let A2 = I, where I is a 2 × 2 identity matrix. Define Tr(A) =
sum of diagonal elements of A and |A| = determinant of matrix A. [AIEEE 2010]
Statement 1 : Tr(A) = 0
Statement 2 : |A| = 1
(A) Statement 1 is false, statement 2 is true.
(B) Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is true; statement 2 is a correct explanation for statement 1.
(C) Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is true; statement 2 is not a correct explanation for statement 1.
(D) Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is false.

13. Let A and B two symmetric matrices of order 3. [AIEEE 2011]

Statement 1 : A(BA) and (AB)A are symmetric matrices
Statement 2 : AB is symmetric matrix if matrix multiplication of A with B is commutative.
(A) Statement 1 is false, statement 2 is true.
MATRICES

(B) Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is true; statement 2 is a correct explanation for statement 1.
(C) Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is true; statement 2 is not a correct explanation for statement 1.
(D) Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is false.

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  1 0 0  1 0
 
14. Let A   2 1 0  . If u1 and u2 are column matrices such that Au1   0  and Au2   1  , then u1 + u2 is
 3 2 1 0 0
     

equal to : [AIEEE 2012]

 1  1  1 1

       
1 1 1 1
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
0  1 0  1
       

15. Let P and Q be 3 × 3 matrices P  Q. If P3 = Q3 and P2Q = Q2P, then determinant of (P2 + Q2) is equal to :
[AIEEE 2012]
(A) –2 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) –1

1  3 
 
16. If P = 1 3 3  is the adjoint of a 3 × 3 matrix A and |A| = 4, then is equal to :
2 4 4

(A) 0 (B) 4 (C) 11 (D) 5 [JEE Main - 2013]

17. If A is an 3 × 3 non-singular matrix such that AA' = A'A and B = A–1 A', then BB' equals
[JEE Main - 2014]
(A) (B–1)' (B) I + B (C) I (D) B–1

1 2 2 
 
18. If A = 2 1 2  is a matrix satisfying the equation AAT = 9I, where I is 3 × 3 identity matrix, then the
a 2 b 

ordered pair (a, b) is equal to: [JEE Main - 2015]

(A) (–2, –1) (B) (2, –1) (C) (–2, 1) (D) (2, 1)

5a  b
19. If A =   and A adj A = A AT, then 5a + b is equal to : [JEE Main- 2016]
3 2

(A) –1 (B) 5 (C) 4 (D) 13

 2 – 3
20. If A =   , then adj (3A2 + 12A) is equal to : [JEE Main - 2017]
– 4 1

 51 84   72 – 63   72 – 84   51 63 
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
MATRICES

63 72   – 84 51   – 63 51  84 72 

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  1 2
21. Let A be a matrix such that A• 0 3  is a scalar matrix and |3A| = 108. Then A2 equals : [JEE Main - 2018]
 

 4 32   36 0   4 0 36 32 

(A) 0 36  (B)  32 4  (C)  32 36  (D)  0 4 
      

22. Suppose A is any 3 × 3 non-singular matrix and (A – 3I) (A – 5I) = O, where I = I3 and O=O3. If A + A–1 =
4I, then + is equal to : [JEE Main - 2018]
(A) 8 (B) 7 (C) 13 (D) 12
1 0 0 
 
23. Let A = 1 1 0  and B = A20. Then the sum of the elements of the first column of B is [JEE Main - 2018]
1 1 1
(A) 211 (B) 210 (C) 231 (D) 251

EXERCISE-V

a b c
1. If matrix A =  b c a  where a, b, c are real positive numbers, abc = 1 and ATA = I, then find the value of
 c a b 
a3 + b3 + c3 . [JEE 2003, Mains-2 out of 60]

2. If A =  2  and  then  =

 2  
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 5 (D) 0 [JEE 2004(Scr)]
3. If M is a 3 × 3 matrix, where MTM = I and det (M) = 1, then prove that det (M – I) = 0.
[JEE 2004, 2 out of 60]

a 1 0 a 1 1  f  a 2  x 
4. A = 1 b d  , B = 0 d c  , U = g  , V = 0,X=  y .
1 b c  f g h  h  0 z
   
If AX = U has infinitely many solution, then prove that BX = V cannot have a unique solution. If further afd 
0, then prove that BX = V has no solution. [JEE 2004, 4 out of 60]

1 0 0 1 0 0
  1 2 
5. A= 0 1 1 , I = 0 1 0 and A–1 =  6 (A  cA  dI) , then the value of c and d are
0  2 4 0 0 1  
(A) –6, –11 (B) 6, 11 (C) –6, 11 (D) 6, – 11 [JEE 2005(Scr)]

 3 2 12 
If P =   , A = 1 1 and Q = PAP
APT and x = PTQ2005 P, then x is equal to
6.
  0 1
 1 2 3 2

1 2005 4  2005 3 6015 

(A) 0 1  (B)  2005 4  2005 3 

MATRICES

1 2  3 1  1  2005 2  3 
(C) 
4  1 2  3  (D)
4 2  3 2005 
[JEE 2005 (Screening)]

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 Comprehension (3 questions) [JEE 2006, 5 marks each]

1 0 0  1   2  2
7. A  2 1 0 , U1, U2 and U3 are columns matrices satisfying. AU1 = 0 ; AU2 = 3  , AU3 = 3  and
3 2 1 0 0 1 

U is 3 × 3 matrix whose columns are U1, U2, U3 then answer the following questions
(a) The value of | U | is
(A) 3 (B) – 3 (C) 3/2 (D) 2

(b) The sum of elements of U–1 is

(A) – 1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 3

 3
(c) The value of 3 2 0 U 2 is
0

(A) 5 (B) 5/2 (C) 4 (D) 3/2

8. Match the statements / Expression in Column-I with the statements / Expressions in Column-II and
indicate your answer by darkening the appropriate bubbles in the 4 × 4 matrix given in OMR.
Column-I Column-II

x 2  2x  4
(A) The minimum value of is (P) 0
x2
(B) Let A and B be 3 × 3 matrices of real numbers, (Q) 1
where A is symmetric, B is skew-symmetric, and
(A + B)(A – B) = (A – B)(A + B). If (AB)t = (–1)kAB, where (AB)t
is the transpose of the matrix AB, then the possible values of k are
a
(C) Let a = log3 log32. An integer k satisfying 1 < 2 (  k  3 ) < 2, must be (R) 2
less than
1 
(D) If sin  = cos , then the possible values of       are (S) 3
 2
[JEE 2008, 6]
Paragraph for Question Nos. 9 to 11
Let A be the set of all 3 × 3 symmetric matrices all of whose entries are either 0 or 1. Five of these entries are
1 and four of them are 0. [JEE-2009]
9. The number of matrices in A is
(A) 12 (B) 6 (C) 9 (D) 3

 x   1
   
10. The number of matrices A in A for which the system of linear equations A  y   0 has a unique solution, is
 z  0

(A) less than 4 (B) at least 4 but less than 7

(C) at least 7 but less than 10 (D) at least 10

 x   1
   
11. The number of matrices A in A for which the system of linear equations A  y   0 is inconsistent, is
MATRICES

 z  0

(A) 0 (B) more than 2 (C) 2 (D) 1

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  x  1
   
12. The number of 3 × 3 matrices A whose entries are either 0 or 1 and for which the system A  y   0 has
 z  0

exactly two distinct solutions, is

(A) 0 (B) 29 – 1 (C) 168 (D) 2 [JEE-2010]

Paragraph for Questions 13 to 15

Let P be an odd prime number and TP be the following set of 2 × 2 matrices :

 a b 
TP  A    ; a, b, c  {0,1, 2 ...., P – 1} 
 c a  

13. The number of A in Tp such that A is either symmetric or skew-symmetric or both, and det(A) divisible by p is
(A) (p – 1)2 (B) 2(p – 1) (C) (p – 1)2 + 1 (D) 2p – 1

14. The number of A in Tp such that the trace of A is not divisible by p but det (A) is divisible by p is
[Note : The trace of a matrix is the sum of its diagonal entries.]
(A) (p – 1) (p2 – p + 1) (B) p3 – (p – 1)2 (C) (p – 1)2 (D) (p –1) (p2 – 2)

15. The number of A in Tp such that det (A) is not divisible by p is [JEE-2010]
(A) 2p2 (B) p3 – 5p (C) p3 – 3p (D) p3 – p2

Paragraph for question nos. 16 to 18

1 9 7
 
Let a, b and c be three real numbers satisfying [a b c] 8 2 7 = [0 0 0] .......(E) [JEE-2011]
7 3 7

16. If the point P(a, b, c), with reference to (E), lies on the plane 2x + y + z = 1, then the value of 7a + b + c is
(A) 0 (B) 12 (C) 7 (D) 6

17. Let be a solution of x3 – 1 = 0 with Im() > 0. If a = 2 with b and c satisfying (E), then the value of

3 1 3
  is equal to
 a

b
c
(A) –2 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) –3

18. Let b = 6, with a and c satisfying (E). If  and are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, then
 n
 1 1
    is
n 0 
 
(A) 6 (B) 7 (C) 6/7 (D) 

19. Let M and N be two 3 × 3 non-singular skew symmetric matrices such that MN = NM. If PT denotes the
transpose of P, then M2N2 (MTN)–1 (MN–1)T is equal to [JEE-2011]
(A) M2 (B) – N2 (C) – M2 (D) MN

 1 a b
20. Let  1 be a cube root of unity and S be the set of all non-singular matrices of the form   1 c  , where
 
2  1
each of a, b, and c is either  or 2. Then the number of distinct matrices in the set S is
MATRICES

(A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 4 (D) 8 [JEE-2011]

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 21. Let M be a 3 × 3 matrix satisfying [JEE-2011]

0  – 1  1   1  1  0 
          
M  1   2 ,M  – 1   1  , and M1   0  .
0  3   0   – 1 1 12

Then the sum of the diagonal entries of M is :

22. Let P = [aij] be a 3 × 3 matrix and let Q = [bij] where bij = 2i+jaij for 1  i,j  3. If the determinant of P is 2, then
the determinant of the matrix Q is [JEE-2012]
(A) 210 (B) 211 (C) 212 (D) 213

23. If P is a 3 × 3 matrix such that PT = 2P + I , where PT is the transposes of P and I is the 3 × 3 identity matrix,

 x  0
   
then there exists a column matrix X =  y   0  such that [JEE-2012]
z  0

0
 
0
(A) PX =   (B) PX = X (C) PX = 2X (D) PX = – X
0

1 4 4
 
2 1 7
24. If the adjoint of a 3 × 3 matrix P is  , then the possible value(s) of the determinant of P is (are)
1 1 3
(A) – 2 (B) – 1 (C) 1 (D) 2 [JEE-2012]

25. For 3 × 3 matrices M and N, which of the following statement(s) is (are) NOT correct?
(A) NT M N is symmetric or skew symmetric, according as M is symmetric or skew symmetric
(B) M N – N M is skew symmetric for all symmetric matrices M and N
(C) M N is symmeric for all symmetric matrices M and N
(D) (adj M) (adj N) = adj (M N) for all invertible matrices M and N [JEE Advanced - 2013]

26. Let M be a 2 × 2 symmetric matrix with integer entries. Then M is invertible if

(A) the first column of M is the transpose of the second row of M [JEE Advanced 2014]
(B) the second row of M is the transpose of the first column of M
(C) M is a diagonal matrix with non-zero entries in the main diagonal
(D) the product of entries in the main diagonal of M is not thesquare of an integer

27. Let M and N be two 3 × 3 matrices such that MN = NM. Further, if M  N2 and M2 = N4, then
(A) determinant of (M2 + MN2) is 0 [JEE Advanced 2014]
(B) there is a 3 × 3 non-zero matrix v such that (M2 + MN2)U is the zero matrix
(C) determinant of (M2 + MN2) 1
(D) for a 3 × 3 matrix U, if (M2 + MN2)U euqals the zero matrix then U is the zero matrix
MATRICES

28. Let X and Y be two arbitrary, 3 × 3, non-zero, skew-symmetric matrices and Z be an arbitrary 3 × 3, non-zero,
symmetric matrix. Then which of the following matrices is (are) skew symmetric? [JEE Advanced 2015]
(A) Y3Z4 – Z4Y3 (B) X44 + Y44 (C) X4Z3 – Z3X4 (D) X23 + Y23

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 3  1  2
 
29. Let P = 2 0   , where   R. Suppose Q = [qij] is a matrix such that PQ = kI, where k  R, k  0
3  5 0 
k k2
and I is the identity matrix of order 3. If q23 = – and det(Q) = , then [JEE Advanced 2016]
8 2
(A)  = 0, k = 8 (B) 4– k + 8 = 0
(C) det(Padj(Q)) = 29 (D) det(Q adj(P)) = 213

 1 0 0
30. Let P   4 1 0 and I be the identity matrix of order 3. If Q = [qij] is a matrix such that P50 – Q = I, then
16 4 1

q31  q32
q21 equals [JEE Advanced 2016]
(A) 52 (B) 103 (C) 201 (D) 205

1  2  x   1 
     
31. For a real number , if the system   1   y    – 1 of linear equations, has infinitely many solutions,
 2  1  z   1 
 
then 1 +  +  =
2 [JEE Advanced 2017]

32. Which of the following is (are) NOT the square of a 3 × 3 matrix with real entries ? [JEE-Advanced-2017]

1 0 0  1 0 0   1 0 0  1 0 0
0 1 0  0 1 0   0 1 0  0 1 0 
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
0 0 1 0 0 1  0 0 1 0 0 1

 b1 
 
33. Let S be the set of all column matrices b 2  such that b1, b2, b2   and the system of equations (in real
b 3 

variables)
–x + 2y + 5z = b1
2x – 4y + 3z = b2
x – 2y + 2z = b3
has at least one solution. Then, which of the following system(s) (in real variables) has (have) at least one

 b1 
 
solution for each b 2   S? [JEE Advanced 2018]
b 3 
(A) x + 2y + 3z = b1, 4y + 5z = b2 and x + 2y + 6z = b3
(B) x + y + 3z = b1, 5x + 2y + 6z = b2 and –2x – y – 3z = b3
(C) –x + 2y – 5z = b1, 2x – 4y + 10z = b2 and x – 2y + 5z = b3
(D) x + 2y + 5z = b1, 2x + 3z = b2 and x + 4y – 5z = b3

34. Let P be a matrix of order 3 × 3 such that all the entries in P are from the set {–1, 0, 1}. Then, the maximum
possible value of the determinant of P is _________. [JEE Advanced 2018]
MATRICES

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  sin 4  – 1 – sin2 
35. Let M=   = I + M–1
1  cos  cos 4  
2

where = () and = () are real numbers, and I is the 2 × 2 identity matrix. If
* is the minimum of the set {() : [0, 2)} and
* is the minimum of the set {() : [0, 2)},
then the value of * + * is : [JEE Advanced 2019]

29 37 17 31
(A) – (B) – (C) – (D) –
16 16 16 16

0 1 a   –1 1 –1
36. Let M  1 2 3 and adj M   8 –6 2 
 
   
3 b 1  –5 3 –1

where a and b are real numbers. Which of the following options is/are correct? [JEE Advanced 2019]

    1
   
(A) (adj M)–1 + adj M–1 =–M (B) If M      2 , then – +  = 3
   3 

(C) det(adj M2) = 81 (D) a + b = 3

37. Let x  R and let [JEE Advanced 2019]

 1 1 1 2 x x 
   
P = 0 2 2  , Q = 0 4 0  and R = PQP–1.
0 0 3   x x 6 

Then which of the following options is/are correct?

(A) There exists a real number x such that PQ = QP

2 x x 
 
0 4 0
(B) det R = det  + 8, for all x  R
 x x 5 

 1  1
   
a a
(C) For x = 0, if R   = 6   , then a + b = 5
b  b 

   0 
   
(D) For x = 1, there exists a unit vector  ˆi  ˆj  kˆ for which R     0 
   0 
MATRICES

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 38. Let
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 
     
0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
P1 = I =  , P2 =  , P3 =  ,
0 0 1 0 1 0  0 0 1

0 1 0   0 0 1  0 0 1
     
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
P4 =  , P5 =  , P6 = 
 1 0 0  0 1 0   1 0 0 

6 2 1 3
 
and X=  Pk  1 0 2  PkT [JEE Advanced 2019]
k 1 3 2 1

where PkT denotes the transpose of the matrix Pk. Then which of the following options is/are correct?
(A) X – 30I is an invertible matrix (C) X is a symmetric matrix

1 1
   
(C) If X 1   1 , then  = 30 (D) The sum of diagonal entries of X is 18
1 1
MATRICES

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 ANSWER KEY

PROFICIENCY TEST-01
1. B 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. A 6. D 7. C

8. B 9. B 10. D 11. B 12. D 13. B 14. B

15. D

PROFICIENCY TEST-02
1. A 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. B 6. A 7. C

8. C 9. B 10. C 11. B 12. B 13. D 14. C

15. B

EXERCISE-I
0
 
3  
1. 8 2. x= , y = 2 3. 5049 4. V= 1 6. 1
2 11 

 1 0  4 2 2  4 2 2 
 , , 2 2,  , ,  2 2  ,(3,3, –1)
7. f (a) = 1/4, a = 1/2 9. 4014 1 10.  3 3   3 3 
   

11. 2 12. AB is neither symmetric nor skew symmetric

13. 4 14. n=7 15. 650

EXERCISE-II
 17 4  19
   4 7  7 
1. 225 2.  10 0 13 
3.   4. 3/2
  21  3 25   3 5 5 

6. (i) x = 2, y = 1, z = 0 ; (ii) x = 2 + k, y = 1  2k, z = k where k  R ;

(iii) inconsistent, hence no solution

1  48  25  1  n  m
7. 1 8.   9.  
19 70 42  kn  m   k 
 a b 
10. (i) X =  for a, b  R ; (ii) X does not exist ;
 2  2a 1  2b 

a  3a
(iii) X =  a, c  R and 3a + c  0; 3b + d  0
c  3c 

 2c  2d
11. X=   , where c, d  R – {0}, NO
 c d 

12. (i) a  – 3 , b  R ; (ii) a = – 3 and b  1/3 ; (iii) a = –3 , b = 1/3

MATRICES

 3  3  1 2
13. (a) X= 5  , (b) X =   , (c) no solution 15. (A) Q; (B) S; (C) P; (D) P
 2 2   1  2

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 EXERCISE-III
1. D 2. D 3. D 4. D 5. B 6. C 7. B
8. D 9. D 10. C

EXERCISE-IV
1. B 2. B 3. B 4. D 5. A 6. B 7. D
8. C 9. D 10. B 11. A 12. D 13. C 14. D
15. C 16. C 17. C 18. A 19. B 20. D 21. D
22. A 23. C

EXERCISE-V
1. 4 2. A 5. C 6. A 7. (a) A, (b) B, (c) A

8. (A) R (B) Q,S (C) R,S (D) P,R 9. A 10. B 11. B 12. A

13. D 14. C 15. D 16. D 17. A 18. B 19. Bonus

20. A 21. 9 22. D 23. D 24. A, D 25. C, D 26. C, D

27. A,B 28. C,D 29. B, C 30. B 31. 1 32. A,C 33. A, D
34. 4 35. A 36. ABD 37. BC 38. BCD
MATRICES

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