Load Flow Analysis

Gauss-Seidal Method
1. Load Flow Analysis using Guass-Seidal Method with a Example 6.7 taken from the Book of
Sir Hadi Sadat. The problem is given below:
The figure-1 shows the single line diagram of a simple 3 buses power system with generator at
bus 1.The magnitude at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 per unit. The scheduled loads at buses 2 and 3
are marked on the diagram. Line impedance are marked in per unit on a 100 MVA Base. And the
line charging susceptances are neglected.

Fig: 01. Single Line Diagram of a Powe Flow Problem

Determine the following problem using MATLAB Program.
i) Determine the phasor values of the voltage at the load buses 2 and 3 (P-Q Buses) accurate to
four decimal places.
ii) Find the Slack bus real and reactive power.
iii) Determine the Line flows and Line losses.
MATLAB Program:
This is the main program from where we called four function Ybus, GuassSeidal, Output and
LineLosses. All the function code describe below after main program.
clc;
clear all;
basemva = 100; accuracy = 0.001; accel = 1.8; maxiter = 100;
% Bus Bus Voltage Angle ---Load---- -------Generator----- Static Mvar
% No code Mag. Degree MW Mvar MW Mvar Qmin Qmax +Qc/-Ql
Busdata =[ 1 1 1.05 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0
2 0 1 0.0 256.6 110.2 0.0 0.0 0 0 0
3 0 1 0.0 138.6 45.2 0.0 0.0 0 0 0];

% Line code
% Bus bus R X 1/2 B = 1 for lines
% nl nr p.u. p.u. p.u. > 1 or < 1 tr. tap at bus nl
Linedata = [1 2 0.02 0.04 0.0 1
1 3 0.01 0.03 0.0 1
2 3 0.0125 0.025 0.0 1];

YBus % form the bus admittance matrix

GaussSeidal % Load flow solution By Gauss Seidal method
Output % Prints the power flow solution on the screen
LineLosses % Computes and displays the line flow and losses
MATLAB Program For Y-bus Matrix:
YBus.m file Program.
% This program obtains the Bus Admittance Matrix for power flow solution.
clc;
clear all;
close all;
j=sqrt(-1); i = sqrt(-1);
nl = linedata(:,1); nr = linedata(:,2); R = linedata(:,3);
X = linedata(:,4); Bc = j*linedata(:,5); a = linedata(:, 6);
nbr=length(linedata(:,1)); nbus = max(max(nl), max(nr));
Z = R + j*X; y= ones(nbr,1)./Z; %branch admittance
for n = 1:nbr
if a(n) <= 0 a(n) = 1; else end
Ybus=zeros(nbus,nbus); % initialize Ybus to zero
% formation of the off diagonal elements
for k=1:nbr;
Ybus(nl(k),nr(k))=Ybus(nl(k),nr(k))-y(k)/a(k);
Ybus(nr(k),nl(k))=Ybus(nl(k),nr(k));
end
end
% formation of the diagonal elements
for n=1:nbus
for k=1:nbr
if nl(k)==n
Ybus(n,n) = Ybus(n,n)+y(k)/(a(k)^2) + Bc(k);
elseif nr(k)==n
Ybus(n,n) = Ybus(n,n)+y(k) +Bc(k);
else, end
end
end
clear Pgg
MATLAB Program for Power Flow Solution Using Guass-Seidal Method:
GaussSeidal.m file program % that is saved in computer file.
% Power flow solution by Gauss-Seidel method
clc;
clear all;
close all;
Vm=0; delta=0; yload=0; deltad =0;
nbus = length(busdata(:,1));
for k=1:nbus
n=busdata(k,1);
kb(n)=busdata(k,2); Vm(n)=busdata(k,3); delta(n)=busdata(k, 4);
Pd(n)=busdata(k,5); Qd(n)=busdata(k,6); Pg(n)=busdata(k,7); Qg(n) = busdata(k,8);
Qmin(n)=busdata(k, 9); Qmax(n)=busdata(k, 10);
Qsh(n)=busdata(k, 11);
if Vm(n) <= 0 Vm(n) = 1.0; V(n) = 1 + j*0;
else delta(n) = pi/180*delta(n);
V(n) = Vm(n)*(cos(delta(n)) + j*sin(delta(n)));
P(n)=(Pg(n)-Pd(n))/basemva;
Q(n)=(Qg(n)-Qd(n)+ Qsh(n))/basemva;
S(n) = P(n) + j*Q(n);
end
DV(n)=0;
end
num = 0; AcurBus = 0; converge = 1;
Vc = zeros(nbus,1)+j*zeros(nbus,1); Sc = zeros(nbus,1)+j*zeros(nbus,1);

while exist('accel')~=1
accel = 1.3;
end
while exist('accuracy')~=1
accuracy = 0.001;
end
while exist('basemva')~=1
basemva= 100;
end
while exist('maxiter')~=1
 maxiter = 100;
end
iter=0;
maxerror=10;

while maxerror >= accuracy & iter <= maxiter

iter=iter+1;
for n = 1:nbus;
YV = 0+j*0;
for L = 1:nbr;
if nl(L) == n, k=nr(L);
YV = YV + Ybus(n,k)*V(k);
elseif nr(L) == n, k=nl(L);
YV = YV + Ybus(n,k)*V(k);
end
end
Sc = conj(V(n))*(Ybus(n,n)*V(n) + YV) ;
Sc = conj(Sc);
DP(n) = P(n) - real(Sc);
DQ(n) = Q(n) - imag(Sc);
if kb(n) == 1
S(n) =Sc; P(n) = real(Sc); Q(n) = imag(Sc); DP(n) =0; DQ(n)=0;
Vc(n) = V(n);
elseif kb(n) == 2
Q(n) = imag(Sc); S(n) = P(n) + j*Q(n);
if Qmax(n) ~= 0
Qgc = Q(n)*basemva + Qd(n) - Qsh(n);
if abs(DQ(n)) <= .005 & iter >= 10 % After 10 iterations
 if DV(n) <= 0.045 % the Mvar of generator buses are
if Qgc < Qmin(n), % tested. If not within limits Vm(n)
Vm(n) = Vm(n) + 0.005; % is changed in steps of 0.005 pu
DV(n) = DV(n)+.005; % up to .05 pu in order to bring
elseif Qgc > Qmax(n), % the generator Mvar within the
Vm(n) = Vm(n) - 0.005; % specified limits.
DV(n)=DV(n)+.005; end
else, end
else,end
else,end
end
if kb(n) ~= 1
Vc(n) = (conj(S(n))/conj(V(n)) - YV )/ Ybus(n,n);
else, end
if kb(n) == 0
V(n) = V(n) + accel*(Vc(n)-V(n));
elseif kb(n) == 2
VcI = imag(Vc(n));
VcR = sqrt(Vm(n)^2 - VcI^2);
Vc(n) = VcR + j*VcI;
V(n) = V(n) + accel*(Vc(n) -V(n));
end

end
maxerror=max( max(abs(real(DP))), max(abs(imag(DQ))) );
if iter == maxiter & maxerror > accuracy
fprintf('\nWARNING: Iterative solution did not converged after ')
fprintf('%g', iter), fprintf(' iterations.\n\n')
 fprintf('Press Enter to terminate the iterations and print the results \n')
converge = 0; pause, else, end
end
if converge ~ = 1
tech= (' ITERATIVE SOLUTION DID NOT CONVERGE'); else,
tech=(' Power Flow Solution by Gauss-Seidel Method');
end
k=0;
for n = 1:nbus
Vm(n) = abs(V(n)); deltad(n) = angle(V(n))*180/pi;
if kb(n) == 1
S(n)=P(n)+j*Q(n);
Pg(n) = P(n)*basemva + Pd(n);
Qg(n) = Q(n)*basemva + Qd(n) - Qsh(n);
k=k+1;
Pgg(k)=Pg(n);
elseif kb(n) ==2
k=k+1;
Pgg(k)=Pg(n);
S(n)=P(n)+j*Q(n);
Qg(n) = Q(n)*basemva + Qd(n) - Qsh(n);
End

yload(n) = (Pd(n)- j*Qd(n)+j*Qsh(n))/(basemva*Vm(n)^2);

end
Pgt = sum(Pg); Qgt = sum(Qg); Pdt = sum(Pd); Qdt = sum(Qd); Qsht = sum(Qsh);
busdata(:,3)=Vm'; busdata(:,4)=deltad';
clear AcurBus DP DQ DV L Sc Vc VcI VcR YV converge delta
MATLAB Program for Displaying the output:
Output.m file Program
% This program prints the power flow solution in a tabulated form on the screen.
clc;
clear all;
close all;
disp(tech)
fprintf(' Maximum Power Mismatch = %g \n', maxerror)
fprintf(' No. of Iterations = %g \n\n', iter)
head =[' Bus Voltage Angle ------Load------ ---Generation--- Injected'
' No. Mag. Degree MW Mvar MW Mvar Mvar '
' '];
disp(head)
for n=1:nbus
fprintf(' %5g', n), fprintf(' %7.3f', Vm(n)),
fprintf(' %8.3f', deltad(n)), fprintf(' %9.3f', Pd(n)),
fprintf(' %9.3f', Qd(n)), fprintf(' %9.3f', Pg(n)),
fprintf(' %9.3f ', Qg(n)), fprintf(' %8.3f\n', Qsh(n))
end
fprintf(' \n'), fprintf(' Total ')
fprintf(' %9.3f', Pdt), fprintf(' %9.3f', Qdt),
fprintf(' %9.3f', Pgt), fprintf(' %9.3f', Qgt), fprintf(' %9.3f\n\n', Qsht)
MATLAB Program for Computing & Displaying the line losses:
LineLosses.m file Program
% For the computation of line flow and line losses.
clc
clear all;
close all;
SLT = 0;
fprintf('\n')
fprintf(' Line Flow and Losses \n\n')
fprintf(' --Line-- Power at bus & line flow --Line loss-- Transformer\n')
fprintf(' from to MW Mvar MVA MW Mvar tap\n')

for n = 1:nbus
busprt = 0;
for L = 1:nbr;
if busprt == 0
fprintf(' \n'), fprintf('%6g', n), fprintf(' %9.3f', P(n)*basemva)
fprintf('%9.3f', Q(n)*basemva), fprintf('%9.3f\n', abs(S(n)*basemva))

busprt = 1;
else, end
if nl(L)==n k = nr(L);
In = (V(n) - a(L)*V(k))*y(L)/a(L)^2 + Bc(L)/a(L)^2*V(n);
Ik = (V(k) - V(n)/a(L))*y(L) + Bc(L)*V(k);
Snk = V(n)*conj(In)*basemva;
Skn = V(k)*conj(Ik)*basemva;
SL = Snk + Skn;
SLT = SLT + SL;
elseif nr(L)==n k = nl(L);
In = (V(n) - V(k)/a(L))*y(L) + Bc(L)*V(n);
Ik = (V(k) - a(L)*V(n))*y(L)/a(L)^2 + Bc(L)/a(L)^2*V(k);
Snk = V(n)*conj(In)*basemva;
Skn = V(k)*conj(Ik)*basemva;
SL = Snk + Skn;
 SLT = SLT + SL;
else, end
if nl(L)==n | nr(L)==n
fprintf('%12g', k),
fprintf('%9.3f', real(Snk)), fprintf('%9.3f', imag(Snk))
fprintf('%9.3f', abs(Snk)),
fprintf('%9.3f', real(SL)),
if nl(L) ==n & a(L) ~= 1
fprintf('%9.3f', imag(SL)), fprintf('%9.3f\n', a(L))
else, fprintf('%9.3f\n', imag(SL))
end
else, end
end
end
SLT = SLT/2;
fprintf(' \n'), fprintf(' Total loss ')
fprintf('%9.3f', real(SLT)), fprintf('%9.3f\n', imag(SLT))
clear Ik In SL SLT Skn Snk
All Output Together:
Power Flow Solution by Gauss-Seidel Method
Maximum Power Mismatch = 0.000959079
No. of Iterations = 20

Bus Voltage Angle -------Load------ ---Generation--- Injected------

No. Mag. Degree MW Mvar MW Mvar Mvar
1 1.050 0.000 0.000 0.000 409.395 189.034 0.000
2 0.982 -3.502 256.600 110.200 0.000 0.000 0.000
3 1.001 -2.862 138.600 45.200 0.000 0.000 0.000
Total 395.200 155.400 409.395 189.034 0.000

Line Flow and Losses

--Line-- --Power at bus & line flow-- ---Line loss-- Transformer Tap---
from to MW Mvar MVA MW Mvar
1 409.395 189.034 450.931
2 199.455 84.043 216.438 8.498 16.996
3 210.004 105.019 234.799 5.001 15.002

2 -256.600 -110.200 279.263

1 -190.957 -67.047 202.385 8.498 16.996
3 -65.527 -43.251 78.514 0.799 1.599

3 -138.600 -45.200 145.784

1 -205.004 -90.017 223.897 5.001 15.002
2 66.326 44.850 80.066 0.799 1.599
Total loss 14.298 33.596
All output value is approximately same with the theoritical solution given in the Example 6.7.
 Newton-Raphson Method
2. Load Flow Analysis using Newton-Raphson Method with a Example 6.7 taken from the Book
of Sir Hadi Sadat. The problem is given below:
The figure-2 shows the single line diagram of a simple 3 buses power system with generator at
bus 1.The magnitude at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 per unit. The scheduled loads at buses 2 and 3
are marked on the diagram. Line impedance are marked in per unit on a 100 MVA Base. And the
line charging susceptances are neglected.

Fig: 01. Single Line Diagram of a Powe Flow Problem

Determine the following problem using Matlab Program.
i) Determine the phasor values of the voltage at the load buses 2 and 3 (P-Q Buses) accurate to
four decimal places.
ii) Find the Slack bus real and reactive power.
iii) Determine the Line flows and Line losses.
MATLAB Program:
This is the main program from where we called four function Ybus, NewtonRaphson, Output and
LineLosses. All the function code describe below after main program.
clc
clear all;
close all
basemva = 100; accuracy = 0.001; accel = 1.8; maxiter = 100;
% Bus Bus Voltage Angle ---Load---- -------Generator----- Static Mvar
% No code Mag. Degree MW Mvar MW Mvar Qmin Qmax +Qc/-Ql
Busdata = [1 1 1.05 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0
2 0 1 0.0 256.6 110.2 0.0 0.0 0 0 0
3 0 1 0.0 138.6 45.2 0.0 0.0 0 0 0];

% Line code
% Bus bus R X 1/2 B = 1 for lines
% nl nr p.u. p.u. p.u. > 1 or < 1 tr. tap at bus nl
Linedata = [1 2 0.02 0.04 0.0 1
1 3 0.01 0.03 0.0 1
2 3 0.0125 0.025 0.0 1];

YBus % form the bus admittance matrix

NewtonRaphson % Load flow solution By Newtpon-Raphson method
Output % Prints the power flow solution on the screen
LineLosses % Computes and displays the line flow and losses

MATLAB Program For Y-bus Matrix:

YBus.m file Program.
% This program obtains the Bus Admittance Matrix for power flow solution.
clc
clear all;
close all;
j=sqrt(-1); i = sqrt(-1);
nl = linedata(:,1); nr = linedata(:,2); R = linedata(:,3);
X = linedata(:,4); Bc = j*linedata(:,5); a = linedata(:, 6);
nbr=length(linedata(:,1)); nbus = max(max(nl), max(nr));
Z = R + j*X; y= ones(nbr,1)./Z; %branch admittance
for n = 1:nbr
if a(n) <= 0 a(n) = 1; else end
Ybus=zeros(nbus,nbus); % initialize Ybus to zero
% formation of the off diagonal elements
for k=1:nbr;
Ybus(nl(k),nr(k))=Ybus(nl(k),nr(k))-y(k)/a(k);
Ybus(nr(k),nl(k))=Ybus(nl(k),nr(k));
end
end
% formation of the diagonal elements
for n=1:nbus
for k=1:nbr
if nl(k)==n
Ybus(n,n) = Ybus(n,n)+y(k)/(a(k)^2) + Bc(k);
elseif nr(k)==n
Ybus(n,n) = Ybus(n,n)+y(k) +Bc(k);
else, end
end
end
clear Pgg
MATLAB Program for Power Flow Solution Using Newtob-Raphson Method:
NewtonRaphson.m file program that is saved in computer file.
% Power flow solution by Newton-Raphson method
clc;
clear all;
close all;
ns=0; ng=0; Vm=0; delta=0; yload=0; deltad=0;
nbus = length(busdata(:,1));
for k=1:nbus
n=busdata(k,1);
kb(n)=busdata(k,2); Vm(n)=busdata(k,3); delta(n)=busdata(k, 4);
Pd(n)=busdata(k,5); Qd(n)=busdata(k,6); Pg(n)=busdata(k,7); Qg(n) = busdata(k,8);
Qmin(n)=busdata(k, 9); Qmax(n)=busdata(k, 10);
Qsh(n)=busdata(k, 11);
if Vm(n) <= 0 Vm(n) = 1.0; V(n) = 1 + j*0;
else delta(n) = pi/180*delta(n);
V(n) = Vm(n)*(cos(delta(n)) + j*sin(delta(n)));
P(n)=(Pg(n)-Pd(n))/basemva;
Q(n)=(Qg(n)-Qd(n)+ Qsh(n))/basemva;
S(n) = P(n) + j*Q(n);
end
end
for k=1:nbus
if kb(k) == 1, ns = ns+1; else, end
if kb(k) == 2 ng = ng+1; else, end
ngs(k) = ng;
nss(k) = ns;
end
Ym=abs(Ybus); t = angle(Ybus);
m=2*nbus-ng-2*ns;
maxerror = 1; converge=1;
iter = 0;
% Start of iterations
clear A DC J DX
while maxerror >= accuracy & iter <= maxiter % Test for max. power mismatch
for i=1:m
for k=1:m
A(i,k)=0; %Initializing Jacobian matrix
end, end
iter = iter+1;
for n=1:nbus
nn=n-nss(n);
lm=nbus+n-ngs(n)-nss(n)-ns;
J11=0; J22=0; J33=0; J44=0;
for i=1:nbr
if nl(i) == n | nr(i) == n
if nl(i) == n, l = nr(i); end
if nr(i) == n, l = nl(i); end
J11=J11+ Vm(n)*Vm(l)*Ym(n,l)*sin(t(n,l)- delta(n) + delta(l));
J33=J33+ Vm(n)*Vm(l)*Ym(n,l)*cos(t(n,l)- delta(n) + delta(l));
if kb(n)~=1
J22=J22+ Vm(l)*Ym(n,l)*cos(t(n,l)- delta(n) + delta(l));
J44=J44+ Vm(l)*Ym(n,l)*sin(t(n,l)- delta(n) + delta(l));
else, end
if kb(n) ~= 1 & kb(l) ~=1
lk = nbus+l-ngs(l)-nss(l)-ns;
ll = l -nss(l);
% off diagonalelements of J1
A(nn, ll) =-Vm(n)*Vm(l)*Ym(n,l)*sin(t(n,l)- delta(n) + delta(l));
if kb(l) == 0 % off diagonal elements of J2
A(nn, lk) =Vm(n)*Ym(n,l)*cos(t(n,l)- delta(n) + delta(l));end
if kb(n) == 0 % off diagonal elements of J3
A(lm, ll) =-Vm(n)*Vm(l)*Ym(n,l)*cos(t(n,l)- delta(n)+delta(l)); end
 if kb(n) == 0 & kb(l) == 0 % off diagonal elements of J4
A(lm, lk) =-Vm(n)*Ym(n,l)*sin(t(n,l)- delta(n) + delta(l));end
else end
else , end
end
Pk = Vm(n)^2*Ym(n,n)*cos(t(n,n))+J33;
Qk = -Vm(n)^2*Ym(n,n)*sin(t(n,n))-J11;
if kb(n) == 1 P(n)=Pk; Q(n) = Qk; end % Swing bus P
if kb(n) == 2 Q(n)=Qk;
if Qmax(n) ~= 0
Qgc = Q(n)*basemva + Qd(n) - Qsh(n);
if iter <= 7 % Between the 2th & 6th iterations
if iter > 2 % the Mvar of generator buses are
if Qgc < Qmin(n), % tested. If not within limits Vm(n)
Vm(n) = Vm(n) + 0.01; % is changed in steps of 0.01 pu to
elseif Qgc > Qmax(n), % bring the generator Mvar within
Vm(n) = Vm(n) - 0.01;end % the specified limits.
else, end
else,end
else,end
end
if kb(n) ~= 1
A(nn,nn) = J11; %diagonal elements of J1
DC(nn) = P(n)-Pk;
end
if kb(n) == 0
A(nn,lm) = 2*Vm(n)*Ym(n,n)*cos(t(n,n))+J22; %diagonal elements of J2
A(lm,nn)= J33; %diagonal elements of J3
 A(lm,lm) =-2*Vm(n)*Ym(n,n)*sin(t(n,n))-J44; %diagonal of elements of J4
DC(lm) = Q(n)-Qk;
end
end
DX=A\DC';
for n=1:nbus
nn=n-nss(n);
lm=nbus+n-ngs(n)-nss(n)-ns;
if kb(n) ~= 1
delta(n) = delta(n)+DX(nn); end
if kb(n) == 0
Vm(n)=Vm(n)+DX(lm); end
end
maxerror=max(abs(DC));
if iter == maxiter & maxerror > accuracy
fprintf('\nWARNING: Iterative solution did not converged after ')
fprintf('%g', iter), fprintf(' iterations.\n\n')
fprintf('Press Enter to terminate the iterations and print the results \n')
converge = 0; pause, else, end
end
if converge ~= 1
tech= (' ITERATIVE SOLUTION DID NOT CONVERGE'); else,
tech=(' Power Flow Solution by Newton-Raphson Method');
end
V = Vm.*cos(delta)+j*Vm.*sin(delta);
deltad=180/pi*delta;
i=sqrt(-1);
k=0;
for n = 1:nbus
if kb(n) == 1
k=k+1;
S(n)= P(n)+j*Q(n);
Pg(n) = P(n)*basemva + Pd(n);
Qg(n) = Q(n)*basemva + Qd(n) - Qsh(n);
Pgg(k)=Pg(n);
Qgg(k)=Qg(n); %june 97
elseif kb(n) ==2
k=k+1;
S(n)=P(n)+j*Q(n);
Qg(n) = Q(n)*basemva + Qd(n) - Qsh(n);
Pgg(k)=Pg(n);
Qgg(k)=Qg(n); % June 1997
end
yload(n) = (Pd(n)- j*Qd(n)+j*Qsh(n))/(basemva*Vm(n)^2);
end
busdata(:,3)=Vm'; busdata(:,4)=deltad';
Pgt = sum(Pg); Qgt = sum(Qg); Pdt = sum(Pd); Qdt = sum(Qd); Qsht = sum(Qsh);
%clear A DC DX J11 J22 J33 J44 Qk delta lk ll lm
%clear A DC DX J11 J22 J33 Qk delta lk ll lm
MATLAB Program for Displaying the output:
Output.m file Program
% This program prints the power flow solution in a tabulated form on the screen.
clc
clear all;
close all;
disp(tech)
fprintf(' Maximum Power Mismatch = %g \n', maxerror)
fprintf(' No. of Iterations = %g \n\n', iter)
head =[' Bus Voltage Angle ------Load------ ---Generation--- Injected'
' No. Mag. Degree MW Mvar MW Mvar Mvar '
' '];
disp(head)
for n=1:nbus
fprintf(' %5g', n), fprintf(' %7.3f', Vm(n)),
fprintf(' %8.3f', deltad(n)), fprintf(' %9.3f', Pd(n)),
fprintf(' %9.3f', Qd(n)), fprintf(' %9.3f', Pg(n)),
fprintf(' %9.3f ', Qg(n)), fprintf(' %8.3f\n', Qsh(n))
end
fprintf(' \n'), fprintf(' Total ')
fprintf(' %9.3f', Pdt), fprintf(' %9.3f', Qdt),
fprintf(' %9.3f', Pgt), fprintf(' %9.3f', Qgt), fprintf(' %9.3f\n\n', Qsht)

MATLAB Program for Computing & Displaying the line losses:

LineLosses.m file Program
% For the computation of line flow and line losses.
SLT = 0;
fprintf('\n')
fprintf(' Line Flow and Losses \n\n')
fprintf(' --Line-- Power at bus & line flow --Line loss-- Transformer\n')
fprintf(' from to MW Mvar MVA MW Mvar tap\n')

for n = 1:nbus
busprt = 0;
for L = 1:nbr;
if busprt == 0
fprintf(' \n'), fprintf('%6g', n), fprintf(' %9.3f', P(n)*basemva)
fprintf('%9.3f', Q(n)*basemva), fprintf('%9.3f\n', abs(S(n)*basemva))

busprt = 1;
else, end
if nl(L)==n k = nr(L);
In = (V(n) - a(L)*V(k))*y(L)/a(L)^2 + Bc(L)/a(L)^2*V(n);
Ik = (V(k) - V(n)/a(L))*y(L) + Bc(L)*V(k);
Snk = V(n)*conj(In)*basemva;
Skn = V(k)*conj(Ik)*basemva;
SL = Snk + Skn;
SLT = SLT + SL;
elseif nr(L)==n k = nl(L);
In = (V(n) - V(k)/a(L))*y(L) + Bc(L)*V(n);
Ik = (V(k) - a(L)*V(n))*y(L)/a(L)^2 + Bc(L)/a(L)^2*V(k);
Snk = V(n)*conj(In)*basemva;
Skn = V(k)*conj(Ik)*basemva;
SL = Snk + Skn;
SLT = SLT + SL;
else, end
if nl(L)==n | nr(L)==n
fprintf('%12g', k),
fprintf('%9.3f', real(Snk)), fprintf('%9.3f', imag(Snk))
fprintf('%9.3f', abs(Snk)),
fprintf('%9.3f', real(SL)),
if nl(L) ==n & a(L) ~= 1
fprintf('%9.3f', imag(SL)), fprintf('%9.3f\n', a(L))
 else, fprintf('%9.3f\n', imag(SL))
end
else, end
end
end
SLT = SLT/2;
fprintf(' \n'), fprintf(' Total loss ')
fprintf('%9.3f', real(SLT)), fprintf('%9.3f\n', imag(SLT))
clear Ik In SL SLT Skn Snk
All Output Together:
Power Flow Solution by Newton-Raphson Method
Maximum Power Mismatch = 0.000171092
No. of Iterations = 3
Bus Voltage Angle ----------Load---------Generation-----------Injected
No. Mag. Degree MW Mvar MW Mvar Mvar

1 1.050 0.000 0.000 0.000 409.483 188.975 0.000

2 0.982 -3.504 256.600 110.200 0.000 0.000 0.000
3 1.001 -2.862 138.600 45.200 0.000 0.000 0.000
Total 395.200 155.400 409.483 188.975 0.000

Line Flow and Losses

-----Line---- ---Power at bus & line flow--- --Line loss-- Transformer Tap
from to MW Mvar MVA MW Mvar
1 409.483 188.975 450.985
2 199.500 84.000 216.463 8.500 17.000
3 210.000 105.000 234.787 5.000 15.000
2 -256.600 -110.200 279.263
1 -191.000 -67.000 202.410 8.500 17.000
3 -65.600 -43.200 78.547 0.800 1.600

3 -138.600 -45.200 145.784

1 -205.000 -90.000 223.886 5.000 15.000
2 66.400 44.800 80.100 0.800 1.600
Total loss 14.300 33.600
All output value is approximately same with the theoritical solution given in the Example 6.7.
Output value obtained from Gauss-Seidal & Newton-Raphson Method both are approximately
Same