Unit 2: Number 2: Converting Measurements

Unit 2: Number 2
Converting measurements
Converting lengths
Remember
10 mm 1 cm 1000 mm 1 m
100 cm 1 m 1000 m 1 km
Example 1
Change 3 km to cm.
3 km 3 1000 m (as 1 km 1000 m)
Unit 2: Number 2
3 1000 100 cm (as 1 m 100 cm)

3 105 cm
Example 2
Change 5 106 mm to km.
5 106
5 106 mm m (as 1000 mm 1 m)
1000
5 106
km (as 1000 m 1 km)
1000 1000
5 km
60
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Exercise 19
Fill in the gaps in the following table.
km m cm mm
1 5
2 8
3 3
4 4
5 2000
6 7000
7 5000
8 6000
9 106
10 107
11 1.5 104
Unit 2: Number 2
12 3.3 103
Exercise 19*
km m cm mm
1 500
2 700
3 2.5 104
4 4.3 103
5 5 106
6 7 105
7 50
8 60
9 9 109
10 8 1011
11 4
12 7
13 A nanometre is 109 metres.

a How many nanometres are there in 200 km?
b How many km are there in 1018 nanometres?
14 A micrometre is 106 metres.
a How many micrometres are there in 5000 km?
b How many km are there in 1015 micrometres? 61

Converting areas
A diagram is useful, as shown in the following examples.
Example 3
A rectangle measures 1 m by 2 m. Find the area in mm2.
1 m is 1000 mm. 2m
2 m is 2000 mm.
So the diagram is as shown on the right.
1000 mm 1m
So the area is 1000 2000 mm2
2 000 000 mm2
2 106 mm2 2000 mm
Example 4
1m
Change 30 000 cm2 to m2.
1 m2 1 m 1 m
100 cm 100 cm 100 cm 1m
Unit 2: Number 2
10 000 cm2
30 000 2 100 cm
So 30 000 cm2 m
10 000
3 m2
Exercise 20
km2 m2 cm2 mm2

1 2
2 4
3 1
4 3
5 50
6 80
7 6 106
8 3 107
9 1013
10 1014
11 4 104
12 5 105
62

Exercise 20*
km2 m2 cm2 mm2

1 80
2 90
3 6000
4 4000
5 6 1010
6 3 1012
7 2 1021
8 5 1019
9 7 102
10 9 104
11 4
Unit 2: Number 2
12 5
Converting volumes
Remember
1 litre 1000 cm3
Again diagrams are very helpful.
Example 5
A cuboid measures 1 m by 2 m by 3 m.
Find the volume in mm3.
1 m is 1000 mm. 1000 mm 3000 mm
2 m is 2000 mm.
3 m is 3000 mm. 2000 mm
So the volume is 1000 2000 3000 mm3 6 109 mm3
63

Example 6
Change 107 cm3 to m3.
1 m3 1 m 1 m 1 m 100 m
100 cm 100 cm 100 cm 100 m
106 cm3 100 m
107
So 107 cm3 6 m3
10
10 m3
Exercise 21
km3 m3 cm3 mm3

1 1
2 2
Unit 2: Number 2
3 4
4 3
5 8
6 6
7 4 103
8 5 105
9 1015
10 1014
11 7 102
12 3 103
13 How many litres are there in 1 m3?

14 How many litres are there in 1 km3?
15 How many m3 are there in 10 000 litres?
16 How many mm3 are there in 10 litres?
64

Exercise 21*
km3 m3 cm3 mm3

1 70
2 80
3 600
4 500
5 3 108
6 6 1010
7 5 1025
8 2 1023
9 4 106
10 8 108
11 3
Unit 2: Number 2
12 8
13 How many litres are there in 512 m3?

14 How many litres are there in 12 km3?
15 How many m3 are there in 106 litres?
16 How many mm3 are there in 100 litres?
17 A picometre is 1012 m. How many cubic picometres are there in 1 km3?
18 Light travels at about 300 000 km/s. A light year is the distance light travels in one year.
How many mm3 are there in 1 cubic light year?
65

Unit 2: Number 2
Negative and fractional indices
R Rules of indices
32 33 323 35 243 (Add the indices: am an amn)
86
86 84 864 82 64 (Subtract the indices: am an amn)
84
(23)2 26 64 (Multiply the indices: (am)n amn amn)
1 1
R 102
102 an

an
1 1 1 1 1
R 32 32 31 so 32 ps3 (a2 psa and similarly a3 ps
3
a)
Single negative and fractional indices
Example 7
Unit 2: Number 2
Without using a calculator, evaluate these and, where appropriate, leave the answer as a
fraction.
1 1
a 43 3
4 64
1
b 1253 ps 3
172755
1
c 33 32 3(32) 31
3
4 2 (42) 2
1 1
d 6 6 6 6 2
6 36
1 1
e (31)2 3(12) 32 2
3 9
Example 8
Use a calculator to work out these, correct to 3 significant figures.
a 43 0.0156 x (-)

1
b 605 2.27 x
c (52)2 5(22) 54 625 x
66
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Example 9
Simplify these.
1 1 1 1
a a2 a2 a a(221) a2
6
b 3a2 2a3 6 a2(3) 6a1
a
3
c (6a2) (2a2) 3a(22) 3a4
a4
6 6 1 3
Alternatively 2a2 2 2 4
a2 a 2a a
Exercise 22
Without using a calculator, evaluate these. Where appropriate, leave the answer as a fraction.
1 32 2 42 3 101 4 102
5 23 6 52 7 81 8 122
1 1
9 81 2 10 64 2 11 43 12 33
Unit 2: Number 2
1 1
13 273 14 83 15 22 21 16 23 21
17 21 23 18 22 23 19 (31)2 20 (22)2
21 22 22 22 31 32 23 22 21 24 33 32
25 (22)2 26 (33)2
Use your calculator to work out these, correct to 3 significant figures.

1 1
27 54 28 43 29 233 30 242
31 62 63 32 72 74 33 31 33 34 42 41
35 62 64 36 52 53 37 31 32 38 22 23
39 (32)1 40 (41)3 41 (82)1 42 (92)2
Simplify these.
43 a2 a1 44 b4 b2 45 c1 c2 46 d3 d2
47 e2 e3 e4 48 f 3 f 2 f4 49 (a2)1 50 (g1)2
67

Exercise 22*
Without using a calculator, evaluate these. Where appropriate, leave the answer as a fraction.
1 1
1 26 2 34 3 1253 4 814
5 60 6 3.80 7 210 23 24 8 34 33 32
42 62
9 200 (42)1 10 900 (31)2 11 3 12 4
4 6
13 0.1 0.12 14 0.2 0.23 15 (12)3 16 (23)2
1 1
17 (14) 2 18 (214) 2 19 (6)2 20 (13)3

1
21 1.43 22 1.026 23 3629
1
24 14.64 25 33 32 31 26 45 44 45
Simplify these.
27 a2 a2 a2 28 b4 b3 b2 29 2(c2)2
30 (2c1)2 31 a2 a2 a2 32 b3 3b3 2b3
Unit 2: Number 2
1 1
33 3a2 4a 34 4b2 2b3 35 a2 a2
1 1 1 1
36 b4 b4 37 (c2)2 38 (d3)3
Solve these for x.

1 1 1
39 9x 3 40 8x 2 41 812 3x
1
42 83 2x 43 2x 18 44 3x 19
1 (x2)2
45 Find k if xk ps
3
x 46 Find k if xk1
x2 x3
Simplify these.
1
47 1 a3 48 1 a2 49 b2
b3
1 1 4
50 c 51 a2 52 4a2 2
c3 a2 a
3 1
53 2a2 54 (2m)2 2m2 55 (3a)2
a2 3a2
56 8b4 2b (2b)2 57 (3a)3 (3a3) 58 (8d3) (2d1)
59 ab 1
60 Find a and b if 22a 64 and 10b 0.001
68

Combined negative and fractional indices
3 1
164 can be written as (164)3 (ps
4
176)3 23 8
3 1 1 1
This shows that 164
164
3
23 8
Exercise 23
fraction.
1 1 1 1
1 9 2 2 162 3 1002 4 252
1 1 1 3
5 812 6 1253 7 643 8 42
3 3 3
9 92 10 42 11 92

1 1 1 1
12 62 13 202 14 1004 15 504
3 3 3 3
16 52 17 112 18 32 19 72
Unit 2: Number 2
Simplify these.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
20 a22 a2 21 b3 b3 b3 22 c22 c2
2 1 2 1
23 d 3 d 3 24 (e3)3 25 (f 2)2
Exercise 23*
fraction.
1 1 1 1
1 362 2 1442 3 1 2163 4 1 10003
4 3 4 3
5 83 6 12 7 8 3 8 12

1 1 1 1
9 0.62 10 0.32 11 1.43 12 3.73
3 3 3 3
13 2.012 14 0.9092 15 2.012 16 0.9092
Simplify these.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
17 a2 a22 18 b2 b22 19 c23 c3 20 d15 d5
1 1 1 1
21 (e2)2 22 (f 3)6 23 (272)3 24 (163)4
2 2
25 2163 26 10003
69

1 1 2.5
27 1
1.022.5
28 1
1.022.5
Find the values of x and y in these equations.
1 1 1
29 (a xb y)6 a2 b3 a7b7 a xby
30 ps
5 4 3
Exercise 24 (Revision)
1 Change 3 km to mm. 2 Change 4 104 cm2 to m2.
3 Change 1 m3 to cm3.
Work out these and, where appropriate, leave the answer as a fraction.
1 1 1
4 24 5 1002 6 643 7 642
1 1 1
8 252 9 1253 10 82 11 162
1
12 1212 13 33 31 14 31 33 15 (33)1
1 3
16 Show that 362 16 17 Show that 92 27
Unit 2: Number 2
Simplify these.
18 a3 a1 19 a3 a1 20 (d1)2
1 1 1
21 b b2
2 22 b b2
2 23 c22
Exercise 24* (Revision)

1 Change 4 106 mm to km. 2 Change 5 m2 to mm2.
3 Change 8 1012 mm3 to m3.
Work out these and, where appropriate, leave the answer as a fraction.
1
4 25 5 2163 6 9.70 7 27 (31)2
1 3 2
3
8 28 22 24 9 492 10 12 23 11 164 1 3
12 27
4 2 1 112
13 (125)3 14 Show that (0.125)3 4 15 Show that 43 12
Simplify these.
16 3c3 c2 17 b2 4b2 18 a3 a2 a1
1 1 2
19 3 (c1)2 20 2(a )3 3 21 d 2 d 3
22 (3a)3 (3a3) 23 (2b2)1 (2b)2
70

Unit 2: Algebra 2
Solving quadratic equations

Quadratic equations can be written as ax2 bx c 0 where a, b and c are constants (a p 0).
Solving quadratic equations by factorising

Quadratic equations can often be solved by factorising.
Remember
There are three types of quadratic equations with a 1.
R If b 0 x2 c 0
x2 c
x ps
c
R If c 0 x2 bx 0
x(x b) 0
Unit 2: Algebra 2
x 0 or x b
R If b p 0 and c p 0 x2 bx c 0
(x p)(x q) 0
x p or x q
where p q c and p q b.
If c is positive then p and q have the same sign as b.
If c is negative then p and q have opposite signs to each other.
Example 1
Solve these quadratic equations.
a x2 81 0 b x2 7x 0
x2 81 x(x 7) 0
x 9 or x 9 x 0 or x 7
c x2 10x 21 0
(x 7)(x 3) 0
x 7 or x 3
(Note: there are two solutions)
71

Exercise 25
Solve the equations by factorising.
1 x2 3x 2 0 2 x2 5x 6 0 3 x2 x 6 0
4 x2 x 2 0 5 x2 7x 10 0 6 x2 7x 12 0
7 x2 2x 15 0 8 x2 2x 8 0 9 x2 6x 9 0
10 x2 4x 4 0 11 x2 4x 12 0 12 x2 5x 24 0
13 x2 x 0 14 x2 2x 0 15 x2 4x 0
16 x2 3x 0 17 x2 4 0 18 x2 9 0
19 x2 36 0 20 x2 49 0
Exercise 25*
1 x2 6x 5 0 2 x2 6x 8 0 3 x2 3x 4 0
4 x2 3x 18 0 5 x2 15x 56 0 6 x2 15x 54 0
Unit 2: Algebra 2
7 x2 4x 45 0 8 x2 2x 63 0 9 x2 14x 49 0
10 x2 10x 25 0 11 x2 3x 40 0 12 x2 3x 180 0
13 x2 13x 0 14 x2 11x 0 15 x2 17x 0
16 x2 19x 0 17 x2 81 0 18 x2 144 0
19 x2 121 0 20 x2 169 0
More difficult quadratic equations

When a p 1, factorisation may be harder. Always take out any common factors first.
Example 2
a 9x2 25 0 b 3x2 12x 0
9x2 25 3x(x 4) 0
25 x 0 or x 4
x2
9
5
x
3
c 12x2 24x 96 0
12(x2 2x 8) 0
12(x 2)(x 4) 0
x 2 or x 4
72

If there is no simple number factor, then the factorisation is harder.
Example 3
Solve 3x2 13x 10 0.
3x2 13x 10 0
(3x 2)(x 5) 0
x 23 or x 5
Exercise 26
1 4x2 49 0 2 25x2 9 0 3 16x2 81 0
4 9x2 16 0 5 3x2 6x 0 6 2x2 10x 0
7 5x2 5x 0 8 4x2 12x 0 9 2x2 10x 12 0
10 2x2 14x 20 0 11 2x2 5x 2 0 12 2x2 7x 6 0
Unit 2: Algebra 2
13 2x2 5x 3 0 14 2x2 7x 3 0 15 3x2 9x 6 0
16 3x2 12x 15 0 17 2x2 18 0 18 2x2 50 0
19 3x2 6x 0 20 3x2 9x 0 21 3x2 7x 2 0
22 3x2 14x 8 0 23 3x2 5x 2 0 24 3x2 11x 6 0
25 4x2 4x 24 26 4x2 16x 20 27 3x2 8x 4 0
28 4x2 13x 3 0 29 3x2 10x 8 30 4x2 3x 10
Exercise 26*
1 49x2 25 0 2 9x2 64 0 3 128 18x2 0
4 75 12x2 0 5 10x 5x2 0 6 28x 7x2 0
7 6x2 9x 0 8 14x2 4x 0 9 2x2 6x 4 0
10 2x2 16x 30 0 11 2x2 7x 6 0 12 2x2 7x 15 0
13 3x2 31x 36 0 14 3x2 30x 63 0 15 6x2 7x 3 0
16 6x2 5x 1 0 17 8x2 6x 1 0 18 4x2 3x 1 0
19 5x2 27x 10 0 20 4x2 8x 21 0 21 10x2 23x 12 0
22 10x2 11x 35 0 23 3x2 17x 28 24 2x2 x 15
25 3x2 48 0 26 4x2 36 0 27 7x2 21x 0
73

28 8x2 24x 0 29 4x2 40x 100 0 30 4x2 24x 32 0
31 4x2 29x 7 32 4x2 23x 15 33 x(6x 13) 6
2
34 3x(2x 9) 30 35 9x 25 30x 36 6x2 2 7x
The quadratic formula

Key Point The quadratic formula is used to solve quadratic equations that may be awkward to solve by
2
If ax bx c 0 then other means.
b p7
b27747
asc
x
2a
Example 4
Solve 3x2 8x 2 0 giving your solution correct to 3 significant figures.
Here a 3, b 8 and c 2. Note: b is a negative number.
Substituting into the formula gives
(8) ps (7
7
8)2s7
747737s2 8 ps
6747
72s
4
x
23 6
8 ps47
0 8 ps
470
So x 2.39 or x 0.279
6 6
Unit 2: Algebra 2
Example 5
Solve 2.3x2 3.5x 4.8 0 giving your solution correct to 3 significant figures.
Here a 2.3, b 3.5 and c 4.8. Substituting into the formula gives
3.5 ps(s
172.7
275774772.7
377 (7
74.7
8) 3.5 ps 5767
.4s1
x
2 2.3 4.6
3.5 ps
5767.4s1 3.5 ps
5767
.4s1
So x 0.872 or x 2.39
4.6 4.6
The solutions are x 0.872 or x 2.39.
74

Exercise 27
Solve these equations using the quadratic formula.
Give your solutions correct to 3 significant figures.
1 x2 2x 5 0 2 x2 6x 8 0 3 x2 2x 6 0
4 x2 6x 15 0 5 x2 4x 8 6 x2 2x 7
7 x2 10x 15 0 8 x2 12x 34 0 9 x2 14x 3 0
10 x2 16x 7 0 11 x2 20x 33 0 12 x2 14x 47 0
13 x2 4x 20 0 14 x2 8x 10 0 15 x2 10x 120
16 x2 14x 41 17 x2 3x 2 0 18 x2 x 8 0
19 x2 5x 3 0 20 x2 7x 9 0 21 x2 x 8 0
22 x2 2x 4 0 23 x2 2x 7 0 24 x2 x 3 0
25 3x2 6x 2 0 26 3x2 7x 3 0 27 4x2 x 4 0
28 3x2 5x 1 0 29 x2 x 5 30 x2 2x 6
31 6x 1 x2 32 16x 3 x2 33 8 3x 7x2 0
Unit 2: Algebra 2
34 1 5x 3x2 0 35 8x 2 5x2 36 2x 7x2 3
Exercise 27*
Solve these equations using the quadratic formula.
Give your solutions correct to 3 significant figures.
1 x2 6x 1 0 2 x2 4x 2 0 3 x2 16x 3 0
4 x2 12x 25 0 5 x2 6x 12 0 6 x2 4x 2 0
7 x2 13x 4 0 8 x2 12x 6 0 9 x2 6x 7 0
10 x2 7x 5 0 11 3x2 5x 2 12 3x2 2x 1
13 x2 13 6x 14 x2 14 8x 15 x2 2x 1
16 x2 6x 2 17 2x2 16x 4 0 18 2x2 8x 6 0
19 2x2 5x 7 20 2x2 7x 3 21 x(5x 12) 5
22 x(3x 8) 2 23 3 10x 4x2 0 24 3 4x 6x2 0
25 7x2 4 4x 26 4x2 3 6x 27 x(5x 8) 1
2
28 x(5x 2) 1 29 3x 7x 2 30 4x2 8x 3
31 10 3x 2x2 0 32 5 2x 4x2 0 33 2.3x2 12.6x 1.3 0
34 3.7x2 9.4x 2.8 0 35 x(x 1) (x 1)(x 2) 3
36 x(x 1) (x 2)(x 3) 4
75

Activity 9
R Use the graphs to find how many solutions there are to each of these equations.
x2 8x 15 0 x2 8x 16 0 x2 8x 17 0
y
4
y x2 8x 17
1
y x 2 8x 16
x
–6 –4 –2 1
y x 2 8x 15 –1
–2
Unit 2: Algebra 2
R For each of the quadratic equations, work out the values of b2 4ac.
R Try to find a rule involving b2 4ac that tells you how many solutions a quadratic
equation has.
Investigate
For what values of k does the equation x2 8x k 0 have real solutions?
Exercise 28
State how many solutions there are to these equations. Do not solve them.
1 x2 2x 1 0 2 x2 9 0
3 x2 4 0 4 x2 2x 1 0
5 x2 2x 5 0 6 x2 4x 4 0
7 x2 6x 1 0 8 x2 2x 3 0
9 x2 x 1 0 10 x2 8x 12 0
76

Exercise 28*
State how many solutions there are to these equations. Do not solve them.
1 x2 3 0 2 x2 3x 3 0
3 x2 x 1 0 4 4x2 4x 5 0
5 4x2 4x 1 0 6 2x2 3x 2 0
7 4x2 7x 2 0 8 2x2 4x 9 0
9 3x2 8x 3 0 10 9x2 6x 1 0
Problems leading to quadratic equations Key Points

R Where relevant, draw
a clear diagram and
Example 6 put all the information
The width of a rectangular on it.
photograph is 4 cm more R Let x stand for what
Unit 2: Algebra 2
than the height. you are trying to find.
The area is 77 cm2.
Find the height of the R Form a quadratic
photograph. equation in x and
x simplify it.
Let x be the height in cm.
Then the width is x 4 cm. R Solve the equation by
The diagram is shown on either factorising or
the right. using the formula.
R Check that the answers
x+4 make sense.
As the area is 77 cm2, x(x 4) 77
x2 4x 77
2
x 4x 77 0
(x 7)(x 11) 0
So x 7 or 11 cm
The height cannot be negative, so the height is 7 cm.
77

Example 7
The chords of a circle intersect as shown.
Find the value of x. 4
x
Using the intersecting chords theorem: 3
x(x 2) 3 4 x2
x2 2x 12
2
x 2x 12 0
This equation does not factorise.
Using the quadratic formula with a 1, b 2 and c 12 gives
2 ps272 7
7
477(7
7 12s)
x
2
x 2.61 or 4.61 (3 s.f.)
As x cannot be negative, x 2.61 to 3 s.f.
Example 8
A rectangular fish pond is 6 m by 9 m. The pond is surrounded by a concrete path of
constant width. The area of the pond is the same as the area of the path. Find the width
Unit 2: Algebra 2
of the path.
Let x be the width of the path.
The diagram is shown on the right.
The area of the path is (2x 9)(2x 6) 9 6
4x2 30x 54 54
4x2 30x 6 x 2x 6
9
The area of the pond is 9 6 54 m2.
As the area of the path equals the area of the pond. x
4x2 30x 54 2x 9
2
4x 30x 54 0
2x2 15x 27 0
(2x 3)(x 9) 0
So x 1.5 or 9 m
As x cannot be negative, the width of the path is 1.5 m.
78

Exercise 29
1 The height, h m, of a rocket above the ground after t seconds is given by h 35t 5t2.
When is the rocket 50 m above the ground?
2 The distance, d m, that a scooter has rolled down a hill after t seconds is given by
d 2t t2. Find how long it takes the scooter to travel 48 m.
3 One number is four more than another number. The product of the numbers is 96.
Find the numbers.
4 One number is two less than another number. The product of the numbers is 63.
Find the numbers.
5 The width of a rectangle is 2 cm more than the height.
The area is 12 cm2. Find the height of the rectangle.
x
x2
6 The height of a rectangle is 3 cm more than the width.

The area is 30 cm2. Find the width of the rectangle.
Unit 2: Algebra 2
x3
7 The height of a right-angled triangle is 3 cm more than the width.

The area is 10 cm2. Find the width of the triangle.
x3
8 The height of a right-angled triangle is 1 cm more than the width.

The area is 12 cm2. Find the width of the triangle.
x1
79

9 The chords of a circle intersect as shown. Find x.
5
x
2 x2
10 The chords of a circle intersect as shown. Find x.
7
x
3 x3
Exercise 29*
1 The height of a triangle is 3 cm more than the width. The area is 14 cm2.
Unit 2: Algebra 2
Find the width of the triangle.

2 A rectangular classroom has a perimeter of 28 m and an area of 48 m2.
Find the dimensions of the classroom.
3 Two chords of a circle intersect as shown.
Find x. 8
x
4
5
4 A chord and tangent of a circle intersect as shown.

Find x. 6
x
5 The sum of the squares of two consecutive integers is 145. Find the integers.
6 The sum of the squares of two consecutive odd integers is 130. Find the integers.
7 The perimeter of a rectangular room is 13.5 m and the length of a diagonal is 5 m.
Find the dimensions of the room.
8 The perimeter of a rectangular room is 32 m. The length of a diagonal is 8 m more than
the width. Find the dimensions of the room.
80

n(n 1)
9 The sum of the first n integers 1 2 3 ... n
2
a How many numbers must be taken to have a sum greater than one million?
b Why can’t the sum ever equal 100 000?
n(n 3)
10 An n-sided polygon has diagonals.
2
a How many sides has a polygon with 665 diagonals?
b Why can’t a polygon have 406 diagonals?
11 Lee spent $1200 on holiday. If he had spent $50 less per day, he would have been able to
stay an extra two days. How long was his holiday?
12 One week a syndicate of x people won $1000 in a lottery. If there had been two fewer
people in the syndicate, each person would have received $25 more. How many people are
in the syndicate?
Solving quadratic inequalities

Squares and square roots in inequalities need care.
If you think the answer to x2 < 4 is x < 2, then you are mistaken.
Unit 2: Algebra 2
For example, try x 3: 3 < 2 but (3)2 is not less than 4.
Remember
To solve a quadratic inequality, sketch the graph of the quadratic function.
Example 9
Solve x2 4 < 0.
First sketch y x2 4.
To do this, find where the graph intersects the
x-axis by solving x2 4 0. Unwanted region
x2 4 0 x2 4 x 2 or x 2.
So the graph intersects the x-axis at
x 2 and x 2. 2 2 x
(These are known as the critical values.)
Also, when x 0, y 4, so the graph Wanted part of
cuts the y-axis at 4. number line 4
The graph is a parabola, which is v-shaped.

We want the region below the x-axis. As this is one
region, the answer is one inequality.
The solution is 2 < x < 2.
81

Example 10
Solve x2 x 2 0.
First sketch y x2 x 2. Unwanted region
As y (x 2)(x 1), the critical values
are x 2 and x 1.
When x 0, y 2.
1 2 x
We want the region below the x-axis. As this is one
region, the answer is one inequality. Wanted part of
2
number line
The solution is 1 x 2.
Example 11
Solve x2 5x 6 0.
First sketch y x2 5x 6. 6
Wanted part of
As y (x 2)(x 3), the critical values number line
are x 2 and x 3.
When x 0, y 6.
2 3 x
Unit 2: Algebra 2
We want the region above the x-axis. As this has two

components, the answer is two inequalities.
Unwanted region
The solution is x 2 or x 3.
Exercise 30
Solve the following inequalities:
1 x2 < 16 2 x2 < 9 3 x2 25
4 x2 36 5 x2 3 84 6 x2 7 29
7 3x2 < 75 8 2x2 < 72 9 4x2 3 > 67
10 5x2 6 > 14 11 (x 1)(x 3) 0 12 (x 3)(x 1) 0
13 (x 3)(x 4) > 0 14 (x 2)(x 7) > 0 15 (2x 1)(x 1) < 0
16 (3x 1)(x 1) < 0 17 x2 7x 10 0 18 x2 8x 12 0
19 x2 2x 15 0 20 x2 x 6 0
82

Exercise 30*
Solve the following inequalities:
1 2x2 50 2 3x2 48 3 2x2 1 31
4 5x2 3 23 5 28 x2 > 3 6 79 2x2 > 7
7 (x 5)2 > 4 8 (x 3)2 > 9 9 3(x 2)2 < 48
10 2(x 1)2 < 50 11 x2 10x 21 0 12 x2 5x 6 0
13 x2 x 12 > 0 14 x2 3x 4 > 0 15 8 2x x2 < 0
16 20 x x2 < 0 17 2x2 3x 2 0 18 3x2 10x 8 0
19 6x2 17x 3 0 20 3x2 7x 20 0
21 Solve (x 1)2 5x2 x 1.

22 Solve (3x 1)(x 1) x(2x 3) 5.
23 Solve (x 5)2 5(2x 3) > 2x(x 3) 6.
24 Two numbers differ by seven. The product of the two numbers is less than 78.
Find the possible range of values for the smaller number.
Unit 2: Algebra 2
25 The area of rectangle A is less than the area of
rectangle B. Find the range of possible values of x. A 2x 1 x1
B
x1
x
26 The area of the right-angled triangle A is greater

than the area of rectangle B. Find the range of B x1
possible values of x. 4x 1
A
x1
x1
27 The perimeter of a rectangle is 28 cm. Find the range of possible values of the width of the
rectangle if the diagonal is less than 10 cm.
28 The area of a rectangle is 12 cm2. Find the range of possible values of the width of the
rectangle if the diagonal is more than 5 cm.
83

1 Solve these quadratic equations:
a x2 25 0 b x2 4x 0
2 Solve these quadratic equations by factorisation:
a x2 x 12 0 b 5x2 5x 30 0 c 3x2 x 2 0
3 Use the quadratic formula to solve these equations:
a x2 2x 4 0 b 3x2 5x 1 0
4 The height of a rectangle is 1.5 cm more than the width. The area is 10 cm2. Find the
width of the rectangle.
5 The chords of a circle intersect as shown in the diagram.
Find x. 4
x3
2
x
6 Solve the quadratic inequalities:

Unit 2: Algebra 2
a x2 4 b x2 2x 15 < 0

1 Solve these quadratic equations:
a x2 20 0 b x2 9x 0
2 Solve these quadratic equations by factorisation:
a x2 x 72 0 b 7x2 14x 168 c 2x(4x 7) 15
3 Use the quadratic formula to solve these equations:
a 3x2 7x 5 b 2.1x2 8.4x 4.3 0
4 A cereal packet is a cuboid with height 12 cm. The depth of the box is 4 cm more than the
width, and the volume is 480 cm3. Find the width of the box.
5 The area of a rectangular lawn is 30 m2. During landscaping the length was decreased
by 1 m and the width increased by 1 m, but the area did not change. Find the original
dimensions of the lawn.
6 Two chords of a circle intersect as shown 5
in the diagram. Find x. x
4 4
7 Solve the quadratic inequalities:

a x2 12x 32 < 0 b x2 2x 10
84

Unit 2: Graphs 2
Using graphs to solve equations

Using the graph of y x2 to solve quadratic equations
An accurately drawn graph can be used to solve equations that may prove difficult to solve by
other methods.
The graph of y x2 is easy to draw and can be used to solve quadratic equations.
Example 1
y
Draw the graph of y x2. Use this
10
graph to solve the equation
9
x2 x 3 0.
8
Rearrange x2 x 3 0 as y x2
7
x2 x 3. This can be solved by 6
Unit 2: Graphs 2
finding the x co-ordinates of the y x 3
5
intersection points of the graphs
4
y x2 and y x 3.
3
The graph on the right shows the 2
Solution Solution
solutions are approximately 1
x 1.3 or x 2.3.
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 x
0
Example 2
y
2
Draw the graph of y x . Use this 10
graph to solve the equation x2 2x 2. 9
2 2 8
Rearrange x 2x 2 as x 2 2x. y 2 2x y x2
This can be solved by finding the 7
x co-ordinates of the intersection points 6

of the graphs y x2 and 5
y 2 2x. 4
3
The graph on the right shows
the solutions are approximately 2
Solution
x 2.7 or x 0.7. 1 Solution
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 x
0
85

Example 3 x
Draw the graph of y x2. 10
Use this graph to solve the equation 9
2x2 x 8 0. 8
y x2
Rearrange 2x2 x 8 0 as y 4 x
1
7
2
x2 4 12x. This can be solved by 6
finding the x co-ordinates of the 5
intersection points of the graphs 4
y x2 and y 4 12x. 3
The graph on the right shows 2
Solution Solution
the solutions are approximately 1
x 2.3 or x 1.8. x
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
Exercise 32
Draw an accurate graph of y x2 for 4 x 4. Use this graph to solve these equations.
Unit 2: Graphs 2
1 x2 5 0 2 x2 3 0
3 x2 x 2 0 4 x2 x 3 0
5 x2 2x 7 0 6 x2 2x 6 0
7 x2 4x 2 0 8 x2 4x 1 0
9 2x2 x 20 0 10 2x2 x 16 0
11 x2 x 1 0 12 x2 x 2 0
Exercise 32*
Draw an accurate graph of y x2 for 4 x 4. Use this graph to solve these equations.
1 x2 x 3 0 2 x2 x 4 0
3 x2 3x 1 0 4 x2 2x 2 0
5 x2 4x 4 0 6 x2 2x 1 0
7 2x2 x 12 0 8 2x2 x 10 0
9 3x2 x 27 0 10 3x2 x 21 0
11 3x2 3x 6 0 12 4x2 6x 3 0
86

Using other graphs to solve quadratic equations
Example 4
Draw the graph of y x2 5x 5 for 0 x 5. Use this graph to solve these three
equations:
0 x2 5x 5 0 x2 5x 3 0 x2 4x 4
To solve: 0 x2 5x 5
Find where the graph y x2 5x 5 cuts the line y 0 (the x-axis).
y
6
4
y x 2 – 5x 5
2
0
1 2 3 4 5 x
–2
Unit 2: Graphs 2
The graph cuts the x-axis at approximately x 1.4 and x 3.6.
So the approximate solutions to 0 x2 5x 5 are x 1.4 or x 3.6.
To solve: 0 x2 5x 3
0 x2 5x 3 (Add 2 to both sides)
2 x2 5x 5
y
6
4
y x 2 – 5x 5
2 y2
0
1 2 3 4 5 x
–2
The graph of y x2 5x 5 cuts the line y 2 at x 0.7 and x 4.3 approximately.
So the approximate solutions to 0 x2 5x 3 are x 0.7 or x 4.3.
87

To solve: 0 x2 4x 4
0 x2 4x 4 (Add 1 x to both sides)
2
1 x x 5x 5
y
6
4
y x 2 – 5x 5
2
0
1 2 3 4 5 x
–2 y1–x
The graph of y x2 5x 5 cuts the line y 1 x at x 2 approximately.

So the approximate solution to 0 x2 4x 4 is x 2.
In this case, it looks as if this is an exact solution, but this would have to be checked by
substitution.
Note: If the line had not cut the graph, there would be no real solutions.
Unit 2: Graphs 2
Example 5
If the graph of y 6 2x x2 has been drawn, find the equation of the line that should
be drawn to solve
a 0 2 2x x2 b 0 7 x x2
a 0 2 2x x must be rearranged so that 6 2x x2 is on the
2
right-hand side.
Adding 4 to both sides gives 4 6 2x x2, so the line to be drawn is y 4.
b 0 7 x x2 must be rearranged so that 6 2x x2 is on the
right-hand side.
Adding x 1 to both sides gives x 1 6 2x x2, so the line to be drawn
is y x 1.
The graphs are shown.
y
8 y 6 2x – x 2
6
yx–1
4
y4
2
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
–2
–4
88

Exercise 33
1 Draw the graph of y x2 3x for 1 x 5. Use your graph to solve these equations.
a x2 3x 0 b x2 3x 2 c x2 3x 1
d x2 3x x 1 e x2 3x 3 0 f x2 5x 1 0
2 Draw the graph of y x2 2x for 2 x 4. Use your graph to solve these equations.
a x2 2x 0 b x2 2x 5 c x2 2x 12
2 2
d x 2x 1 x e x 2x 2 0 f x2 4x 2 0
3 Draw the graph of y x2 4x 3 for 1 x 5. Use your graph to solve these
equations.
a x2 4x 3 0 b x2 4x 3 0
c x2 5x 3 0 d x2 3x 2 0
4 Draw the graph of y x2 3x 4 for 2 x 5. Use your graph to solve these
equations.
a x2 3x 4 0 b x2 3x 1 0
2
c x 2x 4 0 d x2 4x 2 0
5 Find the equations solved by the intersection of these pairs of graphs.
Unit 2: Graphs 2
a y 2x2 x 2, y 3 3x b y 4 3x x2, y 2x 1
a y 3x2 x 5, y 2x 1 b y 2x 3 x2, y 1 2x
7 If the graph of y 3x2 4x 2 has been drawn, find the equations of the lines that
should be drawn to solve these equations.
a 3x2 2x 4 0 b 3x2 3x 2 0 c 3x2 7x 1 0
a 3x2 4x 1 0 b 3x2 2x 2 0 c 3x2 x 3 0
9 Romeo is throwing a rose up to Juliet’s balcony. The balcony is 2 m away from him and
3.5 m above him. The equation of the path of the rose is y 4x x2, where the origin is at
Romeo’s feet. Find by a graphical method where the rose lands. The balcony has a
1 m high railing. Does the rose pass over the railing?
10 A cat is sitting on a 2 m high fence when y
it spots a mouse 1.5 m away from the foot
of the fence. The cat leaps along the path
y 0.6x x2, where the origin is where
the cat was sitting and x is measured in x
metres. Find, by a graphical method, whether
the cat lands on the mouse.
2m
1.5 m
89

Exercise 33*
1 Draw the graph of y 5x x2 for 1 x 6. Use your graph to solve these equations.
a 5x x2 0 b 5x x2 3 c 5x x2 x 1 d x2 6x 4 0
2 Draw the graph of y x 2x2 for 2 x 3. Use your graph to solve these equations.
a x2 2x2 0 b x 2x2 4 c x 2x2 x 3
2
d 2x 2x 2 = 0
3 Draw the graph of y 2x2 3x 1 for 3 x 2. Use your graph to solve these
equations.
a 2x2 3x 1 0 b 2x2 3x 4 0 c 2x2 5x 1 0
4 Draw the graph of y 3x2 x 2 for 2 x 3. Use your graph to solve these
equations.
a 3x2 x 2 0 b 3x2 x 4 0 c 3x2 3x 1 0
a y 6x2 4x 3, y 3x 5 b y 7 2x 5x2, y 3 5x
a y 4x2 5x 2, y 2x 7 b y 3x 1 3x2, y 3 4x
Unit 2: Graphs 2
a 5x2 10x 8 0 b 5x2 7x 5 0
a 4x2 8x 5 0 b 4x2 4x 3 0
9 Jason is serving at tennis. He hits the ball from a height of 2.5 m and the path of the ball is
given by y 0.05x 0.005x2, where the origin is the point where he hits the ball.
y
2.5 m
0.9 m
12 m
18 m
a The net is 0.9 m high and is 12 m away. Does the ball pass over the net?
b For the serve to be legal it must land between the net and the service line, which is 18 m
away. Is the serve legal?
10 A young girl is playing a game, which consists of throwing marbles up a flight of stairs.
Each step is 20 cm high and 25 cm wide. The path of the marble is given by y 52x 23x2,
where x and y are both measured in metres. Where should the girl stand to throw the
marble up the greatest number of steps, and how many steps is this?
90

Using graphs to solve cubic and other equations
Example 6
Draw the graph of y x3.
Use this graph to solve these two equations:
a x3 2x 4 0 b x3 3x 1 0
y
10
8
y x3
6
y 4 – 2x
y 3x – 1
4
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
–2
–4
–6
Unit 2: Graphs 2
–8
–10
3
To solve a: x 2x 4 0
x3 2x 4 0 (Rearrange)
x3 4 2x
This can be solved by finding the x co-ordinates of the intersection points of the graphs
y x3 and y 4 2x.
From the graph the solution is approximately x 1.2.
The graph shows there is only one solution.
To solve b: x3 3x 1 0
x3 3x 1 0 (Rearrange)
x3 3x 1
This can be solved by finding the x co-ordinates of the intersection points of the graphs
y x3 and y 3x 1.
From the graph the solutions are approximately x 1.9, x 0.4 or x 1.5.
91

Exercise 34
1 Draw an accurate graph of y x3 for 3 x 3.
Use your graph to solve these equations.
a x3 3x 0 b x3 3x 1 0 c x3 2x 1 0
2 Draw an accurate graph of y x4 for 2 x 2.
a x4 4x 0 b x4 2x 3 0 c x4 x 3 0
3 Draw an accurate graph of y 3x2 x3 1 for 2 x 3.
a 3x2 x3 1 0 b 3x2 x3 4 0 c 3x2 x3 4 x 0
4 Draw an accurate graph of y x3 5x 1 for 3 x 3.
a x3 5x 1 0 b x3 5x 2 0 c x3 7x 1 0
3
5 Use a graphical method to solve x 2 .
x
1
6 Use a graphical method to solve 4 x2 .
x
Unit 2: Graphs 2
Exercise 34*
12
1 Draw an accurate graph of y 2 for 4 x 4. Use your graph to solve these
x
equations.
12 12
a 2 x20 b 2 12 x2 c 3x3 10x2 12 0
x x
2 Draw an accurate graph of y x4 4x2 2 for 3 x 3. Use your graph to solve
these equations.
a x4 4x2 2 0 b x4 4x2 2x 3 0 c 2x4 8x2 x 2 0
16
3 If the graph of y x2 has been drawn, what graph must be drawn to solve
x
3 2
x 3x 8x 16 0?
3
4 If the graph of y x 4 has been drawn, what graph must be drawn to solve
x
x3 x2 5x 3 0?
5 Use a graphical method to solve x3 x2 2x 1.
1
6 Use a graphical method to solve 2 x3 3.
x
Investigate
For what values of k does the equation x3 12x k 0 have
a one solution? b two solutions? c three solutions?
92

Using graphs to solve nonlinear simultaneous equations
Activity 10
Mary is watering her garden with a hose. Her little brother, Peter, is annoying her so
she tries to squirt him with water.
y Path of water jet

Peter
Mary x
Sloping garden
The path of the water jet is given by y 2x 14x2.

The slope of the garden is given by y 14x 1.
Peter is standing at (8, 1).
The origin is the point where the water leaves the hose, and units are in metres.
Unit 2: Graphs 2
R Copy and complete these tables.
x 0 2 4 6 8 10
2x 8
14 x2 9
y 2x 14 x2 3
x 0 2 4 6 8 10
1
4x 2
y 14 x 1 0.5
R On one set of axes, draw the two graphs representing the path of the
water and the slope of the garden.
R Is Mary successful in making Peter wet?
R Mary alters the angle of the hose so that the path of the water is given
by y x 0.1x2.
Draw in the new path. Is Peter made wet this time?
93

In Activity 10, the simultaneous equations y 2x 14x2 and y 14x 1 were solved
graphically by drawing both graphs on the same axes and finding the x co-ordinates of the
points of intersection.
Example 7
Draw on one set of axes the graphs of y x2 5 and y x 1. Use these graphs to
solve the simultaneous equations y x2 5 and y x 1.
First make a table of values.
x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
2
x 5 4 1 4 5 4 1 4
x1 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
Then draw the graphs.
y
6
Unit 2: Graphs 2
4
y x2 – 5
Key Points 2
To solve simultaneous
equations graphically, –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x
draw both graphs on one –2
set of axes. yx 1
–4
The co-ordinates of
–6
the intersection points
are the solutions of the
simultaneous equations. The co-ordinates of the intersection points are (2, 1) and (3, 4) so the solutions are
x 2, y 1 or x 3, y 4.
Exercise 35
For Questions 1–14, solve the simultaneous equations graphically, drawing graphs
for 4 x 4.
1 y x2 2, y 5 2 y x2 1, y 4
3 y 4 x2, y 1 2x 4 y 1 x2 , y x 1
5 y x2 2x 1, y 1 3x 6 y x2 4x 3, y x 1
7 y x2 4x 6, y 2x 2 8 y x2 2x 4, y 1 2x
x
9 x2 y 4, y 1 10 x2 y 9, y 2x 1
4
94

4 6
11 y , y x 1 12 y 1 ,y2x
x x
13 y x3 2x2, y 12 x 1 14 y x x3, y 12 x
15 During a match, Matthew kicks a football onto the roof of the stand. The path of the
football is given by
x2
y 2.5x
15
The equation of the roof of the stand is given by
x
y 10 for 20 x 35
2
All units are in metres. Find by a graphical method where the football lands on the roof.
16 A volcano shaped like a cone ejects a rock from the summit.
The path of the rock is given by
y 2x x2 y
and the side of the volcano is given by Path of rock

2x x
y
3
Unit 2: Graphs 2
where the units are in kilometres and the origin is at
Volcano
the summit. Find by a graphical method where the
rock lands.
Exercise 35*
For Questions 1–14, solve the simultaneous equations graphically. (For Questions 1–8, draw
graphs for 4 x 4.
1 y x2 x 1, y 3 2 y x2 2x 1, y 2
3 y x2 x 5, y 1 2x 4 y x2 4x 5, y 2x 3
5 y 2x2 2x 4, y 6 x 6 y 2x2 5x 6, y 3 2x
7 y 10x2 3x 4, y 2x 2 8 y 8x2 3x 4. y 5 3x
9 (x 1)2 y 6, y x 3
10 (x 3)2 y 4, y 3 2x
11 y x3 4x2 5, y 3 2x, 1 x 4
12 y x3 3x2 7, y 2x 1, 4 x 2
10
13 y 4, y 5x 2, 2 x 3
x
12
14 y x, y 2x 3, 3 x 4
x
95

15 In a ski jump, the path of the jumper is given by
x2
y 0.6x
40
while the landing slope is given by
x
y
2
The origin is at the point of take-off of the jumper, and all units are in metres.
y
x
Path of jumper
Solve the simultaneous equations by a graphical method and find how long the jump is.
Unit 2: Graphs 2
1 A distress rocket is fired out to sea from the top of a 50 m high cliff.
Taking the origin at the top of the cliff, the path of the rocket is given by y x 0.01x2.
Use a graphical method to find where the rocket lands in the sea.
y
0 x
50 m
2 Draw the graph of y x2 2x 1 for 2 x 4.

Use the graph to solve these equations.
a x2 2x 1 0 b x2 2x 4 0 c x2 x 3 0
3 The graph of y x2 has been drawn. What lines should be drawn to solve the following
equations?
a x2 4
b x2 x 1
c x2 2x 1 0
4 Solve the simultaneous equations y x2 and y x 3 graphically.
5 The area of a rectangle is 30 cm2; the perimeter is 24 cm. If x is the length of the rectangle
and y is the width, form two equations for x and y and solve them graphically.
96

1 Lauren is marketing a handbag. The shape of the handbag is a circle 24 cm in diameter
and the handle is a parabola with equation
x2
y 22
4
where the origin is at the centre of the circle. Lauren needs to tell a subcontractor where to
attach the fasteners for the handle to the bag. Find by a graphical method the position of
the fasteners.
Unit 2: Graphs 2
2 Draw the graph of y 3x 5 2x2 for 2 x 4.
Use the graph to solve these equations.
a 3x 2 2x2 0 b x 7 2x2 0 c 2x 2 x2 0
3 The graph of y x2 2x 4 has been drawn. What lines should be drawn to solve the
following equations?
a x2 2x 5
b x2 x 4 0
c x2 x 3 0
4 Solve the simultaneous equations y x3 and y 4 4x2 graphically.
5 The hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is 4 cm long; the
sum of the lengths of the other two sides is 5 cm. If the lengths
of the other two sides are x and y, form two equations for
x and y and solve them graphically.
4 cm
y cm
x cm
97

Unit 2: Shape and space 2
Circles, semicircles and quadrants

Remember
The perimeter of a shape is the distance all the way round the shape.
Circle
The perimeter of a circle is called the circumference.
If C is the circumference, A the area and r the radius, then r
C 2Pr
A Pr2
Semicircle
A semicircle is half a circle cut along a diameter.
The perimeter is half the circumference of the circle r
plus the diameter, so P Pr 2r
Pr2
The area is half of the area of the circle, so A
2
Quadrant
A quadrant is quarter of a circle.
The perimeter is a quarter of the circumference of the circle r
Pr
plus twice the radius, so P 2r
2
Pr2
The area is a quarter of the area of the circle, so A
4
Example 1
The circumference of a circle is 10 cm. Find the radius.
Using C 2Pr r
10 2Pr (Make r the subject of the equation) 10 cm
10
r
2P
1.59 cm to 3 s.f.
98

Example 2
The area of a circle is 24 cm2. Find the radius. 24 cm2
2
Using A Pr
r
24 Pr2 (Make r the subject of the equation)
24
r2
P
r s
24
P 7
2.76 cm to 3 s.f.
Example 3 C
Find the perimeter and area of the shape shown.
The radius of the quadrant BCD is 3 cm, so BC 3 cm.
The perimeter AB BC arc CD DE EA

B D
4 3 3P
2
43
18.7 cm (to 3 s.f.)
4 cm
The area area of quadrant BCD area of rectangle ABDE
9P
4
12
A E
19.1 cm2 (to 3 s.f.) 3 cm
Exercise 37
Find the perimeter and area of each of the following shapes, giving answers to 3 s.f.
All dimensions are in cm. All arcs are parts of circles.
1 2
6
8
3 4
5 3
5 6
4 8
6 12
99

7 8
6
10
18
18
9 12 10 10
8 6
11 12
3 6
For Questions 13–20, fill in all the gaps in the following table:
Question Radius in cm Circumference in cm Area in cm2

13 6
14 8
15 14
16 9
17 52
18 76
19 84
20 68
21 A bicycle wheel has a diameter of 66 cm. How many km does the bicycle travel if the wheel
rotates 1000 times?
22 A car wheel has a diameter of 48 cm. On a journey the wheel rotates 5000 times. How
long is the journey in km?
23 The minute hand of a clock is 80 mm long. How many metres does the tip of the hand
travel in 12 hours?
24 A CD is 120 mm in diameter. A speck of dust is on the edge of the CD. How many
kilometres does the speck of dust travel when the CD rotates 10 000 times?
100

Exercise 37*
Find the perimeter and area of each of the following shapes, giving answers to 3 s.f.
All dimensions are in cm. All arcs are parts of circles.
1 2 3
7
4
6
4 5 6

3 3 3
6
8
7 8 9
2 2
6 6
12
12
10 11 12
4 4
4 4 4 6 4
13 The area of a quadrant of a circle is 8 cm2. Find the radius and perimeter.
14 The area of a semicircle is 22 cm2. Find the radius and perimeter.
101

15 A cow is tethered by a rope to one corner of a 20 m square field.
The cow can graze half the area of the field. How long is the rope?
20 m
20 m
16 A goat is tethered to the outside corner of a

10 m square enclosure by a 15 m long rope. 10 m
What area can the goat graze? (Assume the goat
cannot jump into the enclosure.) 10 m
17 A new coin has just been made where the circumference in cm is numerically the same
value as the area in cm2. What is the radius of the coin?
18 A mathematics teacher wishes to make a semicircular pond where the perimeter in m is

numerically the same value as the area in m2. What is the radius of the pond?
19 The radius of the earth is 6380 km.
a How far does a point on the equator travel in 24 hours?
b Find the speed of a point on the equator in m/s.
20 The Earth is 1.5 108 km from the Sun.
a How far does the Earth travel in a year?
b Find the speed of the Earth in m/s.
21 A hot-air balloon travels round the Earth 1 km above the surface, following the equator.
How much further does it travel than the distance around the equator?
22 Mala is running around a circular racetrack, 2 m further out than her friend Noz. Every
time they run round the track, how much further does Mala run than Noz?
23 The perimeter of this shape is 12 cm. Find r and the area.
r
r
24 The shape shown consists of a square and a semicircle.

The perimeter is 22 cm. Find the radius of the semicircle
and the area of the shape.
102

Arc of a circle
An arc is part of the circumference of a circle.
x
The arc shown is the fraction of the whole circumference. r
360
So the arc length is Arc x°
x r
2Pr
360
Remember
x
Arc length 2Pr
360
Example 4

Find the perimeter of the shape shown. 4 cm
x
Using Arc length 2Pr Arc
360 80°
80 4 cm
Arc length 2P 4 5.585 cm
360
The perimeter 5.585 4 4 13.6 cm to 3 s.f.
Example 5
Find the angle marked x.
x
Using Arc length 2Pr
360 9 cm
x (Make x the subject
12 2P 9 of the equation) 12 cm x°
360
12 360
x 9 cm
2P 9
76.4° to 3 s.f.
Example 6
Find the radius r.
x
Using Arc length 2Pr
360 r cm
50 (Make r the subject
20 2Pr of the equation) 20 cm 50°
360
20 360
r
50 2P
22.9 cm to 3 s.f.
103

Exercise 38
In Questions 1–8, find the perimeter of the shape. Give answers to 3 s.f.
1 2
3 cm 5 cm
50° 70°
3 cm 5 cm
3 4
6 cm
2 cm
150°
130°
6 cm 2 cm
5 6
200° 220°
7 cm
4 cm
7 cm 4 cm
7 8
290° 310°
9 cm 8 cm
9 cm
8 cm
In Questions 9–12, find the angle marked x.

9 10
5 cm 4 cm
3 cm x° 2 cm x°
5 cm 4 cm
104

11 12
12 cm 18 cm
6 cm 8 cm
x° x°
6 cm 8 cm
In Questions 13–16, find the radius r.

13 14
r cm r cm
10 cm 40° 16 cm 70°
r cm r cm

15 16
r cm r cm
24 cm 18 cm
130° 160°
r cm r cm
Exercise 38*
In Questions 1–4, find the perimeter of the shape. Give answers to 3 s.f.
1 2
3.7 cm 6.3 cm
55° 49°
3.7 cm 6.3 cm
3 4
213° 237°
6.7 cm 4.3 cm
6.7 cm 4.3 cm
105

5 6
7.3 cm 8.4 cm
3.2 cm x° 8.4 cm x°
7.3 cm 8.4 cm
7 8
38 cm 54 cm
18 cm 22 cm
x° x°
18 cm 22 cm

9 10
r cm r cm
8.2 cm 35° 19 cm 67°
r cm r cm
11 12
r cm r cm
235 cm 180 cm
115° 157°
r cm r cm
13 The minute hand of a watch is 9 cm long. How far does the tip travel in 35 minutes?
14 A pendulum of length 85 cm swings through an angle of 16°. How far does the pendulum
bob travel?
15 Find the perimeter of the shape to 3 s.f. 16 Find the perimeter of the shape to 3 s.f.
2 cm 110° 2 cm 5 cm 140° 5 cm
2 cm 2 cm 3 cm 3 cm
106

17 The perimeter of the shape is 28 cm. 18 The perimeter of the shape is 20 cm.
Find the value of r. Find r.
r cm r cm 2 cm 2 cm
70° 50°
r cm r cm r cm r cm
Sectors of circles
A sector of a circle is a region whose boundary is an arc and
two radii. r
x
The sector shown is the fraction of the whole circle. Sector
360 x°
of circle
So the sector area is r
x
Pr2
360

Remember
x
Sector area Pr2
360
Example 7
Find the area of the sector shown.
7 cm
x
Using Sector area Pr2
360 65°
65
A P72 7 cm
360
27.8 cm2 to 3 s.f.
Example 8
Find the angle marked x.
x Area 12 cm2 5 cm
360
x (Make x the subject x°
12 P 52 of the equation)
360
5 cm
12 360
x
P 52
55.0° to 3 s.f.
107

Example 9
Find the radius of the sector shown.
Area 50 cm2 r cm
x
360 70°
70 (Make r the subject
50 Pr2 of the equation) r cm
360
50 360
r2
70 P
r 77s
50 360
70 P
9.05 cm (to 3 s.f.)
Exercise 39
In Questions 1–8, find the area of the shape. Give answers to 3 s.f.
1 2
6 cm 3 cm
40° 80°
6 cm 3 cm
3 4
8 cm 4 cm
110° 160°
8 cm 4 cm
5 6
240° 210°
9 cm 3 cm
9 cm 3 cm
7 8
340° 320°
2 cm 6 cm
2 cm 6 cm
108

9 10
3 cm 4 cm
6 cm2 x° 7 cm2 x°
3 cm 4 cm
11 72 cm2 12 30 cm2
8 cm 5 cm
x° x°
8 cm 5 cm

13 14
r cm r cm
12 cm2 40° 26 cm2 70°
r cm r cm
15 82 cm2 16 64 cm2
r cm r cm
130° 160°
r cm r cm
Exercise 39*
In Questions 1–4, find the area of the shape. Give answers to 3 s.f.
1 2
7.2 cm 9.3 cm
35° 77°
7.2 cm 9.3 cm
109

3 4
221° 255°
18 cm 23 cm
18 cm 23 cm

5 6
9.5 cm 12 cm
42 cm2 x° 87 cm2 x°
9.5 cm 12 cm
7 8
38 cm2 45 cm2
x° 6.5 cm x° 5.8 cm
6.5 cm 5.8 cm

9 10
r cm r cm
5.2 cm2 25° 91 cm2 83°
r cm r cm
11 12
423 cm2 r cm 634 cm2 r cm
125° 176°
r cm r cm
110

13 Find the area of the shape to 3 s.f. 14 Find the area of the shape to 3 s.f.
2 cm 110° 2 cm 5 cm 140° 5 cm
2 cm 2 cm 3 cm 3 cm
15 The area of the shape is 54 cm2. 16 The area of the shape is 40 cm2.
Find the value of r. Find the value of r.
r cm r cm 2 cm 2 cm
80° 40°
r cm r cm r cm r cm

17 Find the shaded area. 18 Find the shaded area.
Radius
4 cm
4 cm
60° 10 cm 8 cm
4 cm
19 Three circular pencils, each with a diameter of 1 cm, are held together by an elastic band.
What is the (stretched) length of the band?
Pencil
Elastic
band
20 Three beer mats, each with a diameter of 8 cm, are placed on a table as shown. Find the
blue shaded area.
111

Surface areas and volumes of solids
Prisms
Remember
Any solid with parallel sides that has a constant Cross-sectional
area
cross-section is called a prism.
Volume of a prism cross-sectional area height
Height
A cuboid is a prism with a rectangular cross-section. Cross-sectional area

Volume of a cuboid width depth height

Surface area sum of the area of the six
rectangles making up the faces.
Height
Depth
Width
Cross-sectional area
A cylinder is a prism with a circular cross-section.
If the height is h and the radius r, then
Volume of a cylinder Pr2h
Height
Curved surface area of a cylinder 2Prh
Example 10
Calculate the volume and surface area of the prism shown.
The cross-section is a right-handed triangle. 5 cm
1
Cross-sectional area 3 4 6 cm2
2
So Volume 6 8 48 cm3
4 cm
8 cm
Surface area two end triangles plus three rectangles
26583848
108 cm2 3 cm
112

Example 11
Calculate the volume and surface area of a cola can that is a cylinder with diameter 6 cm
and height 11 cm.
Using V Pr2h with r 3 and h 11
V P 32 11
P i PSi
311 cm3 to 3 s.f. C OLA
Surface area two ends plus curved surface area 330 millilitres
A 2 Pr2 2Prh
2 P 32 2 P 3 11
264 cm2 to 3 s.f.

Exercise 40
1 Find the volume of the prism shown.
A 15 cm2
8 cm
2 Find the volume of the prism shown. A 26 cm2
4 cm
3 Find the volume and surface area of

this wedge of cheese.
4 cm
8 cm
3 cm

this pack of butter. ER
TT
BU 4 cm
6 cm 10 cm
113

5 Find the volume and surface area of this fuel tank.
1m
2m
6 Find the volume and surface area of this can of drink.
E
16 cm
R A NG
O
6 cm
7 A swimming pool has the dimensions shown.

10 m 40 m
Find the volume in m3.
1m
3m
8 A penthouse shed has the dimensions shown.

2.5 m
2m
2m 2.5 m
9 A water trough has the dimensions shown. 1m

Find the volume in m3. 2m
Semicircle
114

10 A barn has the dimensions shown.
Find the volume in m3. Semicircle
4m
6m 18 m
11 A carton contains 1 litre of orange juice.

The carton is 10 cm wide and 6 cm deep.
How tall is it?
6 cm 10 cm

12 A half-litre jar of olive oil is a cylinder 8 cm in diameter.
How tall is it?
Exercise 40*
1 Find the volume of the metal bar in cm3. A 12 cm2
2.5 m
2 The diagram shows an extrusion for a conservatory roof.

Find the volume of the extrusion in cm3.
A 16 cm2
3m
20 cm
3 The diagram shows some stage steps.
20 cm
Find the volume in cm3 and the surface area in cm2. 20 cm
20 cm
1m
115

4 The diagram shows a metal ‘T’ girder.
Find the volume in cm3 and the surface area in cm2.
1 cm 10 cm
4.5 cm
2m
9 cm
1 cm
5 The diagram shows a can of food

8 cm
with semicircular ends.
Find the volume and surface area.
3 cm
6 cm
6 The diagram shows a CD player with 20 cm

semicircular ends.
15 cm
15 cm
7 The diagram shows a sweet. 2 cm

diameter 1 cm
Find the volume in cm3 and the diameter
surface area in cm2.
5 mm
8 The diagram shows a hollow concrete pipe. 1m

diameter
75 cm 4m
diameter
9 Find the volume and surface area of the object Hole diameter 4 cm
shown in the diagram.
6 cm
10 cm
8 cm
116

the object shown in the diagram.
Equilateral triangle
of side 6 cm
Hole diameter 2 cm 12 cm
11 A toilet roll has the dimensions shown.

If the thickness of the paper is 15 mm, find
the length of paper on the roll. Diameter 10 cm
Diameter 5 cm 11 cm

12 A reel of sticky tape has the dimensions shown. Diameter 3.5 cm
If the tape is 25 m long, how thick is the tape?
Diameter 5 cm
19 mm
Pyramids, cones and spheres
Remember
1
Volume of a pyramid base area vertical height Base
3
area
Surface area area of the base plus the triangular faces. Height
A cone is a pyramid with a circular base.

1
Volume of a cone Pr2 h
3 l
h
Curved surface area of a cone Prl, where l is the slant height
4
Volume of a sphere Pr3
3
Surface area of a sphere 4Pr2
117

Example 12
Find the volume of the rectangular-based pyramid shown.
1 12 cm
Using V base area vertical height
3
1
V 8 10 12
3 10 cm
320 cm3 8 cm
Example 13
Find the total surface area of the cone shown.
Use Pythagoras’ Theorem to work out l.
l
l2 52 122 12 cm
l2 169
l 13 5 cm
Curved surface area of a cone Prl

P 5 13
204 cm2
The base is a circle with area Pr2 P 5 5
78.5 cm2
Total surface area curved surface area plus base area
204 78.5
283 cm2 to 3 s.f.
Example 14
A squash ball has a volume of 33 cm3. Find the radius and surface area.
4
Using volume of a sphere Pr3
3
4
33 Pr3 (Make r the subject of the equation)
3
33 3
r3
4P
r 7
3337
3
4P
1.99 cm
Using surface area of a sphere 4Pr2
A 4 P 1.992
49.8 cm2 to 3 s.f.
118

Exercise 41
1 The Great Pyramid of Giza is a square-based pyramid with
dimensions as shown.
146 m
230 m
2 The glass pyramid at the Louvre is a square-based pyramid

with dimensions as shown.
Find the volume in m3. 21.5 m
35 m

3 A traffic cone has the dimensions shown.
Find the volume in cm3 and the curved surface area in cm2.
60 cm
25 cm
4 A funnel is an inverted cone with the dimensions shown.

Find the volume in cm3 and the curved surface area in cm2.
8 cm
8 cm
5 A food colander is a hemisphere with diameter 20 cm.

Find the volume and internal surface area, ignoring the holes.
6 A hanging flower basket is a hemisphere with diameter 30 cm.

Find the volume and the external curved surface area.
119

7 A scoop for ground coffee is a hollow hemisphere with
diameter of 4 cm. 2 cm
When full, the coffee forms a cone on top of the scoop.
Find the volume of coffee.
8 A spinning top consists of a hemisphere on top of a cone.

Find the volume of the toy.
4 cm
8 cm
9 A grain silo is a cylinder with a hemisphere on top, with the

dimensions shown.
Find the volume and surface area including the base.
12 m
6m
10 A candle is a cylinder with a cone on top.

Find the volume and surface area. 4 cm
4 cm
5 cm
11 The volume of a football is 7240 cm3.

Find the radius and surface area.
12 The volume of a cricket ball is 180 cm3.

Find the radius and surface area.
120

13 A flat roof is a rectangle 6 m by 8 m.
The rain drains into a cylindrical water butt with
radius 50 cm.
By how much does the water level in the butt rise
if 1 cm of rain falls?
(Assume the butt does not overflow.)
14 A fuel tanker is pumping fuel into an aircraft’s fuel

tank. The tanker is a cylinder 2 m in diameter and
3 m long. The aircraft’s tank is a cuboid
5 m 4 m 1 m high. Before pumping, the fuel
tanker is full and the aircraft’s fuel tank is empty.
How deep is the fuel in the aircraft’s tank after
pumping is complete?

Exercise 41*
1 A television tube is in the shape of a pyramid with dimensions 45 cm
as shown.
What is the volume?
35 cm 60 cm
2 A crystal consists of two square-based pyramids as shown. 5 mm

Calculate the volume of the crystal.
5 mm
3 An ice-cream cone is full of ice-cream as shown. Hemisphere

What is the volume of ice cream? diameter 5 cm
10 cm
4 A toy consists of a solid hemisphere with a cone on top.

What is the volume of the toy? 6 cm
8 cm
121

5 A water bottle is a cylinder with a cone at one end
6 cm
and a hemisphere at the other.
22 cm
10 cm
6 A toy rocket is a cone on a cylinder.

Find the volume and surface area. 15 cm
Ignore the fins, but include the base.
5 cm
30 cm
7 A monument is South America is in the

shape of a truncated pyramid.
50 m
Find the volume of the monument.
50 m
100 m 100 m
8 A vase is a truncated cone.

Find the volume of the vase. 12 cm diameter
20 cm
10 cm
9 The volume of the Earth is 1.09 1012 km3.

Find the surface area of the Earth assuming it is a sphere.
10 The volume of the Sun is 1.41 1018 km3.
Find the surface area of the Sun assuming it is a sphere.
122

11 A stone ball is dropped into a barrel of water and sinks Diameter 40 cm
to the bottom. The ball is completely covered by water.
By how much does the water rise in the barrel?
Diameter 10 cm
12 A cuboid of chocolate measures 12 cm by 8 cm by 6 cm. It is melted down and cast into

chocolates that are spheres with diameter 2 cm. How many spheres can be made?
13 The sphere and the cone shown have the same volume.
Calculate the height of the cone.

h
6 cm
6 cm
14 A spherical drop of oil with diameter 3 mm falls onto a water surface and produces a
circular oil film of radius 10 cm.
Calculate the thickness of the oil film.
Areas of similar shapes

When a shape doubles in size, then the area does NOT double, but increases by a factor of four.
Length
doubles Area 4 cm2
Area 1 cm 2
1 cm 2 cm
1 cm
2 cm
The Length Scale Factor is 2, and the Area Scale Factor is 4.
123

If the shape triples in size, then the area increases by a factor of nine.
Length
triples
Area 1 cm 2
1 cm Area 9 cm2
3 cm
1 cm
3 cm
If a shape increases by a Length Scale Factor of k, then the Area Scale Factor is k2.
This applies even if the shape is irregular.
Length doubles
Area 2 cm2 Area 2 4 8 cm2
Area Scale Factor 4
Note: The two shapes must be similar.

Two similar shapes that are the same size are congruent.
Remember
If the Length Scale Factor is k, then the Area Scale Factor is k2.
Example 15
The two shapes shown are similar. The area of the smaller shape is 10 cm2. Find the area
of the larger shape.
Area 10 cm2
4 cm
8 cm
8
The Length Scale Factor k 2 (Note: Divide the length of the second shape by
4
the length of the first shape.)
The Area Scale Factor k2 22 4
So the area of the larger shape is 10 4 40 cm2.
124

Example 16
The two shapes shown are similar. The area of the larger shape is 18 cm2. Find the area of
the smaller shape.
Area 18 cm2
4 cm
6 cm
4 2
The Length Scale Factor k (Note: Divide the length of the second
6 3
shape by the length of the first shape.)
2 4
The Area Scale Factor k2 23
9

4
So the area of the smaller shape is 18 8 cm2.
9
Example 17
The two triangles are similar, with dimensions and areas as shown.
What is the value of x?
Area 2 cm2 Area 18 cm2
1 cm
x cm
18
The Area Scale Factor k2 9 (Note: Divide the area of the second shape
2
by the area of the first shape.)
The Length Scale Factor k ps9 3
So x 1 3 3 cm.
Exercise 42
1 A and B are similar shapes.
The area of A is 4 cm2.
Find the area of B. A B
6 cm
12 cm
125

2 C and D are similar shapes.
The area of C is 6 cm2.
Find the area of D.
C D
2 cm
6 cm
3 a Why are the two triangles shown similar?

b If the area of T1 is 3.8 cm2, find the area of T2.
80°
T1
T2
30° 70°
4 cm 30°
6 cm
4 a Why are the two triangles shown similar?

b If the area of T3 is 15.8 cm2, find the area of T4.
8 cm
40°
T3
T4
50°
12 cm
5 E and F are similar shapes.

The area of E is 480 cm2.
E F
Find the area of F.
16 cm
24 cm
6 G and H are similar shapes.

The area of H is 36 cm2. G H
6 cm 8 cm
Find the area of G.
7 I and J are similar shapes.

The area of I is 150 cm2.
Find the area of J.
16 cm I 12 cm J
126

8 K and L are similar triangles.
The area of K is 24 cm2.
Find the area of L.
L
K
3 cm
5 cm
9 The shapes M and N are similar.

The area of M is 8 cm2 and the area of N is 32 cm2.
M N
Find x.
3 cm
x
10 The shapes O and P are similar.

The area of O is 3 cm2 and the area of P is 27 cm2.
O P
Find x.
4 cm

x
11 Q and R are similar shapes.

The area of Q is 5 cm2 and the area of R is 11.25 cm2.
Find x.
Q R
2 cm
x
12 S and T are similar shapes.

The area of S is 9 cm2 and the area of T is 16 cm2. S T
Find x. 5 cm x
13 U and V are similar shapes.

The area of U is 48 cm2 and the area of V is 12 cm2.
U V
Find x.
x
6 cm
14 W and X are similar shapes.

The area of W is 36 cm2 and the area of X is 4 cm2. 9 cm x
Find x. X
W
15 Y and Z are similar ellipses.

The area of Y is 225 cm2 and the area of Z is 100 cm2. Y Z
Find x. x
20 cm
127

16 A and B are similar pentagons.
The area of A is 160 cm2 and the area of B is 90 cm2,
Find x.
A B
x
32 cm
Exercise 42*
1 The two stars are similar in shape.
The area of the smaller star is 300 cm2.
Find the area of the larger star.
24 cm
36 cm
2 The two shapes shown are similar.

The area of the smaller shape is 216 cm2.
Find the area of the larger shape.
18 cm 24 cm
3 The two shapes shown are similar.

The area of the larger shape is 125 cm2.
Find the area of the smaller shape.
15 cm
25 cm
4 The two triangles are similar.

The area of the larger triangle is 75 cm2.
Find the area of the smaller triangle.
12.5 cm
5 cm
5 The two shapes are similar.

Find x.
32 cm2 50 cm2
x
6 cm
128

6 The two shapes are similar.
Find x.
36 cm2 100 cm2
9 cm
7 The two leaves shown are similar in shape.

Find x 72 cm2
50 cm2
12 cm
x
8 The two flower patterns are similar in shape.

Find x. 128 cm2

50 cm2
x
32 cm
1
9 A model aeroplane is made to a scale of 20 of the size of the real plane. The area of the
wings of the real plane are 40 m2. Find the area of the wings of the model in cm2.
10 A map of a wood is drawn to a scale of 1 : 1000. The area of the wood is 104 m2. Find the
area of the wood on the map in cm2.
11 An oil slick increases in length by 20%. Assuming the shape is similar to the original
shape, what is the percentage increase in area?
12 Abdul enlarges a digital photograph by 30%, keeping the photograph similar to the
original. What is the percentage increase in area?
13 Meera washes some napkins in hot water and they shrink by 10%. What is the percentage
reduction in area?
14 Jean reduces a document by 15% on a photocopier. What is the percentage reduction in
area?
15 Calculate the shaded area A.
A
15 cm
21 cm
147 cm2
129

16 Calculate the shaded area B.
21 cm
63 cm2
28 cm
B
Volumes of similar shapes

When a solid doubles in size, the volume does NOT double, but increases by a factor of eight.
1 cm Length
doubles
Volume 1 cm3 2 cm
1 cm
1 cm Volume 8 cm3
2 cm
2 cm
The Length Scale Factor is 2, and the Volume Scale Factor is 8.

If the solid triples in size, then the volume increases by a factor of 27.
Length
1 cm
triples
Volume 1 cm3 Volume 27 cm3
1 cm
1 cm 3 cm
3 cm
3 cm
If a solid increases by a Length Scale Factor of k, then the Volume Scale Factor is k3.
This applies even if the solid is irregular.
Length doubles
Volume 2 cm3 Volume 2 8 16 cm3
Volume
Scale Factor 8
Note: The two solids must be similar.
130

Remember
If the Length Scale Factor is k, then the Volume Scale Factor is k3.
Example 18
The two solids shown are similar. The volume of the smaller solid is 20 cm3. Find the
volume of the larger solid.
Volume 20 cm3
4 cm

8 cm
8
The Length Scale Factor k 2 (Note: Divide the length of the second solid by the
4
length of the first solid.)
The Volume Scale Factor k3 23 8
So the volume of the larger solid is 20 8 160 cm3.
Example 19
The two cylinders shown are similar. The volume of the larger cylinder is 54 cm3. Find
the volume of the smaller cylinder.
Volume 54 cm3
6 cm 4 cm
4 2
The Length Scale Factor k (Note: Divide the height of the second cylinder by
6 3
the height of the first cylinder.)
8 3
The Volume Scale Factor k3 23
27

8
So the volume of the smaller cylinder is 54 16 cm3.
27
131

Example 20
The two prisms are similar, with dimensions and volumes as shown.
What is the value of x?
1 cm
x cm
54
The Volume Scale Factor k3 27 (Note: Divide the volume of the second solid
2
by the volume of the first solid.)
The Length Scale Factor k p7
3
27 3
So x 1 3 3 cm.
Exercise 43
1 The cylinders shown are similar. Volume 100 cm3
Find the volume of the larger cylinder.
8 cm 16 cm
2 The cones shown are similar. Volume 2 cm3

Find the volume of the larger cone.
2 cm 6 cm
3 The solids shown are similar.

Find the volume of the larger solid.
6 cm 9 cm
Volume 200 cm3

4 The statues shown are similar.
Find the volume of the larger statue.
10 cm
8 cm
Volume 12 cm3
132

5 Find the volume of the smaller sphere.
(Note: All spheres are similar.)
6 cm 3 cm
Volume 113 cm3
6 The two bottles are similar.

Find the volume of the smaller bottle.
30 cm
20 cm
Volume 750 cm3

7 The two mobile phones are similar. Volume 60 cm3
Find the volume of the smaller phone.
3 cm
4 cm
8 The two paperweights are similar. Volume 256 cm3

Find the volume of the smaller weight.
5 cm
8 cm
9 The two glasses are similar.

Find the height of the larger glass.
12 cm
Volume 400 cm3
Volume 200 cm3
10 The two cats are similar.

Find the height of the
larger cat.
30 cm
133

11 The two radios are similar.
Volume 1400 cm3
Find the width of the
Volume 800 cm3
larger radio.
8 cm
12 The two pencils are similar. Volume 950 mm3

Find the diameter of the larger pencil. Volume 500 mm3
8 mm
13 The two eggs are similar.

Find the height of the smaller egg.
6 cm
14 The two chocolates are similar.

smaller chocolate. 2.5 cm
15 The two buckets are similar.

smaller bucket.
30 cm
Volume 10 000 cm3 Volume 8000 cm3
16 The two candles are similar.

Find the height of the smaller candle.
20 cm
134

Exercise 43*
1 X and Y are similar shapes. The volume of X is 40 cm3. Find the volume of Y.
6 cm X 9 cm Y
2 X and Y are similar shapes. The volume of Y is 50 cm3. Find the volume of X.
X Y
5 cm

6 cm
3 X and Y are similar shapes.

The volume of Y is 128 cm3.
Find the volume of X. X Y
5 cm 8 cm
4 X and Y are similar shapes.

The volume of X is 108 cm3.
Find the volume of Y. X Y
4 cm
6 cm
5 The two packets of cereal are similar.

Find the height of the larger packet.
20 cm
500 cm3
975 cm3
6 The two candlesticks are similar.

Find the height of the larger candlestick.
20 cm
135

7 The two packets of sweets are similar.
120 cm3
Find the length of the smaller packet. 60 cm3
15 cm
8 The two bottles of shampoo are similar.

Find the height of the smaller bottle.
20 cm
9 The manufacturers of a chocolate bar decide to produce a similar bar by increasing all
dimensions by 20%. What would be a fair percentage increase in price?

10 A certain fish grew by 16% in length in a year and remained similar. What was the
percentage increase in volume?
11 ‘ET Pizza’ produces two pizzas that are similar in shape.
The smaller pizza is 20 cm in diameter and costs $10.
The larger pizza is 30 cm in diameter.
What is a fair cost for the larger pizza?
12 Two wedding cakes are made from the same mixture and have similar shapes.
The larger cake costs $135 and is 30 cm in diameter.
Find the cost of the smaller cake, which has a diameter of 20 cm.
1
13 A model aeroplane is made to a scale of 20 of the real plane.
a The wing area of the model is 1000 cm . Find the wing area of the real plane in m2.
2
b The volume of the real plane is 12 m3. Find the volume of the model in cm3.
14 A supermarket stocks similar small and large cans of beans. The areas of their labels are
63 cm2 and 112 cm2 respectively.
a The weight of the large can is 640 g. What is the weight of the small can?
b The height of the small can is 12 cm. What is the height of the large can?
136

15 Two solid statues are similar in shape and made of the same material.
One is 1 m high and weighs 64 kg. The other weighs 1 kg.
a What is the height of the smaller statue?
b If 3 g of gold is required to cover the smaller statue, how much is needed for the
larger one?

16 A solid sphere weighs 10 g.
a What will be the weight of another sphere made from the same material but having
three times the diameter?
b The surface area of the 10 g sphere is 20 cm2. What is the surface area of the larger
sphere?
17 Suppose that a grown-up hedgehog
is an exact enlargement of a baby
hedgehog on a scale of 3 : 2, and that
the baby hedgehog has 2000 quills
with a total length of 15 m and a
skin area of 360 cm2.
a How many quills would the
grown-up hedgehog have?
b What would be their total length?
c What would be the grown-up hedgehog’s skin area?
d If the grown-up hedgehog weighed 810 g, what would the baby hedgehog weigh?
137

1 Find the area and perimeter of the shape shown.
4 cm
2 cm
8 cm
40°
3 Find the volume and surface area of this prism.
12
6
4 Find the volume of the garage shown.

The height of the top of the pyramid roof is
5 m from ground level.
3m
6m
6m
5 X and Y are similar shapes. The area of Y is 50 cm2. Find the area of X.
7 cm 5 cm Y
X
6 Two similar buckets have depths of 30 cm and 20 cm.

The smaller bucket holds 8 litres of water. Find the capacity of the larger bucket.
138

1 Find the area and perimeter of the shape shown shaded. Semicircle
8
8 6
50°
3 cm 2 cm
3 Find the volume and surface area of this prism.
12 cm

12 cm
10 cm
8 cm
12 cm
4 Find the volume and surface area of this partially Hemispherical 4 cm

depression
burnt candle.
7 cm
8 cm
5 X and Y are similar shapes. The area of X is 81 cm2; the area of Y is 49 cm2. Find x.
X x cm
Y 42 cm
6 ‘McEaters’ sells drinks in three similar cups, small, medium and large.
a The height of the small cup is 10 cm and the height of the large cup is 15 cm.
The small cup costs $2. What is a fair price for the large cup?
b The medium cup costs $3.47. What is the height of a medium cup?
139

Unit 2: Handling data 2
Compound probability
Laws of probability
Remember
Rp(A) means the probability of event A occuring
Rp(i
A) means the probability of event A not occuring
R0 vp(A) v1
Rp(A) p(i
A) 1, so p(i
A) 1 p(A)
Example 1
Calculate the probability that a prime number is not obtained when a fair 10-sided
spinner that is numbered from 1 to 10 is spun.
Let A be the event that a prime number is obtained.
i ) 1 p(A)
p(A
4
1 10 (There are 4 prime numbers: 2, 3, 5, 7)
6 3
10 5
Independent events
If two events have no effect on each other, they are independent.
If it snows in Moscow, it would be unlikely that this event would have any effect on your
teacher winning the lottery on the same day. These events are said to be independent.
Mutually exclusive events

Some events exclude the outcome of another. A number rolled on a dice cannot be both odd
and even. These events are said to be mutually exclusive.
Combined events
Multiplication (‘and’) rule
R Y B G W P
Two dice are thrown together.
1
One is a fair die numbered 1 to 6.
2
On the other, each face is of a different colour:
red, yellow, blue, green, white and purple. 3
4
All possible outcomes are shown in this 5
sample space diagram. 6
140

What is the probability that the die will show an odd number and a purple face?
3 1
Let this event be A. By inspection of the possibility space, p(A) 36 12 .
Event O is that an odd number is thrown. p(O) 12.
Event P is that a purple colour is thrown. p(P) 16.
p(A) p(O and P) p(O) p(P) 12 16 12
1
Remember
For A and B, two independent events, the probability of both events occurring is:
p(A and B) p(A) p(B)
Addition (‘or’) rule

A card is randomly selected from a pack of 52 playing cards.
What is the probability that it is an ace or a king?
8

Let this event be E. There are 8 cards which are either aces or kings, so p(E) 52 .
4 4
Event A is that an ace is selected. p(A) 52 . Event K is that a king is selected. p(K) 52 .
4 4 8
p(E) p(A or K) p(A) p(K) 52 52 52
Remember
For A and B, two mutually exclusive events, the probability of event A or event B
occurring is:
p(A or B) p(A) p(B)
Tree diagrams
Tree diagrams show all the possible outcomes. Together with the ‘and’ and ‘or’ rules, they can
make problems easier to solve.
Example 2
A litter of Border Collie puppies contains four females and two males. A vet randomly
removes one from its basket, and it is not replaced before another is chosen.
What is the probability that the vet removes two males?
Let event F be that a female is picked.
Let event M be that a male is picked. First puppy Second puppy
1
5 M
Notice that when the second puppy is taken,
2 M
there are only five left in the basket. 6
4
5 F
Let event A be that two males (dogs) are chosen. 2
5 M
p(A) p(M1 and M2) (M1 means the first puppy is a male. 4
6 F
M2 means the second puppy is a male) 3
5 F
p(M1) p(M2) (given by tree diagram route MM)
26 15 30
2 1
15
141

What is the probability that the vet removes one male and one female?
Let event B be that a male and a female are chosen.
p(B) p(M1 and F2) or p(F1 and M2)
(given by tree diagram routes MF and FM)
26 45 46 25
8 8
30 30 16 8
30 15
Exercise 45
Use tree diagrams to solve these problems.
1 A fair six-sided die is thrown twice.
Calculate the probability of obtaining these scores.
a Two sixes b No sixes
c A six and not a six, in that order d A six and not a six, in any order
2 A box contains two red and three green beads.
One is randomly chosen, and replaced before another is chosen.
Calculate the probability of obtaining these combinations of beads.
a Two red beads b Two green beads
c A red bead and a green bead, in that order
d A red bead and a green bead, in any order
3 A chest of drawers contains four yellow ties and six blue ties.
One is randomly selected and replaced before another is chosen.
Calculate the probability of obtaining these ties.
a Two yellow ties b Two blue ties
c A yellow tie and a blue tie, in that order
d A yellow tie and a blue tie, in any order
4 A spice rack contains three jars of chilli and four jars of mint.
One is randomly selected, and replaced before another is chosen.
a Calculate the probability of selecting two jars of chilli.
b What is the probability of selecting a jar of chilli and a jar of mint?
5 In a game of basketball the probability of scoring from a free shot is 23.
A player has two consecutive free shots.
a Calculate the probability that he scores two baskets.
b What is the probability that he scores one basket?
c What is the probability that he scores no baskets?
6 Each evening Dina either reads a book or watches television.
The probability that she watches television is 34, and if she does this, the probability that she
will fall asleep is 47. If she reads a book, the probability that she will fall asleep is 37.
a Calculate the probability that she does not fall asleep.
b What is the probability that she does fall asleep?
142

7 Two cards are picked at random from a pack of 52 playing cards with replacement.
Calculate the probability that these cards are picked.
a Two kings b A red card and a black card
c A picture card and an odd number card
d A heart and a diamond
8 Helga oversleeps one day in 5, and when this happens she breaks her shoelace 2 out of 3
times. When she does not oversleep, she breaks her shoelace only 1 out of 6 times.
If she breaks her shoelace, she is late for school.
a Calculate the probability that Helga is late for school.
b What is the probability that she is not late for school?
c In the space of 30 school days, how many times would you expect Helga to be late?
The ‘at least’ situation
Example 3

A fruit basket contains two oranges (O) and three apples (A).
A fruit is selected at random and not replaced before another is randomly selected.
Calculate the probability of choosing at least one apple.
Let the number of apples be a.
‘At least one apple’ means that a 1.
One method of calculating p(a 1) is to find First pick Second pick
all the possibilities. 1
4 O
p(a 1) p(AO) p(OA) p(AA) 2 O

5
3 A
35 24 25 34 35 24 4
2
3 3 3 9 4 O
10 10 10 10 3
5 A
A quicker method uses the rule p(E) p(i
E) 1. 2
4
A
p(a 1) 1 p(a 0)
1 p(OO)
1 25 14 1 10
1 9
10
Exercise 45*
1 A box contains two black stones and four white stones.
One is randomly selected and not replaced before another is randomly taken out.
Use a tree diagram to help you calculate the probability of selecting these stones:
a A black stone and a white stone, in that order.
b A black stone and a white stone, in any order.
c At least one black stone.
143

2 A bag contains three orange counters and four purple counters. One is randomly selected
and replaced together with a counter of the colour not picked out (orange or purple). Another
counter is then randomly selected. Use a tree diagram to help you to calculate these
probabilities:
a p(Two orange counters)
b p(One counter of each colour)
c p(At least one purple counter)
3 An archer fires his arrows at a target.
The probability that he scores a bullseye in any one
attempt is 13. If he fires twice, calculate these probabilities:
a p(Two bullseyes)
b p(No bullseyes)
c p(At least one bullseye)
4 A netball shooter has two free shots.
The probability that she scores (or misses) with each shot can be found from this table.
First shot Second shot

2
Scores 3
3
Misses 7
Copy and complete the table, and use it to construct a tree diagram to help you to calculate
these probabilities:
a p(Both shots missed) b p(Scores once) c p(Scores at least once)
5 The spinner is spun twice.
Use tree diagrams to help you to calculate these probabilities: 8 1
a p(Two even numbers) 7 2
b p(An even number and an odd number) 6 3
c p(A black number and a white number) 5 4
d p(A white even number and a black odd number)
6 A marble is randomly taken from bag A and is then
placed in bag B. A marble is then randomly selected
from bag B.
a Use a tree diagram to help you to find the probability
that this marble is black.
b What is the probability that the marble is white? Bag A Bag B
7 A box contains two red sweets and three green sweets. A sweet is selected at random and
not replaced. If a red sweet is picked on the first attempt, then two extra reds are placed in
the box. If a green sweet is picked on the first attempt, then three extra greens are placed in
the box. Calculate these probabilities of selecting from two picks:
a p(Two red sweets)
b p(A red sweet and a green sweet)
c p(At least one green sweet)
144

8 Suzi has just taken up golf, and she buys a golf bag containing five different clubs.
Unfortunately, she does not know when to use each club, and so chooses them randomly
for each shot. The probabilities for each shot that Suzi makes are shown in this table.
Good shot Bad shot

2
Right club 3
3
Wrong club 4
a Copy and complete the table, and use it to construct a tree

diagram.
b At one short hole, she can reach the green in one shot if it is
‘good’. If her first shot is ‘bad’, it takes one more ‘good’ shot to
reach the green. Find the probability that she reaches the green in at most two shots.
Activity 11

Network XAB: XAB is a simple one-way road system.
When there is a choice at a junction, a driver is X A
equally likely to turn down any accessible road.
p(A) is the probability of reaching A starting at X.
p(B) is the probability of reaching B starting at X.
R Copy the network XAB.
Write down the probability of going from X to B and A to B.
Calculate p(A) and p(B). B
R 60 vehicles pass through X.
How many vehicles would you expect to pass through junction A?
How many would you expect to pass through junction B?
How many would you expect to go through B not via A?
Network XABCD: The road system is now
extended as shown.
X A D
R Copy the network XABCD, and write
down the probability of turning into
each of the roads.
Calculate p(A), p(B), p(C) and p(D).
R 60 vehicles pass through X.
How many vehicles would you expect to
pass through each junction: A, B, C and D? B C
R Compare these theoretical answers by devising a method to simulate 60 vehicles

passing through the road network XABCD with each vehicle starting at X (hint: dice,
counters or computers).
145

Further problems
Example 4
A vet has a 90% probability of detecting a particular virus in a horse.
If he detects the virus, the operation has an 80% success rate the first time it is attempted.
If this operation is unsuccessful, it can be repeated, but with a success rate of only 40%.
Any subsequent operations have such a low chance of success that a vet will not attempt
further operations.
Let event D be that the virus is detected.
Let event S be that the operation succeeds.
Let event F be that the operation fails.
First operation Second operation
0.10 D 0.60 F
0.20 F
0.90 D 0.40 S
0.80 S
What is the probability that an infected horse will be operated on successfully once?
p(the first operation is successful) p(D and S)
p(D) p(S)
0.90 0.80 0.72
What is the probability that an infected horse will be cured at the second attempt?
p(the second operation is successful) p(D and F and S)
p(D) p(F) p(S)
0.90 0.20 0.40 0.072
What is the probability that an infected horse will be cured?
p(the horse is cured) p(the first operation is successful or the second operation is
successful)
p(the first operation is success) p(the second operation is
successful)
0.72 0.072 0.792
Exercise 46
1 Two normal six-sided dice have their spots covered and replaced by the letters A, B, C, D, E
and F, with one letter on each face.
a If two such dice are thrown, calculate the probability that they show two vowels.
(Vowels are a, e, i, o, u.)
b What is the probability of throwing a vowel and a consonant?
(Consonants are non-vowels.)
146

2 A pack of 20 cards is formed using the ace, ten, jack, queen and king of each of the four
suits from an ordinary full pack of playing cards. This reduced pack is shuffled and then
dealt one at a time without replacement. Calculate these probabilities:
a p(The first card dealt is a king)
b p(The second card dealt is a king)
c p(At least one king is dealt in the first three cards)
3 A box contains two white beads and five red beads.
A bead is randomly selected and its colour noted.
It is then returned to the box together with two more beads of the same colour.
a If a second bead is now randomly selected from the box, calculate the probability that it
is the same colour as the first bead.
b What is the probability that the second bead is a different colour from the first bead?
c Find the probability that the second bead drawn is white.
d Nick says, ‘However many beads of the same colour as the first bead withdrawn are
added, the probability that the second bead selected is white stays the same!’
True or false? Justify your answer.

4 The probability that a washing machine will break down in the first 5 years of use is 0.27.
The probability that a television will break down in the first 5 years of use is 0.17.
Mr Khan buys a washing machine and a television on the same day.
By using a tree diagram or otherwise, calculate the probability that, in the five years after
that day:
a both the washing machine and the television will break down;
b at least one of them will break down.
EDEXCEL
Exercise 46*
1 A virus is present in 1 in 250 of a flock of sheep. To make testing for the virus possible, a
quick test is used on each sheep. However, the test is not completely reliable. An infected
sheep tests positive in 85% of cases and a healthy sheep tests positive in 5% of cases.
a Use a tree diagram to help you to calculate the probability that
a sheep will be infected and test positive.
b What is the probability that a sheep will be infected but
test negative?
c What is the probability that a sheep will test positive?
2 An office block has five floors (ground, 1, 2, 3 and 4), all connected by a lift. When it goes
up to any floor (except 4), the probability that after it has stopped it will continue to rise is 34.
When it goes down to any floor (except the ground floor),
the probability that after it has stopped it will continue to
go down is 14. The lift stops at any floor it passes.
The lift is currently at the first floor having just descended.
Calculate the probability of these events.
a Its second stop is the third floor.
b Its third stop is the fourth floor.
c Its fourth stop is the first floor.
147

3 Two opera singers, Mario and Clarissa, both perform on the same night, in separate
recitals. The independent probabilities that two newspapers X and Y publish reviews of
their recitals are given in this table.
Mario’s recital Clarissa’s recital

1 2
Probability of review in newspaper X 2 3
1 2
Probability of review in newspaper Y 4 5
a If Mario buys both newspapers, find the probability that both papers review his recital.
b If Clarissa buys both newspapers, find the probability that only one paper reviews her
recital.
c Mario buys one of the newspapers at random. What is the probability that it has
reviewed both recitals?
4 A school has an unreliable clock in its tower. The probabilities of gain or loss in the clock in
any 24-hour period are given in this table.
Gain of 1 minute No change Loss of 1 minute

1 1 1
Probability 2 3 6
If the clock is set to the correct time at noon on Sunday, find the probability of these events:
a The clock is correct at noon on Tuesday.
b The clock is not slow at noon on Wednesday.
5 A card is randomly taken from an ordinary pack of cards and not replaced. This process is
repeated again and again. Explain, with calculations, why these probabilities are found:
a p(First card is a heart) 14 b p(Second card is a heart) 14
c p(Third card is a heart) 14 d p(Fourth card is a heart) 14
and so on.
6 Show that in a room of only 23 people, the probability of two of them sharing the same
birth date is just over 12.
Investigate
A television audience of 1024 people is mesmerised by a psychic who convinces them
that there is someone with special telepathic powers among them. She sets about
demonstrating this claim by simply tossing a fair coin.
The audience is split into two halves of 512. One half is asked to
focus on heads, while the other half concentrates on tails. The coin
is tossed, and the group who are wrong sit down. The audience is
now split into two halves of 256, and this process is repeated time
and again until just one person is left standing. This person is
declared to be gifted owner of the telepathic powers!
1 Find the probability of this person being picked out as the ‘gifted’ one.
2 Is this process misleading? Explain.
148

Activity 12
The data in the table below shows the risks of death from various causes in the USA in
2000.
Cause Risk of death per person per year ( 107)

Rock climbing 400
Football 400
Drinking (1 bottle of wine per day) 750
Smoking (20 cigarettes per day) 50 000
Motor racing 200 000
Being run over by a vehicle 500
Floods 22
Earthquakes 17
Tornadoes 22
Lightning 3

Falling aircraft 1
Bites of venomous creatures 2
Influenza 2000
Being struck by a meteorite 0.0006
R Rank these activities in order of safety.

Comment.
R How do you think these figures were obtained?
Comment on their accuracy.
Use tree diagrams to answer these questions.
1 A box contains two maths books and three French books. A book is removed and replaced
before another is taken. Find the probability of these events:
a Two French books are selected.
b A maths and a French book are selected, in any order.
2 A hockey penalty taker has a 34 probability of scoring a goal.
a If she takes two penalties, find the probability that she scores no goals.
b What is the probability that she scores one goal from two penalties?
3 The probability that a biased coin shows tails is 25.
a Find the probability that, when the coin is thrown twice, it shows two heads.
b What is the probability of exactly one tail in two throws?
149

4 Assume that it is either sunny or rainy in Italy. If the weather is sunny one day, the
probability that it is sunny the day after is 15. If it rains one day, the probability that it rains
the next is 34.
a If it is sunny on Sunday, calculate the probability that it rains on Monday.
b What is the probability that it is sunny on Sunday and Tuesday?
5 The letters of the word HYPOTHETICAL appear on plastic squares that are placed in a bag
and jumbled up. A square is randomly selected and replaced before another is taken.
Calculate these probabilities.
a p(Two H) b p(Exactly one T) c p(A vowel)
6 All female chaffinches have the same patterns of laying eggs.
The probability that any female chaffinch will lay a certain number
of eggs is given in the table.
Number of eggs 0 1 2 3 4 or more

Probability 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.2 x
a Calculate the value of x.

b Calculate the probability that a female chaffinch will lay less than 3 eggs.
c Calculate the probability that two female chaffinches will lay a total of 2 eggs.
LONDON

Use tree diagrams where appropriate.
1 A chocolate box contains four milk chocolates and five Turkish delights. Gina loves
milk chocolates, and hates Turkish delight. She takes one chocolate randomly, and
does not replace it before picking out another one at random.
a Calculate the probability that Gina is very happy.
b What is the probability that Gina is very unhappy.
c What is the probability that she has at least one milk chocolate?
2 The probability that Mr Glum remembers his wife’s birthday and buys her a present is
1
3.
The probability that he does not lose the present on the way home is 23.
The probability that Mrs Glum likes the present is 15.
a Calculate the probability that Mrs Glum receives a birthday present.
b What is the probability that Mrs Glum receives a birthday present but dislikes it?
c What is the probability that she is happy on her birthday?
d What is the probability that she is not happy on her birthday?
150

3 A sleepwalker gets out of bed and is five steps away from his bedroom door. He is equally
likely to take a step forward as he is to take one backwards.
a Calculate the probability that after five steps he is at his bedroom door.
b What is the probability that by then he is only one step closer to his bedroom door?
c What is the probability that, having taken five steps, he is closer to his bedroom door
than to his bed?
4 There are 25 beads in a bag.
Some of the beads are red.
All the other beads are blue.
Kate picks up two beads at random without replacement.
The probability that she will pick two red beads is 0.07.
Calculate the probability that the two beads she picks will be of different colours.
LONDON
5 The diagram shows a shooting target that is divided into three regions by concentric circles
with radii that are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3.

a Find the ratio of the areas of the three regions in the form a : b : c, where a, b and c are
integers.
Bullseye
The probability that a shot will hit the target is 45. If it does not the target, the probability
of it hitting any region is proportional to the area of that region.
b Calculate the probability that a shot will hit the bullseye.
c Two shots are fired. Calculate the probability of these events:
(i) They both hit the bullseye.
(ii) The first hits the bullseye and the second does not.
(iii) At least one hits the bullseye.
6 In the UK National Lottery, six numbers are chosen from 49,
numbered consecutively from 1 to 49.
If these numbers match six chosen by any entrant, a huge
sum of money is won.
a Show that the probability of winning the Lottery on
a selection of six numbers is approximately
1 in 14 million.
b If the lottery could be played once a minute, after
how many years could you reasonably expect to win?
151

Unit 2: Summary 2
Number
Converting measurements
10 mm 1 cm
1000 mm 1 m
100 cm 1 m
1000 m 1 km
1000 cm3 1 litre
The perimeter of a shape is the distance all the way round the shape.
Negative and fractional indices

am an amn (Add indices)
am an amn (Subtract indices)
mn
a
Unit 2: Summary 2
m n
(a ) amn (Multiply indices)
1 1
a psa
2 a3 ps
3
a
1 1 1 1
an a 2 ps
1
an a 2 a
3 3 1 1
a2 psa3 a 2 ps3
3
a 2 a
152

Algebra
Solving quadratic equations
The first step is to rearrange the equation so that it equals zero.
Factorising
The different types are illustrated below.
R No x term: x2 4 0 x2 4 x 2
R No number term: x2 4x 0 x(x 4) 0 x 0 or 4
R Simple factorising: x2 x 2 0 (x 1)(x 2) 0 x 1 or 2
R Number factor: 3x2 3x 6 0 3(x2 x 2) 0 3(x 1)(x 2) 0 x 1 or 2
R Harder factorising: 2x2 5x 2 0 (2x 1)(x 2) 0 x 12 or 2
Using the quadratic formula

b p7 b27
747asc
If ax2 bx c 0 then x
2a
It is easy to make a mistake with the signs. Write down the values of a, b and c.
Remember that if b 3 then b 3, and that b2 must be positive (it is easy to get this wrong with a
Unit 2: Summary 2
calculator). If one of a or c is negative then 4ac will be positive.
Problems leading to quadratic equations

R Where relevant, draw a clear diagram and put all the information on it.
R Let x stand for what you are trying to find.
R Form a quadratic equation in x and simplify it.
R Solve the equation by either factorising or using the formula.
R Check that the answers make sense.
Solving quadratic inequalities

To solve a quadratic inequality, sketch the graph of the quadratic function to find the critical values.
If one part of the number line is required, the answer is one inequality.
If two parts of the number line are required, the answer is two inequalities.
Solve y
a x2 x 2 < 0 b x2 x 2 0
First sketch y x2 x 2 by finding where the graph
intersects the x-axis.
–1 2 x
x2 x 2 0 (x 1)(x 2) 0 x 1 or x 2
So the graph intersects the x-axis at x 1 and x 2. –2
The graph is a positive parabola, which is v-shaped.
a We want the region below the x-axis. As this is one part of the number line, the answer is one inequality, so
1 < x < 2.
b We want the region above the x-axis. As this is two parts of the number line, the answer is two inequalities,
so x 1 or x 2.
153

Graphs
Using graphs to solve equations
To solve an equation graphically, draw on the same set of axes the graphs of:
y1 Left-hand side of the equation, y2 Right-hand side of the equation.
The x-co-ordinates of any points of intersection will be solutions of the equation.
R To solve x2 x 3, y y1 x 2
find the intersections of y x2 with
y x 3. 6
y2 x 3
5
4
3
2
1
–2 –1 1 2 3 x
0
R To solve x2 x 3 0, y
Unit 2: Summary 2
find the intersections of Solutions

3
y1 x 2 x3
y x2 x 3 with y 0. 2
1
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x (y2 0)
–1
–2
–3
The equation can be rearranged so that the graphs are simpler to plot.
R To solve x2 x 3 0. y
rearrange as x2 3 x, 7
then find the intersections of y x2
6
with y 3 x, giving the same y1 x 2
5
solutions as above.
4
3
2
y2 3 x
1
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 x
154

If the graph of y x2 5x 2 has been plotted, y
then the graph can be used to solve other 4 yx2
equations.
R To solve x2 5x 1 0, rearrange as 2
x2 5x 2 1.
Find the intersections of y x2 5x 2 x
–1 –2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
with y 1.
2
R To solve x2 6x 4 0, rearrange as
x2 5x 2 x 2. y x 2 5x 2
Find the intersections of y x2 5x 2 4
with y x 2.
To solve simultaneous equations graphically, plot y
both graphs on one set of axes.
The co-ordinates of any points of intersection 4 yx1
will be solutions of the equation. 2
R To solve y x2 7 and y x 1, 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 x
find the intersections of y x2 7 with y x 1. 2
Unit 2: Summary 2
4
y x 2 7
6
8
Shape and space

Circles
The perimeter of a circle is called the circumference. C
r
C 2Pr A Pr2 A
Sector
An arc is part of the circumference of a circle.
A sector is a region bounded by an arc and two radii.
r
x x
Arc length 2Pr Sector area Pr2 Arc x°
360 360
r
155

Solids
Cross-sectional
Any solid with parallel sides that has a constant area
cross-section is called a prism.
Volume of a prism cross-sectional area height
Height
A cylinder is a prism with a circular Cross-sectional area

cross-section.
Volume of a cylinder Pr2h
Height
Curved surface area of a cylinder 2Prh
1
Volume of a pyramid base area vertical height
Unit 2: Summary 2
3
A cone is a pyramid with a circular base.
1 l
h
Volume of a cone Pr2 h
3
Curved surface area of a cone Prl, where l is the slant height r
Similar shapes and solids

If the Length Scale Factor is k, then the Area Scale Factor is k2.
If the Length Scale Factor is k, then the Volume Scale Factor is k3.
These statements are only true if the figures are similar.
V 1000 cm3
v cm3
8 cm 16 cm
I II
a 40 cm2
A cm2
Example:
lkL 8 k 16 k2
a k2 A 40 22 A A 160 cm2
v k3 V v 23 1000 v 125 cm3
156

Handling data
Single event
p(A) means the probability of event A occurring.
A) means the probability of event A not occurring.
p(i
0 p(A) 1
p(A) p(A
i ) 1, so p(A
i ) 1 p(A).
From an ordinary pack of 52 cards, one card is selected at random.
4 1 1
p(selecting a queen) 52 13 p(not selecting a queen) 1 13 12
13
Independent events
If two events have no effect on each other, they are independent.
For example, the fact that it rains in Hong Kong on Tuesday is not going to have an effect on
whether Manchester United win on Saturday.
For A and B, two independent events, the probability of both events occurring is:
p(A and B) p(A) p(B)
Mutually exclusive events
Unit 2: Summary 2
A light cannot be both on and off at the same time. Such events are said to be mutually exclusive.
For A and B, two mutually exclusive events, the probability of event A or event B occurring is:
p(A or B) p(A) p(B)
Combined events
An ordinary die is thrown twice.
Let event A be that a 6 is thrown. Then i
A is the event that a 6 is not thrown.
1
6 A p(Throwing only one 6) [p(A) p(A
i )] [p(A
i ) p(A)]
1 A
6 (16 56) (56 16)
5
6
A
1 10
36
6 A
5 5
6 A 18
5
A
6
p(Throwing at least one 6) p(AA) p(Ai
A) p(i
AA)
1 p(i
AiA)
1 56 56
1 25
36
11
36
157

Unit 2: Examination practice 2
1 Express in their simplest form: 9 a Use the intersecting chords theorem to form an
a x 2 x5 b x 5 x2 equation in x from the diagram.
c (x2)5 d (x1)3 b Solve your equation to find x, giving your answer
correct to 3 s.f.
2 Work these out and, where appropriate, leave your
answer as a fraction.
1
a 32 b 63 x 2 3
c 23 22 d 54 52
e (41)2 2 x
3 Simplify these.
a b2 b1 b c1 c2
1 1 10 Show that the x co-ordinates of the points of
c (b2)1 d c2 c2 1
intersection of the graphs y 4x 1 and y 2x
1
e a a
4
1
4 x
are the solutions of the equation 4x2 x 1 0.
4 Solve for x: 11 The graph of y x3 2x2 4x 1 has been drawn.
x x
1
a 2 128 b 4
4 Find the equations of the lines that must be drawn to
c 81x 9 d 125x 5 solve the following equations:
5 Solve these quadratic equations: a x3 2x2 4x 1 0
a x2 6x 0 b x2 x 12 0 b x3 2x2 4x 0
6 Use the quadratic formula to solve these equations: c x3 2x2 5x 1 0
a x2 x 1 0 b 2x2 4x 1 0 d x3 2x2 3x 1 0
7 Solve the quadratic inequalities 12 Quadrilateral A is mathematically similar to

2 2 quadrilateral B.
a 2x > 18 b x x20
2 cm x cm
8 The width of a rectangular photograph is 5 cm more y cm
6 cm
than the height. The area is 80 cm2. Find the height of
the photograph. A
6 cm
B
9 cm
a Calculate the value of x.

b Calculate the value of y.
c The area of B is 36 cm2.
Find the area of A.
158

13 a Calculate the surface area of the 16 The probability that Richard beats John at badminton
cone shown, giving your answer is 0.7. The probability that Richard beats John at
to 3 s.f. squash is 0.6.
12 cm
b A smaller mathematically similar These events are independent.
1
cone has a volume 125 of the Calculate the probability that, in a week when they play
5 cm one game of badminton and one of squash:
volume of the cone shown.
c Calculate the surface area of the smaller cone, giving a Richard wins both games,
your answer to 3 s.f. b Richard wins one game and loses the other.
14 A cylindrical cake with radius 12 cm and height 10 cm MEI
has a slice cut out of it as shown. The shape of the top
17 Alison, Brenda, Claire and Donna are the runners in
of the slice is a sector of the circle that forms the top of
a race.
the cake.
The probabilities of Alison, Brenda, Claire and Donna
a Calculate the area of the top of the slice that has winning the race are shown below:
been cut out.

b Calculate the volume of the cake that remains after Alison Brenda Claire Donna
the slice has been removed. 0.31 0.28 0.24 0.17
c Calculate the surface area of the cake that remains
after the slice has been removed. a Calculate the probability that either Alison or
Claire will win the race.
320°
Hannah and Tracy play each other in a tennis match
The probability of Hannah winning the tennis match
is 0.47.
b Copy and complete the probability tree diagram.
15 A certain absent-minded teacher has a newspaper Race Tennis
delivered to his home each morning, and he tries to 0.47 Hannah
Alison
remember to carry it from home to school, and back
Tracy
again, each day. However, in practice he often forgets, 0.31
and the probability that he remembers to take his Hannah
Brenda
newspaper on either journey is 23.
Tracy
Also, the probability that he loses it on any journey (if
Hannah
he sets off with it) is 15.
Claire
Work out the probabilities, on a particular day, that: Tracy
a he takes his newspaper with him to school and loses Hannah
it on the way; Donna
Tracy
b he arrives at school with his newspaper;
c he sets off for home with his newspaper; c Calculate the probability that Brenda will win the
race and Tracy will win the tennis match.
d he arrives at home with his newspaper;
e he has that day’s newspaper at home in the evening. LONDON
MEI
159

Unit 2: Number 2: Converting Measurements

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Unit 2: Number 2: Converting Measurements

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Unit 2: Number 2

 3  1000  100 cm (as 1 m  100 cm)

M07_MATHS_SB_IGCSE_Bk2_2123_U07.indd 60 22/6/09 15:47:15

13 A nanometre is 109 metres.

M07_MATHS_SB_IGCSE_Bk2_2123_U07.indd 61 22/6/09 15:47:15

km2 m2 cm2 mm2

M07_MATHS_SB_IGCSE_Bk2_2123_U07.indd 62 22/6/09 15:47:15

km2 m2 cm2 mm2

Again diagrams are very helpful.

So the volume is 1000  2000  3000 mm3  6  109 mm3

M07_MATHS_SB_IGCSE_Bk2_2123_U07.indd 63 22/6/09 15:47:15

km3 m3 cm3 mm3

13 How many litres are there in 1 m3?

M07_MATHS_SB_IGCSE_Bk2_2123_U07.indd 64 22/6/09 15:47:15

km3 m3 cm3 mm3

13 How many litres are there in 512 m3?

M07_MATHS_SB_IGCSE_Bk2_2123_U07.indd 65 22/6/09 15:47:18

Single negative and fractional indices

a 43  0.0156 x (-)

M07b_MATHS_SB_IGCSE_Bk2_2123_U07b.indd 66 22/6/09 15:48:04

Use your calculator to work out these, correct to 3 signiﬁcant ﬁgures.

M07b_MATHS_SB_IGCSE_Bk2_2123_U07b.indd 67 22/6/09 15:48:04

Use your calculator to work out these, correct to 3 signiﬁcant ﬁgures.

Solve these for x.

60 Find a and b if 22a  64 and 10b  0.001

M07b_MATHS_SB_IGCSE_Bk2_2123_U07b.indd 68 22/6/09 15:48:04

Use your calculator to work out these, correct to 3 signiﬁcant ﬁgures.

Use your calculator to work out these, correct to 3 signiﬁcant ﬁgures.

M07b_MATHS_SB_IGCSE_Bk2_2123_U07b.indd 69 22/6/09 15:48:05

Exercise 24* (Revision)

M07b_MATHS_SB_IGCSE_Bk2_2123_U07b.indd 70 22/6/09 15:48:05

Solving quadratic equations

Solving quadratic equations by factorising

M08_MATHS_SB_IGCSE_Bk2_2123_U08.indd 71 22/6/09 15:49:37

More difﬁcult quadratic equations

M08_MATHS_SB_IGCSE_Bk2_2123_U08.indd 72 22/6/09 15:49:37

M08_MATHS_SB_IGCSE_Bk2_2123_U08.indd 73 22/6/09 15:49:38

The quadratic formula

M08_MATHS_SB_IGCSE_Bk2_2123_U08.indd 74 22/6/09 15:49:38

M08_MATHS_SB_IGCSE_Bk2_2123_U08.indd 75 22/6/09 15:49:38

M08_MATHS_SB_IGCSE_Bk2_2123_U08.indd 76 22/6/09 15:49:38

Problems leading to quadratic equations Key Points

M08_MATHS_SB_IGCSE_Bk2_2123_U08.indd 77 22/6/09 15:49:40

M08_MATHS_SB_IGCSE_Bk2_2123_U08.indd 78 22/6/09 15:49:41

6 The height of a rectangle is 3 cm more than the width.

7 The height of a right-angled triangle is 3 cm more than the width.

8 The height of a right-angled triangle is 1 cm more than the width.

M08_MATHS_SB_IGCSE_Bk2_2123_U08.indd 79 22/6/09 15:49:41

10 The chords of a circle intersect as shown. Find x.

Find the width of the triangle.

4 A chord and tangent of a circle intersect as shown.

M08_MATHS_SB_IGCSE_Bk2_2123_U08.indd 80 22/6/09 15:49:41

Solving quadratic inequalities

The graph is a parabola, which is v-shaped.

M08_MATHS_SB_IGCSE_Bk2_2123_U08.indd 81 22/6/09 15:49:41

We want the region above the x-axis. As this has two

M08_MATHS_SB_IGCSE_Bk2_2123_U08.indd 82 22/6/09 15:49:41

21 Solve (x  1)2  5x2  x  1.

3 1000 100 cm (as 1 m 100 cm)

13 A nanometre is 109 metres.

So the volume is 1000 2000 3000 mm3 6 109 mm3

a 43 0.0156 x (-)

60 Find a and b if 22a 64 and 10b 0.001

21 Solve (x 1)2 5x2 x 1.

The graph of y x2 5x 5 cuts the line y 1 x at x 2 approximately.

The path of the water jet is given by y 2x 14x2.

2 Draw the graph of y x2 2x 1 for 2 x 4.

Volume of a cuboid width depth height