CSC162 Manual

CSC-162 Numerical Transmission Line
Protection Equipment Manual

CAUTION
1) This manual applies only to CSC-162
2) Please read the manual carefully and with the specification of the
installation, adjustment, testing, operation and maintenance.
3) To prevent damage to equipment, don’t plug-hot-plug any unit of the
equipment, touching the chips and components in printed circuit board.
4) Please use the testing equipment and devices which comply with the
relevant standards for test and detection.
5) If any abnormity occurred in the equipment or unusual maintenance
needed, promptly contact with the agents or our service hotline.
6) The operation password is: 8888.
WARNING
1) During hot-line operation of equipment ,certain parts of this equipment are
under high voltage. Severe personal injury or significant equipment
damage could result from improper behavior.
2) Only qualified personnel should work on this equipment or in vicinity of the
equipment. These persons must be familiar with warning & service
procedure described in this manual, as well as with safety regulations.
3) Prerequisites to proper & safety operation of the equipment are proper
storage, setup, installation, operation & maintenance of the equipment.
4) In particularly cases, the general rules & safety regulations according to
relating standards(e.g. IEC, National standards or other International
standards) for work with high voltage equipment must be observed.
COPYRIGHT
All rights reserved.
Registered trademark
® are registered trademark of Beijing Sifang automation co., ltd.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Application 1
1.2 Features 1
1.3 Functions 2
2. Design 6
2.1 Mechanical structures 6
2.2 Dimensions 7
3. Technical data 8
3.1 General data 8
3.2 Function data 12
4. Hardware functions 14
4.1 Hardware arrangements 14
4.2 Operations of complete units 14
5 Protection functions 17
5.1 Whole structure of protection program 17
5.2 The protection basic elements 17
5.2 Monitoring functions 26
5.4 Other logic of pilot protection 30
5.5 Piolt protection 31
5.6 Four zones distance protection 36
5.7 Zero current protection 39
5.8 Direction over current protection 41
5.9 Over Voltage protection 42
5.10Under Voltage protection 42
5.11Breaker failure protection 43
5.12 Auto-reclose 44
5.13Broken conductor Function 46
5. Installation and commissioning 49
6.1 Unpacking & repacking 49
6.2 Mounting 49
6.3 Check before power on 49
7. Operation 50
7.1 Safety precautions 50
7.2 Dialog with the equipment 51
7.3 Setting the functional parameters 55
7.4 Annunciations 64
7.5 Testing and comissioning 68
7.6 Commissioning using primary tests 76
7.7 Putting the equipment into operation 78
8. Maintenance 80
8.1 Routine Checks 80
8.2 Relacing the back-up battery 80
8.3 Fault tracing 80
8.4 Repairs 80
8.5 The notice during operation 80
8.6 Manipulation after replacing software or CPU 81
8.7 Manipulation after replacing software or Master module 81
8.8 Manipulation after replacing input or output module 81
8.9 Manipulation after replacing AC module 81
8.10 Several illuminations 82
9. Storage 83
10. Ordering 84
10.1Selection and ordering data 84
10.2. Ordering data 84
11. Appendix 85
A Terminal diagram 85
B Communication protocol Tables 87
CSC-162 Numerical Transmission Line Protection Equipment Manual
1. Introduction
1.1 Application
CSC-162 numerical transmission lines protection equipment applicable to 132kV
and lower voltage transmission lines. The product consists of primary protection
namely 4 zones distance protection, 1 stage Definite time and Inverse time zero
current protection, 1 stage Definite time and Inverse time over-current protection, 2
stages over-voltage protection, 2 stages under-voltage protection, circuit breaker
failure protection and three phase auto-re-close etc, as shown in Table.1-1.
Table.1-1 Main function and arrangement
Main function and arrangement
Definite
Over Definite
4 zones phases- time and Three
voltage time and
Type Phase distance and Inverse Circuit phase
and inverse
ground distance time breaker Auto-
Under time over
protection zero Seq failure Re-close
voltage current
current
CSC-162 ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
1.2 Features
The equipment has characteristics as follows:
• The microprocessor combined 32 bits DSP with MCU, high performance
hardware system ensures the parallel real-time calculation in all components of the
equipment.
• Protective functions, man-machine interface and also communications functions

are completely independent in equipment. This improves the reliability and makes
debugging installation, maintenance easier.
• Internal module is designed in such a way that a comprehensive real-time self-

monitoring is performed.
• Dual A/D sampling in analog circuit, performing real time self-testing.
• Latest checking methods are used which can detect coil performance in
energized circuit. Therefore failure of the relay is identified easily The equipment
provides periodical automatic testing.
• Disturbance recorder with larger capacity, (memory up to 4M bytes), can record

more than 5 records. Optional event format or wave format is provided when the
records need to be printed. Fault wave disturbance records can be easily
1
extracted through serial port or Ethernet port and saved in COMTRADE format
• 1000 event records which are date and time tagged are stored in non volatile
memory to ensure that the data are not lost when DC supply fails.
• The relay can record protection operating process, logic flow and various
calculated values. Our CSPC software can be used for viewing the above and also
the recorded fault data and for analyzing disturbance records via RS-232 serial
port on the relay front fascia
• 2-channel high speed reliable electric Ethernet ports (optional optical fiber
Ethernet ports), 2-channel Lon-Works ports, RS-485 port and series printing port
are provided; the user can select any of these according to the requirements. The
protocol supports IEC60870-5-103, IEC61850 or CSC-2000 of Sifang Company,
for interface with substation automatization system and protection management
information system.
• Liquid crystal display with backlit is provided to display various messages such
as current, voltage, power, frequency, strip state, setting zones etc. The menu is
easy to operate. Four shortcut keys are set to finish operation with one key for
local operator.
1.3 Functions
Tele-Protection scheme (distance protection)
Distance protection is the primary protection for transmission line. Relay is suitable
for 2 types of channel aided schemes viz, permissive under reach mode and
permissive over reach mode. It consists of directional distance element, directional
zero-sequence and negative-sequence element. Directional distance element
consists of directional phase to earth distance element and phase to phase
distance element.
Distance protection (Z)

Both phase to phase distance protection and phase to earth distance protection
are provided in CSC-162 Distance protection protects the transmission line and
has a backup protection for the power system. This protection has four settable
zones; in addition, every zone can be enabled or dis-enabled via binary settings.
When VT fuse fails , distance scheme is blocked, thereby avoiding the mal-
operation.The distance characteristic is polygonal.
● Power swing blocking (PSB)
In 150ms after the abrupt current startup element operates, or when power swing
startup element or zero-current startup element operates, the executing program
will directly go into the logic part of power swing blocking.
For asymmetric faults detection element, Zero-sequence and negative-sequence
current can distinguish fault from swing. The criterion is described as below.
|I0|>m1|I1| or I2>m2|I1|
2
For three-phase fault detection element, the method distinguishing fault from
power swing:
1. Within time τ , if ∆R < K· ∆RMin (1800, TZMAX, τ ) is satisfied, it is determined that
fault occurs in power system.
2. Within time τ , if ∆R ≥ K· ∆RMin (1800, TZMAX, τ ) is satisfied, it is determined that
swing occurs in power system.
Zero-current protection (3I0)

This protection function is a backup protection for the transmission lines and the
power system. The protection is one stage definite time 3I0>. The zero-current
protection Function can be enabled via binary settings.
Inverse time zero current protection (3I0_INV)

The directional element of inverse time zero current protection can be enabled or
disabled via binary settings. Its characteristic equation is as shown below;
T 0 _ factor
T= + T0_INV
Id
( ) −1
N0
3I 0 _ INV
Id - fault current.
T0_factor - Time factor of inverse time zero-current.
N0 - Index of inverse time zero-current.
3I0_INV - current setting of inverse time zero current.
T0_INV - delay time setting of inverse time zero current which can meet the
requirement that inverse time zero current co-operates with different protection.
Inverse curves can be obtained according to the following setting
N0=0.02 and T0_factor=0.14 ─ Standard inverse (IEC Standard)
N0=1 and T0_factor=13.5 ─ Very inverse
N0=2 and T0_factor=80 ─ Extremity inverse.
Over current protection (OC)

This protection function is a backup protection for the transmission lines and the
power system. The protection is one stage definite time I>. The over-current
protection Function can be enabled via binary settings.
Inverse time over current protection (OC_INV)

The directional element of inverse time over current protection can be enabled or
disabled via binary settings. Its characteristic equation is as shown below;
Toc _ factor
T= + Toc_INV
Id
( ) Noc − 1
Ioc _ INV
Id - fault current.
Toc_factor - Time factor of inverse time over current.
Noc - Index of inverse time over current.
3
Ioc_INV - current setting of inverse time over current.

Toc_INV - delay time setting of inverse time over current which can meet the
requirement that inverse time over current co-operates with different protection.
Inverse curves can be obtained according to the following setting
Noc=0.02 and Toc_factor=0.14 ─ Standard inverse (IEC Standard)
Noc=1 and Toc_factor=13.5 ─ Very inverse
Noc=2 and Toc_factor=80 ─ Extremity inverse.
Over voltage protection Uph-e> (OV)

The protection comprises 2 stages Uph-e >. The phase voltage is measured
directly at the VT. The overvoltage protection function can be enabled via binary
settings.
Under voltage protection Uph-e< (UV)

The protection comprises 2 stages Uph-e <. The phase voltage is measured
directly at the VT. The undervoltage protection Function can be enabled via binary
settings.
Circuit breaker failure protection (CBF)

In the event of a fault on the transmission line, the transmission line can remain on
line if the circuit –breaker is defective and could suffer substantial damage.
Breaker failure protection evaluates current component. Current component
include a maximum current I>.It can be started by internal protective tripping or
external via binary input.
Auto-reclose (AR)
CSC-162 protection system has three-phase auto-reclose. For any fault on the
line, all the three poles will be tripped, and all the three poles will be re-closed.
This function can be enabled via binary settings.
Broken Conductor
CSC-162 relay has broken conductor function, if the necessary condition are
satisfied, relay can give alarm and trip output.
On-load measurement
The on-load measured values generated in the unit such as current, voltage,
phase angle, etc. can be displayed at the LCD or by means of a PC.
4
2. Design
2.1 Mechanical structure
• The enclosure for equipment is 19 inches in width and 4U in height according
to IEC 60297-3.
• The equipment is flush mounting with panel cutout and cabinet.
• Connection terminals to other system on the rear.
• The front panel of equipment is aluminum alloy by founding in integer and
overturn downward. LCD, LED and setting keys are mounted on the panel.
There is a serial interface on the panel suitable for connecting a PC.
• Draw-out modules for serviceability are fixed by lock component.
• The modules can be combined through the bus on the rear board. Both the
equipment and the other system can be combined through the rear interfaces.
Fig.2-1 CSC-162 protection equipment view
5
2.2 Dimensions
Dimension drawings for CSC-162 are shown in Fig.2-2.
Fig.2-2 flush-mounted enclosure of 162 with panel cutout (dimensions in mm)
6
3. Technical data
3.1 General data
3.1.1 Analog input and output
Nominal Frequency 50 Hz
Current Inputs
Rated current IN 1 A or 5 A
Current Overload Capability per Current Input
-thermal (rms.) 2 IN continuously
10 IN10s
70 IN1s
Voltage Inputs
Rated Voltage UN 110/√3
Voltage Overload Capability in Voltage Path per Input
-thermal (rms) 1.2 UN continuously
1.4 UN 10s
3.1.2 Power supply
Voltage Supply
Rated auxiliary voltage UDC 110V DC 220V DC
Permissible voltage ranges 88V~121V 176V~242V
3.1.3 Binary inputs and outputs

Binary inputs
Variant Quantity
CSC-162 19
Rated voltage range 110V/ 220V DC
Binary outputs
Variant Trip contacts Quantity Alarm contacts Quantity
CSC-162 48 NO contacts 16 NO contacts
Rated voltage range 110V/ 220V DC
3.1.4 Communications interfaces
Operator Interface
local Connection type RS-232 Ethernet RS-485
Medium of connection electric electric electric
Type of connector DB25 RJ45 twisted-pair
Type of data transfer serial serial serial
Speed of communication 9600bps 10/100Mbps 9600bps~38400bps
Dielectric level III III III
Maximum cable length 10m 110m 1.2km
7
RS-232:Print see setting, see setting, fault

Functions supported by setting, fault fault report, report, waveform
this port report, waveform report
waveform report report
Rear port for 2 Ethernet 2 RS-485 2 Lonworks

substation automation
CSC2000 or CSC2000 or IEC CSC2000
IEC 60870-5- 60870-5-103 or IEC
Communication protocol
103 or IEC 61850
61850
Medium of connection optics/electric electric electric
Type of connector RJ45 twisted-pair twisted-pair
Speed of 10/100Mbps 9600bps~38400bps 78kbps
communication
Dielectric level III III III
Maximum cable length 110m 1.2km 1.3km
3.1.5 Other general data

Other General data of the equipments see table 3.
Table 3 General data of the equipments
No. Item Class/rated According Note
to standards
1 Environment conditions
1.1 Ambient temperature -10ºC~+55ºC
1.2 Extreme range of -25ºC~+70ºC
ambient temperature IEC 60255-
1.3 Atmospheric pressure 80 -110kPa 61988 (GB/T
1.4 Operative ranges of (80% -110% )UN 14047-1993
auxiliary energizing IDT )
quantities
1.5 Relative humidity ≤75%
1.6 Storage temperature -10ºC ~ +40ºC
2 Rated parameters
2.1 Rated value of voltage 110V or 220V
2.2 Rated value of current 1A or 5A
2.3 Rated value of 50Hz
frequency
3 Burden
8
3.1 rated burden • AC current DL/T 478-2001

circuit ≤ 1VA
• AC voltage circuit
≤0.5A Specific
•DC power supply rating
circuit: ≤50W defined by
4 Thermal property Manufacturer
4.1 Thermal of short and • AC current circuit DL/T 478-2001 in IEC
long time 2 In -continuously 60255-6
10 IN for10s 1988
70 IN for1s
• AC voltage circuit
1.2UN-continuously
1.4 UN for10s
5 Electrical insulation
5.1 Insulation resistance 100MΩ IEC 60255-5
2000
(GB/T 14598.3
-2006,IDT)
5.2 Insulation resistance in 1.5MΩ DL/T 478-2001 No defined
dry heat in IEC60255-
5
5.3 Dielectric voltage AC 2kV Ui≥63V IEC 60255-5 500V was

1kV Ui <63V 2000 defined for
(GB/T 14598.3 less then
-2006 63V in IEC
,IDT 60255-5
5.4 Impulse voltage 5kV Ui≥63V
1kV UI<63V
6 Mechanical property
6.1 Vibration 1 class IEC60255-21-1
(GB/T 11287-
2000
,IDT)
6.2 Shock 1 class IEC60255-21-2
6.3 Bump 1 class (GB/T 14537-
1993,IDT)
7 EMC
7.1 Burst disturbance 3 class IEC 60255-22-1 Add 100kHz
• common mode (GB/T harsh more
2.5kV, 14598.13- IEC60255-
• differential mode 1998,IDT) 22-1
1.0kV IEC 61000-4-12
9
7.2 ESD disturbance 4 class contact - IEC 60255-22-2 Harsh more

8kV (GB/T 14598.14 3 class of
-1998,IDT) IEC 60255-
IEC 61000-4-2 22-2
7.3 Radiated 3 class 10V/m IEC 62505-22-3
electromagnetic (GB/T 14598.9
disturbance -2002,IDT)
IEC 61000-4-3
7.4 Fast burst disturbance 4 class IEC60255-22-4 Harsh more
•communication (GB/T14598.10 3 class of
port --2kV -1996,IDT) IEC 60255-
• others ports--4kV IEC 61000-4-4 22-4
7.5 Surge disturbance 4 class IEC 60255-22- Harsh more
•communication 5, 3
port --2kV IEC 61000-4-5 Class of IEC
• others ports--4kV 60255-22 -5
7.6 Conducted disturbance 3 class 10V IEC 60255-22-6
of RF IEC 61000-4-6
7.7 Power frequency 5 class 100A/m IEC 61000-4-8 No defined
magnetic field in IEC60255-
disturbance 22
7.8 Pulse frequency 5 class 1000A/m IEC 61000-4-9 No defined
magnetic field in IEC60255-
disturbance 22
7.9 Damped oscillatory 5 class 100A/m IEC 61000-4-10 Actual up to
magnetic disturbance 120A/m No
defined
in IEC 60255
-22
7.10 interruptions in auxiliary 50ms GB/T 8367-
energizing quantities 1987
(eqv IEC60255-
11
IEC 61000-4-11
7.11 Electromagnetic IEC 60255-25
emission (GB/T14598.16
limits -2002,IDT)
8 safety
8.1 IP rating IP20 IEC 60529,
GB 16836-1997
8.2 Insulation cooperation Clearance IEC 60255-
and creepage 5:2000
distance GB 16836-1997
8.3 Maximum temperature According with the GB 16836-1997
of material standard
10
8.4 Flammability of V 0 class IEC 60950

insulation materials GB 16836-1997
8.5 Protection against I class IEC 60536

Electric shock GB 16836-1997
9 Trip relay contact
9.1 Capacity of contact cut 50W
out
9.2 Current of long time 5A
3.2 Function data

3.2.1 Tele protection for Distance protection
Operation time: permission mode: ≤ 40ms.
3.2.2 Distance relay
a) Resistance setting range: 0.01Ω - 40Ω(5A), 0.01Ω - 200Ω(1A).
Reactance setting range: 0.01Ω - 60Ω(5A), 0.01Ω - 300Ω(1A).
b) Transient overreaching of zone 1 of distance relay: ≤ ±5%
c) Operating time of zone 1 of distance relay: ≤ 30ms when fault occurs within 0.7
times setting value
d) Measuring tolerance of fault locator (not including errors caused by external
factors): ≤ +3% when fault current is greater than 0.01 In at earth fault, error will
become bigger when fault occurs with greater path fault resistance.
3.2.3 Zero-sequence element
a) Setting range: 0.1In -20In.
b) Transient overreaching of Zero-sequence current: ≤ ±5%
c) Forward direction-operating zone of zero-sequence power directional element:
18° ≤ arg (3I0/3U0) ≤ 180°
3.2.4 Over current relay
a) Setting range: 0.1In - 20In.
b) Measuring tolerance: ≤ ±3%
c) Forward direction-operating zone of zero-sequence power directional element:
-90° ≤ arg (U/I) ≤ 30°
3.2.5 Over-voltage relay

a) Setting range: 1V - 120V.
3.2.6 Under-voltage relay

a) Setting range: 1V - 60V.
11
3.2.7 Auto re-closure

a) Angle error of synchronization check: ≤ ±3º
b) Voltage error of synchronization check: 0.7 Un ± 3%
c) Measuring tolerance of low voltage detector: 0.3 Un ± 3%
3.2.8 Time element

a) Setting range: 0s - 10s error grade: 0.01s
b) Measuring tolerance of Setting: ≤ ±1.5% or 20ms
12
4. Hardware functions
4.1 Hardware arrangements
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
AC CPU MASTER DI DO1 DO2 DO3 DO4 POWER
Relay
Manage
Digital Input
Digital Output1
Digital Output2
Digital Output3
Digital Output4
Alternating
current
45 20 40 20 20 20 20 20 35
Fig.4-1 Arrangement diagram of the CSC-162system modules
4.2 Operations of complete units

CSC-162 is configured with 9 modules as shown in Fig.4-1 including AC module,
CPU module, MASTER module, DI module, DO1 module, DO2 module, DO3
module, DO4 module, POWER module.
4.2.1 Alternating Current module (AC)
The AC module functions are to transform the secondary signals of voltage and
current transformers in power system into electric weak signals, and perform
isolation and anti-interference. The AC modules of CSC-162 are the same, the
wiring terminal at rear panel is X3. There are 9 analog signal transformers in CSC-
162, used respectively to transform UA, UB, UC, UX, IA, IB, IC 3I0 and IN. There are two
types of current transformer: Rated current 5A with linearity range 500mA - 150A
and rated current 1A with linearity range 100mA - 30A (please indicate clearly
when order the product). Please pay attention that IN’ is the polarity terminal while
IN is not. Rated phase value of voltage transformer is fixed to 110/ 3 V.
4.2.2 CPU module (CPU)
Combined DSP with MCU, the 32-bit microprocessor with 1M bytes flash memory
and 64 bytes RAM is employed to run programs in chip completely, and keep the
data bus in a chip. There is a CPU module in the CSC-162system. CPU1 performs
sampling, A/D transform, transmission analog data and input information,
judgment of the protection theory, fault recorder and software and hardware self-
testing etc.
In order to backup data and test A/D by the protection itself, every AC analog
13
circuit is divided to two channels to be sampled two analog quantities such as Ia

and IaR for the current of phase A, Ib and IbR for the current of phase B. The
analog quantities with postfix –R such as IaR and IbR etc. are used to backup.
4.2.3 Management module (MASTER)
This module is a management and communication module, and its wiring

terminal is X3 at rear panel. It carries out communication and information
exchange between the protection system and external equipments such as MMI,
a PC, monitor and control system, engineer station, RTU and printer etc, and
transmits remote metering, remote signaling, SOE, event reports and record data.
According to requirement, double LON net ports, three electric Ethernet ports
(optional optical Ethernet interface) and double RS485 ports can be set in master
module to meet different substation automation system and RTU. In addition,
time synchronization by GPS function can be also set to meet time regulation
with network mode or impulse mode. A series printer port is also reserved.
Note: Two groups of optical Ethernet can be selected according the user
requirement.
4.2.4 Digital Input module (DI)
The input module 1 wring terminal at rear panel is X6. It is used to connect the
input signals and alarm signals such as the auxiliary contacts of the circuit
breaker (CB) etc.
Each of input modules has two groups input circuits and self-testing circuits, so all
input circuits can be performed real time self-testing. The power supply of 24V
energizing input module can be input directly, another group input need to be
connected, 220V or 110V power can be used.
4.2.5 Digital Output module (DO)
CSC-162 is developed 4 DO modules .The wiring terminal of DO1 module at rear

panel is X7, that of DO2, 3 and 4 module are X8,X9 and X10 respectively. DO
modules mainly provide tripping contacts, pickup breaker failure protection,
pickup auto-reclosure and alarm contacts etc, which can be output directly from
modules with great performance against interference. “CARR SEND-1 CH-1” on
output X8 is speedy contacts, which is used to cooperate with communication
interface device and energized by 24V. “CARR SEND-2 CH-1”can be can be
energized by 220V or 110V.
14
4.2.6 Power supply module (POWER)
The power supply module with DC inverters module wiring terminal at rear panel
is X11. Its input power is DC 220V or 110V (indication when ordered), and its
outputs are five groups power supplies.
1. + 24V two groups provided: Power for inputs and outputs module
2. ± 12V: Power for A/D
3. + 5V: Power for all CPU
15
5. Protection functions
5.1 Whole structure of protection program
Software of CPU protection includes main program, sampling interruption service
routine and fault detection routine.
Main program is running under normal operation to perform hardware self-testing,
setting solidified and transmission reports upward etc. Sampling interruption service
program is active in a sampling interval time to implement data sampled, wave
record and fault detected by abrupt current etc. Whenever the fault detector elements
operate, fault detection program is executed to run all protection logic and judge CT
circuit open or not etc. If any abnormal element is detected, a relevant alarm signal
and report will be given.
For the general alarm signals (ALARM II), only the signal is sent out to clue the
operator to examine and repair. For the serious alarm signal threatening the
protection security and reliability (ALARM I), once the signal is sent out, the
protection output circuit is blocked.
When fault occurs in power system, fault detection program does not return to the
main program until it has finished all relevant protection functions required to meet
the conditions of the whole reset.
5.2 The protection basic elements
5.2.1 Startup element
Startup element main function is to detect faults, start the protection relay and
energize positive power supply for the output relay. Once startup element operates, it
does not reset until the all activated conditions return to normal reset mode.
Startup element includes current abrupt startup, zero-sequence current startup, the
loss of static stability startup, low-voltage startup element in weak-source and
autoreclose startup element. The fault detection program is picked up and the
positive power supply for the output relay is energized when any startup element
operates.
5.2.1.1 Abrupt current of phase-phase element — ∆Iφφ
Abrupt current phase-phase element is the main startup element that can sensitively
detect most of faults. Its criterion is as follows
∆iϕϕ> I_abrupt
Or ∆3i0> I_abrupt
where ∆iϕϕ= || iϕϕK- iϕϕK-T|-| iϕϕ K-T - iϕϕK-2T ||ϕϕ means AB,BC or CA, K is the
current sampling timingT=24 samples per cycle (K-T) is the sampling timing
before one cycle from timing K, (K-2T) the sampling timing before two cycles
from timing K,
∆3i0 is abrupt zero-current value,
I_abrupt is the setting value of abrupt current.
The abrupt current element operates when any phase-to-phase abrupt current
∆iϕϕ or zero-sequence abrupt current ∆3i0 continuously exceed the setting I_abrupt.
16
5.2.1.2 Zero-sequence current startup element

Besides abrupt current startup element, zero-sequence current element is also able
to overcome the inadequate sensitivity problem of abrupt current startup element at
faults with high resistance (up to 100Ω for 220kV, up to 300Ω for 500kV). As an
auxiliary startup element, it operates with 30ms delay. Its criterion is as follows:
3I0 > 0.9*I0dz
Where 3I0 is three times zero-sequence current,
I0dz is the minimal value of the following values
(1) The setting value of the zero-sequence current,
(2) The setting value of inverse time zero current,
5.2.1.3 The static stability detector

To ensure the proper operation during loss of static stability state, the loss of static
stability detector is considered
Its operating conditions are described as below.
(1) All currents of phase A, B and C are bigger than the current setting of ”I_PS”
and the abrupt current elements have not operated.
(2) All impedances of phase-to-phase AB, BC and CA enter into zone of distance
relay, and the abrupt current elements have not operated.
Any of the above conditions has been validated for 30ms, power system is regarded
in the loss of static stability state, then, the startup element operates, the protection
program is switched to power swing blocking module, at the same time, “Z
STARTUP” or “I_PS STARTUP” and “RELAY STARTUP” are reported.
5.2.1.4 Lower voltage startup element (detailed in weak-source part)

When one end of the protected line is weak-source system, lower voltage can be
used to startup protection for permission mode. Its criterion: Single-phase voltage is
less than 30V or phase-to-phase voltage is less than 50V and the relay receives
signal.
5.2.1.5 Auto re-close startup element

Protection tripping and the contacts of CB can cause autoreclose. Detailed in
autoreclose part 5.16.
5.2.2 Phase selector
Using integrated phase selector detect various fault types, phase selector can pick
out the faulted phase for selective-phase tripping.
Abrupt current phase selector is used at the beginning of fault after abrupt current
startup, later; sequence fault components phase selector is used. Both abrupt-
current phase selector and sequence fault components phase selectors are not
applicable to weak-source system and feeder terminal line where low voltage phase
selector is employed.
17
5.2.2.1 Abrupt current phase selector

Abrupt current phase selector employs phase-to-phase differential current ∆IAB, ∆IBC
and ∆ICA to detect the faulted phase by comparing the value of these currents.
The amplitude of phase-to-phase differential current ∆IAB, ∆IBC and ∆ICA at different
faults are shown in Tab.5-1 below.
(Where “+” means the bigger one,“ ++” the biggest one,“—” means the smaller one)
Table.5-1
Phase
Slected Aϕ Bϕ Cϕ AB BC CA ABC
∆Iϕϕ
∆IAB + + — ++ + + ++
∆IBC — + + + ++ + ++
∆ICA + — + + + ++ ++
∆IAB, ∆IBC and ∆ICA can be sorted into the biggest, the bigger and the smaller, then
the fault selection result can be implemented according to Tab.5-1.
5.2.2.2 Sequence current phase selector

Steady state sequence current phase selector mainly uses the angle relation of zero-
and negative- sequence current to detect the fault phase with an additional method
based on phase-to-phase impedance.
Theoretical analysis have demonstrated that, compared with phasor I0a, I2a locates
at area of -30°~+30°when A-phase earth fault occurs or BC-phase earth fault does
with a smaller resistance, furthermore, I2a lags behind I0a close to 90° with the
resistance increasing. Six phasor areas can be divided according to the angle
relation of I2a/I0a as shown in Fig.5-1.
I 0a
0 0
+30 AN, BCN - 30
ABN
BCN
0 0
+90 - 90
CN, ABN BN, CAN
0 0
+150 CAN - 150
Fig.5-1 Phasor areas of steady state sequence phase selector

1. +30°~ -30° conforms to AN or BCN
2. +90°~ +30° conforms to ABN
3. +150°~ +90° conforms to CN or ABN
4. -150°~ +150° conforms to CAN
5. -90°~ -150° conforms to BN or CAN
6. -30°~ -90° conforms to BCN
Corresponding phase-to-phase faults are affirmed directly in the above areas of (2),
18
(4) and (6). On the other hand, in phasor areas of (1), (3) and (5), there are single-
phase and phase-to-phase both fault types which are always independent to each
other and can be differentiated by phase-to-phase impedance calculation. If phase-
to-phase impedance is bigger than its setting, then phase-to-phase fault is
impossible, single-phase-ground fault can be confirmed, otherwise phase-to-phase
fault will be done.
5.2.2.3 Low voltage phase selector

Low voltage phase selector mainly meets phase selection of the relay fixed at weak-
source end where both of the above phase selectors can not select faulted phase. If
VT circuit does not open, low voltage phase selector can be put into operation. Its
criterion is as below.
a) Any one of phase voltage is less than 30V and other two phase’s voltage are
larger than 50V, then the single phase with lower voltage is decided.
b) If phase-to-phase voltage is less than 30V phase-to-phase fault is decided.
5.2.3 Distance element
Distance protection consists of measuring unit and directional unit.

5.2.3.1 Operating characteristics of distance element
Every zone of the distance element is of the polygonal characteristics as shown in
Fig.5-2. For 4 zones phase-to-phase distance relay, RDZ and XDZ of zone 1, 2,3 and
4 is respectively set to R1_pp, R2_pp, R3_pp, R4_pp, X1_pp, X2_pp, X3_pp and
X4_pp. For 4 zones phase-to-ground distance relay, RDZ and XDZ of zone 1, 2, 3
and 4 is respectively set to R1_pe, R2_pe, R3_pe, R4_pe, X1_pe, X2_pe, X3_pe
and X4_pe.
Where XDZ is set according to the protected range and RDZ is set according to
avoiding load impedance (under general instance), which meets different
requirements to enhance the resistive tolerance to high path fault resistance for short
line and to improve the ability of avoiding load impedance for long line. The
reactance line of polygon is inclined to an obliquitous angle 7°(as shown in Fig.5-2)
to enhance the ability to prevent the relay from overreaching at forward external
faults.
When fault occurs after reclose or manual close, based on the characteristics shown
in Fig.5-2, the impedance operating characteristics includes a small rectangle area at
the center of coordinates as shown in Fig.5-3. This is called impedance-offset
characteristics that can ensure that faults near the bus can be reliably cleared. Zone
3 of distance element has offset characteristics when three-phase fault occurs.
19
Fig.5-2 Fig.5-3
Fig.5 operating characteristics of polygonal distance protection
The values in the small rectangle operation area are shown in Tab.5-2.
Tab.5-2
Setting X is set as XDZ/2, if XDZ≤ 1Ω
X is set to 0.5Ω(In=5A) or 2.5Ω (In=1A), if XDZ>1 Ω
Setting The minimum among 8 times the above X and

RDZ/4
Where XDZ is the reactance setting of relevant elements, RDZ is the resistance setting
of relevant elements.
5.2.3.2 Measuring unit of distance element

Based on differential equation arithmetic, measuring element calculates relevant
circuit impedance value with real-time voltage and current.
For single-phase-to-ground impedance:
d ( Iφ + K X 3I 0 )
Uφ=Lφ * +Rφ *(Iφ+Kr3I0), φ= A, B, C.
dt
dIφφ
For phase-to-phase impedance: Uφφ=Lφφ + RφφIφφ, φφ=AB, BC, CA.
dt
Where Kx = (X0-X1)/ (3X1), Kr = (R0-R1)/ (3R1).
Measuring resistance R and reactance X (X =ωL=2πfL) at relay location can be
obtained by means of calculating the above differential equations.
5.2.3.3 Directional unit of distance element

Special directional elements are set to resolve dead zone for distance protection
when fault occurs near the bus. For symmetric fault, the memory voltage that is the
pre-fault voltage is used to compare phasor with post-fault current to detect direction.
For asymmetric fault near the bus, negative-sequence directional element is taken as
directional element of distance relay. The operating conditions for distance relay are
as below: The forward directional element operates, and measuring impedance lies
within the setting polygon area.
20
5.2.4 Zero-sequence directional unit
Zero-sequence current directional unit is composed of forward and reverse

directional elements whose operation areas are shown in Fig.5-4. The threshold of
forward directional element can be set while that of reverse directional element can
not, whose sensitivity is automatically higher than forward element, and threshold is
0.625 times that of the forward element.
. .
Area of forward directional element is 18° ≤ arg (3 I 0/3 U 0) ≤ 180°
. .
Area of reverse directional element is -162° ≤ arg (3 I 0/3 U 0) ≤ 0°
§l
¶m
forward
81¡ ã 81¡ ã
18¡ ã
3U0
reverse
Fig.5-4 Operation area of zero-sequence current directional element
a Criterion of forward directional element is as below.

Directional element lies in the forward directional operation area and 3I0>3I0DZ.
Where 3I0DZ are the setting of inverse time zero-sequence current, and the setting
values of of zero-sequence current 3I0.
b) Criterion of reverse directional element is as below.
Directional element lies in the reverse directional operation area and
3I0>0.625*3I0DZ.
The zero-sequence directional element employs the 3U0 that is obtained by software
summing three-phase voltage.
5.2.5 Negative-sequence directional element
Negative-sequence directional element is taken as condition of enabling impedance

directional element for asymmetric faults. Operation area is shown in Fig.5-5.
. .
Area of forward directional element is 18° ≤ arg (3 I 2/3 U 2) ≤ 180°,
. .
Area of reverse directional element is -162° ≤ arg (3 I 2/3 U 2) ≤ 0°.
21
§l
¶m
forward
81¡ ã 81¡ ã
18¡ ã
3U2
reverse
Fig.5-5 Operation area of negative-sequence directional element
5.2.6 Opening element of power swing blocking
Power system is impossible to begin swing within 150ms after sudden-charge current
startup element operating, therefore, during this time, all distance relays are settled
to take on action, and power swing block need not be enabled. After the setting of
“T_PS NO BLOCKING”, all distance relays are settled to take on action, and power
swing block need not be enabled. After 150ms or the protection startup by loss of
static stability or zero-sequence current, the distance relay must be enabled by fault
detector to prevent mistake trip during power swing.
Fault detectors for power swing blocking are different for asymmetric faults and
three-phase fault.
5.2.6.1 Asymmetric faults detection element

Zero- and negative-sequence current can distinguish fault from swing. The criterion
is described as below.
|I0|>m1|I1| or I 2>m2|I 1|
Where m1 and m2 ensure that, during power swing, the mal-operation of the distance
protection is not caused when external fault occurs under the most disadvantageous
conditions of power system but asymmetric faults detection element can be operates
when internal asymmetric fault occurs.
When power swing happens, I0 and I 2 are close to zero, it is impossible for the above
formula to come into being. When power swing and external fault occur, the smaller
fault component current at the relay location can’t meet the above formula. When
power swing and internal fault occur, I0 and I 2 will be big enough to meet the above
formula. To keep the protection from mistake trip caused by the imbalance output of
zero- and negative-sequence current when the external fault is removed, the
protection has to operate in a certain short time delay.
22
5.2.6.2 Three phase fault detection element

a) During power swing, measuring resistance or measuring impedance at the
relay location is continuously changing with time, and sometimes the change is
slow, sometimes the change is intensive, the change rate is decided by swing
period and the machine angle δ . Curve 1 and curve 2 in Fig.5-6-(a) are the
trajectories of measuring resistance changing with time, where Rf is load
resistance component and Tz is swing period. Whether the trajectory of
measuring impedance is a line or a circular arc on R-X plane during power
swing, is decided by electromotive force of both terminals equivalent system, as
shown in Fig.5-6-(b).
Rm( t )
1 2 jX
Rf
t Zm
0
R
0
Tz
a b
(a) Measuring resistance Rm. changing with time (b) the track of measuring
impedance on R-X plane
Fig.5-6 The trajectory of measuring impedance during power swing
Rm( t )
Rf
Rk
O t
t1 t2 t3
Fig.5-7 The trajectory of pre- and post-fault measuring resistance changing with
time
b) When fault occurs on the protected line, resistance component of measuring
impedance maybe changes due to electric arc elongated, but analysis and
calculation show that changing rate of arc resistance is far less than that of
resistance corresponding to the possibly biggest swing period noted up to the
present. After short circuit, measuring resistance is resistance RK of short
circuit, whose value hardly changes or almost keeps invariability, as shown in
23
Fig.5-7. The rule of measuring impedance is also similar.

Contrasting Fig.5-6 with Fig.5-7, it can be seen that power system is determined to
be in the swing state if measuring resistance is always changing and exceeds a
threshold value in a period of time. Therefore, the least change of resistance is
looked over during power swing. It can be known from analyzing Fig.5-6 that the
instance of the least change of measuring resistance occurs in the following
conditions.
(1) near δ =180°
(2) the biggest swing period TZMAX.
And then, enlarge this part track of resistance change to be shown in Fig.11.
Rm
TZMAX swing curve
δ 180°
∆Rmin
t
τ /2
τ
Fig.5-8The instance of the least change of measuring resistance
It can be known from Fig.5-8 that a minimum changing resistance ∆RMin (1800, TZMAX, τ ) is
obtained corresponding to a time τ , in this way, for any swing period and any time period τ , all
exist: ∆R ≥ ∆RMin (1800, TZMAX, τ ). Therefore, consider error and protection margin, take the
following formula as criterion detecting swing.
∆R ≥ K·∆RMin (1800, TZMAX, τ ) (1)
Reliable coefficient K is a less than 1. Surely, also consider equivalent system impedance Z S ∑ for
(1). And, for a different regulated timeτ , the corresponding ∆RMin (1800, TZMAX, τ ) can be
calculated.
Concluding the above analysis, we can reason the method distinguishing fault from power swing:
1. Within time τ , if ∆R < K·∆RMin (1800, TZMAX, τ ) is satisfied, it is determined that fault occurs
in power system.
2. Within time τ , if ∆R ≥ K·∆RMin (1800, TZMAX, τ ) is satisfied, it is determined that swing occurs
in power system.
When fault occurs, it is possible that formula (1) is satisfied due to time τ too small, however, τ
can be increased to relax the restrained condition ∆R < K·∆RMin (1800, TZMAX, τ ), and to make
use of it to identify fault gradually.
c) When fault suddenly occurs on the protected line, if the angles between two
sources do not reach 180°, or three-phase fault occurs outside the swing center, the
magnitude and angle of pre- or post-fault impedance must have great sudden
change. Based on this characteristic, distance element can be enabled quickly when
three-phase fault occurs in power system without serious swing or under the
conditions that swing does not occur after protection pickup for 150ms.
24
5.3 Monitoring function
5.3.1 Software monitoring
5.3.1.1 Loss of measure voltage detection
Interruptions in the secondary circuits of voltage transformers is detected and

reported by the device. Two criteria are set to detect VT circuit opened and both of
them have delay time. Only under normal operation and without any element startup,
they are put into operating. Hardly does the circuit-opened detector stop operating
when any startup element operates, and it is not enabled until all system reset.
Criterion a: The sum of three phase voltages is not equal to
. . .
zero, U a + U b + U c >7V(r.m.s)
This is used to detect one phase or two phases’ circuit open.
Criterion b: When VT is connected to bus, if any phase voltage Ua, Ub or Uc is
less than 8V, VT fuse fail is confirmed
When VT is connected to line, if any phase voltage Ua, Ub or Uc is less than
8V, and any phase current is larger than 0.04In or circuit breaker (CB) is in the
closed state, VT fuse fail is confirmed
The additional current condition of criterion b is to avoid undesired alarms before CB
is switched on when VT is on the line side. The additional condition which CB is in
the closed state is to avoid that the system can be unable to give an alarm in case of
loss of voltage for three phases when the line current is too small (for example, CB
lying at another terminal of the line is off).
When VT circuit is opened, “VT Fail” is reported, and all distance units, negative
sequence directional unit, abrupt directional element, directional over current unit and
zero current unit with direction are forbidden to operate. Measure voltage will be
continuously supervised in order that each element can be automatically put into the
operation again as soon as the voltage returns to the normal.
VT Fail judge logic is shown below in Fig.5-9:
25
Relay startup
3U0 >7V &

AND2 VT FAIL
&
AND1
NO DI“ CB
OPEN”
≥1
OR1
≥1
VT_bus OR2
&
Relay test AND3
&
AND5
Ia(b,c) >
0.04In
&
AND4
Ua(b,c) < 8V
Fig.5-9 VT Fail judge logic
5.3.1.2 CT failure/current unbalance
To prevent the relay from wrong trip, interruptions in the secondary circuits of current
transformers is detected and reported by the device. When the zero-sequence
current is always larger than the setting value of 3I0 for 12s, “CT Fail” will be reported
and zero-sequence current protection will be blocked.
5.3.1.3 Check Phase-sequence for voltage and current
In normal condition of power system, whether AC circuits of three phases are

connected in right sequence or not can be distinguished by phasor comparison of
three phases current and voltage. If they are in abnormal sequence, “3-PH SEQ Err”
will be reported.
26
5.3.1.4 Check 3I0 polarity
By comparing value and phasor of calculation 3I0 (IA+ IB + IC) with that of 3I0 external
connected, whether the polarity of external 3I0 is connected in reverse or not can be
differentiated, if it is in reverse, “3I0 Reverse” will be reported.
5.3.1.5 Check the third harmonic of voltage
If the third harmonic voltage exceeds 4V, “Harmonic Alarm” will be reported with 10s
delay time, but the protection is not blocked.
5.3.1.6 Line reference voltage check
Under the auto-reclose condition of three-phase mode, if there is current through line
or not, input of auxiliary tripping contact of CB, which indicates CB is in the close
state. The following methods can check the line voltage in good condition.
When “AR_check Sync” or “AR_check low U” is set for automatic reclosure modes, if
the voltages between both sides of CB can not meet the setting synchronism
condition, which is confirmed with 14s delay time, “SYN Voltage Err” is reported. The
system supervises extractive voltage on real time.
5.3.1.7 Check auxiliary contact of circuit breaker (CB)
If there is input signal of auxiliary contact of CB, and corresponding phase has
current, which is confirmed with 2s-delay time, “CB Open Err ” is reported.
5.3.1.8 Check for the illogicality of setting
a) In function of pilot protection such as< POR mode > and < PUR mode >, if both
modes are put into operation at the same time, “Pilot FUNC Alarm” is alarmed.
b) In function of automatic recolsure of equipment, if any two kinds of modes are put
into operation at the same time among < AR_No check >, < AR_check low U > and <
AR_check Sync >, “AR FUNC Alarm” is alarmed.
c) Choose VT mode, If two kinds of modes are put into operation at the same time <
VT_line >and < VT_bus>, “VT Choice Alarm” is alarmed. If for < VT_line >and <
VT_bus> is not put into operation, relay is put into operation for < VT_bus>.
d) In function of distance protection, Z4 put into operation, if two kinds of modes are
put into operation at the same time < Reverse_Z4 >and < Forward_Z4 >, “Z4 Choice
Alarm” is alarmed.
5.3.1.9 Check of the CSC-162relay system
a) CPU module check. CPU module performs self-testing to its memories, analog
channels and program during power on, parts of the above are checked by itself in
real time during the system running. If any of them is confirmed to be incorrect, alarm
will be given, and the protection will be blocked.
27
b) The sampled data can be checked with each other in real time due to the
redundancy of double A/D channel for one analog quality. If the difference between
two channels exceeds the setting limit, one of the double channels is regarded as
fault one.
c) Each I/O module performs self-testing during power-up and real-time self-tests.
Self-testing checks input channel, output channel, memories and code areas etc.
Self-testing of input channel is performed by bit changing simulation. Self-testing of
output channel includes coil tests and outer circuit tests. The tests are very thorough
with wide range, if any failure is confirmed, alarm is given.
d) Real-time self-testing of communication ports. CPU module and MASTER module
perform real-time self-tests of communication among all kinds of function modules.
When interrupt communication is detected, alarm is given.
e) MASTER module performs self-testing at power-up and real-time self-testing that
check memories, program areas and relevant communication with the outside. If any
abnormal event is detected, alarm will be given. The setting and strap messages
stored in this module are checked with each other.
f) Real-time supervision for DC power supply.
g) CRC checks for the setting etc.
5.3.2 switch-on-to-fault protection (SOTF)
The input of auxiliary tripping contact of CB lasts 10s, later ∆I operates, and then the
system regards this condition as manual closure of the CB. If no fault is detected, 1s
later, the whole system resets. If fault is detected, instantaneous trip function put into
operation.
Distance relay use impedance element to detect fault, zero-current relay operates
with 100ms delay, when fault occurs during switch-on-to-fault.
When switch-on-to-fault line occurs, if the binary setting of distance relay is enabled,
the distance relay will accelerate to operate. Six loops of impedance will be
calculated, if any of them is located in the area of operating characteristics with offset
region, the distance relay trips with no delay time.
5.3.3 Tripping after automatic reclose
If the fault still exists after automatic reclose, then the protective elements will re-trip
the circuit breaker.
The equipment requires three auxiliary tripping contacts of segregated phase
respectively as three binary inputs. For 3/2 bus connection scheme, each phase
tripping contacts of two breakers must be series at first, and then the series contacts
of each phase are connected to the corresponding binary input of the equipment.
When the equipment has detected CB opened, and any phase current is larger than
0.1In(three-phase reclose mode) or the input of auxiliary tripping contact disappears,
the equipment thinks that line has reclosed.
28
5.3.4 The conditions of relay reset
When all the following conditions have been meet for 5s, the whole relay resets from
fault dealt program.
a) Six loops of impedance are outside the 4 zone of impedance.
b) Zero-current is less than the setting of zero-current startup value.
c) All three-phase currents are less than the setting “I_PS” of loss of static
stability.
5.4 Other logic of protection
5.4.1 Logic after tripping
After tripping commands sent out, the current of tripping phase is in the supervision.
When tripping phase has not current, the protection system considers that CB has
been opened. If tripping phase always has current, the system output three-phase
trip signal with 150ms delay. After this, if any phase current lasts 150ms, three-phase
final tripping command is issued. Later, if CB still in close state lasts 5s, three-phase
final tripping failure alarm will be sent out, and the whole relay will reset.
Trip command will be withdrawal as soon as fault is cleared. To ensure that CB trips
reliably, withdrawal command is impossible to be considered within 40ms after trip
command sent out.
When there is no current flowing through three phases for 12s after the output of
three-phase trip command, the program routine jumps to the whole relay reset. The
delay time of 12s is to believe that the most setting delay time for three-pole
autoclosure is impossible larger than 10s.
After tripping command output, the sending signal command (for permissive mode)
does not return until tripping command has been withdrawal for 120ms in order to
ensure the tele protection of both terminals to operate reliably.
5.4.2 Reverse directional elements
Impedance directional element is set forward directional element. The threshold of

forward directional element can be set while that of reverse directional element need
not whose sensitivity is automatically higher than forward element.
The usage of the reverse directional element is as follows.

a) Tele protection sends signal with 40ms-delay time when the directional elements
change from reverse direction to forward direction. It prevents relay wrong tripping
when zero-sequence or negative-sequence power reversing flow during external
faults cleared.
b) In the protection logic for weak-source system, only all the forward and reverse
directional elements do not operate, the send signal element using low-voltage
could be put into operation.
29
5.4.3 Protection schemes for feeder
If one side of the line is feeder, when forward fault for the relay at feeder side occurs,
the fault characters are no longer same as that of two side source system. To
perform selective tripping function for a line with feeder, feeder tripping of pilot
protection must be put into operation.
If feeder function is enabled, CSC-162can fit the following conditions.
When internal faults occur, the local relay sends out permissive signal (permissive
mode) in order that the relay at power source side trips quickly. The relay at weak-
source side can correctly perform selective trip.
Phase selector of the relay at weak-source end can meet the phase-selection
requirements for line faults, and the relay can correctly perform selective trip. Even if
faults occur on load terminal line, the relay can either send out tripping command
quickly and exactly or select fault phase correctly.
5.4.4.1 Logic of low-voltage pickup
When abrupt current startup element does not pick up, if feeder function is enabled,
relay starts up under the following conditions.
a) Voltage is lower than 30V.
b) Receiving signal.
After pickup, the feeder relay will send signal (for permissive mode) quickly, and
extend the signal 120ms to ensure the relay at power source side to trip quickly.
5.4.4.2 The relay trip logic at feeder
At feeder side, if the relay have picked up and the following conditions are satisfied,
the relay of permissive mode sends permissive signal. If the setting of the relay at
feeder is enabled, the relay can trip after confirming permissive signal.
a) At least one phase voltage or phase-phase voltage is less than 30V.
b) Both the forward and reverse directional elements do not operate.
c) Pickup time is less than 200ms.
d) Receiving permissive signal for 5ms.
5.5 Tele protection schemes for Distance protection

It is applicable to two kinds of communication modes: permissive under reach
mode (PUR) and permissive over reach mode (POR).
5.5.1 Pilot protection logic for permissive mode
5.5.1.1 Overreach permissive
CSC-162pilot protection logic for overreach permissive mode is shown in Fig.5-10.

When internal fault occurs, the startup elements and zone 2 can operate, permissive
30
signal is sent out to the remote to permit the remote trip. If it is external fault that
occurs on line, the forward directional element of one end of the line operates and
does not receive permissive signal while that of another end of the line does not
operate and receive permissive signal, therefore, both ends can’t trip.
a) Internal fault
<Startup element>operates, relay trip for meeting following condition.
1) Instantaneous trip if Zone 1 Operation
2) Zone 2 + permission Signal from Remote end for 5ms.
Zone 2 operates that permissive signal is sent out to the remote.
b) External Fault
Because the directional element near fault detects reverse direction, it does not send
permissive signal to the remote. Although the remote relay can send signal, it cannot
receive the remote permissive signal, therefore, both of two sides do not trip.
c) Power flow reversing for external fault
The method to resolve this problem for the relay is that the relay sends signal with
40ms delay time when the directional element operates from the reverse to the
forward to avoid the period in which both sides are forward direction, and then both
sides trip after sending signal is confirmed with 15ms delay when internal fault occurs
again.
d) Protection schemes for feeder
The binary setting “Feeder_FUNC” is enabled.
1. For feeder end, abrupt current startup element cannot operates, the logic of the
low voltage is startup:
If the relay at feeder end receives the remote permissive signal and <low voltage
element> operates, relay startup.
2. For feeder end, abrupt current startup element operates, the operating logic of
the relay is as below.
Within 200ms after protection pickup, if <low voltage element> operates, both the
forward and reverse directional element at feeder end do not operate, and the
permissive signal has been received for 5ms, (sending signal) lasted for 120ms to
ensure the relay at power source end trips quickly, feeder end can also trip.
e) The protection is not picked up, receives the remote signal < CARR
RECEIVED > and there are < CB OPEN >, (send signal) can be done for 200ms to
ensure the remote pilot protection operates reliably.
31
Relay
startup
&
AND-1
Relay reset & ≥ CARR Send

AND-4 OR-2 signal
Zone 2
operation
&
Delay time AND-5
5ms &
& AND-2
CARR AND-3
Received & Trip three
AND-6 phase
Single fault
& Trip three
Multiphase AND-7 phase
fault
Three & Permenent

phase fault AND-8 trip
& |0 120|
AND-9
Low voltage
CB OPEN ≥
OR-1
&
AND- |0 200|
11
Fig.5-10 CSC-162pilot protection for overreach permission mode logic
5.5.2.2 Under reach permissive
CSC-162pilot protection logic for under reach permissive mode is shown in Fig.5-11.
When internal fault occurs, the startup elements and zone 1 can operate, permissive
signal is sent out to the remote to permit the remote trip. If it is external fault that
occurs on line, the forward directional element of one end of the line operates and
does not receive permissive signal while that of another end of the line does not
operate and receive permissive signal, therefore, both ends can’t trip.
a) Internal fault
<Startup element>operates, relay trip for meeting following condition.
1)Instantaneous trip if Zone 1 Operation
2)Zone 2 + permission Signal from Remote end for 5ms.
Zone 1 operates that permissive signal is sent out to the remote.
b) External Fault
32
Because the directional element near fault detects reverse direction, it does not send
permissive signal to the remote. Although the remote relay can send signal, it cannot
receive the remote permissive signal, therefore, both of two sides do not trip.
c) Power flow reversing for external fault
The method to resolve this problem for the relay is that the relay sends signal with
40ms delay time when the directional element operates from the reverse to the
forward to avoid the period in which both sides are forward direction, and then both
sides trip after sending signal is confirmed with 15ms delay when internal fault occurs
again.
d) Protection schemes for feeder
The binary setting “Feeder_FUNC” is enabled.
(1) For feeder end, abrupt current startup element cannot operates, the logic of
the low voltage is startup:
If the relay at feeder end receives the remote permissive signal and <low voltage
element> operates, relay startup.
(2) For feeder end, abrupt current startup element operates, the operating logic of
the relay is as below.
Within 200ms after protection pickup, if <low voltage element> operates, both the
forward and reverse directional element at feeder end do not operate, and the
permissive signal has been received for 5ms, (sending signal) lasted for 120ms to
ensure the relay at power source end trips quickly. Feeder end can also trip.
e) The protection is not picked up, receives the remote signal < CARR
RECIEVED > and there are < CB OPEN >, (send signal) can be done for 200ms to
ensure the remote pilot protection operates reliably.
33
Relay
startup
&
AND-1
Relay reset & ≥ CARR Send

AND-4 OR-2 signal
Zone 1
operation
Zone 2 &
operation AND-5
Delay time &

5ms & AND-2
AND-3
CARR & Trip three
Received AND-6 phase
Single fault
& Trip three
Multiphase AND-7 phase
fault
Three & Permenent

phase fault AND-8 trip
& |0 120|
AND-9
Low voltage
CB OPEN ≥
OR-1
&
AND- |0 200|
11
Fig.5-11 CSC-162pilot protections for under reach permission mode logic
Pilot direct trip function
The pilot protection has input of “B/LBB OPTD”, it will give output “Direct trip send”
for 200ms. If it has input of “Direct trip RECV”, it will give output “Direct trip RECV”.
Input Output
Direct trip
B/LBB OPTD 0 200
send
Direct trip Direct trip

RECV RECV
34
5.6 Four zones distance protection

The distance relay consists of 4 zones phase-to-phase and 4 zones phase-to-earth
distance elements, which is applied to remove phase-to-phase fault and single
phase-to-earth fault.
Zone 1, zone 2, zone 3 and zone 4 of distance relay are controlled respectively to be
on or off by the binary setting. Zone 4 of distance relay can be set to operate in
forward or reverse direction.
5.6.1 Some introductions of the program logic of the distance protection
5.6.1.1 Power swing blocking
After the abrupt current startup element operates, the protection switches the
executing program to the fault processed part, the distance measurement element is
instantaneously opened for 150ms. Within 150ms, zone 1, zone 2, zone 3 and zone
4 of distance relay are fixedly put into operation. The abrupt current startup element
operates after 150ms , or when the loss of static stability startup element or zero-
current startup element operates, before the setting of “T_PS NOBLOCKING”, the
executing program will directly go into the logic part of power swing blocking. In this
period, four zones of distance relay must be enabled by fault detector of power swing
blocking, that is, asymmetry faults are detected by asymmetry fault detector, three
phase fault is detected by the impedance change rate detector (dR/dt)
Four zones of distance relay are controlled by the setting to be selected whether they
are blocked during power swing. If the setting is set “off”, four zones of distance relay
are put into operation without blocking all the time during power swing.
During power swing, there is a special program module to detect whether power
swing quiets down or not, that is, if all zero-current elements, Power swing current
detection element and six impedances of four zones of distance relay don’t operate,
after 5s, the whole system resets.
5.6.1.2 Loss of measure voltage
The distance relay exits after loss of measure voltage, and at the same time, the
measure voltage of VT is monitored continually. Once the voltage comes to the
normal, the distance relay will be automatically put into operation again.
35
5.6.2 Function of the distance relay as shown in Tab.5-4
Tab. 5-4
Item binary setting
“Z_PS Trip mode trip control
Zone blocking”
Blocked / the setting of“
Zone 1 Three phase trip
unblocked Z1_FUNC”
Zone 2 Trip_no AR
Zone 3 Trip_no AR
Zone 4 Trip_no AR
5.6.3The scheme logic of distance protection
The scheme logic of distance protection is shown in Fig.5-12.

a) The measure element is enabled to operate for 150ms after abrupt current
startup, if the calculated impedance lies in zone 1 of the distance relay:
Whether zone 1 of the relay is blocked during power swing or not is controlled
by the setting “Z1_PS blocking”. If the setting “Z1_PS blocking” is set to
“off”, power swing blocking is disabled,. If the setting “Z1_PS blocking” is set
to “on”, power swing blocking is enabled, distance relay are opened through
detecting fault. Relay startup reclose after Zone 1 trip.
b) If the calculated impedance lie in the operating area of zone 2:
Whether zone 2 is blocked during power swing or not is controlled by the
setting “Z2_PS blocking”. If the setting “Z2_PS blocking” is set to “off”, power
swing blocking is disabled. If the setting “Z2_PS blocking” is set to “on”,
power swing blocking is enabled. Relay don’t startup reclose after Zone 2 trip
with delay time.
c) Fault occurs in the range of zone 3:
with delay time.
d) Fault occurs in the range of zone 4:
with delay time. Zone 4 can be select “Reverse_Z4” or “Forward_Z4”,
“Reverse_Z4” mainly apply to blocking mode.
36
Four zones distance relay don’t consider power swing blocking after abrupt
current startup for the setting “T_PS NOBLOCKING”.
e) Permanent trip for three-phase fault:
Relay will permanent trip for three-phase fault.
f) Switch-on-to- fault: If any impedance lies in the area of zone 1, zone 2, zone
3, relay permanent trip immediately.
“ I_PS” start
up
Zero-
sequence ≥
current OR-1
startup &
Current AND-4
change |150 0|
startup
& ≥
Fault detect AND-1 OR-3
swing
unblocking
& ≥
Z1(2,3,4)_PS AND-2 OR-2
blocking &
AND-5
Forward
direction &
& Trip three
AND-3
AND-6 phase
VT fail
& &
SOTF AND-
AND-8
12
≥
OR-4
Zone 1 -pe
& Trip three
AND-9 phase
Zone
Single1 fault
-pp
Three &
AND-
phase fault 10
Zone 2 |T2 0|
≥ Permenent
OR-7 trip
≥ &
Zone 3 |T3 0| AND-
OR-6
11
Zone 4 |T4 0|
Fig.5-12 Distance protection logic
37
5.7 Zero-current protection
5.7.1 Configuration and principle
One stage directional definite time and inverse time zero current protection are set
during three-phase operation. Directional element of zero current protection is fixed.
Zero current is controlled to be on or off by the setting of “3I0_FUNC”, and inverse
time zero current protection is controlled to be on or off by the setting of “3I0_INV
FUNC”, Directional element of inverse time zero current protection is controlled to be
on or off by the setting of “3I0_INV DIR”.
5.7.2 Inverse time zero current protection
The directional element of inverse time zero current protection can be on or off via
the setting of “3I0_INV FUNC”. Its characteristic is written as below:
T0_factor
T= + T0_INV
Id
( ) −1
N0
3I0_INV
Where: Id ─ fault current.
T0_factor ─ time coefficient of inverse time zero current.
N0 ─ Index setting of inverse time zero current.
3I0_INV ─ current setting of inverse time zero current.
T0_INV ─ delay time setting of inverse time zero current which can meet the
requirement that inverse time zero current co-operates with different protection.
Inverse curves can be obtained according to the following setting:
N0 =0.02 and T0_factor =0.14 ─ Standard inverse (IEC Standard)
N0 =1 and T0_factor =13.5 ─ Very inverse
N0 =2 and T0_factor =80 ─ Extremity inverse.
5.7.3 Some explain about the program of zero current protection
a) The polarity of 3U0

The protection system employs the self-count 3U0 which is obtained by the sum
of three phase voltages by means of software for the zero-sequence directional
element to detect direction. If VT circuit is open, zero protection with directional
element exits automatically.
b) CT circuit open
To prevent sensitive zero current from maloperation caused by CT circuit open,
the character that the zero-sequence voltage is zero in case of CT open can be
employed to block zero-current directional protection which may maloperate by
zero- sequence directional element. Zero current will last for a long time as CT
circuit is open, if zero current is larger than the setting of 3I0 continuously for
12s, “CT Fail” will be reported, and every stage of zero protection will be
blocked.
38
5.7.4 Function of zero current protection as shown in Tab.5-5
Tab.5-5
Directional
Item Tripping mode Output
element controlled
stage controlled by setting control
by setting
Definite time of the setting of
fixed with direction permanent trip
zero current “3I0_FUNC”
the the setting of
Inverse time of
setting“3I0_INV permanent trip “3I0_INV
zero current
DIR” is “on” or “off” FUNC”
5.7.5The scheme logic of zero-current protection
The scheme logic of zero-current protection is shown in Fig.5-13.

After the abrupt current startup element or zero current assistant startup element
operate, the protection system goes into the executing program to the fault
processed. Definite time zero current and inverse time zero current are put into
operation under three-phase operation.
SOTF
“ 3I0 FUNC”
3I 0> “ 3I 0”
& | T0 |
“ 3I0_INV FUNC”
≥ Permenent
OR-3 trip
3I0 ≥
|T_INV |
“ 3I0_INV DIR”
&
Forward
direction
& &
VT fail
CT fail |12s 0| “ CT fail”

ALARM
Fig.5-13 zero current protection logic
39
5.8 Direction over current protection
5.8.1 Configuration and principle
This protection function is a backup protection for the transmission line and the
power system. The protection comprises one stage definite time over current and
inverse time over current. The over current protection function can be applied to via
binary settings.
Each phase current is compared with the setting value “Ioc_pe” after numerical
filtering. Currents above the associated pickup value are detected and signaled. The
protection is blocked by directional element. Directional element is 90° connection
mode. Current of each phase is controlled by corresponding directional component.
Following figure (Fig.5-14) is over current directional element(current lags and angle
of voltage is positive).
directional element I U
A IA UBC
B IB UCA
C IC UAB
Forward -90° ≤ arg (U/I) ≤ 30°
forward
U
30°
Fig.5-14 over current directional
After expiry of the associated time delays “Toc_pe”a trip command is issued. The
function can be operation via a binary setting “OC_FUNC” ,and inverse time over
current protection is controlled to be on or off by the setting of “OC_INV_FUNC”,
Directional element of inverse time over current protection is controlled to be on or
off by the setting of “OC_INV DIR”.. The over current function is permanent trip.
5.8.2 Inverse time over current protection
The directional element of inverse time over current protection can be on or off via
the setting of “OC_INV FUNC”. Its characteristic is written as below-
40
Toc _ factor
T= + Toc_INV
Id
( ) −1
Noc
Ioc _ INV
Where-Id ─ fault current.

Toc_factor ─ time coefficient of inverse time over current.
Noc ─ Index setting of inverse time over current.
OC_INV ─ current setting of inverse time over current.
Toc_INV ─ delay time setting of inverse time over current which can meet the
requirement that inverse time over current co-operates with different protection.
Inverse curves can be obtained according to the following setting-
Noc =0.02 and Toc_factor =0.14 ─ Standard inverse (IEC Standard)
Noc =1 and Toc_factor =13.5 ─ Very inverse
Noc =2 and Toc_factor =80 ─ Extremity inverse.
The following figure (Fig.5-15) shows the logic diagram for over current.
“ OC FUNC”
I φ> “ I oc_pe”
& | “ Toc” |
≥ Permenent
“ OC_INV FUNC” trip
Iφ ≥ | T_INV |
“ OC_INV DIR”
&
Forward
direction
& &
VT fail
φ is phase current of Ia,Ib,Ic.

Note: Iφ
Fig.5-15 Over current logic
5.9 Over voltage protection

The relay comprises 2 stages over voltage function. The phase voltage is measured
directly at the VT. The over voltage Function can be applied to via binary settings.
Each phase voltage is compared with the setting value “OV1_pe” after numerical
filtering. Voltages above the associated pickup value are detected and signaled.
After expiry of the associated time delays “Tov1_pe”a trip command is issued. The
following figure (Fig.5-16) shows the logic diagram for first stage over voltage. The
stage can be operation via a binary setting “OV1_FUNC”. Two stages over voltage is
41
permanent trip.
“ OV1_FUNC ”
& Tov1_pe
Uφ>OV1_pe
Permenent
≥
“ OV2_FUNC ” trip
& Tov2_pe
Uφ>OV2_pe
φ is phase voltage of Ua,Ub,Uc.

Note: Uφ
Fig.5-16 Over voltage logic
5.10 Under voltage protection

The protection comprises 2 stages under voltage. The phase voltage is measured
directly at the VT. The under voltage protection Function can be applied to via binary
settings.
Each phase voltage is compared with the setting value “UV1_pe” after numerical
filtering. Voltages under the associated pickup value are detected and signaled.
After expiry of the associated time delays “Tuv1_pe”a trip command is issued. The
following figure (Fig.5-17) shows the logic diagram for first stage under voltage. The
stage can be operation via a binary setting “UV1_FUNC”. Two stages under voltage is
permanent trip.
Uφ<UV1_pe &
“ UV1_FUNC ”
Iφ>0.1In & Tuv1_pe

VT fail &
Initiate AR
≥ Permenent
“ UV2_FUNC ” trip
&
Uφ<UV2_pe &
Tuv2_pe
φ is phase voltage of Ua,Ub,Uc.

Note: Uφ
Fig.5-17 Under voltage logic
5.11 Breaker failure protection

In the event of a fault on the transmission line, the transmission line can remain on
line if the circuit breaker is defective and could suffer substantial damage. The
breaker failure protection Function can be applied to via binary settings of “CBF_
FUNC”.
If the breaker failure protection is intended to be initiated by internal protective
tripping or external via binary input, to connect binary inputs of “START CBF 3-PH” to
42
the device. Fig.5-18 shows the operating principle. When the trip signal appears from
any internal or external protection and at least one current is larger than “I_CBF”, the
breaker failure protection is initiated and the corresponding delay time “T_CBF” is
“START 3-PH CBF”. When three-phase circuit breaker failure start up, single-phase
circuit breaker failure will be started up.
Relay trip
≥1
DI of “ Start CBF
3-PH”
“ CBF_ FUNC”
& T_CBF 3P_CBF startup
IA>I_CBF
≥1
IB>I_CBF
IC>I_CBF
Fig.5-18 Circuit Breaker Failure Protection logic Figure
5.12 Autoreclose
5.12.1 Autoreclose mode
CSC-162protection system is provided with autoreclose whose performance is only

to close the circuit breaker but not to select fault phase and trip.
CSC-162protection system only have three phase autoreclose mode. In CSC-
162relay you can setup control word “AR_3p mode”to enable auto re-close.
AR_3p mode-if three phase trip, and relay then reclose regardless of the fault types,
whether single-phase fault or multi-phase fault.
CSC-162have 4 checking modes of reclose : “AR_No check”, “AR_check Sync”,
“AR_check low U” and “AR_CB3”, you can select any one of them by control word to
enable it , if you select one checking mode ,conditions must be satisfied ,so
autoreclose can perform.
5.12.2 Voltage and synchronism check
When all three phases of the circuit breaker are open, three kinds of check mode are
provided as below.
a. Synchronism check: If the line voltages and bus bar voltages are larger than
the value of have voltage setting, and meet the synchronous conditions,
synchronizing reclose can be performed.
b. Low voltage check: If the line voltages are checked to be less than the value of
no-voltage setting, reclose can be performed. If the line voltages and bus bar
voltages are all larger than the value of voltage setting, the check mode is
automatically turned to synchronism check to reclose.
43
c. No check: Whatever the line voltage and bus bar voltage are, autoreclose is
performed.when relay only enable “AR_3p mode”,and don’t select any reclose
mode of “AR_No check”, “AR_check low U” and “AR_check Syn”,then relay think
it is in “AR_No check” mode .
Note : (1)The threshold of low voltage check is 17V of rated voltage and that of
voltage check is 40V of rated voltage, the angle of synchronism check
can be set.
(2)The voltage phases of synchronism check or low voltage check need
not be set, as the protection system can automatically identify, that is to
say, if autoreclose check mode is set to synchronism check or no-voltage
check, the voltage phases is identified according to the voltage from the
bus and line. When CB is closed, if the voltage phases whose voltage
can be satisfied with synchronism check can’t be found, “SYN Voltage
Err” is alarmed, and A-phase voltage is regarded as the synchronism
voltage.
The voltages provided for the relays are always from the bus VT, so the
reference voltage is referred to the voltage at terminal Ux for low voltage
check or synchronism check.
(3) When three check modes of autoreclose are all disenabled, the faceplate
of LCD displays: “check mode: No check”.
5.12.3 Charge and discharge of autoreclose
To avoid repetitious autoreclose, a special timer with charging interval for the setting
“T_Reclaim” is set to perform the function of charge and discharge. Only after charge
has been finished, autoreclose is enabled while charge is not finished, autoreclose is
disenabled.
a) The charge time counter starts when the following conditions are satisfied.
(1) There is no input of “CB OPEN”.
(2) The startup elements of autoreclose do not operate.
(3) No input of blocking autoreclose.
b) The charge time counter is reset when the following conditions are satisfied.
(1) External signals of blocking reclose are received.
(2) Discharge is performed when the reclose command is output.
(3) There is no input of “CB OPEN” or “INITIATE 3PH A/R” when charge is not
finished.
(4)During autoreclose startup, the opened phase has current.
5.12.4 Autoreclosure pickup
Two kinds of pickup mode are set by relay internal trip, digital input of other relay trip
or the auxiliary contacts of CB.
a) Auto re-close startup caused by other relay trip
Input terminal “INITIATE 3PH A/R”. The relay must return immediately after a
successful tripping and reclosure is started after the contacts return from the close
position.
44
b) Internal tripping signals have pick up autoreclose, therefore, the input terminal
for” INITIATE 3PH A/R” which need not be connected again from external contacts.
Only distance zone 1 and pilot relay operate to startup reclose. Other relays operate
to block AR.
c) Autoreclose shot caused by the auxiliary contacts of CB
Autoreclose shot caused by the auxiliary contacts of CB is mainly considered for CB
occasional mal-open. The CB occasional mal-open of three-phase can be set by the
control word to decide whether to pick up reclose or not.
In addition, no accelerated contacts are given after successful reclose caused by the
auxiliary contacts of CB.
5.12.5 Reclose
When autoreclose is picked up, the following functions are performed before reclose
signal output.
a) Continue to detect the digital input of “A/R BLOCK”. If it is received, time
counter of charging will be cleared, and the program of autoreclose will be reset.
b) Voltage check is performed according to the setting of voltage and
synchronism check, if voltage condition is not satisfied, the counter of time delay
of autoreclose is cleared.
c) If reclose command is sent out, autoreclose module is reset in 4s.
When autoreclose is picked up, the discharging conditions are satisfied,
autoreclose module is reset immediately and reclose is disabled.
If it is caused by unsatisfied synchronism conditions or the others that reclose can
not be performed successfully, autoreclose model will be reset with a certain time
delay. Under three-phase autoreclose mode, it is the setting delay of three-phase
autoreclose +12s.
The voltages provided for the CSC-162protection system are always from the bus
VT, so the reference voltage is referred to the voltage at terminal Ux for no-
voltage check or synchronism check. If the line voltages and bus voltages are all
larger than the value of voltage setting, the check mode is automatically turned to
synchronism check.
5.12.6 Blocking AR condition
Relay will block reclose when any conditions occur, at the same time, it gives output
of “AR Lockout Alarm”.
a) Distance zone 1 operates when equipment has digital input of “CARRIER
FAIL”.
b) Distance zone 1 or pilot operates when the fault occur again after reclosing .
c) Distance zone 1 or pilot operates when equipment has digital input of “A/R
BLOCK ”.
45
5.12.8 Both series of autoreclose operating at the same time
The CB closed state are detected according to trip and current, when two series of
autoreclose are set for one breaker and both of them are put into operation, it is
impossible for the second autoreclose to take place.
5.12.9The scheme logic of autoreclose
The scheme logic of auto reclose is shown in Fig.5-19.

AR_3p mode on , if the three-phase occasional mal-tripping occurs, whether starting
the reclose or not is determined by the control word, that is the control word of
“AR_CB3”,the “AR_CB3” is setuped to “1” to enable autoreclose. The “AR_CB3” is
setuped to “0” to disenable autoreclose.
“ AR_CB3”
&
CB OPEN
“ INITIATE
3PH A/R” from
“ 1” to “ 0”
≥
≥
Distance trip
& T3p_AR Reclose
“ AR_3p mode”
“ AR_No check”
≥
“ AR_check Syn”
&
Syn condition meet
“ AR_check low U”
&
Low condition voltage
A/R BLOCK
Fig.5-19 CSC-162automatic re-close logic
46
5.13 Broken Conductor Function
This function can be enabled by control word of “BROKEN COND_FUNC”,if the

function is enabled ,and relay will check several conditions to judge Broken
Conductor ,the conditions as below :
1) |Ia-Ib|or|Ib-Ic|or|Ic-Ia| ≥ 0.15In
2) I2 > setting value of “3I2_BROKEN COND”
3) T > setting value of “T_BROKEN COND”
4) no “CB OEN” digital input
Broken Conductor function scheme logic is shown in Fig.5-20.
“ BROKEN COND FUNC”
|Ia-Ib|or|Ib-Ic|
or|Ic-Ia|>0.15In
& “ T_BROKEN COND” Report&Alarm
CB OPEN
I2> “ 3I2_BROEKN COND”
Fig.5-20 Broken Conductor Function logic
47
6. Installation and commissioning

6.1 Unpacking & re-packing
• When dispatched from the factory, the equipment is packed in accordance with
the guidelines laid down in IEC 60255-21, which specifies the impact resistance
of packaging. This packing shall be removed with care, without force to the
equipment and without the use of inappropriate tools.
• The equipment should be visually checked to ensure that there are no external
traces of damage. Verify that the conformity certificates, matched documents,
accessories are consistent with the order requirements, and ensure that the type,
nameplate, numbers of the equipments are perfect and consistent with
encasement sheet.
• The transport packing can be re-used for further transport when applied in the
same way. The storage packing of the individual equipments is not suited to
transport. If alternative packing is used, this must also provide the same degree
of protection against mechanical shock, as laid down in IEC 60255-21-1 class 2
and IEC 60255-21-2 class 1.
• Before initial energization with supply voltage, the equipment shall be situated in
the operating area for at least two hours in order to ensure temperature
equalization and to avoid humidity influences and condensation.
6.2 Mounting
• The equipment ought to be fixed on panel or cabinet, and every connection
bolt of the equipment must be firmed.
• Using earthing coppery wires connect the equipment ground and panel
(cabinet) ground with bus line and verify the earthing is reliably.
• Checking the connection
• The equipment wiring must meet the requirements of wiring scheme.
6.3 Check before power on

• Pull out all the modules, check-up whether the mechanical structure accessory on
the board becomes flexible or there are mechanical damages and whether the
wiring is fastness.
• Check the man-machine interface is connected with faceplate reliable.
• Check the type tag of the equipment on faceplate, the lighting tag, backboard
terminal figure, terminal number tag and nameplate label of the equipment is
intact and right.
• Each module withdrawal and insertion are flexible, spaces between module and
plug slot are suitable right, and the insertion depth is satisfied. Verify the lock-up
is reliable. The slice of current connecter for short circuit ought to be opened
reliably when module is inserted.
• Test insulation resistance in turn between analog circuits and ground, and the
circuits to each others every resistance must not be less than 100 MΩ.
48
Check with power on

• Power supply check
Testing of voltage output value and its stability: Every class output voltage must
be maintained stably as shown in Tab.X when the input voltage of DC power
supply is UN.
Tab.× V
Rating voltage Permissive range
+5 4.8∼5.2
+12 11∼13
−12 −11∼−13
+24 22∼26
▪ Give alarm after power off

Energized DC power supply, the equipment for loss of power alarm ought to
be excited reliably, and its contacts as X11-c16 and X11-a16 must be opened reliably.
Cut off rating DC power supply, the relay for loss of power alarm ought to be lost
magnetism reliably, and its contacts as X11-c16 and X11-a16 must be closed reliably.
7. Operation
7.1 Safety precautions
During the equipment tests and start-up, the general safety regulations applicable to
electrical systems must be complied with. Failure to comply with these regulations
might cause harm to the working staff and damage to property. All the inspections
and tests must only be carried out by specially trained personnel.
• Check the enclosure shell has been grounded reliably and maintain electric
continuity to earth.
• The general safety regulations applicable to equipments must be strictly complied
with.
• Insert or pull out models must be strictly prohibited during the equipment tests
and operation.
• During operation, nobody is allowed to press the keyboard on the panel
optionally.
• During operation, nobody is allowed to operate the following commands:
▪ Test DO;
▪ Modification and write settings;
▪ Set up numbers of running CPU;
▪ Change setting zone;
▪ Change address used communication net.
49
7.2 Dialog with the equipment

Setting operation and interrogation of digital protection systems can be carried
out via the integrated membrane keyboard and display panel located on the front
plate. All the necessary operating parameters can be entered and all the information
can be read out from here. For example display, main menu, debugging menu.
Operation is, additionally, possible via interface socket by means of a personal
computer or similar.
7.2.1 Front view of the relay
Front panel adopts little arc streamline and beelines sculpt, and function keys for
MMI are reasonably distributed in faceplate. Panel layout is shown in Figure 7-1.
CSC£ 1
- 62
Run
Oper at i on
Recl ose
Not Used
Not Used
Not Used
Not Used QUI T SET
Al ar m
SI O
F1 F2 F3 F4 + -
Figure 7-1 Panel layout of CSC-162
7.2.2 Member of keyboard and display panel
The member of keyboard and display panel is externally arranged similar to a

pocked calculator. Figure 7.1 illustrates the front view.
The significance of the keys is explained in detail in the following.
SET
Confirmation key, used to setup or confirm

QUI T
Press this key for loop display. Current screen can be fixed to be displayed
(there is a key mark on the right corner of screen, viz. orientating current screen),
press again to cancel orientating function. Press this key during menu operation to
cancel current operation to return the upper menu. Press this key to return normal
display state to operate other key.
50
, , , : Selecting key, used to select menu on display panel. Use
and to move cursor, and : to change content.
RESET : Used to reset LED of signal and output , return to loop display state.
Four shortcut keys and two function keys under LCD
<<F1>> Press one time, prompt Print the latest event report?
YES NO
If select YES, prompt Format of printed record wave Graph Data to select
graph format or data format to print.
Another function of key <<F1>> Press <F1> to turn screen page downward
to view set values.
<<F2>> Press one time, prompt Print set values of current setting zone?
Another function of key <<F2>> Press <F2> to turn screen page upward to
view set values.
<<F3>> Press one time, prompt Print sampled data?
<<F4>> Press one time, prompt Print device information and status?
<<+>> Function key —The number of setting group +1.
Press one time, prompt Select setting zone to switch:
Current setting zone:xx; Switch setting zone: xx.
<<—>> Function key, The number of setting group -1.
Press one time, prompt Select setting zone to switch:
Current setting zone:xx; Switch setting zone: xx.
SIO jack: 9-pin jack to connect external PC is dedicated interface of debugging
program “CSPC”.
7.2.3 LED’s Explanation
LED of CSC-162 is fixed.

From up to down, the left side of LCD of CSC-162are < Run >, <Operation >,
<Reclose>, <Not Used>, <Not Used>, <Not Used>, <Not Used>, and <Alarm>
light in turn.
(1) < Run >: Lit green under normal operation, flash when protection startup..
(2) <Operation >, Lit red LED after tripping.
(3) <Reclose>, Only for auto re-closure of CSC-162, lit red after operation
(4) (5) (6) (7) <Not Used>
(8)<Alarm>, This is not lit under normal operation. When alarm II (abnormal
alarm) is issued, this light is lit constantly and only the corresponding
protections are out of service, power supply for protection output is not blocked.
51
When alarm I (serious alarm) is issued, this light flash and all protections are
out of service, power supply for protection output is blocked.
7.2.4 Menu structure
Loop display of screen panel in sequence is: year-month-day, hour: minute:

second, Ia, Ib, Ic, 3I0, Ua, Ub, Uc,Ux, P, Q and phasor angle, enabled, current setting
zone, channel state.
Panel display includes loop display, main menu, debugging menu for leaving
factory and window of initiative transporting report.
Main menu has 10 terms in total as shown in Tab.7.1-1. Press SET to enter into
main menu during loop display. Default operation password is 8888.
Tab.7.1-1
Main Sub-menu 1 Sub-menu 2 Explanation
menu
AI Ia, Ib, Ic, 3I0,IN,Ua, Ub, Uc, Ux, IaR, IbR, IcR, 3I0R Select CPU
OpStatus number at first
Status voltage of input 1, voltage of input 2, and output Display magnitude
voltage
Version Display device type and version of CPU
Equipcod Device type and version, factory, I/O, Master MMI and Provide for debug
CPU worker and
engineer to view
DI RESET, CB OPEN, A/R BLOCK, INITIATE 3PH A/R, Display current
B/LBB OPTD, CARR RECEIVED, DIRECT TRIP state of inputs
RECV, CARRIER FAIL, START CBF 3-PH, REM “open” or “close”
ACCESS BLK, RELAY TEST
Measure Ia,Ib,Ic,3I0,IN,Ua,Ub,Uc,Ux IaR,IbR,IcR,3I0R Display magnitude
and phasor
Impen.Z Za ,Zb ,Zc ,Zab ,Zbc ,Zca Complex number,
display magnitude
Settings ProtSet Press SET - select setting zone - press SET to display Input password
all setting firstly
ProtContWd Binary settings can set “1” or “0”.
EquipPara System parameter NOT USED
CommPara BayName: Can input actual line name Setup with ISN or
CSPC
CommAddr Setup address of 485 series ports can not be set to
10H ~ ABH 0, if connected
with protocol of
Ethernet 1: CSN, extension
Ethernet 2: address of
Ethernet 2 is:
10.10.6.124
Time Made Network mode, pulse mode,IRIG- Optional network
B mode, pulse
based on GPS
BaudR485 9600, 19200, 38400 Use UP or DOWN
to select
Query EventRpt Latest Rpt Press SET to view
Report
52
Last 6 Rpts Press SET to view

QueryRpt by Date Ditto
AlarmRpt Last 6 Rpts Ditto
StartRpt Latest Rpt Ditto
Last 6 Rpts Ditto
Log Last 6 Rpts Ditto
Setup SOEReset Manual Receive reset command to reset SOE Reset mode can
Reset be selected
Automatic Receive reset command to reset SOE
Reset automatically in 10s
Protocol V1.20 Protocol CSC2000 used,
V1.10 Protocol This option need
not be set if the
relay
communicates
with IEC60870-5-
103
SetPrint RecPrt Setup for record print: Setup for analog “√” to be selected,
Setup quantities print, such as voltage and current. “×” not to be
Setup for I/O print, such as trip and selected
command etc.
Print Print record automatically, print binary
Mode setting, mode of record print “Data” or
“Graph”
103Type Display current type: F2H Set function
coding of
IEC60870-5-103
ModifyPW Password can be modified Password of
leaving factory:
8888
ProtSet Please select setting zone Connect the
Print EquipPara None printer
Report EventRpt, StartRpt, AlarmRpt ,Log
Setup Print Equipment Setup
Status Analog input, version, digital input, system state,
system code, strap state
AI Analog input
Version CPU version
Equipcode Equipment code
DI Digital input
PrtMeasure Print Measure Data
PrtSample Print Sampling Data, select CPU number at first
ALARM I, ALARMII, 3-Phase Trip, Permanent Trip, Input password at
Test DO Initiate 3PH A/R,CARR Send CH-1, Direct Trip Send, first
CARR Fail Alarm, AR TO Close CB, U/V_O/V-1,
U/V_O/V-2, Start 3-PH CBF, AR Lockout Alarm, VT
Fail, SOTF Alarm, CARR Received, Direct Trip RECV,
Weak End Infeed, PSB Alarm
Set Time Current Year month day hour minute sec Modify with the
Set Year month day hour minute sec key of UP DOWN
LEFT RIGHT
Contrast Test effect Modify contrast with key of UP and DOWN
53
SimuReSig Simu Alarm, Simu Trip, Simu connt, Simu Use √ or × to

Testing DI,TransRecData, Simu MST Alarm select
SwSetGrp Switch setting zone Input password at
ViewDrift Ia,Ib,Ic,3I0,Ua, In, Ub,Uc,Ux, IaR, IbR, IcR, 3I0R first
AdjDrift Ia,Ib,Ic,3I0,Ua, In, Ub,Uc,Ux, IaR, IbR, IcR, 3I0R
ViewScale Ia,Ib,Ic,3I0,Ua, In, Ub,Uc,Ux, IaR, IbR, IcR, 3I0R
AdjScale Ia,Ib,Ic,3I0,Ua, In, Ub,Uc,Ux, IaR, IbR, IcR, 3I0R
PrtSample Print sampled data of nominated CPU
Contrast LCD Contrast Regulation Modify with the
key of UP DOWN
Press QUIT+SET to enter into debugging menu for leaving factory. Input debugging
password, the menu is presented with 8 categories. Select one category to press
SET, more notation is given as shown in Tab.7.1-2.
Tab.7.1-2
Name Function Remarks
Setup CPU CPU1, CPU2…CPU8 Use UP or DOWN
View memory View CPU: MASETR Press SET
View type: EEPROM
Original address: 0000000
View length: 32
Clear Prompt Are you sure to clear Press SET to YES,
configuration configuration? QUIT to NO
Configure Prompt Are you sure to configure? Press SET to YES,
system QUIT to NO
System option Standard interface mode, display of Confirmed with √ and ×
channel info menu, clear configuration of
setting character, clear configuration of
main arrangements, big liquid crystal
mode, new protocol of CSC2000,
communication with CSN/2, print mode of
LON network, LON2 configured, LON1
configured, 485-1 configured, 485-2
configure, record of state quantity taking
byte as unit, transport event of 103
protocol with ASDV1, prohibit transporting
2000 report for Ethernet 1, prohibit
transporting 2000 report for Ethernet 2
Setup Panel LED 1 run, LED 2…LED 8 LED 2…LED 8, Set
LED holding or not holding
with key of UP or
DOWN
Setup Panel Back-light always on Confirmed with √ and ×
back-light Setup delay of back-light 00: 05 :00 Use UP and DOWN to
change time
7.3 Setting the functional parameters

Settings of All relay’s function are listed in a same setting list. The printed setting
sheet consists of two parts — setting list and communication parameters.
54
7.3.1 Setting and calculation
The setting procedure can be ended at any the time by the key “SET” or “QUIT”. If
you press the key “SET”, the display shows the question “choose setting zone”. The
range of setting zone is from 0 to 31. Confirm with the setting zone-key “SET” those
new settings shall be come valid now. If you press the key “QUIT” instead, all
alterations which have been changed since the last. Thus, erroneous alterations can
be made ineffective.
7.3.1.1 Protect setting
The following is the settings of CSC-162

a) Setting sheet is shown in Tab.7-3.
Tab.7-3
NO. Abbr. Unit Setting range
Meaning
(LCD Display)
1. I_abrupt Abrupt current A 0.01~20
2 Through current detect A 0.5~100
I_PS
power swing
3 Zero-sequence reactance No 0~8
Kx
compensation factor
4 Zero-sequence resistance No 0~8
Kr
compensation factor
5 Zero-sequence reactance No 0~8
Km compensation factor for
double line
6 Positive reactance of whole Ω 0.01~200
X_line
line
7 Positive resistance of Ω 0.01~200
R_line
whole line
8 Line length Line length km 0.1~999
9 U_PRIMARY Primary rated voltage kV 30~300
10 CT_PRIMARY Primary rated current kA 0.3~5
11 CT_SECOND A 1 or 5
Secondary rated current
ARY
12 Zone 1 Resistance of earth Ω 0.01~200
R1_pe
distance
13 Zone 1 Reactance of earth Ω 0.01~300
X1_pe
distance relay
14 Resistance of earth Ω 0.01~200
R2_pe
element
15 Reactance of earth Ω 0.01~300
X2_pe
distance relay for Z2
16 Resistance of earth Ω 0.01~200
R3_pe
element
17 Reactance of Z3 earth Ω 0.01~300
X3_pe
distance relay
18 Resistance of Ground Ω 0.01~200
R4_pe
element
55
19 Reactance of Z4 ground Ω 0.01~300

X4_pe
distance relay
20 Delay time of Z2 ground s 0~10
T2_pe
distance relay
T3_pe
distance relay
T4_pe
distance relay
23 R1_pp Resistance of phase-phase Ω 0.01~200
24 Reactance of 1st ph-ph Ω 0.01~300
X1_pp
distance relay
26 Reactance of 2nd ph-ph Ω 0.01~300
X2_pp
distance relay
28 Reactance of 3rd ph-ph Ω 0.01~300
X3_pp
distance relay
30 Reactance of 4th ph-ph Ω 0.01~300
X4_pp
distance relay
31 Delay time of 2nd ph-ph s 0~10
T2_pp
distance relay
32 Delay time of 3rd ph-ph s 0~10
T3_pp
distance relay
33 Delay time of 4th ph-ph s 0~10
T4_pp
distance relay
34 T_PS Time Power Swing no s 0.5~25
NOBLOCKING blocking
35 A 0.1~100
3I0 zero-sequence current
36 Delay time of zero- s 0~10

T0
sequence current
37 Current of inverse time A 0.05~100
3I0_INV zero- sequence current
relay
38 Time factor of inverse time no 0.01~1000
T0_factor
zero-current
39 Index of inverse time zero- No 0.01~8
N0
current
40 Delay of inverse time zero- s 0~10
T0_INV
current
41 Phase angle for ° 10~50
ψ_AR synchronization check (degre
(auto re-closure) e)
42 delay time of 3-phase s 0~10
T3p_ AR
reclosure
43 Reclaim Time (auto re- s 5~25
T_Reclaim
closure)
44 OV1_pe 1st stage Over voltage V 1~120
45 OV2_pe 2nd stage Over voltage V 1~120
46 1st stage Over voltage s 0~60
Tov1_pe
Delay time
56
47 2nd stage Over voltage s 0~60

Tov2_pe
Delay time
48 UV1_pe 1st stage Under voltage V 1~60
49 UV2_pe 2nd stage Under voltage V 1~60
50 1st stage Under voltage s 0~60
Tuv1_pe
Delay time
51 2nd stage Under voltage s 0~60
Tuv2_pe
Delay time
52 Ioc_pe Over current A 0.05~100
53 Toc_pe Over current Delay time s 0~10
54 Current of inverse time A 0.05~100
Ioc_INV
over current relay
55 Time factor of inverse time no 0.01~1000
Toc_factor
over current
56 Index of inverse time over No 0.01~8
Noc
current
57 Delay of inverse time over s 0~10
Toc_INV
current
58 Startup Current of Breaker A 0.1~100
I_CBF
FAIL
59 T_CBF Delay time of I_BF s 0~2
60 3I2_BROKEN Negative sequence current A 0.2~10
COND of Broken Conductor
61 T_BROKEN Delay time of Broken s 1~10
COND Conductor
b) Binary setting
The following Binary setting can be set “on” or “off”.

Tab.7-4
NO. Name Setting describe
1. VT_line Connect to line VT
2. VT_bus Connect to bus VT
3. CBF_FUNC Operating mode breaker FAIL protection
4. OC_FUNC Operating mode over current protection.
5. Operating mode inverse time over current
OC_INV FUNC
protection.
6. OC_INV DIR Directional element of inverse time over current
7. OV1_FUNC Operating mode Vph-e > over voltage protection
8. Operating mode Vph-e >> over voltage
OV2_FUNC
protection
9. Operating mode Vph-e < Under voltage
UV1_FUNC
protection
10. Operating mode Vph-e << Under voltage
UV2_FUNC
protection
11. BROKEN COND_FUNC Broken Conductor function enabled
12. Feeder_FUNC Weak-source function enabled
13. PUR mode Permissive Under reach mode enabled
57
NO. Name Setting describe

14. POR mode Permissive Over reach mode enabled
15. Z1_FUNC Operating mode first zone distance protection
16. Z2_FUNC Operating mode second zone distance protection
17. Z3_FUNC Operating mode third zone distance protection
18. Z4_FUNC Operating mode fourth zone distance protection
19. Reverse_Z4 Fourth zone distance relay is settable for reverse
20. Forward_Z4 Fourth zone distance relay is settable for forward
21. Blocking first zone distance relay when power
Z1_PS blocking
swing
22. Blocking second zone distance relay when power
Z2_PS blocking
swing
23. Blocking third zone distance relay when power
Z3_PS blocking
swing
24. Blocking fourth zone distance forward relay when
Z4_PS blocking
power swing
25. 3I0_FUNC Operating mode zero current protection.
26. Operating mode inverse time zero current
3I0_INV FUNC
protection.
27. 3I0_INV DIR Directional element of inverse time zero current
28. AR_3p mode Operating mode three-phase reclose protection.
29. AR_No check Automatic reclosure without checking
30. AR_check low U Automatic reclosure lower voltage check enabled
31. Automatic reclosure synchronization check
AR_check Sync
enabled
32. Reclosing caused 3-pole occasional opened
AR_CB3
enabled
7.3.1.2 Explanation of part settings
1) The setting values are all secondary values if there is no special note.
Impedance setting is set according to positive impedance of line. Zero-
sequence current is 3I0.
2) I_abrupt: 0.2In is commonly recommended.
3) In general, the primary value of settings “I_abrupt, I_PS” must be consistent
of both sides of one line. However, for some special instance, if the sensitivity
difference between protections of both sides is too large, the settings of both
sides may also be different.
4) “I_PS”: Set by avoiding the maximum load current.
5) Reactance compensation factor: Calculated based on the actual line
parameters, setting value ought to be less than or close to calculation value.
KX = (X0-X1 ) / 3X1
6) Resistance compensation factor: Calculated based on the actual line
parameters, setting value ought to be less than or close to calculation value.
58
KR = (R0- R1) / 3R1

7) Mutual inductance factor: Calculated based on the actual line parameters,
setting value ought to be less than or close to calculation value. X0m is zero
sequence mutual inductance reactance with the double lines. 3X1 is positive
reactance that protection equipment locates the line.
Km= X0m/ 3X1
8) Line positive reactance and resistance: Set according to secondary values of
actual line parameters.
9) Line length: Equal to actual length.
10) Primary rated voltage: Set to be actual rated primary voltage of VT, unit is kV.
Secondary rated voltage need not to be set, which is considered as 110V for
the protection.
11) Primary rated current: Set to be the rated primary current whose unit is kA.
12) Secondary rated current: There are two specifications of rated secondary
current, 1A or 5A.
13) Zone 1 Resistance of earth distance: Set to avoid load impedance. its set
setting, whose basic principle is that it is set according to ground fault with
25Ω path resistance near bus for short line and not being larger than half
setting of 1st zone ground reactance for long line. The detail calculation is
shown as below.
R1 = min{R1-pe, max{ X1_pe /2, 25/LZ+ R_line }, 8 X1_pe }
Where:
R1: Actual setting of ground resistance
R1_pe: Set setting of 1st zone ground resistance
X1_pe: Set setting of 1st zone ground reactance
LZ: Convert coefficient of primary impedance and secondary impedance.
Compare between ratio of VT and that of CT. Resistance 25Ω is referred to
the primary value.
R_line: resistance component of positive impedance of full line
14) Reactance of 1st ground distance relay: according to 0.8~0.85 times of
positive reactance of full line, it must be lessened properly for lines with
mutual inductance.
15) Zone 2 Resistance of earth distance and Zone 3 Resistance of earth
distance: Set to avoid load impedance.
16) Reactance and delay time of 2nd ground distance relay: Set to be satisfied
with sensitivity and the matched requirements for terminal faults that protect
equipment locate line.
17) Reactance and delay time of 3rd ground distance relay: Set to be satisfied
59
18) Reactance and delay time of 4th ground distance relay: Set to be satisfied
19) Zone 1 Resistance of earth distance: Set to avoid load impedance. As the
setting range of ph-ph resistance component is usually set to be rather large
due to avoiding load impedance, resistance setting employed by 1st zone ph-
ph distance relay is lessened relatively on the basis of its set setting, whose
basic principle is that it is set according to ph-ph fault with 15Ω path
resistance near bus for short line and not being larger than half setting of 1st
zone ph-ph reactance for long line. The detail calculation is shown as below.
Rx = min{ R1_pp, max{ X1_pp/2, 15/LZ+ R_line }, 8 X1_pp }
Where, R1 ─actual used setting of 1st zone ph-ph resistance
R1_pp─set setting of ph-ph resistance
X1_pp─set setting of 1st zone ph-ph reactance
LZ: Convert coefficient of primary impedance and secondary impedance.
Compare between ratio of VT and that of CT. Resistance 25Ω is referred to
the primary value.
R_line ─resistance component of positive impedance of full line
8XX1─ the point of intersection created by down bias of impedance
characteristics at the first quadrant and axis R in complex plane.
Note: R1 is obtained by the relay itself calculation according to the above
formula.
20) Reactance of 1st ph-ph distance relay: according to 0.8~0.85 times of
positive reactance of full line, it must be lessened properly for lines with
mutual inductance.
21) Reactance and delay time of 2nd ph-ph distance relay: Set to be satisfied
with sensitivity and the matched requirement for terminal fault that protect
22) Reactance and delay time of 3rd ph-ph distance relay: Set to be satisfied
with sensitivity and the matched requirement for terminal fault that protect
23) Reactance and delay time of 4th ph-ph distance relay: Set to be satisfied with
sensitivity and the matched requirement for terminal fault that protect
24) T_PS NOBLOCKING: Time Power Swing no blocking. Distance trip that it
don’t need open condition after relay startup for “T_PS NOBLOCKING”.
60
25) Current of the zero-current relay: Set to avoid the maximum zero-current at
ground fault of current line end.
26) Settings of inverse time zero-current relay: Standard inverse time curve is
recommended.
27) “ψ_AR”: The permissive biggest phase differences between bus voltage and
line voltage under synchronization check mode.
28) Current threshold of zero-current auxiliary pickup element need not be set
independently, which is created automatically considering sensitivity
coefficient according to the minimum of the settings of fourth stage of zero-
current and pilot zero-current.
29) “I_CBF”: Startup Current of Breaker FAIL, The setting is phase current.
7.3.1.3 Explain of binary setting
1) Conditions of enable weak-source function (including weak-source trip): If

one terminal is power source while another one is weak-source, weak-
source function of line protection at weak-source terminal must be enabled,
but that at power source should not be enabled. When both terminals are all
power source, one terminal may be changed into weak-source due to
operation mode changed, then, this terminal needs to be enabled the weak-
source function while the remote should not be enabled that. That is only one
of both terminals is enabled this bit.
2) POR mode: If this bit is set to “on”, bits “Blocking mode” and “PUR mode”
must be set to “off”. Under this mode, if zone2 of distance act relay need
send permissive signal, close the contacts of sending signal to send
permissive signal, if need to stop sending permissive signal, open the
contacts of sending signal to stop sending permissive signal.
3) PUR mode: If this bit is set to “on”, bits “Blocking mode” and “POR mode”
must be set to “off”. Under this mode, if zone2 of distance act relay need
send permissive signal, close the contacts of sending signal to send
permissive signal, if need to stop sending permissive signal, open the
contacts of sending signal to stop sending permissive signal.
4) Distance protection function enabled: zone 1, zone 2, zone 3 and zone4 can
separately enabled.
5) Reverse_Z4 and forward_Z4: zone4 of distance can be select act for reverse
direction or forward direction.
6) Power swing Blocking: zone 1, zone 2, zone 3 and zone4 can separately
select to blocking or unblocking during power swing. When the bit is set to
“on”, distance relay must be enabled by power swing blocking elements after
61
abrupt current startup element has been operating for 150ms or loss of
stability detector operates. If the bit is set to “off”, zone distance relay is
enabled from startup to whole system reset.
7) Zero protection function enabled: definite time and inverse time zero current
can separately enabled.
8) Inverse time zero-current direction enabled: If this bit is set to “on”, inverse
time zero-current trip when fault occur at forward direction. If this bit is set to
“off”, inverse time zero-current can trip whatever fault occurs at forward
direction or inverse direction.
9) Over current protection function enabled: definite time and inverse time over
current can separately enabled.
10) Inverse time over current direction enabled: If this bit is set to “on”, inverse
time over current trip when fault occur at forward direction. If this bit is set to
“off”, inverse time over current can trip whatever fault occurs at forward
direction or inverse direction.
11) Bits of no check enabled, lower voltage check enabled and synchronization
check enabled: All of these three modes are autoreclosure check modes, if
anyone of them is set to “on”, the others must be set to “off”.
7.3.2 Communication parameters
The communication parameters of CSC-162series system are all the same.

Each meaning of them and their setup methods are shown in Tab.7-5.
Tab.7-5
No. Parameter Range Setup method Remark
01 Current setting zone 00~31 Use <<+>>and << —>> Current number of setting
keys on faceplate to modify zone
current setting zone
number
02 Device address 10~ABH Enter into menu system Address range:10~ABH
setup—communication
address—Lon network and
485 address
+03 Baud rate of series 9600 Means that baud rate of (192000 and 38400 can be
port RS485 is 9600 set)
04 Bay Name Set actual line name by CSPC program or Character numbers of line
ISN on panel name can not be larger
than 30
05 Type of 103 F2H Enter into menu system function code of CSC-162
setup—101 function type is F2H
to set IEC60870-5-103
function code
06 Time Mode Network Enter into menu system Optional network mode,
mode, pulse setup—timing mode pulse mode based on GPS
mode
62
No. Parameter Range Setup method Remark

07 Protocol type Communicati Enter into menu system CSC-2000 protocol can be
on protocol setup—protocol option selected for LON net or
V1.20 Ethernet. This option need
Communicati not be disposed when
on protocol information of IEC60870-5-
V1.10 103 protocol are output
from port 485.
08 SOE reset Manual reset, Enter into menu system Optional manual reset
automatic setup—SOE reset (receive reset command to
reset reset SOE) or automatic
reset (reset SOE in 10s)
09 Address of Ethernet ***.***.***.*** Enter into menu system Set according to local
1 (net section setup—communication condition, can not be the
1.2.3.4) address—Ethernet 1 same as section 2 or 3
Ethernet 2
10 Address of Ethernet ***.***.***.*** Enter into menu system Set according to local
2 (net section setup—communication condition, can not be the
1.2.3.4) address—Ethernet 2 same as section 2 or 3
Ethernet 1. If it is
connected to CSN protocol
switched case to extend
RS-485, address of
Ethernet 2 must be set as:
10.10.6.124
7.4 Annunciations
7.4.1Event reports
Event reports are shown in Tab.7-6.

Tab.7-6
No. Abbr. Meaning
(LCD Display)
1 Relay Startup Protection startup
2 Z Startup Impedance element startup
3 3I0 Startup Zero-current startup
4 I_PS Startup current startup for Power swing
5 Z1 Trip Zone I distance relay trip
6 Z2 Trip Zone II distance relay trip
7 Z3 Trip Zone III distance relay trip
8 Z4 Trip Zone IV distance relay trip
9 Z Trip_SOTF distance relay speed up trip after switching on to fault (SOTF)
10 RE- Trip NO AR Permanent trip for 3-ph FAIL to trip
11 Fault Location Fault location
12 Z Location Impedance of fault location
13 3I0 Trip zero-current relay trip
14 3I0 Trip_SOTF Zero-current relay speed up trip after switching on to fault (SOTF)
15 Reclose Re-closing operation
16 AR fail FAIL to reclose
17 3P Trip Start AR Reclosing caused by 3-phase tripping (3T)
18 AR_CB(3) Re-closing caused three-pole occasional opened
19 AR_Blk for 3T 3-phase tripping blocking auto re-closing
20 O/V1 Trip 1st stage Over voltage trip
63
21 O/V2 Trip 2nd stage Over voltage trip

22 U/V1 Trip 1st stage Over voltage trip
23 U/V2 Trip 2nd stage Over voltage trip
24 OC Trip Over current trip
25 SYN phase Change Synchronization phase change phase-A(B,C)
26 Start 3-PH CBF Three phase breaker FAIL startup
27 Pilot Trip Pilot protection trip
28 A/R Block Blocking auto reclose
29 Z Send Signal Transmitting signal by pilot impedance
30 CBO Send Signal Transmitting signal by current breaker open(CBO)
31 Weak Send Signal Transmitting signal by pilot protection at Weak feeder (WF)
32 3I0_INV Trip Inverse zero-current trip
33 DI AR_BLK Input of block auto-reclose
34 Direct Trip Send Input of “B/LBB OPTD”
35 Direct Trip RECV Input of “Direct Trip RECV”
36 OC Startup Over current startup
37 OC Trip Over current trip
7.4.2 Alarm report
a) Alarm I is shown in Tab.7-7a.

Tab.7-7a
No. Abbr. Meaning
(LCD Display)
1 Sample Err Sampling data of analog input (AI) are error.
2 EquipPara Err Equipment parameter is error.
3 ROM Verify Err CRC verification to sum of ROM of CPU is error.
4 Setting Err Setting value is error
5 Set Group Err Pointer of setting group is error
6 DO No Response Digital output (DO) has no response.
7 DO Breakdown Digital output (DO) is of breakdown.
8 DO EEPROM Err EEPROM of digital output (DO) is error.
b) Alarm II is shown in Tab.7-7b.

Tab. 7-7b
No. Abbr. Meaning
(LCD Display)
1 DI Comm Fail Communication failure in digital input (DI)
2 DO Comm Fail Communication failure in digital output (DO)
3 Test DO Un-reset Digital output (DO)-test has not been reset.
4 DI Breakdown Digital input (DI) is of breakdown.
5 DI Input Err The input of digital input (DI) is error.
2-position input discordance, i.e. status of NC and NO
6 NO/NC Discord
discord.
7 DI Check Err Self-checking circuit of digital input (DI) is error.
8 DI EEPROM Err EEPROM of digital input (DI) is error.
9 SRAM Check Err SRAM self-checking is error.
10 FLASH Check Err Flash self-checking is error.
11 DI Config Err Digital input configuration is error.
12 DO Config Err Digital output configuration is error.
13 VT Fail Loss of measure voltage
14 Overload line load current more than the setting of “I_PS”
64
15 CARR Fail Alarm Check input of “CARRIER FAIL”

16 CT Fail Loss of measure current
Three phase auxiliary contacts of CB is detected, and
17 CB Open Err
phase A has current, this alarm is sent out.
During system normal operation, under synchronism
check for auto-reclose modes, if the voltages between
18 SYN Voltage Err
line and bus can not meet the setting synchronism
condition, alarms.
If three-phase current or voltage is not positive sequence
19 3-PH SEQ Err
during normal operation, this alarms.
Calibration regulated, input values are not consistent with
20 AI Err
basic value. Regulate calibration again.
21 3I0 Reverse Phasor of external 3I0 and self-calculate 3I0 are reverse.
Current exists in 5s after permanent trip is sent out,
22 Re-Trip Fail
alarms.
If 3rd harmonic of voltage is excessive during normal
23 Harmonic Alarm
operation, alarms.
If any two kinds of blocking mode, PUR mode and POR
24 Pilot FUNC Alarm
mode are enabled at the same time, alarms.
Two kinds of synchronization check, no-voltage check
25 AR FUNC Alarm and no-synchronization are enabled at the same time,
alarms.
26 Config Err Replace corresponding CPU module
If two kinds of VT_line, VT_bus are enabled at the same
27 VT Choice Alarm
time, alarms.
If two kinds of Reverse_Z4, Forward_Z4 are enabled at
28 Z4 Choice Alarm
the same time, alarms.
29 Broken Conductor Check line
30 DI_CBF Err Input of “START CBF 3-PH” is error.
c) Alarm messages of Master module are shown in Tab. 7-8a.
Tab. 7-8a
No. Report Detail Solutions
1 Communication Communication CPU working abnormlity or CAN
Fail failure network communication error.
Check CPU working status, or
check CAN network on backboard.
2 DevPara Discord Device Solidify parameter once more, and
parameter power on again, this alarm should
discordance disappear
3 SetGroup Setting group Switch setting zone once more,
Discord discordance and power on again, this alarm
should disappear
4 Setting Discord Setting Solidify setting once more, and
discordance power on again, this alarm should
disappear
5 Connector Connector On or off strap once more, and
Discord discordance power on again, this alarm should
disappear
LON1 Comm Fail LON1 If LON1 need not be configured,
6 Communication cancel configuration of LON1 from
failure system option menu of debugging
menu for leaving factory, and
power on again. This alarm should
65
disappear. If LON1 needs to be

configured, it is necessary to
replace MD3120 chip
7 LON2 Comm Fail LON2 If LON2 need not be configured,
Communication cancel configuration of LON2 from
failure system option menu of debugging
menu for leaving factory, and
power on again. This alarm should
disappear. If LON2 needs to be
configured, it is necessary to
replace MD3120 chip
8 Write Set Fail Write setting Write setting again
failure
9 Write DevPara Write device Write device parameter again
Fail parameter failure
No responsion for It is possible that the address of two CPU modules are
summoning CPU the same, one of CPU modules is not inserted or is
configuration connected badly.
Alarm code ×× One of CPU modules is disenabled.
66
7.4.3 Operating reports
Operating reports are shown in Tab. 7-8b.

Tab. 7-8b
No. Abbr. Meaning
(LCD Display)
1 SwSetGroup OK Successful to switch setting group.
2 Write Set OK Successful to write setting values.
3 WriteEquipParaOK Successful to write equipment parameter.
4 WriteConfig OK Successful to write configuration.
5 AdjScale OK Successful to adjust scale of analog input (AI).
6 ClrConfig OK Successful to clear configuration.
7 VT OK VT becoming normality
8 Test DO OK Successful to digital output (DO) drive-test.
9 DI Change Status of digital input (DI) has changed.
10 AdjDrift OK Successful to adjust zero drift of analog input (AI).
SYN Phase Synchronization phase change phase-A(or B, C)
11
Change
12 A/R Block Blocking reclosing
13 AR_BLK For 3T 3-phase tripping blocking reclosing
14 CBO Stop Signal Stopping signal by circuit breaker open(CBO)
15 CBO Send Signal Transmitting signal by circuit breaker open(CBO)
16 B/LBB OPTD Stopping signal by input of “B/LBB OPTD”
17 Direct Trip RECV input of “Direct Trip RECV”
7.5 Testing and commissioning
7.5.1 Analog channel check
Before the device leaves factory, zero drift and calibration have been regulated,
only examination needs in locale. To examine calibration, enter into measuring
quantities or analog quantities menu at first, then enter into analog quantities menu
to do it. If they don’t meet requirements, regulate them according to the following
methods. Notice to increase the setting value of startup elements.
7.5.1.1 Zero drift check
To regulate zero drift, disconnect the device with testing instrument or standard
source to ensure not any input in AC terminal of the device. Enter into main menu—
testing—AdjDrift, select all, and confirm it, then zero drift regulation can be
performed. If regulation succeeds, report “AdjDrift OK”. After this, select main
menu—testing—ViewDrift, current channel must be less than 0.1A (rated value of CT
67
5A) or 0.02A (rated value of CT 1A), voltage channel must be less than 0.1V.
7.5.1.2 Regulate calibration
Connect input terminals of voltage UA, UB, UC and UX together, and connect UN
and UX’ together, employ testing instrument with grade 0.5 and the above whose
outputs UA and UN are connected to protection terminals X3-a10 and b10. Current
outputs of testing instrument are connected to protection terminals X3-a1 and b4,
and current terminals of the protection are in series by polarity terminal. Enter into
main menu—testing—AdjScale, press keys <<up down left right>>and <<SET>> to
select all, set the regulation value to In and 50V, output AC quantities from testing
instrument to the protection system, then confirm these to execute. If fail to operate,
LCD displays analog channel error and the number of error channel. Check whether
connection, standard value and version are right or not.
7.5.1.3 Precision and linearity testing for analog
After finishing calibration and zero drift regulation, measure linear error using
testing instrument with grade 0.5 and the abover, and write down testing result.
Requirements: For secondary rated current 5A of CT, input currents 25A, 10A (the
lasting time of the abover two is unallowed to exceed 10s), 2A, 1A and 0.4A
respectively. For secondary rated current 1A of CT, input currents 5A, 2A, 0.5A, 0.2A
and 0.08A. Supply voltage 60V, 30V, 5V, 1V and 0.4V respectively. Observe LCD
display or enter into main menu—testing—ViewScale, ask that the difference
between LCD display value and external meter is less than 0.1V for 0.4V and 1V of
voltage channel, the others are less than 2.5%, and current channel error is less than
0.02In for 0.08In and 0.2In, the others are less than 2.5%.
7.5.2 Configuration of operation and memory functions
Switch on DC power supply, the setting steps are described as follows to initialize
CPU.
Press “QUIT” and “SET” at the same time, enter into debugging menu.
a) Enter into the menu of “CPU setup”, enable CPU1 press the key of SET to save.
And energize the device once again.
b) Enter main menu- Set Time, use square keyboard to set clock to current time.
Then return to the normal display LCD screen, observe whether the running clock is
normal or not. Cut off DC power supply for 5 min, then switch on, check the time and
date displayed in LCD screen to conform that the clock is running and nicety during
power turnoff.
68
d) Enter into main menu—testing—SwSetGrp, switch to a zone of the most

common use such as zone 00.
e) Enter into main menu—settings—prot., write protection setting, the default
written zone is 00.
f) Enter into main menu—setup—CommAddr
Set the address of Lon network and RS-485 port whose range is 10H~ABH
(the address of our device can not be repeated)
Examine that “the address of Ethernet 1” and “that of Ethernet 2”are not set to
be 0.
g) Enter into main menu—setup—BayName, input the actual name and serial
number of line by means of ISN (internal statement number)(as shown at
appendix) on faceplate (or directly input by CSPC program).
h) Enter into main menu—setup—Protocol to select a kind of time
synchronization mode.
If timing mode of minute pulse or that of second pulse is selected, symbol “*”
is displayed at top right corner of LCD after GPS timing succeeds.
I) Enter into main menu-setup-SetPrint-RecPrt Setup (setup already when
leaving factory, just examine and confirm it), press SET, the following is
displayed.
Select CPU
CSC-162
Press SET to display the following:
Select record type
Print setup for analog quality(shown
in Tab. 7-9-a)
Print setup for digital input (shown in
Tab. 7-9-b)
Tab. 7-9-a
Analog quality Type B Analog quality Type B Analog quality Type B
Ia √ Ua √ Ia R ×
Ib √ Ub √ Ib R ×
Ic √ Uc √ Ic R ×
3I 0 √ 3U0_COUNT √ 3 I0 R ×
IN √ Ux √
Tab. 7-9-b
Name description CSC-162
Relay Startup Relay startup √
Three Phase Trip A-phase trip √
69
Permanent Trip Permanent trip √

CARR Send Send signal √
CB Open A phase auxiliary contacts of CB, √
Reclose Relay Reclose √
B/LBB OPTD Input of other relay action √
CARR Received signal input √
Direct Trip REC Input of direct trip √
Initiate 3PH A/R Input of Reclose picked by other relay three- √
pole trip
A/R Block Blocking reclose √
Start 3-PH CBF Output of Start 3-PH CBF √
U/V&O/V-1 Trip Output of the first stage undervoltage or √
overvoltage
U/V&O/V-2 Trip Output of the second stage undervoltage or √
overvoltage
Note: where “√” means that the corresponding input is selected while “×” is not
selected, blank means none.
Enter into main menu-setup-SetPrint-Print Mode, press SET to display the
following:
Print Mode
AutoPrt RecValue √
PrintContWd √
RecPrintMode Grap
RelayTestOn,PrtRec X
If “Print record automatically” is set to “√”, record wave will be printed after fault. If it
is set to “×”, only fault reports will be printed while record wave will not, and record
wave need to be fetched. If Print control word is set to “√”, contents of control word
can be printed, if “×”, contents of control word cannot be printed. Print format of record
data can be set to format of “wave” or “data” with <<UP>> and <<DOWN>> keys.
The recommended setup is “Print record automatically”, “Print control word” and “Print
format of record data” set to wave. If the protection operating results have some
questions, suggest that set “Print format of record data” to “data” at first, then,
print a record wave again (or use shortcut key F1 to directly print the latest one
of record data), after that, device testing can be followed. This can avoid losing
data, and causing disadvantage for furthermore analysis.
J) Check version of software
Enter into main menu—OpStatus—EquipCod, write down the device type,
version of each software and code of CRC, check the version consistent with the
valid version.
k) Check print function
1) main menu—Print—ProtSet Enter into this menu, select setting zone to print
70
setting. The printer ought to print correctly.

2) main menu—Print—Report Enter into this menu, select report or operation
record to print, the printer ought to print correctly.
3) Enter into main menu—Print—Setup, select such as running state, system
parameters and sampled data print etc respectively to print.
4) Testing print function of shortcut key on front panel: Use shortcut key on the
faceplate to print, the printer ought to print normally.
7.5.3 Configuration of the protective functions
Protection functions of CSC-162 are fixed.
7.5.4 Check binary inputs, binary outputs and LED indicators
The function of the binary inputs and outputs represented in the general diagrams
relate to the factory settings. The assignment of the inputs and outputs of the internal
functions can be rear ranged and thus adapted to the on-site conditions.
7.5.4.1Check binary inputs
a) Enter into main menu—OpStatus—DI, check the current state of each digital
input.
Connect +110V or +220V for X6:c2~c26 terminals and Connect +24V for
X6:a2~a26 terminals shown in Tab.11 as bellow, the corresponding inputs displayed
on the faceplate are valid. If certain input is error, check the corresponding optical
isolator, resistance etc are false welded, welded in reverse, or damaged.
Tab. 11
Name of input description DC voltage Terminals
RESET Reset signal +24V X6:a26
CB OPEN Input of circuit breaker open DC + X6: c10
A/R BLOCK Blocking auto reclose DC + X6: c26
INITIATE 3-PH A/R Initiate three phase reclose DC + X6: c22
B/LBB OPTD Input of other relay action DC + X6: c20
CARR RECIEVED Input of signal DC + X6: c18
DIRECT TRIP RECV Input of direct trip DC + X6: c24
CARRIER FAIL Input of carrier fail DC + X6: c16
Input of initiate three phase DC + X6: c12
START CBF 3-PH
circuit breaker failure
Input of blocking remote +24V X6: a22
REM ACCESS BLK
control
RELAY TEST Test relay +24V X6: a24
71
7.5.4.2Check binary outputs
Enter into main menu—Test Do to performs digital output test. When digital
output test is made, the contacts of the corresponding relay ought to operate with
lighting signal while other contacts do not operate. Press button RESET on the
faceplate to reset the drived output. Test results should be consistent with the
following table.
The output test of CSC-162 is shown in Tab.13
Tab. 13
NO. Item Contacts for Panel Lights to be in To be displayed Conclusion
connection ON status on MMI
ALARM I X9:c22-a22 Flash of “Run” Test DO OK
ALARM I
1 X9:c24-a24 lamp
X6:c30-a30 Flash of “Alarm”
X6:c32-a32 lamp
Power ON of X6:c32-a32 Flash of “Alarm”
equipment after OFF
X9:c22-a22 lamp
2 ALARM II X9:c26-a26 Flash of “Run” Test DO OK
ALARM II
X9:c28-a28 lamp
Light-on of
“Alarm” lamp
Power ON of X9:c26-a26 Light-on of
equipment after OFF
“Alarm” lamp
3 3- Phase Trip X7:a4-a16 Flash of “Run” Test DO OK
3- Phase Trip
X7:c4-c16 lamp
X8:c22-a22 Light-on of
X8:c24-a24 “Operation” lamp
X9:c16-a16
equipment after OFF
“Operation” lamp
72

4 Permanent Trip X7:a4-a16 Flash of “Run” Test DO OK
Permanent Trip
X7:c4-c16 lamp
X7:a4-a18 Light-on of
X7:c4-c18 “Operation” lamp
X8:c22-a22
X8:c24-a24
X9:c16-a16
equipment after OFF
“Operation” lamp
5 Initiate 3PH A/R X7:a30-c30 Flash of “Run” Test DO OK
Initiate 3PH
X7:a32-c32 lamp A/R
Power ON of N/A
equipment after OFF
6 CARR Send CH-1 X8:c2-a2 Flash of “Run” Test DO OK
CARR Send
X8:c4-a4 lamp CH-1
Power ON of N/A
equipment after OFF
7 Direct Trip Send X8:c6-a6 Flash of “Run” Test DO OK
Direct Trip
X8:c8-a8 lamp Send
Power ON of N/A
equipment after OFF
8 CARR Fail Alarm X8:c26-a26 Flash of “Run” Test DO OK
CARR Fail
X8:c28-a28 lamp Alarm
Light-on of
“Alarm” lamp
Power ON of X8:c26-a26
equipment after OFF
9 AR TO Close CB X8:c30-a30 Flash of “Run” Test DO OK
AR TO Close
X8:c32-a32 lamp CB
X9:c2-a2 Light-on of
X9:c4-a4 “Reclose” lamp
73

equipment after OFF
“Reclose” lamp
10 U/V_O/V-1 X10:c26-a26 Flash of “Run” Test DO OK
U/V_O/V-1
X10:c28-a28 lamp
equipment after OFF
11 U/V_O/V-2 X10:c30-a30 Flash of “Run” Test DO OK
U/V_O/V-2
X10:c32-a32 lamp
equipment after OFF
12 Start 3-PH CBF X10:c14-a14 Flash of “Run” Test DO OK
Start 3-PH CBF
X10:c16-a16 lamp
X10:c22-a22
X10:c24-a24
equipment after OFF
13 AR Lockout Alarm X8:c10-a10 Flash of “Run” Test DO OK
AR Lockout
X8:c12-a12 lamp Alarm
Power ON of N/A
equipment after OFF
14 VT Fail X8:c14-a14 Flash of “Run” Test DO OK
VT Fail
lamp
Power ON of N/A
equipment after OFF
15 Broken Conductor X8:c18-a18 Flash of “Run” Test DO OK
Broken
lamp Conductor
Power ON of N/A
equipment after OFF
74

16 SOTF Alarm X9:c6-a6 Flash of “Run” Test DO OK
SOTF Alarm
lamp
Power ON of N/A
equipment after OFF
17 CARR Received X9:c10-a10 Flash of “Run” Test DO OK
CARR
X9:c12-a12 lamp Received
Power ON of N/A
equipment after OFF
18 Direct Trip RECV X9:c18-a18 Flash of “Run” Test DO OK
Direct Trip
X9:c20-a20 lamp RECV
Power ON of N/A
equipment after OFF
19 Weak End Infeed X9:c32-a32 Flash of “Run” Test DO OK
Weak End
lamp Infeed
Power ON of N/A
equipment after OFF
20 PSB Alarm X9:c18-a18 Flash of “Run” Test DO OK
PSB Alarm
lamp
Power ON of N/A
equipment after OFF
Note:
1. In the status of output drive, push RES button and relevant lights are off, relevant normally open contacts
switch off and normally close contacts switch on.
7.6 Commissioning using primary tests
7.6.1Testing operating value and measuring operating time of protection

system
Short b1~b4 of AC module X3, IA, IB, IC and IN outputs of testing instrument are
75
connected to terminals X3-a1, X3-a2, X3-a3 and X3-a4 of the device, input rated
current and three-phase symmetry voltage 50 via a11, a10, b10 and b11 of X3
respectively, short b9 with b11 and a9 with a11, each phase voltage leads each
phase current phase angle 60°respectively, check LCD loop display or enter into
main menu—OpStatus—Measure to view, phase difference of A-, B-, and C-phase
voltage must be 120°, and phase difference of A-, B-, and C-phase current must be
120°. One phase current must lag the corresponding phase voltage 60°(angle error ≤
3°). Otherwise, check the device of AC module connection.
Input three-phase symmetry voltage 50V, and rated current only to phase A which
lags phase A voltage 60°, observe the display of amplitude and angle of 3I0 which
must be the same as IA, otherwise, check the device of AC module connection.
7.6.2 Test Methods
The test is performed according to the method simulating sudden faults. Before
simulating faults near bus, the rated voltage must be given at first, and fault current is
I, fault lasts 100-150ms.
7.6.3 Protection system test
Input settings according to the setting advice note or typical settings and write
them to certain zone at first. Then make tests according to Tab.14.
Tab.14
Relay Fault type Fault analog Operation Remark
quantities
Distan Simulate A, B, C to U=m*I* Xn_pe Note: enable
ce ground (1+KX) Reliable operation zone 1, 2 or 3
relay instantaneous m=0.95 Reliable non- of distance
fault, check zone m=1.05 operation relay
1, 2, and 3 of m=0.7 For zone 1 respectively, in
ground distance (RD=0) tdz≤30ms. For zone the equation,
relay, mentioned in 2 and 3, error n=1, 2, 3, KX
note (d) (I=In) between tdz and the is residual
settings ≤20ms compensation
coefficient of
reactance
component.
Xn_pe and RD
are the
reactance and
resistance
settings of
ground
distance relay.
Xn_pp and RX
are the
reactance and
resistance
settings of
76 phase-to-
Simulate AB, BC, U=m*I*Xn_pp

CA phase-to- (RX=0) Reliable operation
phase m=0.95 Reliable non-
instantaneous m=1.05 operation
fault, check zone m=0.7 For zone 1
1, 2, and 3 of ph- tdz≤30ms. For zone
to-ph distance 2 and 3, error
relay, (I=In) between tdz and the
settings ≤20ms
a) calculation formula for single-phase-to-ground distance relay

Uψ Uψ
: X_ pe = (ϕ=90°) R _ pe = (ϕ=0°).
Iψ + KX × 3I 0 Iψ + KR * 3I 0
b) calculation formula for phase-to-phase distance relay: X = Uψψ (ϕ=90°) R = Uψψ (ϕ=0°)
Iψψ Iψψ
c) For testing ground distance relay, if the employed relay-testing instrument has
compensation coefficient KX and KR, input their values according to the actual settings.
If the relay-testing instrument just provides compensation coefficient KL=(Z0-Z1) /3Z1,
need the testing worker to input the real part and imaginary part of KL which are
different from KR and KX of the relay settings, all the compensation coefficient of the
testing instrument and the relay can be set to “0”, or that of the testing instrument is
calculated according to the actual parameters. The following method for testing is just to
be referred: If the relay settings KX≠KR, set the relay setting KX and KR to “0”, and set
the testing instrument KL to Re=0 and Im=0. If the relay settings KX=KR, set the testing
instrument KL to Re=KX and Im=0, or set the relay settings KX and KR to “0”, the
testing instrument KL to Re=0 and Im=0.
The resoled formula: KX=(X0 -X1)/3X1, KR=(R0 -R1)/3R1, Z0=R0 +jX0, Z1= R1 +jX1,
KL=(Z0 -Z1)/3Z1, KL=(Re, Im)
If the relay-testing instrument does not provide the compensation coefficient, set the
relay settings KX and KR all to “0”.
d) The error of operation value is: each substantial measure values – setting value
Х 100%
Setting value
7.7 Putting the equipment into operation
The following items are only provided to be referred. Users should formulate the
corresponding rules for maintenance and operation according to the actual
situation in locale.
a) Check the setting lists inerrably, and then turn on DC power supply. Now the
green light - LED <Run> on panel is lit, other lights are extinguished. Under
normal conditions, LCD display on loop “year-month-day, hour: minute: second,
magnitude and phasor angle of analog quantities, channel state, current setting
zone: 00. autoreclose mode, synchronization check mode, charging finished.
Press <<SET>>to display main menu. Press one or several times <<QUIT>>
,exit current menu one times or step by step to return normal state of display.
Then re-check the clock by turning off DC power and then on.
77
b) Connect currents (load current must be larger than 0.1In) and voltages to the
device, under normal state of loop display, press SET to enter into main menu,
then enter into every sub-menu to check whether the polarity and the phase
sequence of each analog input are correct or not. Verify the sampled data of the
protection in accordance with the actual ones.
c) Check the protection settings. Print each set of settings that are possibly
employed in the actual operating modes, in order to check them with informed
sheet of setting and backup debugging notes.
d) Note that carrier channel is perfect.
e) Check the digital inputs in accord with the practical state, and make note.
Especially notice that there is not display of “small hand” on the upper right of
LCD under normal conditions (that means test relay).
78
8. Maintenance
8.1 Routine checks
• Measure resistance in turn between analog circuits and ground;
• Measure output voltage in every class;
• Check printer;
• Revise zero drift and scale;
• Verify alarm circuit;
• Verify binary input;
• Actual live tripping including circuit breaker;
• Check setting;
8.2 Replacing the back-up battery

• Battery is used to store data, record fault and inner clock in case the
power is off.
• Battery is checked up timing, it will send out alarm after it is invalid or
decline.
• The back-up battery should be replaced at the latest after 10 years of
operation or after alarm signal was sent out.
• Recommended battery: Lithium battery CR1/2A, 3V/1Ah.
8.3 Fault tracing

The equipment may test all hardware components itself, including loop out of
the relay coil, Watch can find whether or not the equipment is in fault through
warning lights and warning characters which shows in liquid crystal display and
print reports to tell fault location and kind.
The method of eliminate fault is replacing fault board or eliminate external fault.
8.4 Repairs
• Users should not change modules circuit or backboard circuit in repair.
• It’s appropriate to change power board when power supply is fault.
• It’s suggested that power board should purchased per 4 or 6 years because it
can’t storage for a long time.
8.5 The notices during operation

a) During operation, nobody is allowed to touch the live parts of the device, insert
or pull out the plug-in unit, press the keyboard on the panel optionally, and operate
the following commands: output driving, modify setting, solidify setting, setup
system and change the device address in the communication network etc.
b) If all the relays of the device are to be quitted from operation, open the tripping
strap at first, and then turn off the DC power. If one of the relays is to be quitted
during operation, only the corresponding strap of the relay needs to be quitted.
c) When fault occurs during operation, if the protection operates to trip, the
79
corresponding LED of tripping signal is lit and MMI displays the newest operating
report. If auto re-closing operates to reclose, the “reclose” LED is lit. The operating
report, record report should be printed automatically and the detail notes must be
written down.
d) If the DC power supply disappears during operation quit the tripping strap at
first.
e) If alarm I occur during operation, the corresponding relay should be stop
employing, record the alarm message and inform the operator in charge of the
protection. Here, prohibit pressing the reset button. If alarm II occurs, record the
alarm message and inform the operator in charge of the protection to analyze and
handle it.
8.6 Manipulation after replacing software or CPU

The following steps should be conformed after replacing software or CPU:
a) Firstly, check address jumpers to be right on CPU board, input and write
setting.
b) Check the software version of CPU and CRC.
c) If “Setting Err” or “Set Group Err”, ought to write settings again and switch
setting zone.
d) Check zero drift and calibration one time, and test I/O again.
e) According to the local operating rules, other related tests ought to be made
by operator.
8.7 Manipulation after replacing software or MASTER module

a) Version of the former MASTER module and version of software
b) Communication parameters, protocol option etc.
c) Address of the device.
d) View whether normal display is right or not after the device is electrified;
practically operate report and record print.
8.8 Manipulation after replacing input or output module

If input or output module needs to be replaced, firstly check whether the
jumper about module address is right or not. The replaced module cannot be put
into operation until its input or output is checked normally.
8.9 Manipulation after replacing AC module

When AC module has been replaced, the validity of polarity must be checked.
80
8.10 Several illuminations

a) There are testing ports on the top left corner of backboard, and 24V, 5V and
interface of CAN net are connected to be employed by auto testing.
b) There are three methods to input settings:(1) Use keyboard on panel, (2)
employ software tool of CSPC, (3) by automatically system.
c) Method to select running setting zone: Use the shortcut key on the bottom left
panel “+”, “—” to select or switch setting zone.
d) There are two methods to use printer:

(1) Connect printer directly to the print series ports of the device
(Use special made cable for print).
(2) Print via automatically system.
e) Except AC terminal, the other backboard terminals all use the

withdrawal/insertion ones. If it is necessary to modify their wires, the terminal must
be uninstalled, then modify the wire of terminals, after finish this, fix the terminal on
the device. Except AC terminal, prohibit inserting or withdrawing terminal wires
without pulling out terminal, in order to prevent connecting wires from bad
connection.
81
9. Storage
• Although protection equipment’s are generally of robust construction, they
require a careful treatment prior to installation on site, since they must be
carefully packed and unpacked, without applying any force to the equipment
and using suitable tools. Once supplied, the equipment must be thoroughly
inspected to ensure that they have not undergone shipping damages. If the
equipment are not immediately installed upon reception, they must be stored in
places free from dust and moisture, causticity in their original packing.
• Storage temperature: -10°C + 40°C.
• The equipment must only be stored and carried in the special antistatic bag.
82
CSC-162 Numerical Transmission line equipment Manual
10. Ordering
10.Appendix
A Terminal diagram
85
B Communication Protocol Tables

Front port for communication
Connection type electric COM port
Communication Interior communication protocol
protocol
Type of connector DB9 pin connector
Speed of 9600 bps
communication
Rear port for local / only local communication
remote
communication
Connection type RS-232;Ethernet;RS-485
Communication CSC2000
protocol
Medium of connection electric
Type of connector RS-232:DB25 connector;Ethernet:RJ45;RS-485:twisted-pair
Speed of RS-232:9600bps; Ethernet:10/100Mbps adaptable; RS-
communication 485:9600bps~38400bps
Isolation yes
Dielectric level III
Maximum cable RS-232:10m;Ethernet:110m ;RS-485:1.2km
length
Type of port required Ethernet:RJ45;RS-485:COM port
at PC end
Functions supported RS-232:Print setting, fault report, waveform report
by this port Ethernet&RS-485:see above 12 m)
Rear port for substation automation
Connection type 2 Ethernet port;2 RS-485; 2 Lonworks
Communication CSC2000 or IEC 60870-5-103 or IEC 61850 for Ethernet port
protocol or RS-485; CSC2000 for Lonworks
Ethernet port: optics/electric ;RS-
Medium of connection
485:electric;Lonworks:electric
Ethernet port:(SC/ST)/RJ45 ; RS-485:twisted-pair; Lonworks:
Type of connector twisted-pair
Speed of Ethernet port:10/100Mbps adaptable ; RS-85:9600bps;
communication Lonworks:78kbps
Maximum cable Ethernet port(optics/electric):110m/2km ; RS-485: 1.2km;
length Lonworks:1.3km
Optical wavelength 850nm;1300nm
Permissible line 15dB
attenuation
Type of port required Ethernet port; COM port
at PC end
Standard IEC 60870-5-103; IEC 61850
86

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CSC-162 Numerical Transmission Line

Protection Equipment Manual

• Protective functions, man-machine interface and also communications functions

• Internal module is designed in such a way that a comprehensive real-time self-

• Dual A/D sampling in analog circuit, performing real time self-testing.

• Disturbance recorder with larger capacity, (memory up to 4M bytes), can record

Distance protection (Z)

Zero-current protection (3I0)

Inverse time zero current protection (3I0_INV)

Over current protection (OC)

Inverse time over current protection (OC_INV)

Ioc_INV - current setting of inverse time over current.

Over voltage protection Uph-e> (OV)

Under voltage protection Uph-e< (UV)

Circuit breaker failure protection (CBF)

Fig.2-1 CSC-162 protection equipment view

Fig.2-2 flush-mounted enclosure of 162 with panel cutout (dimensions in mm)

3.1.3 Binary inputs and outputs

Rated voltage range 110V/ 220V DC

Rated voltage range 110V/ 220V DC

3.1.4 Communications interfaces

RS-232:Print see setting, see setting, fault

Rear port for 2 Ethernet 2 RS-485 2 Lonworks

3.1.5 Other general data

3.1 rated burden • AC current DL/T 478-2001

5.3 Dielectric voltage AC 2kV Ui≥63V IEC 60255-5 500V was

7.2 ESD disturbance 4 class contact - IEC 60255-22-2 Harsh more

8.4 Flammability of V 0 class IEC 60950

8.5 Protection against I class IEC 60536

3.2 Function data

3.2.5 Over-voltage relay

3.2.6 Under-voltage relay

3.2.7 Auto re-closure

3.2.8 Time element

Fig.4-1 Arrangement diagram of the CSC-162system modules

4.2 Operations of complete units

4.2.1 Alternating Current module (AC)

4.2.2 CPU module (CPU)

circuit is divided to two channels to be sampled two analog quantities such as Ia

4.2.3 Management module (MASTER)

This module is a management and communication module, and its wiring

4.2.4 Digital Input module (DI)

4.2.5 Digital Output module (DO)

CSC-162 is developed 4 DO modules .The wiring terminal of DO1 module at rear

4.2.6 Power supply module (POWER)

5.2.1 Startup element

5.2.1.2 Zero-sequence current startup element

5.2.1.3 The static stability detector

5.2.1.4 Lower voltage startup element (detailed in weak-source part)

5.2.1.5 Auto re-close startup element

5.2.2 Phase selector

5.2.2.1 Abrupt current phase selector

5.2.2.2 Sequence current phase selector

Fig.5-1 Phasor areas of steady state sequence phase selector

5.2.2.3 Low voltage phase selector

5.2.3 Distance element

Distance protection consists of measuring unit and directional unit.

Fig.5 operating characteristics of polygonal distance protection

Setting The minimum among 8 times the above X and

5.2.3.2 Measuring unit of distance element