Disaster Management

Continuum

Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN

 Learning Outcomes:
▪ Discuss the overview of disaster management continuum.
▪ Describe the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk
Reduction (UNISDR,1999) role in the preparation and
mitigation in the Pre-Impact phase.
▪ Discuss the Hyogo Framework.
▪ Enumerate the five priorities for action of the Hyogo
Framework.

Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN

 Learning Outcomes:
▪ Discuss the Sendai Framework.
▪ Enumerate the four priorities for action of the Sendai
Framework.
▪ Discuss the Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability Analysis
(HRVA) tool.

Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN

Disaster Management Continuum

Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN

 Pre-Impact
▪ A. Pre-Impact or Pre-disaster Phase
1. Prevention/Mitigation
▪ The UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR,1999) was
established to facilitate the implementation of the International Strategy
for Disaster Reduction (ISDR).
▪ UNISDR was mandated to serve as the focal point in the United Nations
system for the coordination of disaster reduction.
▪ It ensure synergies among the disaster reduction activities of the United
Nations system and regional organizations and activities in
socioeconomic and humanitarian field.
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Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN
 Pre-Impact
▪ A. Pre-Impact or Pre-disaster Phase
1. Prevention/Mitigation
▪ It builds on partnerships and takes a global approach to disaster
reduction.
▪ It seeks to involve every individual and every community towards the
goals of reducing the loss of lives, the socio-economic setbacks and the
environmental damages caused by natural hazards.

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Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN
 Objectives
▪ The UNISDR promotes four objectives as tools towards reaching disaster
reduction for all:
1. Increase public awareness to understand risk, vulnerability and disaster
reduction globally.
✓ The more people, regional organizations, governments, non-
governmental organizations, United Nations entities, representatives of
civil society and others know about risk, vulnerability and how to manage
the impacts of natural hazards, the more disaster reduction measures will
be implemented in all sectors of society.
✓ Prevention begins with information.
▪

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Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN
 Objectives
2. Obtain commitment from public authorities to implement disaster
reduction policies and actions.
✓ The more decision-makers at all levels commit themselves to
disaster reduction policies and actions, the sooner communities
vulnerable to natural disasters will benefit from applied disaster
reduction policies and actions.
✓ This requires, in part, a grassroots approach whereby communities
at risk are fully informed and participate in risk management
initiatives.

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Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN
 Objectives
3. Stimulate interdisciplinary and intersectoral partnerships, including the
expansion of risk reduction networks.
✓ The more entities active in disaster reduction share information on their
research and practices, the more useful the global body of knowledge and
experience will progress.
✓ By sharing a common purpose and through collaborative efforts we can ensure
a world that is more resilient to the impact of natural hazards.
4. Improve scientific knowledge about disaster reduction.
✓ The more we know about the causes and consequences of natural hazards and
related technological and environmental disasters on societies, the more we
are able to be better prepared to reduce risks.
✓ Bringing the scientific community and policy makers together allows them to
contribute to and complement each other's work.
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Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN
 Hyogo Framework
▪ In January 2005, 168 governments adopted a 10-year plan to make
the world safer from natural hazards at the World Conference on
Disaster Reduction, held in Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
▪ The Hyogo Framework is a global blueprint for disaster risk reduction
efforts for ten years. Its goal is to substantially reduce disaster losses
from 2005 to 2015 - in lives, and in the social, economic, and
environmental assets of communities and countries.
▪ The Framework offers guiding principles, priorities for action, and
practical means for achieving disaster resilience for vulnerable
communities.
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Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN
HYOGO Framework

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 Hyogo Framework for Action
1. Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and a local priority
with a strong institutional basis for implementation.
▪ Countries must allocate sufficient resources to support and maintain
their plans and programs. This includes:
✓ Creating effective, multi-sector national platforms to provide policy
guidance and to coordinate activities.
✓ Integrating disaster risk reduction into development policies and planning,
such as Poverty Reduction Strategies.
✓ Ensuring community participation, so that local needs are met.
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Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN
 Hyogo Framework for Action
2. Identify, assess, and monitor disaster risks - and enhance early warning.
▪ To reduce their vulnerability to natural hazards, countries and
communities must know the risks that they face, and take actions based
on that knowledge.
▪ Understanding risk requires investment in scientific, technical, and
institutional capabilities to observe, record, research, analyse, forecast,
model and map natural hazards.
▪ Tools need to be developed and disseminated: statistical information
about disaster events, risk maps, disaster vulnerability and risk indicators
are essential.
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Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN
 Hyogo Framework for Action
2. Identify, assess, and monitor disaster risks - and enhance early warning.
▪ Countries need to use this knowledge to develop effective early warning
systems, appropriately adapted to the unique circumstances of the people
at risk.
▪ Early warning is widely accepted as a crucial component of disaster risk
reduction. When effective early warning systems provide information
about a hazard to a vulnerable population, and plans are in place to take
action, thousands of lives can be saved.

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Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN
 Hyogo Framework for Action
3. Use knowledge, innovation, and education to build a culture of safety and
resilience at all levels.
▪ Disasters can be reduced substantially if people are well informed about
measures they can take to reduce vulnerability - and if they are motivated
to act.
▪ Key activities to increase awareness of disaster prevention include:
✓ Providing relevant information on disaster risks and means of protection,
especially for citizens in high-risk areas.
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Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN
 Hyogo Framework for Action
▪ Key activities to increase awareness of disaster prevention include:
✓ Strengthening networks and promoting dialogue and cooperation among
disaster experts, technical and scientific specialists, planners and other
stakeholders.
✓ Including disaster risk reduction subject matter in formal, non-formal, and
informal education and training activities.
✓ Developing or strengthening community-based disaster risk management
programmes.
✓ Working with the media in disaster risk reduction awareness activities.
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Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN
 Hyogo Framework for Action
4. Reduce the underlying risk factors.
▪ Vulnerability to natural hazards is increased in many ways, for example:
✓ Locating communities in hazard-prone areas, such as flood plains.
✓ Destroying forests and wetlands, thereby harming the capacity of the
environment to withstand hazards.
✓ Building public facilities and housing unable to withstand the impacts of
hazards.
✓ Not having social and financial safety mechanisms in place.
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Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN
 Hyogo Framework for Action
4. Reduce the underlying risk factors.
▪ Countries can build resilience to disasters by investing in simple, well-
known measures to reduce risk and vulnerability.
✓ Disasters can be reduced by applying relevant building standards to protect critical
infrastructure, such as schools, hospitals and homes.
✓ Vulnerable buildings can be retrofitted to a higher degree of safety.
✓ Protecting precious ecosystems, such as coral reefs and mangrove forests, allow
them to act as natural storm barriers.
▪ Effective insurance and micro-finance initiatives can help to transfer risks
and provide additional resources. 18
Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN
 Hyogo Framework for Action
5. Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels.
▪ Being prepared, including conducting risk assessments, before investing
in development at all levels of society will enable people to become more
resilient to natural hazards.
▪ Preparedness involves many types of activities, including:
✓ The development and regular testing of contingency plans.
✓ The establishment of emergency funds to support preparedness,
response and recovery activities.
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Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN
 Hyogo Framework for Action
5. Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels.
▪ Preparedness involves many types of activities, including:
✓ The development of coordinated regional approaches for effective
disaster response.
✓ Continuous dialogue between response agencies, planners and policy-
makers, and development organizations.
▪ Regular disaster preparedness exercises, including evacuation drills, also
are key to ensuring rapid and effective disaster response.
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Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN
 Hyogo Framework for Action
5. Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels.
▪ Effective preparedness plans and organization also help to cope with the
many small and medium-sized disasters that repeatedly occur in so many
communities.
▪ Natural hazards cannot be prevented, but it is possible to reduce their
impacts by reducing the vulnerability of people and their livelihoods.

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Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN
 Member States Responsibility
▪ Implementation, follow-up and core responsibilities:
1. States are responsible for:
✓ Developing national coordination mechanisms.
✓ Conducting baseline assessments on the status of disaster risk reduction.
✓ Publishing and updating summaries of national programmes.
✓ Reviewing national progress towards achieving the objectives and
priorities of the Hyogo Framework.

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Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN
 Member States Responsibility
▪ Implementation, follow-up and core responsibilities:
2. International organizations are responsible for:
✓ Working to implement relevant international legal instruments.
✓ Integrating disaster risk reduction with climate change strategies.
✓ Promoting regional programmes for disaster risk reduction.
✓ Undertaking and publishing regional and sub-regional baseline
assessments.
✓ Coordinating reviews on progress toward implementing the Hyogo
Framework in the region.
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Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN
 Member States Responsibility
▪ Implementation, follow-up and core responsibilities:
3. Regional organizations are responsible for:
✓ Establishing regional collaborative centers.
✓ Supporting the development of regional early warning mechanisms.
✓ Encouraging the integration of disaster risk reduction into humanitarian and
sustainable development programmes and frameworks.
✓ Strengthening the capacity of the United Nations system to assist disaster-
prone developing countries with disaster risk reduction initiatives.
✓ Supporting data collection and forecasting, information exchange, and early
warning systems. 24
Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN
 Member States Responsibility
▪ Implementation, follow-up and core responsibilities:
4. The ISDR systems are responsible for:
✓ Supporting States' own efforts with coordinated international assistance.
✓ Strengthening disaster management training and capacity building.
✓ Developing a matrix of roles and initiatives related to the Hyogo
Framework.
✓ Facilitating the coordination of actions at the international and regional
levels.

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Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN
 Member States Responsibility
▪ Implementation, follow-up and core responsibilities:
4. The ISDR systems are responsible for:
✓ Developing indicators of progress to assist States in tracking their
progress towards implementation of the Hyogo Framework.
✓ Supporting national platforms and coordination mechanisms.
✓ Stimulating the exchange of best practices and lessons learned.
✓ Preparing reviews on progress toward achieving the Hyogo Framework
objectives.

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Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN
 Sendai Framework
▪ The Sendai Framework was adopted at the Third UN World Conference on
Disaster Risk Reduction in Sendai, Japan, on March 18, 2015.
▪ The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 is the roadmap
for how we make our communities safer and more resilient to disasters.
▪ It is the successor instrument to the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA).
▪ Goal: to prevent and reduce disaster risk through the implementation of
integrated and inclusive economic, structural, legal, social, health, cultural,
educational, environmental, technological, political, and institutional measures
that prevent and reduce hazard exposure and vulnerability to disaster, increase
preparedness for response and recovery and thus strengthen resilience.
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Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN
 Sendai Framework for Action
▪ The Sendai Framework includes four priorities:
1. Understanding disaster risk
✓ Disaster risk management should be based on an understanding of
disaster risk in all its dimensions of vulnerability, capacity, exposure of
persons and assets, hazard characteristics and the environment.
✓ Such knowledge can be used for risk assessment, prevention, mitigation,
preparedness and response.

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Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN
 Sendai Framework for Action
2. Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk.
✓ Disaster risk governance at the national, regional and global levels is very
important for prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery,
and rehabilitation.
✓ It fosters collaboration and partnership.
3. Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience.
✓ Public and private investment in disaster risk prevention and reduction
through structural and non-structural measures are essential to enhance
the economic, social, health and cultural resilience of persons,
communities, countries and their assets, as well as the environment.
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Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN
 Sendai Framework for Action
4. Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and to "Build
Back Better" in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction.
✓ The growth of disaster risk means there is a need to strengthen disaster
preparedness for response, take action in anticipation of events, and
ensure capacities are in place for effective response and recovery at all
levels.
✓ The recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction phase is a critical
opportunity to build back better, including integrating disaster risk
reduction into development measures.

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Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN
 Member States Responsibility
1. At the national and local levels the Sendai Framework calls for:
✓ The development of periodical updates and dissemination of location-based
risk information, including risk maps in an appropriate format using as
applicable, geospatial information technology.
✓ To promote real-time access to reliable data, make use of space and in-situ
information, including geographic information systems, and use information
and communications technology innovations to enhance measurement tools
and the collection, analysis and dissemination of data.
✓ To strengthen technical and scientific capacity to capitalize and consolidate
existing knowledge and to develop and apply methodologies and models to
assess disaster risks, vulnerabilities and exposure to all hazards.
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Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN
 Member States Responsibility
2. Sendai Framework calls for the regional and international institutions to
contribute to the implementation through variety of efforts:
✓ To enhance the development and dissemination of science-based
methodologies and tools to record and share disaster losses and disaggregated
data and statistics, as well as to strengthen disaster risk modelling,
assessment, mapping, monitoring and multi-hazard early warning systems
✓ To promote and enhance, through international cooperation, including
technology transfer, access to and the sharing and use of non-sensitive data
and information, as appropriate, communications and geospatial and space-
based technologies and related services; maintain and strengthen in-situ and
remotely-sensed earth and climate observations
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Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN
Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability Analysis (HRVA)
▪ A Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability Analysis (HRVA) is an assessment of:
1. Hazards: are sources of potential harm, or situations with a potential for
causing harm, in terms of human injury; damage to health, property, the
environment, and other things of value or some combination of these.
2. Risk: refers to the likelihood that a hazard will occur, as well as the
severity of possible impacts to health, property, the environment, or other
things of value.
3. Vulnerability: refers to the people, property, infrastructure, industry,
resources, or environments that are particularly exposed to adverse impact
from a hazardous event.
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Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN
Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability Analysis (HRVA)
▪ Purpose: to help a community make risk-based choices to address
vulnerabilities, mitigate hazards and prepare for response to, and recovery
from a range of hazard events.
▪ An HRVA assists communities in answering the following questions:
✓ What hazards are likely to occur in my community?
✓ How resilient is my community?
✓ How is climate change affecting the likelihood of hazards?
✓ How severe will the impact be on the community`s population, infrastructure,
property, and environment?
✓ What risk reductions strategies can I implement in my community? 34
Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN
Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability Analysis (HRVA)
▪ The HRVA report is the foundation document for community
emergency programs and should inform both strategic and
emergency plans.
▪ An effective HRVA will ensure the community can make planning and
land use decisions that consider hazard mitigation.
▪ The HRVA Tool is designed to be scalable, and can be used
frequently for smaller assessments of a single or targeted hazard
group, or during a larger more comprehensive project to review and
analyze all the hazards identified during the review process.
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Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN
 Hazard Identification
▪ The first step in the HRVA is to identify which hazards could
affect your community.
▪ The hazard list that you identify now will carry forward
throughout the process.
▪ In order to create a hazard list, you will need to conduct
research as well as engage community members and subject
matter experts through the use of engagement sessions,
workshops, or one on one interviews.

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Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN
 Hazard Identification
1. Gather hazard information to determine whether a hazard could pose a
risk in your community from two general categories: Documents and
People
1.1 Documents
✓ Former HRVA documents and emergency plans
✓ Other risk assessments completed within the region
✓ Historical archives and news articles
✓ External data sources, such as the country or locale’s disaster database

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Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN
 Hazard Identification
1.2 People
✓ Elders and other community members who have access to oral or written
historical records on disasters that have taken place in the past
✓ Subject matter experts within and external to your community
2. Select hazards in the HRVA tool
✓ The HRVA tool are designed to help you assess the frequency, severity,
and consequence of specific hazards, uncover any underlying factors that
may influence your results, and ultimately create a risk profile that you
can use to rank your priorities.
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Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN
Hazard Identification

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Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN

 Site-Specific Hazard Assessment
▪ When hazards are potentially present on a site or are known through
previous mapping efforts, the community should require a site-specific
hazard assessment.
▪ Requires a professional with specialized knowledge of the particular
hazard of which they are assessing such as geotechnical specialist,
wildfire mitigation specialist, and certified floodplain manager to consider
✓ existing state and/or local hazard maps
✓ prior evidence of hazard history
✓ on-site features such as topography, soils, forests, water channels, and
other structures to determine risk level of or to the proposed development
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Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN
 Site-Specific Hazard Assessment
▪ Purposes:
✓ To identify site-specific hazards
✓ Determine a path for hazard mitigation
✓ Increase public safety
✓ Reduce the threat of future property damage or loss of life

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Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN
 References
1. Emergency Management British Columbia. (2020). Companion
guide for the HRVA tool 2nd Edition. EMBC.
https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/public-safety-and-emergency-
services/emergency-preparedness-response-recovery/local-
government/hrva/guides/companion_guide_to_the_hrva.pdf
2. UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. (2009). UN Office for
Disaster Risk Reduction. Roles, mandates and areas of work of key
United Nations entities. Geneva.
https://www.unisdr.org/files/9866_DisasterRiskReductionintheUnited
Nat.pdf
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Lecturer: Carol M. Maniquiz, MAN, RN