LoRa RFiD Switching WiFi Module

Jayantha Nayak Manoj P Uday J

4MT18EC034, Electronics and 4MT18EC043, Electronics and Senior assistant Professor , Electronics
Communication , Communication , and Communication ,
Mangalore of Institute of Engineering Mangalore of Institute of Engineering Mangalore of Institute of Engineering
and Technology, and Technology, and Technology,
Moodubidri , India -574225 Moodubidri , India -574225 Moodubidri , India -574225
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract—The concept of Internet of Things(IoT) has evolved

over the past years, connecting systems to the internet to make
life easier or simply to improve quality of life. LoRa is a low
power RF transmission technology working on Chirp spread
spectrum . LoRa is long range low data rate transmission
technique having an effective range upto five kilometer.The
major advantage of this technology is low power consumption
along with large area coverage .This paper focuses on the LoRa
module working, its behavior, scalability.

Keywords—LoRa, Spread spectrum, Spreading Factor,

LoRaWAN , Data Rate. Figure 1:LoRa technology with other technologies
INTRODUCTION
Communication systems have evolved with time LITERATURE REVIEW
from wired to wireless from kB speed to GB. The Internet [1] explains LoRaWAN architecture that takes
of Things(IoT) , which interconnects systems with one physical and MAC layers in detail , and also explains
another , requires efficient communication.LoRa is a such applications of LoRa in different fields. It compares the
communication model which transmit data efficiently to technology with other technologies such as NB-IoT,
long distance with low power consumption . It suits most Sigfox, Zigbee etc. Also shows the result of LoRa
IoT applications as it can transmit information to long transmission over different distances and success rate of
distances . But it comes with a disadvantage of less data
frame transmission. . [2] the performance and coverage
speed . So it will be time consuming for transmission of
large data packets .It is having its scope in agriculture , result of the LoRa indoor and outdoor deployment is
tourism , internet of things and more as it provides data presented using a selected combination of Spreading
transmission over long areas without much error for Factor and Bandwidth setting. The SNR, packet Loss rate
mW of power. and RSSI etc. are derived and analyzed.[3] allows
connection of multiple sensors to the LoRa transceivers,
and enables data collection from various units within a
WHAT IS LORA ? microgrid. The scheme can be employed to transfer
measured data such as voltage, current, frequency and
LoRa is an innovative wireless technology which
works on chirp spread spectrum(CSS) .This technology is other parameters between the local controllers of DG
units and the central controller of microgrids at the
designed for transmission of data over longer distances , so
the technology is named as LoRa which abbreviates Long secondary level of control and communication.[4] gives
Range.The another advantage of the module is low battery the basics of LoRa and LoRaWAN along with an OSI
usage , which is the result of less data rate of the module. model of it. Also explains frame transmission in LoRa
LoRa module has a maximum speed of 50kbps and technology and its network elements. It explains the
minimum varies with distance. It is operated at 433MHz , variation of data rate w.r.to. spreading factor in both
868MHz and 915MHz at different locations . uplink and downlink. Also elaborates on Discrete spread
Chirp spread spectrum (CSS) is a spread spectrum in LoRa technology and advantages of LoRa
spectrum technique that uses wideband linear frequency over others. [5] analyzed the performance of LoRa,
modulated chirp pulses to encode information.A chirp is based on its three basic parameters: code rate, spreading
a sinusoidal signal whose frequency increases or factor and bandwidth. Explaining different connecting
decreases over time. technologies, it describes the data transmission model of
This technology is owned by Semtech LoRa. The LoRaWAN network architecture elements
Corporation which has created a space for collaborative (end devices, gateways, network server, application
working on the technology namely LoRa alliance . servers) are explained , the 3 basic classes of end devices
are elaborated by the authors. [6] speaks about the
power distribution in the LoRa cell and spreading factor
allocation . The author is proposing an algorithm to
reduce and control the path loss and error rate using
power and spreading factor. Using a simulation he
showed a 42% reduction in loss.
CMWX1Z SX12 RFM95/9
ZABZ-078 79 6/97/98(
W)
LORA MODULES IN INDIA
The LoRa module is available in different forms
of different companies.So , a survey is found necessary to Spread 12 6- 12 6-12
be conducted to find the best module out of them . We ing
found the existence of 6 LoRa modules in the Indian factor
market by different vendors . The LoRa technology was
built by SemTech company which is providing the
technology license to others. These 6 modules have Price ₹ 1,196.04 ₹540 ₹565
similar functionalities and differ little bit with each
other . So , the comparison was done between different
modules and the comparison table is shown below.
Interfa I²C, SPI, SPI UART
ces UART,
USB
RA 02 RN2903 LoRa
E5

Spre 6-12 6-12 6-12 Data 100kbps - 0.018 -

ading rate FSK 0.018 37.5 kbps
facto -
r 4.8Kbps - 40kb
LoRa ps

Price ₹595 ₹931 ₹931

Freque 868MHz, 137 - 433/470
ncy 915MHz 960 MHz
Inter SPI I²C, SPI, I²C, SPI, MHz
faces UART UART,
ADC,NR
ST. Table 2 : Hardware components comparison-2

So, most of the modules are having the same features

and differ mostly in cost and data rate which are the
Data 300kb 300 300
rate ps- kbps- kbps - main factors to be considered. Here SX-1276,77,78,79
FSK FSK FSK series (SX-127x) is manufactured by SemTech, parent
12500
bps- 10990 company of LoRaWAN. And most modules embedded
LoRa bps - this chip to provide LoRa transmission.
LoRa
DISADVANTAGES OF LORA
Freq 410- 902.00 both LoRa technology has some disadvantages along
uenc 525 MHz to 434MH sides the great advantages which includes
y MHz 928.00 z and 1. Delay : The transmission delay in LoRa modules
MHz 868 is too high which makes it not so suitable for
MHz real time application .Ra02(AiThinker) LoRa
module has a delay of range 400-450 ms
between transmission and reception .The
typical value of the delay is 430ms . A wireless
Table 1 : Hardware components comparison-1
module of such high delay is not suited in many
industrial works.A conventional wireless
 module should have delay less than 200 ms in REFERENCES
industry standard . ( We on trial over the [1] Mehmet Ali Ertürk, Muhammed Ali Aydın, Muhammet Talha
NodeMCU module obtained a delay of 130 ms). Büyükakkaslar and Hayrettin Evirgen “A Survey on LoRaWAN
Architecture, Protocol and Technologies,” in Future Internet
2. Data Rate : As mentioned before LoRa module 2019,11, 216; doi:10.3390/fi11100216 .
has a maximum data rate of 50 Kbps. It is done [2] Alireza Zourmand, Andrew Lai Kun Hing, Chan Wai Hung,
to complement the power consumption . But Mohammad AbdulRehman, “ Internet of Things (IoT) using
LoRa technology, ”IEEE International Conference on Automatic
this is a road breaker for many applications to
Control and Intelligent Systems (I2CACIS), 2019 .
imply it. [3] Ndukwe, C.I & Iqbal, Tariq & Liang, Xiaodong & Khan,
Jahangir & Aghenta, Lawrence. (2020). “LoRa-based
3. Packet Drop : While transmitting numeric data, communication system for data transfer in microgrids,” AIMS
it was found that the LoRa module drops some Electronics and Electrical Engineering. 4. 303–325.
data packets between transmission , which 10.3934/ElectrEng.2020.3.303.
might make the information loss during real [4] Semtech Corporation “ LoRa and LoRaWAN: A Technical
time usage which is crucial to be known . It was Overview,” Technical Paper , December 2019,
“semtech.com/LoRa”
found that a pattern of receiving happens in the
[5] Shilpa Devalal , A. Karthikeyan, “LoRa technology - An
module where a middle packet is sent but not Overview”,Second International Conference on Electronics,
received . Communication and Aerospace Technology (ICECA) , 2018.
[6] Reynders, Brecht; Meert, Wannes; Pollin, Sofie. “Power and
FUTURE SCOPE spreading factor control in low power wide area networks.” ,
In this paper we have shown the result found on 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications
transmitting numeric data between modules.The effect (ICC) ,1–6. doi:10.1109/ICC.2017.7996380.
while transmitting large data can be analyzed and [7] Ruobing Liang, Liang Zhao , and Peng Wang “Performance
presented. LoRa transmission between multiple devices Evaluations of LoRa Wireless Communication in Building
Environments,” Sensors 2020, 20, 3828; doi:10.3390/s20143828 .
can be tried to implement and the analysis for the same
[8] E. Aras, G. S. Ramachandran, P. Lawrence and D. Hughes,
can be performed .The increment of the data rate "Exploring the Security Vulnerabilities of LoRa," 2017 3rd IEEE
without affecting power consumption could be a International Conference on Cybernetics (CYBCONF), 2017, pp.
possible improvement in the technology. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/CYBConf.2017.7985777.