Technical Note Calculation of Stress Ratios: Axial and Bending Stresses

©COMPUTERS AND STRUCTURES, INC.
, BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA DECEMBER 2001

STEEL FRAME DESIGN UBC-ASD
Technical Note
Calculation of Stress Ratios
This Technical Note explains that the stress ratios in UBC97-ASD are calcu-
lated in the same way as described in the Technical Note Calculation of Stress
Ratios for Steel Frame Design AISC-ASD89, with some modifications as de-
scribed herein.
In the calculation of the axial and bending stress ratios, first, for each station
along the length of the member, the actual stresses are calculated for each
load combination. Then the corresponding allowable stresses are calculated.
Then, the stress ratios are calculated at each station for each member under
the influence of each of the design load combinations. The controlling stress
ratio is then obtained, along with the associated station and load combination.
A stress ratio greater than 1.0 indicates an overstress. Similarly, a shear ca-
pacity ratio is also calculated separately.
During the design, the effect of the presence of bolts or welds is not
considered.
Axial and Bending Stresses

With the computed allowable axial and bending stress values and the factored
axial and bending member stresses at each station, an interaction stress ratio
is produced for each of the load combinations as follows (ASD H1, H2, SAM
6):
! If fa is compressive and fa / Fa, > 0.15, the combined stress ratio is given
by the larger of
fa C m33 f b33 C m22 f b22

+ + , and (ASD H1-1, SAM 6.1)
Fa  fa   fa 
1 − Fb33 1 − 
 F ' e33   F ' e22 
 
fa f f
+ b33 + b22 , where (ASD H1-2, SAM 6.1)
Q(0.60Fy ) Fb33 Fb22
Calculation of Stress Ratios Page 1 of 3

Steel Frame Design UBC-ASD Calculation of Stress Ratios
fa = axial stress
fb33 = bending stress about the local 3-axis
fb22 = bending stress about the local 2-axis
Fa = allowable axial stress
Fb33 = allowable bending stress about the local 3-axis
Fb22 = allowable bending stress about the local 2-axis
12π 2 E
F'e = . (ASD H1)
23(Kl / r )2
A factor of 4/3 is NOT applied on Fe and 0.6Fy if the load combination in-
cludes any wind load or seismic load (UBC 1612.3.1).
Cm33 and Cm22 are coefficients representing distribution of moment along the
member length. They are calculated as described in Technical Note
Calculation of Stress Ratios for Steel Frame Design AISC-ASD89.
When the stress ratio is calculated for Special Seismic Load Combinations,
the column axial allowable stress in compression is taken to be 1.7Fa in-
stead of Fa (UBC 2213.4.2).
! If fa is compressive and fa / Fa ≤ 0.15, a relatively simplified formula is used

for the combined stress ratio.
fa f f
+ b33 + b22 (ASD H1-3, SAM 6.1)
Fa Fb33 Fb22
! If fa is tensile or zero, the combined stress ratio is given by the larger of
fa f f
+ b33 + b22 , and (ASD H2-1, SAM 6.2)
Fa Fb33 Fb22
f b33 f
+ b22 , where
Fb33 Fb22
fa, fb33, fb22, Fa, Fb33, and Fb22 are as defined earlier in this technical note.
However, either Fb33 or Fb22 need not be less than 0.6Fy in the first equation

Steel Frame Design UBC-ASD Calculation of Stress Ratios
(ASD H2-1). The second equation considers flexural buckling without any
beneficial effect from axial compression.
When the stress ratio is calculated for Special Seismic Load Combinations,
the column axial allowable stress in tension is taken to be Fy instead of Fa
(UBC 2213.4.2).
For circular and pipe sections, an SRSS combination is first made of the two
bending components before adding the axial load component, instead of the
simple addition implied by the above formula.
For Single-angle sections, the combined stress ratio is calculated based on the
properties about the principal axis (ASD SAM 5.3, 6.1.5). For I, Box, Channel,
T, Double-angle, Pipe, Circular and Rectangular sections, the principal axes
coincide with their geometric axes. For Single-angle sections, principal axes
are determined in the program. For general sections, it is assumed that all
section properties are given in terms of the principal directions, and conse-
quently, no effort is made to determine the principal directions.
In contrast to the AISC-ASD code, when designing for combinations involving

earthquake and wind loads, allowable stresses are NOT increased by a factor
of 4/3 of the regular allowable value (UBC 1612.3.1, 2209.3).
Shear Stresses
From the allowable shear stress values and the factored shear stress values
at each station, shear stress ratios for major and minor directions are com-
puted for each of the load combinations as follows:
fv 2
, and
Fv
fv 3
.
Fv
For Single-angle sections, the shear stress ratio is calculated for directions
along the geometric axis. For all other sections, the shear stress is calculated
along the principle axes that coincide with the geometric axes.
In contrast to AISC-ASD code, when designing for combinations involving

earthquake and wind loads, allowable shear stresses are NOT increased by a
factor of 4/3 of the regular allowable value (UBC 1612.3.1, 2209.3).

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©COMPUTERS AND STRUCTURES, INC.

, BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA DECEMBER 2001

Axial and Bending Stresses

fa C m33 f b33 C m22 f b22

Calculation of Stress Ratios Page 1 of 3

fb33 = bending stress about the local 3-axis

fb22 = bending stress about the local 2-axis

Fa = allowable axial stress

Fb33 = allowable bending stress about the local 3-axis

Fb22 = allowable bending stress about the local 2-axis

! If fa is compressive and fa / Fa ≤ 0.15, a relatively simplified formula is used

! If fa is tensile or zero, the combined stress ratio is given by the larger of

Calculation of Stress Ratios Page 2 of 3

In contrast to the AISC-ASD code, when designing for combinations involving

In contrast to AISC-ASD code, when designing for combinations involving

Calculation of Stress Ratios Page 3 of 3

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