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Class-6 (Constraint-Unique, Not Null, Check, Foreign Key)

The document discusses different types of database constraints - unique, not null, check and foreign key. It provides examples of creating tables with these constraints and performing insert operations that violate the constraints.

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Nihar Sahoo
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25 views3 pages

Class-6 (Constraint-Unique, Not Null, Check, Foreign Key)

The document discusses different types of database constraints - unique, not null, check and foreign key. It provides examples of creating tables with these constraints and performing insert operations that violate the constraints.

Uploaded by

Nihar Sahoo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Class-6(Constraint Contdd..

)
----------------------------
(2) Unique
----------
> It will not allow duplicate value in that column
> It allows NULL value to store in the column
> We can have any number of unique key in a table

DROP TABLE STUDENTS_DATA PURGE;

CREATE TABLE STUDENTS_DATA(ROLL_NO NUMBER(4) CONSTRAINT ROLL_NO_PK PRIMARY KEY,


SNAME VARCHAR2(30),
AGE NUMBER(2),
ADDRESS VARCHAR2(100),
DOB DATE,
MOB_NO VARCHAR(12) CONSTRAINT MOB_NO_UK
UNIQUE
);

SELECT * FROM USER_CONSTRAINTS WHERE TABLE_NAME='STUDENTS_DATA';


SELECT * FROM USER_CONS_COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_NAME='STUDENTS_DATA';

INSERT INTO STUDENTS_DATA(ROLL_NO,SNAME,AGE) VALUES (1001,'Kishore',25);--1 row


inserted.

INSERT INTO STUDENTS_DATA(ROLL_NO,SNAME,AGE,MOB_NO) VALUES


(1002,'Kishore',25,'123456');

INSERT INTO STUDENTS_DATA(ROLL_NO,SNAME,AGE,MOB_NO) VALUES


(1003,'Pramod',26,'123456');--ORA-00001: unique constraint (USER1.MOB_NO_UK)
violated

COMMIT;

(3) NOT NULL


------------
> It will not allow NULL value to a column
> It will allow duplicate value
> It is common type of constraint which was used for most columns
> No need to give a constraint name
> We can have any number of NOT NULL constraint in a table

DROP TABLE STUDENTS_DATA PURGE;

CREATE TABLE STUDENTS_DATA(ROLL_NO NUMBER(4) CONSTRAINT ROLL_NO_PK PRIMARY KEY,


SNAME VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL,
AGE NUMBER(2) NOT NULL,
ADDRESS VARCHAR2(100) NOT NULL,
DOB DATE,
MOB_NO VARCHAR(12) CONSTRAINT MOB_NO_UK
UNIQUE
);

SELECT * FROM USER_CONSTRAINTS WHERE TABLE_NAME='STUDENTS_DATA';


SELECT * FROM USER_CONS_COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_NAME='STUDENTS_DATA';

INSERT INTO STUDENTS_DATA(ROLL_NO,SNAME,AGE) VALUES (1001,'Kishore',25);--ORA-


01400: cannot insert NULL into ("USER1"."STUDENTS_DATA"."ADDRESS")
INSERT INTO STUDENTS_DATA(ROLL_NO,SNAME,AGE,ADDRESS,MOB_NO) VALUES
(1002,'Kishore',25,'Bangalore','123456');--1 row inserted.

INSERT INTO STUDENTS_DATA(ROLL_NO,SNAME,AGE,MOB_NO) VALUES


(1003,'Pramod',26,'123456');--ORA-01400: cannot insert NULL into
("USER1"."STUDENTS_DATA"."ADDRESS")

COMMIT;

(4) CHECK
---------
> It is used to check a condition
> If the condition is true then it allows to perform INSERT/UPDATE operation

DROP TABLE STUDENTS_DATA PURGE;

CREATE TABLE STUDENTS_DATA(ROLL_NO NUMBER(4) CONSTRAINT ROLL_NO_PK PRIMARY KEY,


SNAME VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL,
AGE NUMBER(2) NOT NULL CONSTRAINT
AGE_CHK CHECK(AGE>10),
ADDRESS VARCHAR2(100) NOT NULL,
DOB DATE,
MOB_NO VARCHAR(12) CONSTRAINT MOB_NO_UK
UNIQUE
);

SELECT * FROM USER_CONSTRAINTS WHERE TABLE_NAME='STUDENTS_DATA';


SELECT * FROM USER_CONS_COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_NAME='STUDENTS_DATA';

INSERT INTO STUDENTS_DATA(ROLL_NO,SNAME,AGE) VALUES (1001,'Kishore',25);--ORA-


01400: cannot insert NULL into ("USER1"."STUDENTS_DATA"."ADDRESS")

INSERT INTO STUDENTS_DATA(ROLL_NO,SNAME,AGE,ADDRESS,MOB_NO) VALUES


(1002,'Kishore',5,'Bangalore','123456');--ORA-02290: check constraint
(USER1.AGE_CHK) violated

INSERT INTO STUDENTS_DATA(ROLL_NO,SNAME,AGE,ADDRESS,MOB_NO) VALUES


(1002,'Kishore',15,'Bangalore','123456');--1 row inserted.

COMMIT;

(5) FOREIGN Key


---------------

Primary Key=UNIQUE + NOT NULL

Primary key is a combination of Unique and Not Null key

> It is used to create a relationship between a parent table and child table
> To create a link/relationship , we must have a common column in both the table
> The table on which we will create a Foreign Key is called as Child table
> The child table can depend with a parent table
> This is called as Parent-Child /Primary-Foreign Key relationship.

Syntax
-------
CONSTRAINT <Constraint Name> FOREIGN KEY (<Child Column Name>) REFERENCES <Parent
Table Name>(<Parent column name>)
Scenario
--------
Employee---->Working----->Under----->Department

Who is child?Employee
Who is parent?Department

Table Name:Department
---------------------
Column Name Data Type Size Constraint
----------- --------- ---- ----------
DEPTNO NUMBER 2 PRIMARY KEY
DNAME VARCHAR2 20 NOT NULL
LOC VARCHAR2 20 NOT NULL

Table Name:Employee
---------------------
Column Name Data Type Size Constraint
----------- --------- ---- ----------
EMPNO NUMBER 4 PRIMARY KEY
ENAME VARCHAR2 30 NOT NULL
SAL NUMBER 8 NOT NULL
DEPTNO NUMBER 2 FOREIGN KEY

DROP TABLE DEPARTMENT;


DROP TABLE EMPLOYEE;
DROP TABLE DEPARTMENT;
DROP TABLE EMPLOYEE;
CREATE TABLE DEPARTMENT(DEPTNO NUMBER(2) CONSTRAINT DEPTNO_PRM_KEY PRIMARY KEY,
DNAME VARCHAR2(20) NOT NULL,
LOC VARCHAR2(20) NOT NULL
);

CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE (EMPNO NUMBER(4) CONSTRAINT EMPNO_PRM_KEY PRIMARY KEY,


ENAME VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL,
SAL NUMBER(8) NOT NULL,
DEPTNO NUMBER(2),
CONSTRAINT DEPTNO_FRGN_KEY FOREIGN KEY(DEPTNO)
REFERENCES DEPARTMENT(DEPTNO)
);

SELECT * FROM USER_CONSTRAINTS WHERE TABLE_NAME='DEPARTMENT';


SELECT * FROM USER_CONSTRAINTS WHERE TABLE_NAME='EMPLOYEE';

SELECT * FROM USER_CONS_COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_NAME='DEPARTMENT';


SELECT * FROM USER_CONS_COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_NAME='EMPLOYEE';

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