MUFFAKHAM JAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

AND TECHNOLOGY

CARPENTRY

INTRODUCTION:- Wood work carpentry deals with making jobs for variety
or a
of
applications. Cartpentry and joinery are common terms used with any class of work with
Wood. Carpentry dcals with all works of a carpentry such as roofs, floors, partitions ete of
a
building while joinery deals with the making of doors, indows, cupboards, dresses,
stairs and all interior fitments of a
building.

TIMBER:- Timber is the basic material used for any class of wood working. The term
timber is applied to the tree which provides us with wood. Wood is one of the most
valuable bio-degradable raw materials of
industry and daily uses. It is available in a wide
choice of weights, strength, colours and textures. Wood is
characteristics and can be sliced, bent, planed, sawed and sanded.having good maching

Types of Timber:- Log, balk, post, plank, board, batten,

scantilings, or reapers.

I Pi}) or medulia .anbrai!

Heart wood

Inner bark

Meduiary

Cross-section ol an esogen0us irce

 xMDELS:- UIsels are used tor cutting and shaping wood accurately. Wood chisels
are made in various blade widths, wood chisels most commonly in use incude
firmer
chisels, either square of bevel edged, paring chisels, an mortise chisels. They are
usually specified by length and width of the blade.
1. FIRMER CHISELS Firmer chisels is the most useful for general purpose and
may be used by hand pressure or mallet. It has a lat blade about 125mm long.
2. PARING CHISEL:- Roth fimer and beveled cdge chisels when they are made with
long thin blades are known as paring chisel. This is used for shaping and preparing
the surfaces of wood and is
manipulated by the hands.
3.MORTISE CHISEI: These are used for cutting mortises the cross section of thc
mortise chisel is proportionod to with stand heavy blows during mortising.
.SCRIBING CHISEL: These are the chisels with curved sections and may be cither
inside
or outsidc
ground.
cuUTTmGGE

ADLE

PARKING FIRMER MORTISE SCRIBING

CHISEL CHISEL CHISEL GAUGE

MISCELLANEOUS TOOLS:

. CLAW HAMMER:- It has a striking flat face at one end and a claw
The face is used to drive the nails into the wood and for other of the other.
the claw for extracting nails out of striking purpose and
wood.

CLAW
HEAD
HANDLE

ACE CLAW HAMMER

1, CARPENTRY BENCH VICE:-The bench viee is the most
its one jaw is fixed to the side of the table
while the other is keptcommonly uscd.
means of a screw and a handle. 'The whole vice is imade of movable by
with hardwood facc which do not mark and iron and steel, the jaws
being lined which can be
required. renewed as

Figure. 10.31 Bench vice

. C-CLAMP:- The c-clamp is used for smaller work. It consists of a

frame that can be swiveled and a steel screw to which is fitted a malleable iron
thumbscrew.

a..
.

STEEL RULE:- The steel rule is one of the most useful tool in the
shop for taking
linear measurements of blanks and articles to an accuracy of from 1.0 to 0.5mm. it
consists of a strip of hardened steel having line graduations etched or engraved at
interval of fraction ofa standard unit of length.
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TENON SAW:- This saw is mostly used for cross cutting when a finer and more
accurate finish is required. The blade being very thin is reinforced with a rigid
steel back.

SACR HANDLE
BLAOE

TENON SAW
 BORING TOOLS

RACHET BIT BRACE :-

The brace is a tool used for holding and turning
the specially shaped end
a bit for boring
holes. It has two jaws, which grip of the bit.

Head
Reamer

Bow
Hande

Expanston bit
Paw
Twist bit
Ratchet

Cam nng shell

Jaws
Forstner bit
Countersink Drill
Figure 10.27 Types of bits
re 10.25 Ratchet brace
used for marking arcs and
and divider are
COMPASS & DTVIDER:- Compass
circles on the planed surface of wood.

LLEGS

DivIDERR

It is used for marking and testing the squareness of the planed

TRY SQUARE:-
surface. It consists of a steel blade fitted in a cast iron stock. It is also used for
checking the flatness of the planned surface.

Stock

Steel blade
 AWS A saw is used to cut wood
designed to suit different purposes. Ainto pieces. These are different types of saws
saw is specified by the
edge. length of its toothed
.CROSS CUT OR HANDSAW: Cross cut
saws or hand saws
Sometimes called arc used for as they are
cutting across the grain in thick wood.
Handle
Skowback
Motal blado
Toe
NNNNmw NNNHeel
Rip saw
5 toeth per 25 mm

wNw mwwwww
AAy Cross cut handsaw
7 teeth per 25 mm

wwwA
wwwwwwwww wM www Dovetail sa
Panel saw
10 teeth per 25 mm
Pegtéeth fordoe
andTeron s

wwwww
Tenon or, back
Bow sawW

Coping sa
CompasS Saw Pad saw
Figure 10.10 Different types of saws

WOOD RASP FILE:- It wes a finishing fillets sharp cutting teeth are provided on
its surface for this purpose. This file is excluive used in wood work

. .i
RASP FILE .

deliver blows when considerable force is to be applied.

. MALLET-Itis used to chisel handle. It is better to apply a series of
A steel hammer may damage the
rather than a heavy single blow.
light taps with mallet
* '"*
- - . -
 flat surfaces on wo0od. The
PLANNING TOOLS:- In general planes are used to produce in a
blade is used in a plane and is very similar to a chisel.
The blade of a plane is fitted
wood of metallic blade at an angle.

different types of planes available in the market they

are:
There are

which the blade is

WOODEN JACK PLANE:- It consists of a block of wood into
the hole. On the
fixed by a wooden odge. The blade is set at an angle of 45 to
iron. This does not cut,
cutfing blade another blade is fixed called cap iron or back
but stiffens the blade near its cutting edge to prevent chattering and partially
breaks the shaving as it is made.
atCI UcOlute sizes to a
Blade
Wedge
Back iron-

Sole
**--
Figure 10.16 Jack plane
** **"*

SMOOTHING PLANE:- The plane is similar in action to a jack plane, except that
it is set to cut a much thinner shaving. A smoothing plane as its name indicates is
used for smoothing or finishing after a jack plane.

SCREW DRIVER:- The screwdrivers of a

common types of carpenter is different from the other
screwdrivers. It has thick blades and long handle to
greater pressure to drive in or remove wood
screws.
apply

&METAL JACK PLANE:- Metal planes serve the same the

purpose
planes but faciitate a smoother operation and better finish. wooden as
The body of a metal
plane is made from grey iron casting with the side and sole machined and
to a bright finish. . ground

Cap iron
Cutting iron
Lever cap
Knob
Handle

Body

Sole Adjusting screw

 out and checking angles. The blade is adjustablc
BEVEL:- It is used for layingthumbscrew. After it is set in a desired angle it can
and can be held in a plane by a

same way as a try square.

used in the
be

C BEYEL SQUARE
MARKING GUAGE:- It is a tool used to make lines parallel to the edge of a
wooden piece. It consists of a square wooden stem with a sliding wooden stock on
it. A markingpin made of steel is fitted on the stem the stock is set at any required
distance from the marking point and fixed in þosition by a screw. It must be
ensured that the marking pin projects through the stem about 30mm and that the
marking pins end in sharp enough to make verifying line.

BHEE
ThAmbsesa
(a) Marking gaue

. REBATE PLANE:- A rebate is a recess along the edge of a piece of wood, this
forms a ledge which is used for positioning glass in frame and doors. The rebate
-plane is used for sinking one surface below another and shouldering one piece
into another. LLArir
-*

REBATE PLANE
. PLOUGH PLANE: Where a
panel is neededin a door
groove, not into a rebate. The plough it is used to fit
into a
plane is used to cut
****
these grooves.