n JEPPIAAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING VISION OF INSTITUTION To build Jeppiaar Engineering College as an institution of academic excellence in technology and ‘management education, leading to become a world class University. MISSION OF INSTITUTION To excel in teaching and learning, research and innovation by promoting the principles of scientific analysis and creative thinking, To participate in the production, development, dissemi national and international communities. To equip students with ethical values, and life skills that would enrich their lives and enable them to meaningfully contribute to the progress of the society. To prepare students for higher studies and lifelong learning, enrich them with the practical and. entrepreneurial skills necessary to excel as future professionals and contribute to Nation's economy. of knowledge and interact with PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs) Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of ‘mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system components ot processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an_ understanding of the limitations. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an indi leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings, idual, and as a member or10 Communication: engineering write effective reports Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions. 11 Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments, 12 Lifelong learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change. VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT The Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering strives to be a Centre of Excellence in education and technical research, in the endeavour of which the Department will continually update the teaching methodologies, progress in the emerging technologies and continue to play a vital role in the development of the society. MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT M1 _ | 10 develop the ability to learn and work creatively that would enhance the ability of both students and faculty to do innovative research. M2 | 10 éteate and maintain state-of-the art facilites which provide students and Taculty with ‘ opportunities to analyse, apply and disseminate knowledge globally. To impart the knowledge in essential inferdisciplinary fields which will enhance the M3__| interpersonal skills, tcam work, professional ethies and make them work effectively for their own benefit and the betterment of the society. wa | Prepare students for lifelong learning of theoretical and practical concepis to face intellectual, economical and career challenges. PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs) PEO o1 | Sitonathen the knowledge in Electrical and Electronies Engineering to enable them work for modern industries by promoting energy conservation and sustainability : Enrich analytical, creative and critical logical reasoning skills to solve problems faced by PEO 02 emerging domains of electrical and electronics engineering industries worldwide. Develop effective communication and inter-personal skills to work with enhanced team PEO 03 | spirit in multidisciplinary projects with a broader ethical, professional, economical and social perspective. PEO 0 | PSPHE the stents either to eb start ep ort pursue bigher eduction st reputedPROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOME (PSOs) Professional Skills: Apply the knowledge of Mathematics, Science and Engineering to solve real time problems in the field of Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Power Systems, Control Systems and Instrumentation. Pso1 Research and Innovation: PSO2 | Analyze and synthesize circuits by solving complex engineering problems to obtain the optimal solution using effective software tools and hardware prototypes in the field of robotics and renewable energy systems. Product development: Develop concepts and products by applying ideas of electrical domain into other diversified engineering domains. Pso3 BLOOM'S TAXONOMY Definitions of the different levels of thinking skills in Bloom’s taxonomy 1. Remember ~ recalling relevant terminology, specific facts, or different procedures related to information _and/or course topics. At this level, a student can remember something, but may not really understand it. 2. Understand ~ the ability to grasp the meaning of information (facts, definitions, concepts,etc.) that has been presented, 3. Apply — being able to use previously learned information in different situations or in problem Solving. 4, Analyze — the ability to break information down into its component parts. Analysis also refers to the process of examining information in order to make conclusions regarding cause and effect, interpreting motives, making inferences, or finding evidence to support statements/arguments. 5. Evaluate — being able to judge the value of information and/or sources of information based on personal values or opinions. 6. Create - the ability to creatively or uniquely apply prior knowledge and/or skills to produce new and original thoughts, ideas, processes, etc. At this level, students are involved in creating their own thoughts ideas.List of Action Words Related to Critical Thinking Skills tote — [comune | Anni ‘ange | Asi” | Combine describe [eon | Eakutate | Breakdown | Compare | compile Gite [Ge eropn inter | any | Inegrate recall ier” | monigiate | Pomcout [Rent | Order” record prepare | Separate | Tee Prescribe eeaty Course/Branch : B.E/EEE Subject: Power System Analysis Duration _: June2018-Oct2018 Subject Code: EE6501 Semester _: V Section: A&B Staff Handling: P.Rajarajeswari and S.Sakthi Regulation 2013 * AIM To understand the necessity and to become familiar with the modeling of power system and components and to apply different methods to analyze power system for the purpose of system planning and operation. OBJECTIVES: + To model the power system under steady state operating condition. + To apply numerical methods to solve the power flow problem. + To model and analyze the system under faulted conditions, + To model and analyze the transient behaviour of power system when itis subjected to a fault. UNIT IINTRODUCTION 9 Need for system planning and operational studies — basic components of a power system.-Introduction to restructuring - Single line diagram — per phase and per unit analysis — Generator - transformer — transmission line and load representation for different power system studies.- Primitive network - construction of ¥-bus using inspection and singular transformation methods — z-bus. UNIT I POWER FLOW ANALYSIS N 9 Importance of power flow analysis in planning and operation of power systems - statement of power flow problem - classification of buses - development of power flow model in complex variables form -iterativesolution using Gauss-Seidel method - Q-timit check for voltage controlled buses ~ power flow model in polar form - iterative solution using Newton-Raphson method UNIT IIT FAULT ANALYSIS - BALANCED FAULTS 9 Importance of short circuit analysis - assumptions in fault analysis - analysis using Thevenin’s theorem -bus building algorithm - fault analysis using Z-bus — computations of short circuit capacity, post fault voltage and currents UNIT IV FAULT ANALYSIS — UNBALANCED FAULTS 9 Introduction to symmetrical components — sequence impedances — sequence circuits of synchronous ‘machine, transformer and transmission lines - sequence networks analysis of single line to ground, line to line and double line to ground faults using Thevenin’s theorem and Z-bus matrix, UNIT V STABILITY ANALYSIS 9 Importance of stability analysis in power system planning and operation - classification of power System stability - angle and voltage stability — Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) system: Development of swing equation - equal area criterion - determination of critical clearing angle and time — solution of swing equation by modified Euler method and Runge-Kutta fourth order method TOTAL: 45 PERIODS OUTCOMES : Ability to understand and analyze power system operation, stability, control and protection. COURSE OUTCOMES: After the course, the student should be able to: Pos Pros co Course Outcomes CST1 | Describe the importance of single line diagram, Impedance diagram and form | 1,2,4,5,7,12 1 the Y-bus matrix forthe power system. C312 | Develop the power flow equation for power system problems and Determine | 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,12 12 the line flows using various algorithm GIs Ilustrate the importance of short circuit studies; Calculate the fault currents for symmetrical fault condition. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7.12 12 C314 _ | Introduction to symmetrical fault analysis and Draw the sequence network for L-G, L-L and L-L-G fault of the power system and Explain the | 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,12 12 concept of power system stability, ‘Analyze the stability of single machine infinite bus system C315 | Explain the concept of power system stability, Analyze the stability of single | 1,2,4,5,6,7,12 1 machine infinite bus system“Mapping of Course Outcomes(COs), Course(C),ProgramSpecficOutcomes (PSOs)with Program Outcomes. (POs)~ [levels of correlation: 3 (High),2 (Medium), 1(Low)] Course | Pot [P02 | Poa] Poa [Pos | Pos |Po7 | pos | Pos | poi0 | Po1 |Pox2 | psox | Pso2 |Pso3 ait f[3af3aj{-[2]2i|-1/2/-|-|-]2]2]3 ~ | siz {3]3j2{/2fij2 /:/-|-/|-]2]2]3 ]/2]/- six {3 ]3]2/2]fifz Ji/-|-|-]2]2]3/2]- sia fa faf2{/2]aji f/a]-/-|-]2]2]3 [2 sms {3 ]3]-[2]if2 Ji]/-|-|-]2]2]s a es er eT t]/-}-]|-]2]2]3 7] ORT INTRODUCTION Target Periods Book co Delivery Delivery] Knowledge sINo Contents Reference & Statement| erence &| method Periods) Level introduction - Modern power system (or) | C312 nak Rau 1 electric energy system - Analysis for system TL ROIS a planning and operational studies 4), 7217] Git Fak Rau 2 bers 1 'Basic components of a power system 114) 3 Modelling of Generator aii |, Take || RU, An R2[76-80]_ pod 4 | Modelling of Transformer with off-nominall caia [THS6)R2[1p™R® [a | RU An tap ratio 95-204) peers Gin |Ti6-8),_preke BULAN 5 | Modeling of Transmission line and load ne, board 1 R2[36-37] @ | Per unit system, Single line diagram Gia | 7136-42), Fake TY a representation T1[88-90] Pert 7_| Impedance and reactance diagrams, aia |Tijso-101) PRE [a [Ane Change of base peed | Primitive network and network matrices. | ci | Material PRE | [RU An Formation of Y-bus port 9 | Simple building algorithm for the ean | Ti[i90-195] FRE PRU An formation of 2-Bus matrix portTutorial Tutorial Tutorial UNIT POWER FLOW ANALYSIS Target Paro Book co Delivery|Delvery|_ Knowledge sino contents Reference & tatemene| Reference & method] Hs” | Level 1_| Importance of power flow analysis in G12 fpe9) RET Tan planning and operation of power systems. pees Statement of power flow problem = ome 2. | classification of buses into P-Q buses, P-V | C312 poard (voltage controlled) buses and slack bus yr21208) 1 | RUAN Development of Power flow model in 3. | complex variables form and polar variables} 31.2 eee form, [T1[26-30] 1 RU, A, An Tierative solution using Gauss-Seidel 712092201 nana 4 | method including Q-limit check for voltage| C312 | 12[247-254] foara 3 | RUAAn controlled buses - algorithm and flow chart R2[335-342} T1[232-240] ‘T2[257-262] Iterative solution using Newton-Raphson ak 5 a2 (IN-R) method (polar form) including Q- R2[342-356] hoard a |Ruam limit check and bus switching for voltage 11240-2485) controlled buses - Jacobian matrix elements — algorithm and flow chart. R2[368-373] 6 | Tutorial 7 | Tutorial 8 | tutorial unr TAULT ANALYSIS~ BALANCED FAULTS Target Periods: 3co | Book Delivery|Deli knowledg Slvery[Delvery|_ Knowledge SiN omens sstmen| ference & | thea! “Hes”| “ten! Page No Introduction to fault analysis. importance L short circuit (or) for fault analysis - basic 711353], bas 3 1 | assumptionsin faut analysis of power | 313 | alae bow &.U,an systems, Symmetrical (or) balanced three phase jake RUA An 2_ | faults ~ problem formulation Internal ca13 | 71354-3612], boo? 3 voltages of loaded machines under fault conditions. R2[383-390] 3 | Fault analysis using Z-bus matrix pare] algorithm and flow chart (323 111363.368] Po BLU,ALAn 4 [Tutorial 3 [Tutorial IV FAULT ANALYSIS = UNBALANCED: Tanger Perio co Book sino contents satemen] reference a | Dstver[Dever] Krowlde vn) Page No T1[399, 407- frak& RU 1. | Introduction to symmetrical components -| _, 5 , | 420), T2(400- Po="4 : sequence impedances ~ sequence 406]R2[417- networks 418) ake 2_ | Single Line-Ground fault analysis ~ e324 |111421-422}, poor | 2 Derivation Solution of problems 2482-488] RUAN 3 [inecine fault analysis—Derivation and | caaa | Ta(a23-425, PARE | [RUA AN art olution of problems R2{494-512] 4, | Double Line-Ground fault analysis cana | 253i] PRE [SRA A Derivation 7 5 | Tutorial 6 | Tutorial 7 | Tutorial UNIT: V2 STABILITY ANALYSIS Target Periods: 8 c_] — Book SINO Contents lstatemen| Reference| Delivery |Deliver| “Knowledge cmen| Reference] method | yt | LevelT_]importance of stability analysisin power | ¢315] T1[460]|chakaeoa) 2 JR, U,AAn system planning and operation Classification of power system stability- | ¢315 | RIII7-37] |chaxevors| 2 [RUA AN angle and voltage stability 3” | Simple treatment of angle stability into RaL7-37) R,U,A,An small-signal and large- signal (transient) | 31.5 cates board | a stability Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) system 7 Taa6i- R,U,AAn cas | 464) | cnakasoors| 2 R2{698- Development of swing equation 702] 5 Taaa6- R,U,AAn lequal area criterion and solution of SMIB__| ¢31.5 | 488), Chalk & board | 4 R2I717- system problems 726) © | Solution of swing equation by numerical | ¢3 4.5 [RUGS |osceccau| a [oULAAN integration techniques 337] 7 | Determination of critical clearing angle and| cy, | R1[@38- PKEbor | RUA, An time by using Runge - Kutta method 841) & | Determination of critical clearing angle and] c3i.5| R1[836- PEP | IR,U,A,An time by using Modified Euler method 838] UNIT I INTRODUCTION PART-A ‘What are the main divisions of power system? (NOVDEO2014) © Generation + Transmission ‘© Distribution Components are © Generators © Transformers © Transmission line © Loads ‘The Star connected generator rated at 300 MVA , 33 KV has a reactance of 1.24 P.U Find the ohmic value of the reactance Base reactance are= (KVb)"/MVAy= (33)°/3003.63 ohm ohmic value of the reactance 1.24*3.63= 4.50 ohm ‘What is the need for per unit value? (NovDee2014) ‘+ Manual calculations are simplified using p.u value * Computational effort in power system is very much reduced with the use of per unit quantities‘+ The chance of confusion between line and phase quantities is a 3¢ balanced system ‘+ The per unit impedance referred to either side of a single phase transformer is the same ‘+ Per unit impedance referred to either side of 3 transformer is the same regardless of the 3 connections. 4. What are the types of load modeling? (MEiVMUHEZ014) a) Constant power representation ') Constant current representation ©) Constant impedance representation ‘5. What is the role of swing bus in power flow study? The swing bus is assumed to generate the power for line losses which are estimated ‘through the solution of load flow equations. 6. At what condition generator bus is treated as load bus? (MayIane 2013) ‘When the generator bus iterated value of reactive power exceeds the specified reactive power limits, the reactive power is set as Q, = violated power limits (either Qnin OF Qnax a8 the case may be) and the generator bus is treated as load bus. 7, What are the advantages of per unit system (April-May 2011) (April-May 2017),(NoveDee a) P.u unit data representation yields valuable relative magnitude information. 'b) Circuit analysis of system containing transformers of various transformation ratios is greatly simplified ©) Circuit parameters are tend to fall in relatively narrow numerical ranges making erroneous data easy to spot 4). P,u systems are ideal for the computerized analysis and simulation of complex power system problem. ‘8. What is slack bus? (ApriEeMay 2011) In slack bus voltage magnitude and phase angle of voltages are specified, pertaining to a generator bus usually a large capacity generation bus in chosen. This bus makes up the difference between the scheduled loads and generated power that are caused by the losses in the network. 9, What is meant by percentage reactance? (MA¥GH€2013) It is the voltage drop across the reactance expressed as % of normal voltage when carrying Ife pertaining to normal voltage. 10. Draw the equivalent circuit of a 3 winding transformer. (May-June 2013) . | en J 11. What are the functions of modern power systems? (NOWDEI013) ‘To monitor voltage at various buses and components To design modern protection system To plan the future expansion of loads and present existing system, 12, Name the diagonal and off diagonal elements of bus impedance matri The diagonal elements of bus impedance matrix- driving point impedances of the buses (self) The off diagonal elements of bus impedances matrix- transfer impedances of the buses (mutual)2B. 4. 1s. 16. 17. 18, What is the need of base values? The components or various sections of power system may operate of different voltage and power levels. It will be convenient for analysis of power system if the voltage, power, current and impedance ratings of components of power system are expressed with reference to a common value called base value. Hence for analysis purpose, a base value is chosen for voltage, power, current and impedance ratings of the components are expressed as a percent of per unit of the base value. Why the value of voltage and 3-phase KVA are directly used for per unit calculation in 3-phase system? (May/June 2016) The per-unit value of a line-to-neutral (Vix) voltage on the line-to-neutral voltage base value (Von) is equal to the per unit value of the line-to-line voltage(V1) at the same point on the line- yystem is (Viz) at the same point on the line-to-line voltage % to-line voltage (Vix) if the bbase(Vic1)if the system is balanced. Theper unit value of a 3-phase KVA on TaL-® Vb the 3-phase (KVA) base is identical to the per unit value of KVA per phase on the KVA per SphaseKVA___KVA per phase phase base.i.e., Therefore in 3-phase systems the line Sphase base KVA Base KVA per phase value of voltage and 3-phase KVA are directly used for unit calculations, What is single line diagram? (SGIDEEZOTS) A single line diagram is diagrammatic representation of power system in which the components are represented by their symbols and the inter connection between them are shown by a single straight line (even though the system is 3-phase system). ‘The ratings and the impedances of the components are also marked on the single line diagram. Define per unit value.(Now/Dee 2015) The per unit value of any quantity is defined as the ratio of the actual value of the quantity to the base value expressed as a decimal. The base value is an arbitrary chosen value of the quantity Actual value Per unit value = Write the equation for converting the p.u. impedance expressed in one base to another? How the loads are represented in reactance or impedance diagram? (NGWDEE20T6) The resistive and reactive loads can be represented by any one of the following representation. 4) Constant power representation, Load power S= P+ jQ ii) Constant current representation, Load Currentiii) Constant impedance representation, Load impedance Z iQ 19. A generator rated at 30MVA, LIKV has a reactance of 20% calculate its p.u reactance for a base of S0 MVA and 10KV. [-0.2 x (11/10)'x (50/30) x Se 403pu MVABald. 20. The base KV and base MVA of a 3-phase transmissi calculate the base current and base impedance? n line is 33KV and 10 MVA respectively (KVA), _ (MIVA), x1000 _ 101000 Base current, 1 =175A Base impedance, 2, => 21, What is impedance diagram? The impedance diagram is the equivalent circuit of power system in which the various components of power system are represented by their approximate or simplified equivalent circuits, The impedance diagram is used for load flow studies. 22. What is reactance diagram? The reactance diagram is the simplified equivalent circuit of power system in which the various components are represented by their reactance, The reactance diagram can be obtained from impedance diagram if all the resistive components are neglected. The reactance diagram is used for fault calculations. 23. What are the approximations made in reactance diagram? i)The neutral reactance are neglected ii) Shunt branches in the equivalent circuits of transformers are neglected ii) The resistance are neglected.iv) All static loads and induction motors are neglected.v}the capacitance of the transmission lines are neglected 24, Give equations for transforming base KV on LV side to HV side of transformer. Base KV on HT side 25. What is bus? The meeting point of various components in a power system is called as bus.The bus is a conductor made of copper or aluminum having negligible resistance, ‘The buses are considered as points of constant voltage in a power system.26. What are the disadvantages of per unit system? The disadvantages of per unit system are some equations that hold in the unscaled case are modified when scaled into per unit factors such asV3 and 3 are removed or added in this method Equivalent circuits of the components are modified making them somewhat more abstract. Sometimes these shifts that are clearly present in the unsealed circuit vanish in per unit circuit 27. What is “Tap changing” transformer? tate its types. The transformer is wounded with tapping on either primary or secondary winding to adjust the voltage. The device used to give the constant output voltage is called tap changing transformer. The types arei)ON load automatic tap changer ii)OFF load tap changer. 28. What is off nominal transformation ratio? When the voltage (or) tums ration of a transformer is not used to decide the ratio of base KV, its voltage (or) tums ration is called off-nominal ratio, Usually the voltage ratio of regulation transformer will be off-nominal ratio, 29, Write the four ways of adding an impedance to an existing system so as to modify Zu, matrix. 1, Adding a branch of impedance Z, from a new bus p to the reference bus. 2. Adding a branch of impedance Z, from a new bus p to an existing bus. 3. Adding a branch of impedance Zy from an existing bus q to the reference bus. 4. Adding a branch of impedance Z, between two existing buses p and q, 30. What are the methods available for forming bus impedance matrix? (i)Form the bus impedance matrix and then take its inverse to get bus impedance matrix. (i)Directlyform the bus impedance matrix from the reactance diagram. This method utilizes the ‘techniques of modifications of existing bus impedance matrix due to addition of new bus. 31, What is the purpose of providing third winding (tertiary) in a transformer? ') Third winding may be used for interconnecting three transmission line at different voltages. ii) It is sometimes used for other purposes such as connecting shunt capacitors (or) suppression of third harmonics voltages.ii)To get supply power for substation intemal purposes.iv)Tertiary winding can serve the purpose of measuring voltage of an HV testing transformer. 32. Draw a simple per-phase model for a cylindrical rotor synchronous machine. (EGO)2 » If the reactance in ohms is 15, find the p.u value for a base of ISKVA and 10KV? (May 2012) , _ZXMVA_ 15 x15 = (May 2014) Part B 1. 300 MVA, 20 KV 3 ph generators has sub transient reactance of 20 %, The generator supplies 2 synchronous motors through a 64 Km transmission line having transformers at both ends as shown in fig 1 In this ,T, is 3 ph transformer 350 MVA , 20 / 230 KV, 10 % reactance & T> is made of 3 single phase transformer of rating 100 MVA , 127/13.2 KV, 10 % reactance. Series reactance of the transmission line is 0.5 ohm/km. The rating of 2 motors are : M,-200 MVA 13.2 KY, 20 % & Ms=100MVA ,13.2 KV ,20% Draw the reactance diagram with all the reactance marked in P.U Select the generator rating as base wales { APRIL/MAY-2017) Mt sete 2. Form the bus admittence matrix forthe deta given below using singular trnsfocmation method Take node ‘6’ as reference node. (APRELIMAY=2017) Elements Bus code X(P.U) 1 12 0.04 © @ ®2 16 0.06 3 24 0.03 4 23 0.02 5 3.4 0.08 6 45 0.06 7 5-6 0.05 Prepare a per phase schematic of the system shown in fig. and show all the impedance in per unit on a 100 MVA, 132 KV base in the transmission line circuit. The necessary data are given as follows Gl: 50 MVA, 12.2 KV, X=0.15 par n 4044160 G2: 20 MVA, 13.8 KV, X=0.15 pu TI: 80 MVA, 12.2/161 KV, X-0.1 pa @3 T2: 40 MVA, 13.8/161 KV, X=0.1 pau 20480 Load: 50 MVA, 0.8 pf lag operating at a 154 KV Determine the pu impedance of the a load. 4. The parameters of a 4- bus system are as under: (NOW/DEC2016) Line starting bus, Line ending bus Line impedance Line charging admittance 1 2 0.2-j0.8 0.02 2 3 0.3-j0.9 0.03 2 4 0.25+j1.0 0.04 3 4 0.20.8 j0.02 1 3 0.14504 J0.01 Draw the network and find bus admittance matrix 5. The data for the system whose single line diagram as shown in fig. is as follows {UAPRELEMAY 2016) Gi: 30 MVA, 10.5 KV, X"=1.6 Q G2: 15 MVA, 66 KV, X"=1.2.2 G3: 25 MVA, 6.6 KV, X"=0.56 0 Tl: 15 MVA, 33/11 KV, X=15.2 Qiph on H.T side T2: 15 MVA, 33/6.2 KV, X=16.0 Qiph on L.T side ‘Transmission Line: X=20.5 Q/ph Loads A: 40 MW, 11 KV, 0.9 pf lagging Loads B: 40 MW, 6.6 KY, 0.85 pf lagging Choose the base power as 30 MVA, and approximate base voltage for different parts, Draw the reactance diagram. Indicate p.u reactance’s on the diagram. 6. Determine the Y bus by inspection method for the line specification as mentioned belowLine p-q | Impedance in pu | Half line charging admittances in pu 12 0.0490.02 50.05 4 0.05430.08 j007 13 0:025170.06 j0.08 14 O08 |0.015 70.05 34 | 0.035450.045 0.02 7. Draw the PI model representation of transformer with off nominal tap ratio alpha (APRILEMAY 8. Draw the reactance diagram for the power system shown in fig. Neglect resistance and use a base of 50 MVA and 13.8 KV on generator G1 GI: 20 MVA, 13.8 KV, X G2: 30 MVA, 18 KV, X"=20% G3: 30 MVA, 20 KV, X"=20% Tl: 25 MVA, 220/13.8 KV, X"=10% 72: 3 single phase unit each rated 10 MVA, 127/18 KV, X=10% T3: 35 MVA, 220/22 KV, X=10% Th Ts 4 ‘ Line1 | Lined ¢ MG) ae ay ms yhck $ ™“ 9, Form Yuu, of the test system shown in figure. Using singular transformation method. The impedance data is given in Table. Take (1) as reference. Element | Self Mutual No. Bus code | Impedance Bus code ImpedanceT 12 05 Table 1 4 a [2 13 06 12 o1 3 a4 O48 jol a 24 03 1 2 10. A.90 MVA, 11 KV 3 phase generator has a reactance of 25%. The generator supplies two motors through transformer and transmission line as shown in figure. The transformer T; is a 3-phase transformer, 10OMVA, 10/132 KV, 6% reactance. The transformer T is composed of 3 single phase units each rated, 300 MVA, 66/10 KV, with 5% reactance. The connection of Ty & Tz is shown. The motors are rated at $0 MVA and 400 MVA both 10 KV and 20% reactance. Taking the generator rating as base, ‘draw reactance diagram and indicate the reactance in per unit, The reactance of line is 100 ohms. (NOV-DEC 2013) nN ae Ome Ling _ a 11. Obtain the per unit impedance yA diagram of the power below, Fig. one line diagram representation of a simple power system Generator No 1: 30 MVA, 10.5 Kv, X"=1.6 ohms Generator No 2: 15 MVA, 6.6 Ky, X"=1.2 ohms Generator No 3: 25 MVA, 6.6 Ky, X"=0.56 ohms Transformer T; (3 phase): 15 MVA, 33/11 Kv, X~15.2 ohms per phase on high tension side. Transformer Tp (3 phase): 15 MVA, 33/6.2 Kv, X=16 ohms per phase on high tension side. ‘Transmission line: 20.5 ohms’phas Load A: 15 MW, 11 Ky, 0.9 lagging power factor. Load B: 40 MW, 6.6 Kv, 0.85 lagging power factor. (NOVDECA4, NOV-DEC 10,NOV-DEC 05) (i) Draw the per unit equivalent circuit of single — phase transformer?12. The single line diagram of a power system is shown in figure along with components data, Determine the new per unit values and draw the reactance diagram, Assume 25 MVA, and 20 Ky as new base on 13, For the system shown in figure, Determine the generator voltage, Take a base of 100 MVA and 210 KV in the transmission line aioky lood Resistive Reo 14, The one line diagram of a power system is shown in fig. The 3 phase power and line-line ratings are as given below (NOV-DECIO2) G1: 80 MVA, 22 KV, 12: 40 MVA, 220/22 KV, X"-6% ‘T3 & T4: 40 MVA, 22/110 KV, X"=6.4% Line 1: 200 KV, X=121 Line 2: 110KV, X=42,35 M: 68.85 MVA, 20 KV, X=22.5% Load: 10 MVAR, 4 KV, A connected capacitors. Draw an impedance diagram showing all impedances in p.u on a 100 MVA base. Choose 22 KV as the voltage base for generator15. Draw the per unit impedance for the power system in fig. Neglect resistance and use a base of 100 MVA, 220 KV, in 50 ohm line. The rating of the generator, motor and transformer’s are: Generator: 40 MVA, 25 KV, X"=20% Motor: 50 MVA, 11 KV, X"=30% Y-Y Transformer: 40 MVA, 33Y-220Y KV, X=15% Y-A Transformer: 30 MVA, 114-220Y KV, X-15% (NOVDECI2012) 7 @]a¢ = 448 > 16, A3 phase A-Y transformer with rating 100 MVA, 11 KV/400V has its primary and secondary leakage reactance as 12 Soph and 0.05 Qiph, respectively. Calculate the p.u reactance of transformer 17. Choosing a common base of 20 MVA, Compute the per unit impedance (reactance) of the ‘components of the power system in fig. and draw the positive sequence impedance diagram, GI: 20 MVA, 10.5 KV, X"=1.40 G2: 10 MVA, 6.6 KV, X"=1.2.0 ‘TL: 10 MVA, 33/11 KV, X=15.2 Qiph on HLT side, T2: 10 MVA, 33/6.2 KV, X=16 Q’ph on H.T side. Transmission line: 225 /ph. (NOVeDEC2008) 18, Show a single ine diagram of unloaded 3 generator power sytem with interconnection between the ‘generator by means of 3 transformers and a transmission line with two sections with their impedanc marked on the diagram. The rating of generators and transformers are given below. (APRIL-MAY 2008) Generator MVA, KV Reactance in pu 1 25 66 02 2 15 66 os 3 30 13.2 015 ‘Transformer MVA KV x 1 30 6.94-115Y 10% 2 is 6.98-115Y 10% 3. single Ph units each rated 10 MVA_ 69/69 KV 10% Draw a reactance diagram and mark all values in p.u choosing a base of 30 MVA, 6.6KV in generator circuit, 19. A 120 MVA, 19.5 KV, generator has a synchronous reactance of 0.15 p.u and it is connected to a transmission line through a transformer rated 150 MVA, 230/18 KV (star/delta) with X=0.1p.u.(i) Calculate the p.u reactance by taking generator rating as base value. (ii) Calculate the p.u reactance by taking transformer as base value. (iii) Calculate the p.u reactance for a base of 100 MVA, and 220 KV on H.T side of a transformer, 20. A Three phase Delta Star transformer with rating 100KVA, 11KV/400V has its primary and secondary leakage reactance as 12 ohnvph and 0.05 ohm/ph respectively. Calculate the p.u reactance of ‘transformer. 21. Form Z bus using bus building algorithm 2. Explain geen in detail and draw basic components of power system. modem power 23. The three phase power and line-line ratings of the electric power system are given below:G1:60MVA,20K V,X=9%:T1:50MVA,20/200K V, X=10%;T2:50MV A, 200/20KV,X=10%M: 43.2MVA, I8KV, X=8%; Line: 200KV, Z=120+{200 ohm. Draw an impedance diagram showing all impedances in per-unit on a 100-MVA base. Choose 20K as the voltage base for generator. 6-3E=38+5 24, A 20MVA, LIKY three phase synchronous generator has a sub transient reactance of 10%. It is connected through three identical single phase A-Y connected transformer SO00KVA 11/127.02KV with a reactance of 15% to a high voltage transmission line having a total series reactance of 80ohm, At the end ‘of HT transmission line, three identical single phase star/star connected transformer of SOOOKVA, 127.02/12.702KV with a reactance of 20%. The load is drawing ISMVA, at 12.5 KV and 0.9p.f lagging, Draw single line diagrams of the network choose a common base of ISMVA and 12.5KV and determine the reactance diagram, 25. Write short notes on the following: i)per-phase analysis of a generator ii)per-phase analysis of 3- windig transformer 26, With the help of single line diagram, explain the basic components of a power system 27. Write detailed notes about the per phase model of a three phase transformer.(May 2011) ii) Draw an impedance diagram for the electric power system shown in figure, showing all the impedances in per unit on a 100 MVA base Choose 20 KV as the voltage base for generator. The 34 power and line rating are given below. G1:90MVA,20KV,X-9%,;Ttl:80MVA,20/200KV,X=16% T12: 80MVA, 200/20K V, X=20%:G2:90MVA, I8KV,X=9%4;1 ine:200KV,X=1200, Load:200 KV, S-48MW1j64MVAR.Of +o 28, What are the advantages of per unit computations? 29, Form the bus impedance matrix for the network shown by building algorithms, 30 Why is per unit system used in power system analysis? And list its advantages 31. Deseribe the Z Bus building algorithms in detailed by using a three bus system. UNIT - Il POWER FLOW ANALYSIS PART—A 1. What is load flow (or) Power low study (NO=DEZ01H The load flow problem consists of calculation of voltage magnitude and its phase angle at the buses. tive line flows for the specified terminal or bus conditions, The bus quantities to be determined are: a) Magnitude of Voltage(V), b) Phase angle of voltage ‘8’, c) Real power (P), 4) Reactive power (Q) And also the active and re: 2, Define voltage controtted bus? (NOW=DEEZ01S) For this bus, voltage magnitude corresponding to the generation voltage and real power generation corresponding to the generator ratings are specified, through load flow solution. It is required to find the reactive power generation and the phase angle of bus voltage. 3. What is the role of swing bus in power flow study? (MayJune 2014) ‘The swing bus is assumed to generate the power for line losses which are estimated through the solution of load flow equations. 4. At what condition generator bus is treated as load bus? (May-June 2014) When the generator bus iterated value of reactive power exceeds the specified reactive power limits, the reactive power is set as Q; = violated power limits (either Quin OF Quax as the case may be) and the generator bus is treated as load bus. 5.What are the advantages of per unt system (ApHIEMAY200I) ©) P.u unit data representation yields valuable relative magnitude information. ) Circuit analysis of system containing transformers of various transformation ratios is greatly simplified, 2) Circuit parameters are tend to fall in relatively narrow numerical ranges making erroneous data casy to spot. h)_ Pyu systems are ideal for the computerized analysis and simulation of complex power system problem, slack bus? (April-May 2001) In slack bus voltage magnitude and phase angle of voltages are specified, pertaining to a generator bus ‘usually a large capacity generation bus in chosen. This bus makes up the difference between the scheduled loads and generated power that are caused by the losses in the network.7. What is the necessity for slack bus? (MayJune2013) The swing bus or slack bus is assumed to generate the power for line losses which are estimated through the solution of load flow equations. 8. Whatis meant by acceleration factor? (MaySJani€2019) ‘Acceleration factor (a) = convergence characteristics Convergence is gauss seidal method can be speeded by acceleration factor for (en) a=1.6. 49. When will the generator bus treated as load bus ? (NovDSE013) When the generator bus iterated value of reactive power exceeds the specified reactive power limits, the reactive power is set as Qi =violated reactive power limit (either Qmin or Qmax) and the generator bus is treated as load bus 10. Why do Y bus used in load flow study instead of Zbus? (N6WDEE2013) Data preparation is simple Bus admittance matrix can be easily formed and modified for network changes such as addition of lines, regulating transformers Sparsity of the bus admittance matrix is the greater advantage as H reduces computer memory and ‘time requirement largely also bus impedance matrix is a full-matrix. 11. What are the different types of buses in a power system’ The buses of a power system can be classified into three types based on the quantities being specified for the buses. The different types of buses are,(i) Load bus or PQ bus (ii)Generator bus or voltage controlled bus or PV bus(iii)Slack bus (or) swing bus (or) reference bus 12, What will be the reactive power and bus voltage when the generator bus is treated as load bus?! When the generator bus is treated as load bus, the reactive power of the bus is equated to the limit it has violated, and the previous iteration value of bus voltage is used for calculating current iteration value. 13. What are the advantages of G-S method? 4) Calculations are simple so the programming task is lessit) the memory requirement is lessiii) Useful for small systems 14, What are the disadvantages of G-S method? i) Requires large number of iterations to reach convergence. ii) Not suitable for large systems iii) Convergence time increases with size of the system 15, What are the advantages of N-R method? i) The NR method is faster, more reliable and the results are accurate ii)Requires less number of iterations for convergence. iii) The number of iterations is independent of the size of the system.vi) Suitable for large size system, 16. What are the disadvantages of N-R method? i) Programming is more complex i) The memory requirement is more iii) Computational time per Iteration is higher due to large number of calculations per iteration. 17. How the disadvantages of N-R method are overcome? ‘The disadvantages of large memory requirement can be overcome by decoupling the weak coupling between P- 8 and Q-V (ic using de coupled load flow algorithm), The disadvantage of large‘computational time per iteration can be reduced by simplifying the decoupled load flow equations. ‘The simplifications are made based on the practical operating conditions of a power system, 18. How are the diagonal elements of You known as? The diagonal elements of Y,yare known as the short circuited driving point admittance or self-admittance of the buses. 19, State the major steps involved in load flow studies? ‘The major steps involved in load flow studies are i) Mathematical modeling of the power system; this would be a set of non-linear algebraic equations. ii) Solution of the non-linear equations through an iterative technique. 20. Why acceleration factor is used in the G-S method? To increase the rate of convergence of the iterative process, acceleration factor is used, 21, What is the need of load flow solution? The load flow solution is essential for designing a new power system and for planning extension as well as operation of the existing one for increased power demand. 22. What is load bus? A load bus is one at which the active power and reactive power are specified, In this bus its voltage can be allowed to vary within permissible values. ie 45%, Also bus voltages phase angle is not very important for the load. 23. How the convergence of N-R method is speeded up? The convergence of N-R method is speeded up using fast decoupled load flow (FDLF) method. In FDLF, the weak coupling between P-V and Q- are decoupled and the equations are further simplified equations are further simplified using the practical operating conditions of the power system. 24, What is the need for voltage control in a power system? The various components of a power system (or equipments connected to power system) are designed to work satisfactorily at rated voltages. If the equipments are not operated at rated voltages then the performance of the equipments will be poor and the life of the equipments will reduce. Hence the rated value (specified value) voltages at various points in a power system should be maintained 25. How the reactive power of a generator is controlled? The reactive power of a generator is controlled by varying the magnitude and phase of induced emf, which in tur varied by varying excitation. For an increase in reactive power the magnitude of induced emf is increased and its phase angle is decreased. For a reduction in reactive power the magnitude of induced emf is decreased and its phase angle is increased. hat is Jacobian matrix? How the elements of Jacobian matrix are determined?(NG9 The matrix formed the first order derivatives of load flow equations is called Jacobian matrix (J).The elements of Jacobian matrix will change in every iteration. In each iteration the elements of this matrix are obtained by partial differentiating the load flow equations with respect to an unknown variable and then calculating the first derivatives using the solution of previous iteration. 27. Whatare the information that are obtained from a power flow study? (May 2012)Bus voltages, Line / transformer power flows, and transmission power losses. 28, Sompere Gauss-seidal and Newton Raphson methods of load flow solution: S.N_ | Gauss seidal ‘Newton Raphson T._| Reliable ‘More reliable 2, | Require large number of iterations to | Faster, Require Tess number if iteration to reach convergence. It has linear reach convergence Tt has quadratic convergence characteristics convergenice characteristics. 3,__| Programming task is less Programming is more complex. 4, | Suitable for small size system and not | Suitable for large size system, suitable for large system, Number iterations increases with increase in size, | Number of iterations does not depend on size of the system. 5. | Memory required is less Memory required is more. 29. Why power flow analysis is made?(NOW2012) Power flow analysis is performed to calculate the magnitude and phase angle of voltage at the buses and also the active power and reactive volt amperes flow for the given terminal or bus conditions. The variables associated with each bus or node arei) magnitude of voltage (v) ii) phase angle of voltage (6) iii) active power (P) iv) reactive volt amperes (Q). 30. What is acceleration factor?(Nov2012) (May 2013) ‘The acceleration factor is a numerical multiplier which is used to increase which is used to inerease the rate of convergence in an iterative process. The previous value at the bus is multiplied by the acceleration factor to obtain a correction to be added to previous values. 31. What is the need of slack bus? (Mag? 2013) May 2014 Ho¥/aeE 2016) ‘The slack bus is needed to account for transmission line losses.In a power system the total power generated will be equal to sum of power consumed by loads and losses.in a power system only the generated power and load power are specified for buses. The slack bus is assumed to generate the power required for losses.Since the losses are unknown the real and reactive power are not specified for slack bbus .They are estimated through the solution of load flow equations. 32, Why do Yu used in load flow study instead of Zn? (NOW013) You is sparsity matrix ie. Number of non-zero elements is less compared to zero elements. Henceformation of Yqasneeds less memory. 33. When will the generator bus be treated as load bus If the reactive power of a generator bus violates the specified limits then the generator bus is treated as load bus. 34, Define voltage controlled bus (NOVERBEELOID) These are the buses where generators are connected. Therefore the power generation in such buses is controlled through a prime mover while the terminal voltage is controlled through the generatorexcitation. Keeping the input power constant through turbine-governor control and keeping the bus voltage constant using automatic voltage regulator, we can specify constant Po and | V; [for these buses. ‘This is why such buses are also referred to as P-V buses. Itis to be noted that the reactive power supplied by the generator Qq,depends on the system configuration and cannot be specified in advance. Furthermore we have to find the unknown angle J, of the bus voltage. 35. In which method for solving load flow problem acceleration factor is used. Gauss seidal method Part B 1. Single line diagram of a simple power system, with generators at busses 1 and 3 is shown in Fig. The magnitude of voltages at bus 1 is 1.05 p.u. Voltage magnitude at bus 3 is fixed at 1.04 p.u. with active power generation of 200 MW. A load consisting of 400 MW and 250 MVAR is taken from bus 2. Line impedances are marked in pu, on a 100 MVA base and the line charging susceptances are neglected, Determine the voltage at buses 2 and 3 using Gauss-Seidal method at the end of first iteration. Also calculate slack bus power. APRILEMAW 2017 Slacks bus @ veto 2. The Fig shows the one line diagram of a simple 3 bus power system with generators at buses 1 and 3, Line impedances are marked in p.u on a 100 MVA base, Determine the bus voltages at the end of second iteration using Gauss-Seidel method. NOVDEC2016 MAY JUNE 2009 2 Slack Bus Vi=1.054)0{ile system data for load flow solution are given in tables 2 and 3. Determine the voltages at the end of the first iteration using the Gauss-Seidal method. Takea 1.6 NOWDEC20I5 Line admittances Bus code Admittances 12 258.0 13 154.0 23 0.666-j2.664 24 154.0 34 218.0 Schedule of active and reactive powers Buscode Pinpu Qinpu = Vinpu Remarks 1 : - 1.06 Slack 2 os 02 140.0 PQ 3 o4 03 140.0 PQ 4 03 on 1440.0 PQ 4. Fig shown below a three bus power system Bus.1: slack bus V= 1.05 p.u, Bus 2: PV Bus |V| 1.0 pu, Py=3 pu, Bus 3: PQ Bus Pi=4 p.u, Qu =2 p.u. cary out one iteration of load flow solution by Guss Seidal method. Neglect limits on reactive power generation? NOV2DEC2014 5. A three bus power system is shown in figure. The relevant per unit line admittance on 100 MVA base are indicated on the diagram and bus data are given in table. From Y,., and determine the voltages at bus 2 and bus 3 after first iteration using Gauss seidal method. Take the acceleration factor a= 1.6 NOVEDEC2013 Figure. 12(a) A three — bus power systemBus | Type | Generation Toad | Bus Voltage No Po [QaMVAN| PL] Q | Wipe] Sdeg T | Slack)? 7 0 | 0 | 102) 0 Zz | PQ | 2 15 30 | 25 | 2 7 x | PQ] o 0 oo [30 | 2 7 6. Consider the power system with the following dat js ie “hz hk js isl Bus | Type | Generation Toad | Bus Voltage No P Q P Q | Vipu) | ddeg T | Slack |= = - | - | 10) 2 |p fso] - 0) - | 10s x [Po] o 0 [30 fos] - = Assume that the bus 2 can supply any amount of reactive power, With a flat stan, perform the first iteration of power flow analysis using Newton-Raphson method. MAWJUNE)2013 7. The figure given below shows a power system. NOWSDEC2012,NOW-DEC 2011 Bus 1: Slack bus Eyeanes =1.05 0° Bus 2: PV bus Eyes “12 pu Po=3 pat Bus 3: PQ bus P= 4 p.u Qa2pu Carry out one iteration of load flow solution by Gauss-Seidal method. Take Q limits of generation 2 as 0SQ< 4, Take a=1 8. Figure shows a five bus power system. Each line has an impedance of (0.05+j 0.15) p.u. The line shunt admittances may be negh are given in table. @ Form Yo ted. The bus power and voltage specifications(i) Find Q2,62,Vs, Ve and Vs after the first iteration using Gauss seidal method. Assume Q2, Fig @ @ we BusNo] Pz ]Q: | Pea Oe Vv Bus Type T 10 [05 | notspecified | Not specified | 1.02 Slack bus 2 0 0 2 hot specified | 1.02 PV bus 3 os [02 0 0 not PQ bus specified 4 os [02/0 0 not PQ bus specified 3 os fo2 0 0 not PQ bus specified For the sample system shown in Fig the generators are connected at all the four bases. While the loads are at buses 2 and 3. Values of real and reactive powers are listed in table. Bus 2 be a PV bus with Vi 1.04 p.u and bus 3 and 4 are PQ bus. Assuming a flat voltage start, find bus voltages and bus angles the nd of first G. iteration Qo(p.u) 5) Remarks 1.04 ‘Slack bus and consider the reactive power limit as2 05 = 1.04] PV bus 3 “10 05 PQ bus a 03 oT = PQ bus 10. The system data for a load flow problem are given in table (Compute ¥ —bus (i) Determine bus voltages at the end of 1" iteration by G-S method by taking acceleration, factor as 1.6 Bus data Bus code | PesmandP™) | QzemanaPu) | V (Pu) | Remarks T = = 1.06 Slack z 05 02 - PQ 3 of 03 - PQ Line data Line No Bus code ‘Admittance T 12 z 13 3 23 065726 11. Fig shows a 3 bus system. The series impedance and shunt admittance of each line 0.0264j0.11 pat and j0.04 p.u respectively. meee zs 7 Pv lejos i 1 : De Sag 7 a ba. ladjos Bus] Pe Ce P; |e] Bus voltages T Unspecified | Unspecified | 1.0 | 0.5 | 1.03440 (lack) 2 15 Unspecified [ 0 0 VaI.03 (PV) 3 0 0 T2 [05 | Unspecified (PQ bus) For bus 2 the min and max reactive power limits are and 0.8 pu. (@ Form Y busGi) Find P2, Q8.79, 98 (ii) Find [T"] (iv) Form the general eqn for calculating the changes in variables by NR method 12. Formulate the power flow equation for n bus system? 13, State the element of Jacobian Matrix for a s stem with PQ buses alone? 14, Compare Gauss seidal and N R method in detail? 15. State the load flow problem and derive load flow equation, 16. (a) What are the practical application of the power flow analysis ? (b) Derive the mathematical model of phase shifting transformer to be used in a power flow analysis. 17. What is Jacobian Matrix? How the elements of Jacobian matrix are computed?(May 2012) (Nov2012) 18, Write the step by step procedure for load flow analysis by Newton Raphson method. 19, (i) Give the classification of various types of buses in a power system for load flow studies (ii) Give the advantages and limitations of Newton Raphson method. 20. Describe the step by step procedure for load flow solution from Gauss siedal method, if PV and PQ buses represent along with slack bus 2O11)(May 2013) (May 2014) aylfune 2016) Rosas UNIT - II FAULT ANALYSIS - BALANCED FAULT PART-A What is the need for short circuit study? (NoveDee2014) To determine the magnitude of currents flowing throughout the power system at various time intervals after a fault occurs. To select the rating of fuses, breakers and switchgear in addition to setting up of protective relays. 2. Give the frequency of various fault occurrence in ascending order (May-June 2014) a) Three phase fault 5% b) Double line-ground fault 10% ©) Line to line fault 15% 4). Single line to ground fault 70% 3. Define bolted fault(MayaTum€2018) All the three phases are shorted and are connected to the ground, the fault current is three times the each phase shorted currents I= 3Ipinse- This fault is called as bolted fault. 4. Mention the objectives of short circuit analysis (AprilMay 2001) + To protect against heavy flow of short circuit currents by disconnecting the faulty section from the healthy section by means of citcuit breakers, ‘+ To estimate the magnitude of fault current for proper choice of cireuit breaker and protective relays, ‘+ To develop protective schemes for various part of the system. S. What is meant by fault level? (MAWSUNE 2013)‘When a fault occurs at a point in a power system the corresponding MVA is the fault level at that point. 6. Define negative sequence impedance? (MAYAJUNE/2013) ‘The impedance of network offered to the flow of negative sequence current is called negative sequence impedance 7. What are the characteristics of shunt and series faul Shunt — shunt fault will decrease the voltage and frequency but increases the current flow Series — series fault will increase the voltage and frequency but decrease the current flow. 8 What are the observations made from the analysis of various faults? (NOWDEC3013) To design the protective schemes for various parts of the system To select the appropriate devices (relays circuit breakers) To protective schemes consists of current and voltage sensing devi breakers The selection of these mainly depends on various currents that may flow in the fault conditions. 2's, protective relays and circuit What is Short Circuit MVA and how it is calculated? (novidee 2016) ‘The short circuit capacity or the short circuit MVA at a bus is defined as the product of the magnitudes of the rated bus voltage and the fault current. S.C MVA capacity of the circuit breaker = V 3 x pre fault voltage in KV x $.C current in KA. 2, What are the types of faults’ SERIES FAULT: a) One open conductor fault b) Two open conductor fault SHUNT FAULT: (a) Symmetrical or balanced fault (j) Three phase Fault(LLLG)(b) Unsymmetrical or unbalanced fault (i) Line to line fault(LL)(ii) Line to ground fault (LG)(ii) Double line to ground fault. (LLG). 3. What are the factors to be considered for selecting the C.B.? ‘The factors to be considered in selecting a circuit breaker for a protection scheme are: Normal operating voltage, Momentary, interrupting current. Speed of the breaker and S.C interrupting MVA. 4, What you mean by symmetrical faults? ‘The fault is called symmetrical fault if the fault current is equal in all the phases and the phase difference between any two phases is equal. 5. What you mean by doubling effect? The first peak of the resultant current will become twice the peak value of the final steady current. This, effect is called as doubling effect. 6. What you mean by transient and sub transient reactance? XJ’ (transient reactance) is the ratio of no load e.mm.f and the transient symmetrical r.m.s current. X," (Sub transient reactance) is the ratio of no load e.n.f and the sub transientsymmetricalr.m.s current. 7. What is the application of transient reactance? The transient and sub transient reactance helps in calculating the interrupting and maximum momentary s.c currents, 8. Give the various assumptions made for fault analysis. ‘The assumptions made in analysis of faults are:i) Each synchronous machine model is represented by an emf behind a series reactance ii) In the transformer models the shunt that account for cote loss and magnetizing components ate neglected.iii) In the transmission line models the shunt capacitances ate noglected.iv)All series resistances in generators, transformers, lines are neglected.v) In the normal operating conditions the pre fault voltage may be considered as 1.0 p.u.vi) Load impedances are neglected; hence the pre fault system may be treated as unloaded, vii) As the pre fault currents are much smaller than the post fault currents the pre fault currents can be neglected,9, Name any methods of reducing short circuit current. By providing neutral reactances and by introducing a large value of shunt reactances between buses. 10,What are the reactances used in the analysis of symmetrical faults on the synchronous machines as its equivalaentreactances. 8) Subtransient reactance X_ ii) Transient Reactance X. i 11. What is synchronous reactance? Itis the ratio of induced emf and the steady state rim.scurrent. Xj =E, /T It is the sum of leakage reactance and the armature reaction reactanees. It is given byXq~ X1 + Xa,Xd = Synchronous reactance. sakage reactance Xa = Armature reaction reactance. 12.What are the causes of fault in power system. (B6¥/d€€2015) A fault may occur on a power system due to a number of reasons. Some of the causes are(i)Insulation failure of the system(ii)Falling of a tree along a line(iii)Wind and ice loading on the transmission lines(ivVehicles colliding with supporting structures(v)Overloading of underground cables(vi)Birds shorting the lines 13. Name the main differences in representation of power system for load flow and short circuits studies Synchronous reactance Xq ‘SN ] Load flow studies Short circuit studies 1 | The considered are | The resistances are neglected 2 [To solve load flow analysis, the bus|To solve load flow analysis, the bus admittance matrix is used impedance matrix is used 3 | Wis used to determine the exact voltages and | Prefault voltages are assumed to be T pau currents and the prefault current can be neglected 14. Find the fault current in figure, if the pre fault yollage atthe fault point is 0.97p.u? <0. ms F inas Zeb (015+ 0.2) +015 Fault Current Ip = 15, What is the reason for transients during short circuit The fault or short circuits are associated with sudden change in currents. Most of the components of the power system have inductive property which opposes any sudden change in currents and so the faults (short circuit) are associated with transients, 16. What is the significance of transient reactance in short circuit studies? The transient reactance is used to estimate the transient value of fault current, Most of the circuit breakers ‘open their contacts only during this period. Therefore, for a circuit breaker used for fault clearing, its interrupting short — circuit rating should be less than the transient fault current. 17. What is the significance of sub - transient reactance in short circuit studies?The sub - transient reactance is used to estimate the initial value of fault current immediately on the occurrence of the fault. The maximum momentary short circuit current rating of the circuit breaker used for protection or fault clearing should be less than this fault clearing value. 18. How to conduct fault analysis of a power system network? By using equivalent circuit representation and by using bus impedance matrix 19. What is meant by fault calculation The fault condition of a power system can be dived into sub transient, transient and steadystate periods. The currents in the various parts of the system and in the fault are different in these periods. The estimation of these currents for various types of faults at variouslocations in the system are commonly referred as fault calculations. 20, Mention the objectives of short cireuit studies or fault analysis (MAG2OTI)(NOR2OI2) The short circuit studies are essential in order to design or develop the protective schemes for various parts of the system. The protective scheme consists of current and voltage sensing devices, protective relays and circuit breakers. The selection or proper choice of these mainly depends on various currents that may flow in the fault conditions. 21, Write down the balanced and unbalanced faults occurring in a power system. (M¥20I1 BALANCED FAULT:3 phase short circuit fault UNBALANCED FAULT:Single line to ground fault,line to line fault and double- line to ground fault 22. Distinguish symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault. The fault is called Symmetrical fault if the fault current is equal in all the phases.eg. 36 short circuit fault, The fault is called unsymmetrical fault if the fault current is not equal in all the threephases.eg.i) single line to ground fault i) line to line fault iti) double line to ground fault iv) open conductor fault 23 Wists meant by fat vet? It relates to the amount of current that can be expected to flow out ofa bus in to a 3 phase fault Fault level in MVA at bus I pufauie * S39 25, Define bolted fault A fault represents a structural network change equivalent with that caused by the addition of impedance at the place of the fault. Ifthe fault impedance is zero, then the fault is referred as bolted or solid fault. 26.what are the uses of short circuit capacity. It is used for determining the dimension of a busbar and the interrupting capacity of a circuit breaker. 27. Name the method of reducing short circuit capacity. The short circuit capacity is reduced by introducing artificial series reactors. 29. Which type of fully is more severe. Three phase to ground fault 30. Why symmetrical fault occurs in a power system. ‘The short circuit fault occurs in a power system due to insulation failure of equipments ,flash over of lines initiated by a lightning stroke or through accidental faulty operation. 31.state the application of short circuit analysis. (j)for proper relay setting and coordination (ii)to obtain the rating of protection and switch gear ii).to select the circuit breaker (iv)sto perform whenever system expansion is planned 32.what are the methods to find fault current in fault calculation. By applying kirchoff’s law ,thevenin’s theorem ,bus building algorithm. 33.what are application of thevenin’s theorem method (j.the fault current can be evaluated (ii). The bus voltages and line current during the fault can be determined. (iii) post fault voltages and currents can be obtained by using prefault voltage and current1. A3 phase, 5 MVA, 6.6 KV alternators with a reactance of 8% is connected to a feeder series impedance (0.124j0.48) ohm/phase/km through a step up transformer. The transformer is rated at 3 MVA, 6.6 kV/33 KV and has a reactance of 5%. Determine the fault current applied by the generator operating under no load with a voltage of 6.9 KV, when a 3 phase symmetrical fault occurs at a point 15 km along the feeder. (8YAPRIL=MAY 2017, NOV-DEC 2016 (ii) Draw the detailed flowchart, which explains how a Zous. (8) mmetrical fault can be analyzed using 200A 100 MVA, 11kV generator with X= 0,20 p.u is connected through a transformer and each motor has X’=0,20 paul and X’= 0.25 p.u on a base of 20 MVA, 33KV the bus voltage at the ‘motors is 33kV when three phase balanced fault occurs at the point F. Caleulate (j) Sub transient current in the fault (i) Sub transient current in the circuit breaker B. (iii) Momentary the circuit breaker B, (iv) The current to be interrupted by C.B B in 5 cycles. (16) APRIKEMAY AN Xime=300hm 3 wit waaay var er z Fig. 1 3. A) For the radial network shown in Fig.2 phase fault occurs at point F. Determine the fault current and the line voltage at 11.8 kV bus under fault condition. NOWVDECWOI6 [LAVA XG sd ots peo - G)) BBkKV GB KY Fig. 2400) A) A generating station is feeding a 132 kV system is shown in fig, Determine the total fault current, fault level and fault current supplied by each alternator for a 3 phase fault at the receiving end bus. The line is 200 km long. MAYSUNE 2016. NOV-DEC 2013 100 MVA, 11 KV Xa15% TY 100 MVA, 117132 KV, X=10% X=0.2 ohma/phasesm @— SOMVA, 11 KV. TR SOMVA, 11/132 KV, Xe8% Xe10% Fig 5. A symmetrical fault occurs at bus 4 for the system shown in Fig. Determine the fault current using Zbus Building algorithm. MAWAJUNB2016 Fig G1, G2 : 100 MVA, 20 kV, X’ Transformer : X leakage = 9% L1,L2:X?=10% 6. A) Generator G1 and G2 are identical and rated 11 KV , 20 MVA and have a transient reactance of 0.25 p.u at own MVA base, The transformers TI and T2 are also identical and are rated 11/66 KV, 5 MVA and have a reactance of 0.06 p.u to their own MVA base, A 50 km long transmission line is connected between the two generators. Calculate three phase fault current, when fault occurs at midale ofthe line as shown in fig) NOWSDEC 20137. A synchronous generator and synchronous motor each rated 30 MVA, 13.2 KV and both have subtransient reactance of 20% and the line reactance of 12% on a base of machine ratings. The motor is drawing 25 MW at 0.85 p.f leading. The terminal voltage is 12 KV when a three phase short circuit fault occurs at motor terminals, Find the subtransient current in generator, motor and at the faut point, NOWADEC2015 30MVA, 30 MVA, 13.2 KV, 20% 13.2KV, 20% Fig 8 Two generators are connected in parallel to the low voltage side of a 3 phase delta star transformer as shown in the figure.generator I is rated 60,000 kva,11 ky.generator 2 is rated 30,000 kva,11 kv.each generator has sub-transient reactance of Xj'=25%.the transformer is rated 90,000 kva at 11 kv-delta /66 kv star with a reactance of 10%.before a fault occurred, the voltage on the high tension side of the transformer is 63kv.the transformer is unloaded and there is no circulating current between the generators. find the sub-transient current in each generator when a three phase fault curs on the ht side of the transformer (APRILANIAW/2015) 0,000 vA KY rama | eS / On a ) 0 am 9. A gencrator transformer unit is connected to a line through a circuit breaker. The unit ratings are:10. u. 12. Generator: 10 MVA,6.6 KV, Xs"=0.1 pu, Xs'=0.2 pu and Xy=0.8 pu Transformer: 1OMVA,6.9/33 ky reactance0.08 pu The system is operating on no load at a line voltage of 30 ky, when a three phas the line just beyond the circuit breaker. Find (j).The initial symmetrical rms current in the breaker. (ii).The maximum possible de offset current in the breaker (iii).The momentary current rating of the breaker (iv)-The current to be interrupted by the breaker and the interrupting KVA,and (The sustained short circuit current in the breaker. ((SPRITEMAY 2015) (N6VDES OTS ANagoor Kani) For the radial network shown below a three-phase fault occurs at F, Determine the fault current and the line voltage at 11 KV bus under fault conditions, ¢ fault occurs on 1OMVA 15% feactance @ 9 tim ude Transformer No, 1:10 MVA, 10% reactance 10MVA 12.5% reactance 0.27 +40.36)ohmerkan Fi overhead line: 30 km Z ® 33 Ky, —f____— ‘cypher cransformer No 2:5 MVA, 8% reactance mae esxy — | _ Z= (0.31540 08)ehmasiam , Se F (April-May 2014 \Nagoor kani) A generator is connected through a five cycle circuit breaker to a transformer is rated 100 MVA, 18 KV with reactances Xs“ 20%, Xs’-25% and Xe 110%. It is operated on no-load and at rated voltage When a 3 phase fault occurs between the breaker and the transformer, find, (Short circuit current in circuit breaker Gi) The initial symmetrical rms current in the circuit breaker (iii) The maximum possible de component of the short circuit current in the breaker (iv) The current to be interrupted by the breaker (v) The interrupting MVA (NOVDECT20LY2/BRIGUP) A 11 KV, 100 MVA alternator having a sub- transient reactance of 0.25 p.u is supplying a 50 MVA motor having a sub -transient reactance of 0.2 pu through a transmission line. ‘The line reactance is 0.05 pu on a base of 100 MVA. The motor is drawing 40 MW at 0.8 power fa fault occurs at the generator terminals. Calculate the total current in the generator and motor under fault conditions. tor leading with a terminal voltage of 10.95 kv when a 3-phase13. (MAYSIUNEV20132)NSZO6F SAH) A synchronous generator and motor are rated 30 MVA, 13.2 KV and both have subtransient reactance of 20%, The line connecting them has reactance of 10% ‘on base of machine ratings. The motor is drawing 20000 KW at 0.8 pf leadind and terminal voltage of 12.8 kv when a symmetrical 3-phase fault occurs at the motor terminals. Find the sub- ‘transient current in the generator, motor and fault by using interval voltages of the machines. 14. (MAWSSUNE2012).Nagoor Kani A 3 ph , 5 MVA, 6.6 KV alternator with a reactance of 8% is connected to a feeder of series impedance of (0.12+0.48) obm/phase per km.The transformer is rated at 3 MVA ,6.6 KV/33 KV and has a reactance of 5 % Determine the fault current supplied by the generator operating under no lo9ad with a voltage of 6.9 KV, When a 3 Ph symmetrical fault occurs at a point 15 Km along the feeder 15. (NGVDESZOM) What are the basic assumptions made in fault calculations? 16. A 25 MVA., 11 KV generator with xd”"=0.2 pau is connected through a transformer line and a transformer to a bus that supplics three identical motors, as shown in fig Each motor has xd""=0.3 pau on a base of 5 MVA, 6.6 K.V.The 3ph rating of step up transformer is 25 MVA 11/66 KV with a leakage reactance of 0.1 p.u and that of step down transformer is 25 MVA, 6616.6 KV with a leakage reactance of 0.1 P.u .The bus voltage at the motor is 6.6 KV whan a 3 ph fault occurs at the point F.For a specie fault calculate( NAGRATH &KOTHARIP.NO337) i) The sub transient current in the fault i) Sub Transient current in the breaker B iii) The momentary current in breaker B Fig -O | A » & S. 0 ae 3 obfetey ene qe Jobe te | mols, 17. A 25000 KVA , 13.8 KV generator with Xd’"= 15 % is connected through a transformer to a bus which supplies four identical motors as shown in fig. The sub transient reactance Xd” of each motor is 20% on a base of 5000 KVA, 6.9 KV The three phase rating of the transformer is 25000 KVA.,13.8/6.9 KV with a leakage reactance of 10% The bus voltage at the motor is 6.9 KV when a 3 ph fault occurs at point P for the specied fault determine (U1¢nialathalpine!3130) (The sub transient fault in the fault Gi) The sub transient current in breaker A ii) The symmetrical short circuit interrupting current18. Synchronous generator rated 500 KVA, 400V, 0.1 p.u, sub transient reactance is supplying a passive load of 400KW at 0.8 lag p.f. Calculate the initial symmetrical RMS current for a 36 fault at the generator terminals. 19. Two generating stations having S.C capacities of 1SOOMVA & 1000MVA respectively and operating at 11 KV are linked by a interconnected cable having s reactance of 0.6Q/phase. Determine S.C capacity of each station. 20, Two synchronous motors are connected to the bus of a large system through a short transmission line as shown, The ratings of the various components are:Motor each: IMVA, 440V, 0.Ip.u reactance. Line:0,05@ reactance, Large system S.C MVA at 440V bus is 8.0. When two motors are in operation at 440V, calculate the S.C current (symmetrical) fed into a 3 phase fault at the motors. 21. A small generating station has a bus bar divided into three sections. Each section is connected to a tie- bbar with reactors each rated at SMVA, 0.Ip.u reactance. A generator of 8 MVA rating and 0.15 p.u reactance is connected to each section of the bus bar. Determine the S.C capacity of the breaker if a3 phase fault takes place on one of the sections of the bus bar. 22. A Station operating at 33 KV is divided into sections A & B. Section A consists of three generators 15, MVA each having a reactance of 15% and section B is fed from the grid through a 75 MVA transformer of 8% reactance. The ckt breakers have each a rupturing capacity of 750 MVA. Determine the reactance of the reactor to prevent the breakers being over loaded if a symmetrical S.C occurs on an outgoing feeder connected to A 23. The per unit impedance matrix of a four bus power system shown in figure below, jO15 j0.075 j0.14 50.135 j0.075 j0.1875 0.09 j0.0975 Zou"! 0.14 j0.09 0.2533 j0.21 j0.135 j0.0975 0.21 _j0.2475) Calculate the fault current for a solid three symmetrical fault at bus 4. Also calculate the post fault bus voltages and line currents. 24, Explain symmetrical fault analysis using Z-bus matrix with neat flow chart. (MBQU2OLI)(NG¥ 25. The bus impedance matrix of 4-bus system with values in p.u is given by, 0.15 0.08 0.04 0.07 Zoun j|008 015 0.06 0.09 "10.04 0.06 0.13 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.05 0.12 In this system generator are connected to buses 1 and 2 and their sub transient reactances included when finding Zs. If pre-fault current is neglected, find sub transient current in p.u in the fault for a 3- ph fault on bus-4.Assume prefault voltage as 1 p.u. Ifthe sub transient reactance of generator in Bus 2 is 0.2p.u., find the sub transient fault current supplied by generator. (Mayi2012) 26. A generator is connected through afive cycle circuit breaker to a transformer is rated 100 MVA,18 KV with reactancesX;=20%,X,=25% and Xs= 110%. It is operated on no-load and at rated voltage. When a 3-phase fault occurs between the breaker and the transformer, find, (i) Short circuit current in circuit breaker; (ii) The initial symmetrical rms current in the circuit breaker ii) The maximum possible de component of the short circuit current in the breaker:(iv)The current to be interrupted by the breaker;(v) The interrupting MV. 27. For the three bus network Fig. shown below, obtain Z bus by building algorithm (Ne¥i2014) 2 jo.2 = Ref busUNIT—IV FAULT ANALYSIS - PART-A 1. Name the fault in which all the three sequence components currents are equals and in whi positive and negative sequence currents together is equal to zero sequence current. Ans:- Double line to ground fault. 2. Define negative sequence impedance? (MAVSUNEDOI3) The impedance of network offered to the flow of negative sequence current is called negative sequence impedance ‘What is the observation made from the analysis of various faults? (NOV=DEC2013) ‘To design the protective schemes for various parts of the system To select the appropriate devices (relays ,circuit breakers) To protective schemes consists of current and voltage sensing devices, protective relays and cireuit breakers. ‘The selection of these mainly depends on various currents that may flow in the fault conditions. W@))Write the boundary conditions for single line to ground fault? (NOVDEC2013) Boundary conditions are , Tel Viral. hy=L.=0 5. What is sequence network (ABHEMAVZ000) Ina three phase system, the phase currents are resolved into three symmetrical components they are positive, negative and zero sequence. They are mentioned by Ia*, la-, 1a0 respectively. When all the sequence representations are connected together in a phase is called sequence network 6. Write the symmetrical components ofa three phase system? (ABHENV2017) a) Positive sequence component b) Negative sequence component «) Zero sequence components INBALANCED FAULT 7. Name the faults involving ground. The faults involving ground are: single line to ground fault iijdouble line to ground fault iii) Three phase fault 8, Define positive sequence impedance. The negative sequence impedance of equipment is the impedance offered by the equipment to the flow of positive sequence currents, 9, In what type of fault the +ve sequence component of current is equal in magnitude but opposite in phase to negative sequence components of current? Line to line fault 10. In which fault the negative and zero sequence currents are absent? In three phase fault the negative and zero sequence currents are absent. 11, What are the boundary condition in line-to-line fault? 10; Ltl=0; VieVe 12. Write down the boundary condition in double line to ground fault? Ty=05 Vir 0; Ve=O 13. Give the boundary condition for the 3-phase fault. hth i 14, Name the fault in which positive, -ve and zero sequence component currents are equal.In single line to ground fault the +ve, -ve and zero sequence component currents are equal 15.Name the various unsymmetrical faults in a power system. 3) single line to ground fault i) line to line fault iii) double line to ground fault iv) open conductor fault 16.Write a short notes on Zero sequence network. While drawing the zero sequence network of a given power system, the following points may be kept in view.The zero sequence currents will flow only if there is a return path ie-path from neutral to ground or to another point in the circuit.In the case of a system with no return path for zero sequence currents, these currents cannot exist. 17.Write a short notes on negative sequence network. The negative sequence network can be readiley obtained from positive sequence network with the following modifications:i)Omit the emfs of 3 — phase generators and motors in the positive sequence network. It is because these devices have only positive sequence generated voltages.ii)Change, if neccesary, the impedances between the generators neutral and ground pass no negative sequence current and hence are not included in the negative seqeunce network ii)For static devices such as transmission lines and transformers, the negative sequence impedances have the same value as the corresponding positive sequence impedances. 18.Write a short notes on positive sequence network. While drawing the positive sequence network of given power system, the following points may be kept in view:Each generator in the system is represented by the generated voltage in series with appropriate reactance and resistance.Current limiting impedances between the generators neutral and ground pass no positive sequence current and hence are not included in the positive sequence network. All resistance and magnetizing currents for each transformer are neglected as a matter of simplicity.For transmission lines, the shunt capacitances and resistances are generally neglected. 19.How will you express positive, negative and zero — sequence impedances of Y — connected Toads?(may/june 2016)(novidec 2016) Positive seqence impedance Z' =Z, +3Z, +2Z,, Negative sequence impedance Z* Zero sequence impedance Z" = Z, — Z,, Where, Z, ~ self impedance of Y - connected load, Z,.~ load neutral impedance Z,, = Mutual impedance. 22. Which is the most frequently occurring fault? Single line to ground fault is the most frequently occurring fault 23, Define unsymmetrical fault, ‘The fault is called unsymmetrical fault if the fault current isnot same in all the three phases. 24, Which is the most severe fault in power system? Three phase fault is the most severe and rarely occurring fault in the power system. 25. What is sequence network: The network which is used to represent the positive, negative and zero sequence components of unbalanced system is called as sequence network 26. What are the symmetrical components of a three phase system: 1) Positive sequence 2) negative sauce 3) Zero sequence 27. What is meant by a Fault? A fault in acireuit is any failure which interferes with the normal flow of current .The faults are associated with abnormal change in current, voltage and frequency of the power system. The faults may cause damage to the equipment if itis allowed to persist for a long time. 28. List the various symmetricaland unsymmetrical faults in a power system\(M¥2013) Symmetricalfault:3 phase short circuit fault. Unsymmettical fault: i) single line to ground fault i) line to line fault ii) double line to ground fault ivjopen conductor fault29, Define negative sequence impedance (AV 2013) The negative sequence impedance of an equipment isthe impedance offered by the equipment tothe flow of negative sequcnoe curent 30. Draw the sequence network connections corresponding to L-L fault at bus. (MA92013) 31. What are the observations made from the analysis of various faults ?(N@W2013) i) To check the MVA ratings of the existing circuit breakers, when new generation are added into a system; ii) To select the rating for fuses, circuit breaker and switch gear in addition to setting up of protective relays; iii) To determine the magnitudes of currents flowing throughout the power system at various time intervals after a fault occur 32, Write the boundary conditions for single line to ground fault.(N6v2013) The boundary conditions are Va= 0; Il: 33.What are the features of zero sequence current?(Ma¥ 2014) As zero sequence currents in three phases are equal and of same phase, three systems operate like single phase as regards zero sequence currents.Zero sequence currents flow only if return path is available ‘through which circuit is completed, 34,Write the symmetrical component current of phase ‘a’ in terms of currents,(May 2014). ho = 5a the +1] Ia=2[etaly+a%l.] Ip = 2 [lp +a°l, + al,] 35.What is sequence network? (f In the method of symmetrical components, to calculate the effect of a fault on a power system, the sequence networks are developed corresponding to the fault condition. These networks are then interconnected depending on the type of fault. The resulting network is then analyzed to find the fault current and other parameters. 36. Write the relative frequency of occurrence of various types of fault Type of fault, Relative frequency of occurrence of fault Three phase fault 3% TG fault 10% TL fault 15% LG fault 70% ‘37.Name the fault which does not have zero sequence fault component. (i)Three phase fault (i.line to line fault 38.which type of fault occurs between phases b and c, voltage actoss b and c are equal. Line to Line bolted fault.PARTB 1. A generator of negligible resistance having 1.0 per voltage behind transient reactance is subjected to different types of faults Type of fault Resulting fault current in p.u 3-phase 3.33 LL 223 LG 3.01 Calculate the per unit value of 3 sequence reactance’s. 2. A SOHz 80MVA, I1kV generator has positive, negative and zero sequence impedances of 0.4, j0.3 and j0.lp.u respectively. The generator is connected to a busbar A through a transformer Xi=X=Xe=j0.4p.u.0n 100MVA base and rated voltage. Determine the ohmic resistance and rating of earthing resistor such that for LG fault on busbar B, the fault current of the generator does not exceed full load current. A reactor of reactance 0.08p.u on 100 MVA base is connected between bus bars A and B. 3. Develop the expr matrix.2.De Zs matin. 4. A SOHz, 13.2 KV, ISMVA altemator has X1=X2=20% and X0=8% and the neutral is grounded through a reactor of 0.Sohm, Determine the initial symmetrical rms current in the ground reactor when a double line to ground fault occurs at the generator terminals at a time when the generator voltage was 12K. 5. Derive the necessary equations for calculating the fault current and bus voltages for a single line to ground fault.(maysjune 2016) 6.A salient pole generator is rated 20 MVA, 13.8 kV and has X1=0.25p.u X2=0.35p.u and X0=0. 1p. ‘The neutral of the generator is solidly grounded. Compute fault current in the generator and line to line to ground fault at its terminals, Neglect initial load on the generator. 7.Two 25 MVA, LIKV synchronous generators are connected to a common bus bar which supplies a feeder. The star point one of the generators is grounded through a resistance of | ohm and that of the other generator is isolate. A line to ground fault occurs at the far end of the feeder. Determine the fault current. The impedance to sequence currents of each generator and feeder are given below. ms for analyzing double line to ground fault in a large power system using Zu: op the expressions for analyzing double line to ground fault in a large power system using Generator Feeder (a) +ve sequence 02 joa (b)-ve sequence jos joa () zeto sequence 0.08 jos 8.Develop the expressions for analyzing single line to ground fault in a large power system using Zaman (yfhune 2016) pressions for analyzing line to line fault in a large power system using Zpa. matrix. 10, What are the assumptions made in short citcuit studies? Deduce and show the sequence network for a line to line fault at the terminals of a unloaded generator (May 2011 aprimay 2016) 11, Two IIKV, 20MVA Three phase star connected generators operate in parallel as shown in figure. ‘The positive ynegative and zero sequence reactance are j0.18,j0.15j0.10 pu. The star point of one of the generator is isolated and that of the other is earthed through 2.0 ohms resistor. A single line toground fault occurs at the terminals of one of the generators, Estimate i)Fault current iiJcurrent in the grounding resistor and iii)the voltage across the grounding resistor. 12. Derive the necessary equation to determine the fault current fora single line to ground fault. Draw a diagram showing the interconnections of sequence networks. (May2012) 13, All KV, 30MVA alternator has Z1=Z2=0.2 pu and Z0=-j0.05 pu.A line to ground fault occurs on the generator terminal, Determine the felt cutent and linet line voltages doing faulted conditions ‘Assume tha the generator neutal is solidly grounded andthe generator is operating atmo Toad and at the ated voltage during the ovurrence of he fault 14,A SOMVA 1. KV aerator was subjected to differnt pes of ate 3 TUT870 A “Line to Line Fault 2590 A, Single Tine to ground fall 4130 A,The allemator natal is solidly ‘grounded. Find the per unit values of the three sequence reactances of an alternator. (May 2012). 15.Draw the sequence network connection for a double line to ground fault at any point in a power system and fom that obtain an expression forthe fault curren (Now2012) 16, (i) Derive an expression for the total power in a three phase system interms of sequence components of voltages and currents. (ii) Discuss in detail about the sequence impedances of transmission lines 17,Discuss in detail about the sequence impedances and networks of synchronous machines, transmission lines, transformers and load. 18, A single line diagram of a power network is shown in the figure. (MAVI20I3) Tm! ta (@™)y . ay yA aa ‘The system data is given in the tableas below: Element Positive sequence | Negative sequence | Zero sequence reactance reactance reactance GeneratorG | 0.1 0.12 0.05 ‘Motor My 0.05 0.06 0.025 ‘Motor Mz 0.05 0.06 ‘0.025 Transformer Ty | 0.07 0.07 0.07 Transformer Ta | 0.08 0.08 0.08 Line O10 0.10 0.10 Generator grounding reactance is 0.5 pu. Draw sequence networks and calculate the fault for a line to line fault on phase b ande at point P. Assume 1.0 pu pre fault voltage throughout.19, The figure shows the power system network Draw zero sequence network for this system. The system data is as under, Generator Gi:50 MVA ,11 KV, Xo= 0.08 pu Transformer T:50 MVA, 11/220 KV, Xo= 0.1pu Generator G, :30 MVA ,I1 4* KV, Xo 0.07pu Transformer Tp ;30 MVA 11/220 KV X= 0.09 pu Zero sequene reactance of line is 555.6 ©. Choose base MVA $0 and base voltage 11 KV for LT side sd 220 KV for HT side (NOw2013) YA 20.4 25 MVA , 13.2 KV altemator with solidly grounded neutral has a sub transient reactance of 0.25 pa. The negative and zero sequence reactance are 0.35 and 0.01 p.u. respectively. If a double line-to- ‘ground fault occurs atthe terminals of the altemator, determine the fault current and line to line voltage at the fault 21.Obtain the expression for fault current for a line to line fault taken place through an impedance Zy in a power system, 22, Obtain the expression for fault current for a line (o line fault taken place through an impedance Zy in apower system.( 12, Explain about the concepts of symmetrical component/{(NOv2014) Set of n unbalanced vector can be converted to set of n balanced vector using symmetrical component Transformation, Is=lay+la;+la, L-letlor tee TeHlepHey Hes 24.A single line to ground fault occurs on Bus | of the system of the fig. shown below.Find i) Current in the fault ii) SC current in phase A of generator iii) Voltage of the healthy phases of the bus! using Z bus method F Given: Rating of the each machine 1200KVA, 600V,with X=X2=10%Xo=5% each three phase transformer is rated 1200 KVA , 600V-A/3000V-Y with leakage reactance of 5% the reactance of thetransmission line are X1 = X2 =20% and Xo=40% on the base of 1200 KVA ,3300V,the reactance of the neutral reactors are 5% on the KVA and voltage base of the machine. (Nov 2014) UNIT-V STABILITYANALYSIS PARTA 1. Define Dynamic stability of a power system. Dynan stbity the stailty een to a inherently unstable spstemy by automati control devices and this dynamic stability is concemed with small disturbances lasting for times of the order of 10 to 30 2 Define the inertia constants M & H. Angular momentum (M) about a fixed axis is defined as the product of moment of inertia about that axis and the associated angular velocity. M= I. @ watt/tad/Sec’ Inertia constant (H) is the K-E in Mega joules tore thre phase MVA rating ofthe machine. 5 Define load angle of a generator Lis angles Thies the angle Between the generated em or the supply vollge (E) and the terminal voltage. This angle is also called as torque or power angle of the machine. 1d State equal area criterion of stab ya) The system is stable if the area under accelerating power (Pa) - 8 curve reduces to zero at some value of8, In ether words positive aea under Pa 3 curve must be equal to the negative area and hence the name equal area ererion of sili, =: What are limitations of equal area criterion? The limitations of equal arca criterion are: i) one drawback of equal area criterion approach is that critical clearing time cannot be calculated even though the critical cleating angle is known. Hence numerical methods such as Runge-Kutta method, point by point or Euler's method are employed, i 1's amore simplified approach 6. If two machines with inertia’s T1;, H; are swinging together, what will be the inertia of the equivalent machine? HG, + HG. H, =e Is G H, and H, is the Inertia constant of M; and Mz; G; and Gz is the capacity of My and Mp. H, is the equivalent inertia of M, and Mz; G, is the equivalent capacity of M, and Mp 7. On what basis do you conelude that the given synchronous machine has lost stability? Following a sudden disturbance on a power system rotor speeds, rotor angular differences and power transfer undergo fast changes whose magnitude is dependent on the severity of the disturbance. If these disturbances leads to growing oscillations in the power system even after some period of time say more than 30 seconds then system said are in asynchronous state and it has lost synchronism. 8. On what a factor does the critical clearing angle depends. The critical clearing angle depends upon the clearing time, which depends upon auto closing/reclosing and opening of circuit breakers. 9, Define steady state stability limit (Now 2014) It is the maximum power that can be transferred without the system becoming unstable when the system is subjected to small disturbances. 10. Mention methods of improving the steady state stability limit{(a0Wdee2016) Pmax= (B.V/X). The steady state stability limit can be increased by i) Reducing the X, in case of transmission lines by using double circuit lines. ii) Use of series capacitors to get better voltage. iii) Higher excitation systems and quick excitation system are employed. 11. A 50H, 4 pole turbo alternator rated at 20 MVA, 13.2 KV has as inertia constant H = 4 KW - sec! KVA, Find the K.E stored in the rotor at synchronous speed.F=S0Hz, P=4,G=20 MVA, H~4 KW-~ Sec! KVA. Stored K.E~ 4x 20 ~ 80MI. 12. Mention the methods used for the solution of swing equation. Methods used for solution of swing equation are: Point by point method, Modified Euler's method andRunge-kutta method. 13, Give methods used for improving the transient stabilit The following methods are employed to increase the transient stability limit of the power system- (Increase of system voltages,(ii) use of AVR.(ii)Use of High speed excitation systems.(iv)Reduction in transfer reactance.(w)Useof high speed reclosing breakers. 14, Define the term synchronizing power coefficient of a synchronous machine? ‘The rate(dp/d8), ie, the differential power increase obtained per differential load angle increase is called the synchronizing power coefficient or electrical stiffness of a synchronous machine. 18, What are the applications of equal area criterion? (Switching operation. (ii)Fault and subsequent circuit isolation. (ii) Fault, circuit isolation and reclosing 16. What are the classifications of angle stability2( Small signal stability (steady state) and transient stability (large signal).Small signal is further classified as Oscillatory and Non oscillatory stability.Oscillatory includes Inter area mode, control mode and ‘Torsional mode 17. Define critical clearing angle and time? (MAW-Z0Li)/(MAy2012)(NOw 2012) (NOWZ01S) Critical clearing angle ‘8, "corresponds to critical clearing timet,,in which the fault in the line is cleared by the circuit breaker above which the system goes out of synchronism. 18, Write swing equation P,-P.= Md?8/dt’, P,, Input Mechanical power: P_outputclectricalpower:M- Angular momentum. 19, Define transient stability and stability Hmit(May 2012) ‘The maximum power that can be transferred through the system during a very large disturbance without Joss of synchronism is called transient stability limit, 20. Distinguish between steady state and transient state stability.(NOW 2012) Steady state stability is basically concerned with the ability of the system to restore back to its stable state upon a small disturbance whereas the transient stability is concerned with large disturbances, 21, What is meant by power angle curve? ‘The graphical plot of real power versus power/torque angle is called as power angle curve. P.=Pgsind. — P= E:E2/X. 22. Define Infinite bus in power system. (NOW 2012)(May 2013) The capacity of a system comprising of many machines is so large, that its voltage & frequency may bbe taken as constant. The connection or disconnection of a single machine does not change the [V| and frequency. Such a constant voltage and frequency system is called as Infinite bus. 23, Differentiate between voltage stability and rotor angle stabili Voltage stability isthe ability of a power system to maintain steady acceptable voltage at all buses in the system under normal operating conditions and after being subjected to a disturbance. Rotor angle stability isthe ability of interconnected synchronous machines of a power system to remain in synchronism. 24. Define swing curve? What is the use of this curve?(NOW2013) A graph of 8 versus time in seconds is called swing curve. The stability of the machine is caleulated by using swing curve. This curve is obtained by solving the swing equation of the machine. The critical angle and critical clearing time is calculated by using swing curve. 25. Define dynamic stability (MS¥2018) ‘The dynamic stability study is concerned with the study of nature of oscillations and its decay for small disturbances26. Find the frequency of oscillation for a synchronizing co-efficient of 0.6, inertia constant H= 4 and system frequency of 50 Tz.(Ma2014) Frequency of oscillatio Frequency of oscillation = 27.Mow to reduce the reactances of transmission line. Reactance can be decreased by reducing conductor spacing. Series reactance may be reduced by using bundled conductors. 28what arte the application of under frequency load shedding scheme Underfrequeney load shedding is applicable for frequency decline much beyond the capability of governors, 29.what are the effects of load rejection. ‘When there isa load rejection in the system, the speed of the generators and hence the system frequency will rise. The speed governing system will respond by reducing the mechanical power generated by the turbines. 30.what are the factors affecting transient stability. ‘Type of fault- three phase fault,LLG fault,LL fault,LG fault. Location of fault, PART B 1. A SOHz generator is supplying 60% of Prax to an infinite bus through a reactive network. A fault ‘occurs which increases the reactance’s of the network between the generator internal voltage and infinite bus by 400%. When the fault is cleared, compute the max value of critical clearing angle by applying equal area criteria. 2. State the bad effects of instability. Distinguish between steady state and transient state stabilities. 3. Two power stations A & B are located close together. Station A has 4 identical generator sets each rated 100MVA and having an inertia constant of 9 MJ/ MVA, whereas station B has three sets each rated 200MVA , 4 MJ/ MVA. Calculate the inertia constant of single equivalent machines on a base ‘of 100 MVA. 4, Explain the Euler’s method of solving the stability problem. 5. A motor is receiving 25% of the power that it is capable of receiving from an infinite bus. Ifthe load on the motor is doubled. Calculate the max value of 5 during the swinging of the rotor around its new equilibrium position. 6.Describe the Runge-Kutta method of solution of swing equation for multi machine systems. 7. A3 phase generator delivers!.0 pu_ power to an infinite bus through a transmission network when fault occurs, The maximum power which can be transferred during pre-fault, during fault and post fault condition are 1,75pu, 0.4pu and 1.25 pu,Find the critical clearing angl 8, (a) State and explain the equal area criterion. (b) Indicate how you will apply equal area criterion.(i) To find the max additional load that can be suddenly added. (ii) In a two circuit transmission system sudden loss of one circuit. 9. Derive the swing equation of a synchronous machine swinging against an infinite bus. Clearly state the assumptions made in deducing the swing equation. State the usefulness of this equation. State the reasons for its nonlinearity 10, (i)Distinguish between steady state, transient and dyt 11. (i) Explain the methods of improving power system stabilit abilit(ii) Explain the terms critical clear stability of a power system. 12, Describe the algorithm for modified Euler method of finding solution for power system stability problem studies (NoW 2012)y 2013) 13, A generator is operating at SOlz,delivers 1.0 p.u power to an infinite bus through @ transmission circuit in which resistance is ignored. A fault takes place reducing the maximum power transferable to 0.5 panbefore the fault this power was 2.0 p.u and after the clearance of the fault itis 1.5 panby the use of equal area criterion, determine the critical clearing angle. 14.Discuss the methods by which transient stability can be improved APRILAMAY 2017 15.Find the critical clearing angle of the system shown in fig for a 3 ph fault at the point F The generator is delivering 1. P.u power under pre fault conditions 2 dows 3 Joas eleva pe. Lage eth teh gg gous fe 0.15 1g angle and critical clearing time in connection with the transient co But \ay eho 16.Find the critical clearing angle and time for the clearing the fault with simultaneous opening of the breakers when a three phase fault occurs at point P close to the bus 1 as shown in fig The generator is delivering 1 P.U power at the instant preceding the fault NOV/DEC 2016 velopy Xo =j0.15* Q-3 Be12ps X,-jor 17.A generator is operating at 50 Hz delivers 1.0 p.u power to an infinite bus through a transmission circuit in which resistance is ignored. A fault takes place reducing the maximum power transferable to 0.5 p.u whereas before the fault, this power was 2.0 p.u and after the clearance of the fault, it is 1.5 p.u. By the use of equal area criterion, determine the critical clearing angle. (10) MAN JUNE 2016;NOV DEC 2011 18.The moment of inertia of a 4 pole 100 MVA ,11 KV, 3 Ph 0.8 Pf ,50 Hz turbo alternator is 10000 Kg-m? Calculate H and M NOW2DEC@2015 19.A synchronous motor is receiving 30 % of the power that is capable of receiving from an infinite bus.If the load on the motor is doubled ,Calculate the maximum value of delta during the swinging of the motor around its new equilibrium position NOW2DEG2015 20. (ii) A three phase generator delivers 1.0 p.u, power to an infinite bus through a transmission network when a fault occurs. The maximum power which can be transferred during prefault, during fault and post fault conditions is 1.75 pu, 0.4 p.u, 1.25 p.u. Find critical clearing angle.21.Shows the transmission network The P.U reactances of the equipment are as shown. the voltage behind transient reactance of the generator is 1.2 p.u. The generator is delivering 1.0 p.u power under pre fault condition Determine conditions and i) Transfer reactance for pre fault , during fault, and post fault iD/Critical clearing angle 22, The synchronous machine shown in fig is generating 100 MW and 75 MVAR . The voltage of the infinite bus q is 140 pu. The generator is connected to the infinite bus throunh a line reactance 0,06 pu. On a 100 MVA base . The machine transient reactance is 0.2 pu. And the inertia constant is 6 pu on a 100 MVA base . A 3 ph fault at Bus P for a duration of 0.1 sec .Compute the rotor angle at t= 0.03 sec ( At=0.03 sec) using Modified Eular Method . Frequency of the supply is 60 HZ. ‘April —May 2010 23 Derive the swing equation of a single machine connected to an infinite bus system and explain the steps of solution by runge kutta method APRILEMAY 2017 24. Derive the swing equation and discuss the importance of stability studies in power system planning and operation NOVDEC 2016 25.Write the computational algorithm for obtaining swing curve using Modified euler methodElectrical and Electronics Engineering EE 6501 ~ POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS (Regulations 2013) ee Time : Three hours Maximum : 100 marks Answer ALL questions. PART A — (10 x 2= 20 marks) 1. What is single line diagram? Define per unit value. 3. What is the need for load flow study? 4, When is generator bus treated as load bus? 5. Why do faults occur in a power system? ye 6. What is direct axis reactance? | 7. What are the symmetrical components of a three phase system? 8. What is the sequence operator? ) SJ 4 9. How is the power system stability classifigd? “A Ved 10. Write the power angle equation? / \\ al. er Apt J ry UY, xPART B — (6 x 16= 80 marks) wer system shown in fig. 1. f 50MVA and 13.8KV on 41, (@) Draw the reactance diagram for the po\ Neglect resistance and use a base of generator G: Gi : 20MVA, 13.8KV, X" = 20% ‘Ty: 25MVA, 220/13.8 KV, X= 10% ‘Ta:3 Single phase unit each rated IOMVA, 127/18 KV, X= 10% ‘Ts: B5MVA, 220/22 KV, X= 10% (©. © DL (*) . X foe 4 Bet rr ‘Determine the new values of per unit reactance of Gh, Ti, Transmission 1, Transmission line 2, Ga, Ts, Ga and Ts —) Or :m Yi ofthe test system shown in fig2 using singular transformation ) od. 1e impedance data is given in Table 1. Take (1) as reference 7 4 / joa on) \ Fig. 2 ‘Table Sar [Bus codlinpeda 1-2 | 05 1-3] 06 a4 | 04 2-4 03 2 27218 ‘Scanned by CamScanner12, (a) The system data for a load flow solution are given in Tables 2 and Determine the voltages at the end of the first iteration using the Gauss: Seidel method. Take a = 1.6. ‘Table 2 : Line admittances Bus code Admittance 12 2-58.0 13 1440 { 23 0.666-j2.664 24 144.0 a4 258.0 ‘Table 3: Schedule of active and reactive powers f L Pinpu Qinpu Vinp.w Remarks Lv Bus oe - = 106 Slack (Ls) 05 «= 021400, PQ 04 08-1400 PQ 03 01-1400 PQ Or @) Draw and explain the step by step procedure of load flow solution for the Gauss seidel method when PV buses are present. 18. (@) Generator Gi and G2 are identical and rated 11KV, 20MVA and have a transient reactance of 0.25 p.u at own MVA bage. The transformers 'M and T2 are also identical and are rated 11/66KV, 5MVA and have a reactance of 0.06 p.u to their own MVA base. A 50km long transmission line is connected between the two generators. Calculate three phase fault current, when fault occurs at middle of the line as shown in ne a f *OHt—_, 4H © 1 y re 1 nt ufy 9 . oo 7 27218o s ‘A synchronous generator and synchronous motor gach ated 50 MV, 13.2 KV and both have omnes peeks pe reactance of 12% on a base of machine ra a 25 MW at 0.85 pf leading. The terminal voltage 7 aay ena thes hase short circuit fault occurs at motor termin: Subtransient current in generator, motor and at the fault point; 14. (@) @) Fig.4 Derive the expression for the three phase power in terms of symmetrical ‘components. / Or A.30 MVA, 11 KV, 3¢ synchronous generator has a direct subtransient reactance of 0,25 p.u. The negative and zero sequence reactance are 0.35 and 0.1 p.u respectively, The Tiéutral of the generator is solidly grounded. Determine the subtrarisient current in the generator and the line to line voltages for subtransient conditions when a single line to ground fault occurs at the generator terminals with the generator operating unloaded at rated voltage. @ Derive the expression for swingequation— 0) Gi) The moment of inertia of a 4 pole, 100 MVA; 11 kV, 3-4, 0.8 power factor, 50 HZ turbo alternator is 10000 kg-m?. Calculate H and M. © : Or A synchronous motor is receiving 30% of the power that it is capable of receiving from an infinite bus. If the load on the motor is doubled, calculate the maximum value of 6 during the swinging of the motor around its new equilibrium position.Time : Three Hours Rep No | Question Paper Code: 57320 BEJB.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MAY/JUNE 2016 Fifth Semester Electrical and Electronics Engineering EE6S01 — POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS Maximum : 100 Marks Answer ALL questions. PART—A (10x 220 Marks) Define per unit value of an electrical quantity and write the equation for base impedance for a three phase power system. Write the equation for per unit impedance if change of base occurs. What is the need for load flow analysis ? ‘Mention the various types of buses in power system with specified quantities for each bus. State and explain symmetrical fault, ‘What is bolted fault or solid fauli ? , ‘What are the symmetrical components of a he phase system ? ‘Write down the equation to determine symmetrical currents from unbalanced current. State Equal area criterion. ; Define transient stability of a power system. 1 $7320Mh av) (a) The data for the system whose single fine diagram shown in Fig 11(a) is as, follows GI: 30 MVA, 10.5 kV, X" = 1.6 ohms G2: 1S MVA, 6.6 KV, X"= 1.2 ohms G3: = 0,56 ohms. MVA, 6.6 kV, TI: IS MVA, 33/1 kV, X T2115 MVA, 33/6.2 kV, X 5.2 ohims/phase on HT side 6.0 ohms/phase on LT side ‘Transmission fine : X = 20,5 ohms/phase Loads 40 MW, 11 kV, 0.9 pf kagaing B :40 MW. 6.6 kV, 0.85 pl lagging Choose the base power as 30 MVA and approximate base voltages for different parts, Drnw the reactance diagram, Indicate put reaclance on the diagram, (16) a w Fig.|1M(ay or (b) (i) Determine the Ybus matrix by inspection method for line specification as mentioned below. (12) Line p-q | Impedance in p.t. | Half Line charging admittanee in pau, 12 | 0.044j0.02 0.08 14 0.05450.03 j0.07 13 0.025+0.06 0.08 2.4 | 0.084j0.015 j0.05 3-4 | 0.03540,045, 0.02 Gi Draw the remedel representation of trstormer with off nominal tap ratio °a’, i ny m2 $732012. (a) With a neat Hlow chart, explain the comp ional procedure for loa flow solution using Gauss Seidal loud ove solution, (16) oR (6) Draw the flow chart and explain the algorithm of Newton-Raphson iterative ‘method! when the system contains all types of buses. (16) 13. (a) A generating stati feeding a 132 KV system iy shown in fig. 13(a). Determine {he total fault current, fault level snd fault eurent supplied by each altermitor for 3 phase fault atthe recviving end bus. The line is 200 km long. (16) 100 VA, 11 vy Xe TWO MA, 1132 KY, X10, @©—4— SOMVA tty T2-SONVA 132 KV. XBR, Xs10%, Fig-13(a) | or | (6) A Symmetical fault occurs at bus 4 forthe system shown in Fig. 1346). Determine the fault current using Zbus Building algorithm, 6) G1, G2: 100 MVA, 20kV, Transformer : Xpojayo™ LIL2: X"= 10% 3 S720Reg. No. Question Paper Code : 80377 B.E/B-Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2016. Fifth Semester “Electrical and Electronics Engineering EE 6501 — POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS (Regulations 2013) ‘Time : Three hours Maximum : 100 marks Answer ALL questions. PART A— (10x 2= 20 marks) State the advantage of per unit analyia 2 How are the loads epreseated inthe reactance and Impedance diagram? S$" WhatisJacsbian matsis? yw recentquestionpaper.com 4. Write the need for Sack busin load flow analysi, 5. What is the need for short circuit study? 6. Mow the shunt and series faults are classified? 7. Define short cireuit capacity. 8 Why the neutral grounding impedance Zn appears as 32n in zero sequence ‘equivalent circuit? 9. Define Voltage Stability. 10. State few techniques to improve the stability of the power system.uw 12. @ ) @) PART B— (6 x 16 = 80 marks) Prepare a per phase schematic of the system shown in Fig. 11(a) and show all the impedance in per unit on a 100 MVA, 132 kV base in the transmission line circuit. The necessazy data are given as follows: (16) G1: 50MVA, 12.2kV, X=0.16p.u G2; 20MVA, 13. 8kV, X= 0.15 p.u ‘TL: SOMVA, 12.2/161kV, X= 0.1 pu ‘2: 40MVA, 18.8/161KV, X= 0.1 pu Load : SOMVA, 0.8 pf lag operating at 154 kV Determine the p.u impedance of the load. n soso n otf lee www.recentquestionpaper.cc Fig. 11(8) Or ‘The parameters of a 4-bus system are as under : Line starting Lineending Line —_Line charging bus ‘bus impedance admittance 1 2 0.24508 50.02 2 3 0.3409 50.08 2 4 025410 50.04 3 4 0.24508 30.02 1 3 0.1404 j0.01 Draw the network and find bus admittance matrix. a6) With a neat flow chart, explain the computational procedure for load flow solution using Newton Raphson iterative method when the system contains all types of buses. ae) or©) The Fig. 12(b) shows the one line diagram of a simple 3 bus power system with generators at buses 1 and 3.Line impedances are marked in p.u on @ 100 MVA base. Determine the bus voltages at the end of second iteration using Gauss ~ Seidel method. as) { 0.02410 04 Gy 9.01+)0.03 0.0125+)0.025 Slack Bus Vi=1 - "zoom 6) G2. www.recentquestionpaperce Fig. 120) 13. (@ For the radial network shown in Fig. 13(@) 30 fault occurs at point F. Determine the fault current and the line voltage at 11.8 KV bus under fault condition. 12 AWA, 9,25 0115 pro © agkv GokY web Gack Gerttooda F e =) 1 Ts, tanws . tena, XT, 2 U0 Pee Tet g nwa, Ka = Sore Pes Xda Go: te po Fig. 13(@) Or (b) A3 phase, 5 MVA, 6.6 kV alternator with a reactance of 8% is connected to a feeder series impedance (0.12 + 30.48) ohm/phase/km through a step up transformer. The transformer ia rated at 3 MVA, 6.6 KW/33 kV and has a reactance of 5%. Determine the fault current supplied by the generator operating under no load with a voltage of 69 kV, when @ 3 phase symmetrical fault occurs at a point 15 km along the feeder. (16) a 8037714. 15. (a) ) (@) @) Derive the expression for fault current in line to line fault on unloaded generator. Draw an equivalent network showing the interconnection of networks to simulate line to line fault. (16) Or A 30 MVA, 11 kV generator has 21 = 22 = j 0.05. A Line to ground fault ‘occurs at generator terminals. Find the fault current and line voltages during fault conditions, Assume that. the generator neutral is solidly grounded and the generator is operating at no load and at rated voltage during occurrence of fault. 6) Derive Swing equation and discuss the importance of stability studies in power system planning and operation. (16) Or www.recentquestionpapel Find the critical clearing angle and time for clearing the fault with simultaneous opening of the breakers when a three phase fault occurs at point P close to bus 1 as shown in Fig. 15(b). The generator is delivering L.0 pu. power at the instant preceding the fault, vetope xu 2505.RegNo: TTI Question Paper Code: 71776 B.E/B.Tech, DEGREE EXAMINATION, APRIL/MAY 2017. Fifth Semester Electrical and Electronics Engineering EE 6501 — POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS (Regulations 2013) ‘Time : Three hours Maximum : 100 maka Answer ALL questions PART A—(10x2= 20 marks) 1. Whet are the advantages of per unit computation. 2 ALY corrected generator rated at 300 MVA, S3kV has a reactance of 1.24 p.u. Find the ohmic value of the reactance. Compare Nesiton Raphson and Gauss Seidal methods of load flow solutions. 4, Write the quantities that are associated with each bus in a system. ‘What is the significance of subtransient reactance and transient reactance in short cireuit studies? For'a fault at a given location, rank the various faults in the order of eoverity, Draw the zaro- 6 7. Express the unbalanced voltages in terms of symmetrical components, 8 quence network of ¥/A transformer with neutral ungrounded. 9. Define swing curve. What is the use of Swing curve? 10, State Equal Area Criterion. PARTB—G x I 0 marks) LL. @) 300 MVA, 20 kV, 3 generator has sub transient reactance of 20%. The generator supplies 2 synchronous motors through a 64 km transmission line having transformers at both ends as shown in Fig.L1.a, In this, TL is a 8@ transformer 450 MVA, 20/230 kV, 10% reactance & 12 is made of 3 single phase transformer of rating 100 MVA, 127/13.2 kV, 10% reactance.jasion Line is 0.59 /kun, The ratings of 2 eects with all the reactance's marked in p.u ‘paso values. a6) series reactance of the trans SEES Me200 MYA. 18.2 Deaw tho reactance diasra Select the genceatoe FALNE 3S) + Te Mt 6 yes a Yeo ay #6 ae Fig.11.9 Or () Form bus samittance matrix for the data given below using Singular tranaformation method. Take node "6 a8 reference node. as) Elements Buseode — X(p.t.) 1 k 0.04 2 16 0.06. 3 a4 0.03. 4 2 0.02, 3 3s 0.08 6 45 0.06 7 56 0.05: © ® ® @ o © © With a neat flow chart, explain the computational procedure for load flow solution using Newton Raphton iterative method when the system contains all types of buses a6) Or Single line diagram of a simple power eystom, with generators at busses 1 and 3 is shown in Fig. 12.b. The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is 1.05 pu. Voltage magnitude at bus 3 is fixed at 1.04 p.u. with active power generation of 200 MA. A load consisting of 400 MW and 250 MVAR is taken from Bus 2 Line impedances are marked in p.u. on @ 100 MVA base and the Line charging susceptances are neglected. 71776Determine the voltage at buses 2 nM end of first iteration. Aigo calculate Slack bus power. dnl method at the Slacks bus: Ver Loser 2 +)o08 0145003 9.0125 1) 008 @ wri Py=200 MW Fig.12.b. 13. @) GA phase, § MVA, 66 KV alternator with a reactance of 8% is connected to a feeder series impedance (0.12 + j0:48) ohm/phase/lem through a step up transformer. The transformer is rated at, 3 MVA, 6.6 kVi33 kV and has a reactance of 5%. Determine th current supplied by the generator operating under no load with 2 voltage of 6.9 kV, when a Sphase symmetrical fault occurs at a point 15 km along the feeder, 8) Gi) Draw the detailed flowchart, which explains haw a symmetrical fault can be analyzed using Zs. ® Or (b) A100 MVA, 11 kV generator with X" = 0.20 p.u is connected through a transformer and line to a bus bar that supplies three identical motor as shown in Fig and each motor has X’= 0.20 p.u and X'= 0.25 p.u on a base Of 20 MVA,33 KV ,the bus voltage at the motors is 33 kV when three phate balanced fault occurs at the point F. Calculate () Sub transient Pierent in the fault (i) Sub transient current in the circuit breaker B Gii) Momentary current in the circuit breaker B (iv) ‘The current to be {nterrupted by C.B B in 5 cycles. a, AT. Xie™300hm tweaty 3 itonva wot Fig. 13h. 3 117764 séxive the expression for fault current in line to line fault oa HO Deere th rend draw an equivalent network dhowing the interconnection of networs (10) 5 wo enliont pole aynchronous generator is rated 30 MVA, 11 Cah ea laa subtransentsoactanoy of 0.28 pte raeative and. vero soquonee renctances are 0.20-and 0.1 pa. seematively, The neutral of the generator is solidly grounded. Celine he oubtransient current in the generator when a line ta Tae Yfeutt ocoure. atthe generator terminals with generator ‘operating unloaded at rated voltage. © Or @) Two 11 KV, 20 MVA, three phase star connécted generators operate in parallel as shown in Fig. The positive, negative and vero sequence reactance of each being respectively j 0.18, j 0.15, j 0.10 pau. The star point of one of the generator i isolated and that of the other is earthed Girough n 2.0 ohm resistor. A Single line to Ground fault occurs at the terminals of one of the generators. Estimate (i) fault curzent (i) current in grounded resistor and (ii) Voltage arose grounding resistor. (16) Fig.14b, 15. (a) @ - Discuss the methods by which transient stability can be improved. © Gi) Find the eritical clearing angle of the system shown in Fig, 15.a., for 3 phase fault at the point ‘F”, The generator is delivering 1.0 pu. power under prefault conditions. ao) Sony Sond jo.1s () Derive the swing equation of a single machine connected to an infinite _bus eystom and explain the steps of golution by Runge -Kutta method. a6, ¢ 11776ne: Three Hours Maximum : 100 Marks Answer ALL questions PART- 4 (10«2=20 Marks) impedance fora three phase Power system, Write the equation for per unit impedance ifchange ofbase occurs, 3. What is the need for load flow analysis? { Mention the various types of buses in power eystem with specified quantities for each bus. 5 State and explain symmetrical fault, § What is bolted fault or solid fault ? 1 What are the features of zoro sequence current ? * Write down the equation to determine symmetrical components currents from lown, ‘unbalanced currents. * State equal area criterion. Define transient stability of a power systemrar mons, anloaded power system is shown in figure 11(a) race the new per unit values and draw the 11, a) The single line diagram of an along with components data determine a reactance diagram, Assume 50 MVA and 13.8 KV as new base on generator 1. (1; TeASMVA, L3.8r20KY, x"10% _TI“SSMVA, 220/22KY, X"-10% Tm 1000 _(@) @ 33 VAX! 20MVA, 13 KV, X"~20% 30MVA, 20K WW ‘T26BOMVA, L2TABKY, X"=10% 20% 30MVA, I8KV, x (OR) b) Describe the Z,,,,, building algorithm in details by using a three bus system. (1 12. a) Witha neat flow chart, algorithm and explain the computational procedure for load flow solution using Gauss-Seidal Methods. a (OR) b) Draw the detailed flow chart and explain he algorithm of Newton-Raphson method when the system contains all types of buses. a 15. a) A generating stations feeding 132 KV system is shown in Fig, 13(a). Determine the total fault current, fault level and fault current supplied by each alternator for a 3 phase solid fault at the receiving end bus, The length of the transmission line is 150 KM long. ‘a (@) 3. —}, roronpaens 2OOMVA, IRV X"=15% Tlaaaeva nanevr=ion, 7 }—j ‘TX. LINB=150 KM HOMVA, DRT 1996 Trsnava nn —_X-0. 3000 cor). ») Asymmetrical fault, 50485 the fault current Using ats ft forte ety bus Dui al gorithm G1, G2:100MVA, 20 xy. 0 L1, L2: X" = 19% = 15% Transformers 1,19 X,eakage = 9% Shown in fig. 13(b), Determine sy 4 a) i) What are the assumption tobe made in short circuit studies ? 1) Deduce and draw the se rt circuit studie: a unloaded generator “UCM Network for LLG fault at the terminal of fhowing the interconnection of networks to simulate line to ground fault, » @) ) A generator is operating at 50 Hz, delivers 1.0 p.u, power to an infinite bus through a transmission circuit in which resistance {s ignored. A facie takes place reducing the maximum power transferred to 0.5 p.u. Before the fault, the power was 2.0 p.u. and after the clearance of the fault it is 1 p.u. by the use of equal area criterion, determine the critical clearing angle. (8) i) Discuss the methods by which transient stability can be improved. ©) (OR) ) Write the computational algorithm for obtaining swing curves using modified- es c Euler method. PART-C (1x15=15 Marks) 5. a) i) Distinguish between steady state stability and dynamic stability ® * a) i) Distingu ii) Explain the importance of stability analysis in power system, o xplain (or) cles e mnection ie he verm eriial clearing angle anders leringtimein connec withthe trangien tabi ofa power® «sy