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Pure Math - Limits: Absolute Values

The document defines key concepts related to limits and continuity of functions: 1) It defines absolute value, left-hand limit, right-hand limit, limit, limit at infinity, and continuity. Properties and examples are provided for each concept. 2) Limit algebra rules are covered, such as how to evaluate limits of sums, products, quotients, and compositions of functions. 3) Types of discontinuities - jump, removable, and essential - are defined based on whether the left-hand and right-hand limits exist and are equal.

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jared li
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67 views2 pages

Pure Math - Limits: Absolute Values

The document defines key concepts related to limits and continuity of functions: 1) It defines absolute value, left-hand limit, right-hand limit, limit, limit at infinity, and continuity. Properties and examples are provided for each concept. 2) Limit algebra rules are covered, such as how to evaluate limits of sums, products, quotients, and compositions of functions. 3) Types of discontinuities - jump, removable, and essential - are defined based on whether the left-hand and right-hand limits exist and are equal.

Uploaded by

jared li
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Pure Math – Limits


Absolute Values
x0  x
ABSOLUTE VALUE: | x |  xℝ
 x0  x

Properties of absolute values:


 | x |= 0  x = 0
 x0  |x|>0
 | x | = | –x |
 | x | = | a |  x = a
 | b |  a  –a  b  a
 | b |  a  b  a  b  –a
 | ab | = | a | | b |
 | an | = | a |n
a
 a  (b0)
b b
 | a + b |  | a | + | b |i
 |a–b||a|+|b|
 |a|  |b|  a  b

Limit of a Function
LEFT HAND LIMIT: A function f has L as left hand limit at a iff (0)(0) s.t.
(axa+  | f(x)–L|)
 Denoted by lim f ( x )  L or f(x)  L as x  a–
xa

RIGHT HAND LIMIT: A function f has L as right hand limit at a iff (0)(0) s.t.
(a–xa  | f(x)–L|
 Denoted by lim f ( x )  L or f(x)  L as x  a+
xa

LIMIT: A function f has L as limit at a iff (  0)(  0) s.t. ( x–a |    | f(x) – L|  
 Denoted by lim f ( x )  L or f(x)  L as x  a
xa

 lim f ( x )  L iff lim f ( x )  L  lim f ( x )  L


xa xa xa

 If f(x) = g(x) in some deleted neighborhood of a and lim f ( x )  L then lim f ( x )  lim g ( x )  L
xa xa xa

 If lim f ( x )  L then f(x) is bdd on some del’d nhd of a


xa

P( x) P ( x )  
 If lim P ( x )  P ( a )  0  lim Q ( x )  Q ( a )  0 then lim does not exist ( lim )
xa xa x a Q ( x ) x a Q( x)

P( x)
 If lim Q ( x )  Q ( x )  0  lim then lim P ( x )  lim Q ( x )  0
xa x a Q ( x ) xa xa

 If f(x)  g(x)  h(x) in some del’d nhd of a and lim f ( x )  lim h( x )  L then lim g ( x )  L ii
xa xa xa

 If g(x) is bdd in some del’d nhd of a and lim f ( x )  0 then lim f ( x ) g ( x )  0 iii
xa xa

LIMIT AT INFINITY: A function f has L as limit at infinity iff   0,   0 s.t. xr  | f(x) – L|  
 Denoted by lim f ( x )  L or f(x)  L as x  +
x  

i The three are known as triangle inequalities


ii The sandwich principle of squeeze theorem
iii Corollary of the sandwich principle
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Limit Algebra:
 lim f ( x )  g ( x )  lim f ( x )  lim g ( x )
xa xa xa

 lim f ( x ) g ( x )   ( lim f ( x ) ) ( lim g ( x ) )


x a x a x a

lim f ( x )
f ( x) x a
 lim  ( lim g ( x )  0 )
xa g ( x ) lim g ( x ) xa
xa

 lim f ( g ( x ))  f (lim g ( x ))
xa xa

 lim cf ( x )  c lim f ( x )
xa xa

xa
n

 lim f ( x )   lim f ( x )
xa
 n

Continuity of a Function
CONTINUOUS:  A function f is continuous at a point a iff 0, 0 s.t.  x–a |    | f(x) – f(a)|  
 f is cts iff lim f ( x )  lim f ( x )  f ( a )
x a x a

 A function f is cts on (a, b) iff f is cts at point x x  (a, b)


 A function f is cts on [a, b] iff f is cts at point x x  (a, b)
 lim f ( x )  f ( a )  lim f ( x )  f (b)
xa x b

DISCONTINUOUS:  A function f is discontinuous at a point a iff it is not continuous at a


 A function f is discontinuous on a range iff f is not continuous on that range

Discontinuity:
 JUMP: A function f, lim f ( x ) and lim f ( x ) exists but lim f ( x )  lim f ( x )
x a x a x a x a

 REPLACEABLE DISCONTINUITY: A function f, lim f ( x ) and f(a) exists but lim f ( x )  f ( a )


xa x a

 ESSENTIAL DISCONTINUITY: A function f, lim f ( x ) does not exist.


xa

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