IMPLEMENTATION OF G PARAMETERS

MINI PROJECT
Submitted to
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR
in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of the Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
submitted by

KALA SRAVAN KUMAR REDDY

21005A0405

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

JNTUA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ANANTHAPURAMU
ANDHRA PRADESH-INDIA
2021- 2022
 JNTU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ANANTHAPURAMU

ANDHRA PRADESH-INDIA
2021- 2022

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report
IMPLEMENTATION OF G PARAMETERS

a record of mini-project work done and

submitted by

KALA SRAVAN KUMAR REDDY

21005A0405

for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR

GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapte Page
Description
r No. No.

1 Introduction
1.
About the two port networks 7-8
1
1.
Objective of the project 8
2
2 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
2.
Introduction 8
1
2.
Hardware components 9
2
2.2.1 Bread board 9-10
2.2.2 Regulated power supply 11
2.2.3 Voltmeter 12
2.2.4 Ammeter 13
2.2.5 Connecting wires 14
3 IMPLEMENTATION
3.
Inverse hybrid parameters or g parameters 15-17
1
4 Applications 17
5 CONCLUSION 18
REFERENCES 19

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ABSTRACT

A pair of terminals through which a current may enter or leave a network is known as a port.
A port is an access to the network and consists of a pair of terminals; the current entering one
terminal leaves through the other terminal so that the net current entering the port equals zero.
There are several reasons why we should study two-ports and the parameters that describe
them. For example, most circuits have two ports. We may apply an input signal in one port
and obtain an output signal from the other port. The parameters of a two-port network
completely describes its behaviour in terms of the voltage and current at each port. Thus,
knowing the parameters of a two port network permits us to describe its operation when it is
connected into a larger network. Two-port networks are also important in modeling electronic
devices and system components. For example, in electronics, two-port networks are
employed to model transistors and Op-amps. Other examples of electrical components
modeled by two-ports are transformers and transmission lines.

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 ABOUT THE TWO PORT NETWORK PARAMETERS

A two-port network (a kind of four-terminal network or quadripole) is an electrical

network or device with two pairs of terminals to connect to external circuits. Two terminals
constitute a port if the currents applied to them satisfy the essential requirement known as the
port condition: the electric current entering one terminal must equal the current emerging
from the other terminal on the same port. The ports constitute interfaces where the network
connects to other networks, the points where signals are applied or outputs are taken. In a
two-port network, often port 1 is considered the input port and port 2 is considered the output
port.

The two-port network model is used in mathematical circuit analysis techniques to isolate

portions of larger circuits. A two-port network is regarded as a "black box" with its properties
specified by a matrix of numbers. This allows the response of the network to signals applied
to the ports to be calculated easily, without solving for all the internal voltages and currents in
the network. It also allows similar circuits or devices to be compared easily. For example,
transistors are often regarded as two-ports, characterized by their h-parameters (see below)
which are listed by the manufacturer. Any linear circuit with four terminals can be regarded
as a two-port network provided that it does not contain an independent source and satisfies
the port conditions.

Examples of circuits analyzed as two-ports are filters, matching networks, transmission

lines, transformers, and small-signal models for transistors (such as the hybrid-pi model). The

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analysis of passive two-port networks is an outgrowth of reciprocity theorems first derived by

Lorentz.[3]

In two-port mathematical models, the network is described by a 2 by 2 square matrix

of complex numbers. The common models that are used are referred to as z-parameters, y-
parameters, h-parameters, g-parameters, and ABCD-parameters, each described individually
below. These are all limited to linear networks since an underlying assumption of their
derivation is that any given circuit condition is a linear superposition of various short-circuit
and open circuit conditions. They are usually expressed in matrix notation, and they establish
relations between the variables

OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT:

To solve different networks in electronics we require two port network parameters such as z
impedance parameters , y admittance parameters, h hybrid parameters, g inverse hybrid
parameters, ABCD transmission parameters. Inverse hybrid parameters is also used to solve
the network .The implementation as follows.

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CHAPTER 2

PROJECT DETAILS

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The h-parameters were initially called series-parallel parameters. The term hybrid to

describe these parameters was coined by D. A. Alsberg in 1953 in "Transistor metrology".
 In 1954 a joint committee of the IRE and the AIEE adopted the term h parameters and
[8]

recommended that these become the standard method of testing and characterising transistors
because they were "peculiarly adaptable to the physical characteristics of transistors".[9] In
1956 the recommendation became an issued standard; 56 IRE 28.S2. Following the merge of
these two organisations as the IEEE, the standard became Std 218-1956 and was reaffirmed
in 1980, but has now been withdrawn.[10]

2.2 HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Component Quantity

Bread board 1

Regulated power supply 1

Voltmeter 1

Ammeter 1

Resistors 3

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Component Quantity

Connecting wires ---

2.2.1 List of components

BREAD BOARD:

2.2.2 BREAD BOARD

A breadboard, or protoboard, is a construction base for prototyping of electronics.

Originally the word referred to a literal bread board, a polished piece of wood used when
slicing bread.[1] In the 1970s the solderless breadboard (a.k.a. plugboard, a terminal array
board) became available and nowadays the term "breadboard" is commonly used to refer to
these.

Because the solderless breadboard does not require soldering, it is reusable. This makes it
easy to use for creating temporary prototypes and experimenting with circuit design. For this
reason, solderless breadboards are also popular with students and in technological education.
Older breadboard types did not have this property. A stripboard (Veroboard) and similar

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prototyping printed circuit boards, which are used to build semi-permanent soldered

prototypes or one-offs, cannot easily be reused. A variety of electronic systems may be
prototyped by using breadboards, from small analog and digital circuits to complete central
processing units (CPUs).

REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

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2.2.3 REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

A regulated power supply is an embedded circuit; it converts unregulated AC (Alternating
Current) into a constant DC. With the help of a rectifier it converts AC supply into DC. Its
function is to supply a stable voltage (or less often current), to a circuit or device that must be
operated within certain power supply limits. The output from the regulated power supply may
be alternating or unidirectional, but is nearly always DC (Direct Current).[1] The type of
stabilization used may be restricted to ensuring that the output remains within certain limits
under various load conditions, or it may also include compensation for variations in its own
supply source. The latter is much more common today.

VOLTMETER:-

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2.2.4 Voltmeter

A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electric potential difference between two

points in an electric circuit. It is connected in parallel. It usually has a high resistance so that
it takes negligible current from the circuit.

Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in proportion to the voltage measured and
can be built from a galvanometer and series resistor. Meters using amplifiers can measure
tiny voltages of microvolts or less. Digital voltmeters give a numerical display of voltage by
use of an analog-to-digital converter.

AMMETER

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2.2.5 AMMETER

ammeter (abbreviation of Ampere meter) is a measuring instrument used to measure

the current in a circuit. Electric currents are measured in Amperes (A), hence the name. The
ammeter is usually connected in series with the circuit in which the current is to be measured.
An ammeter usually has low resistance so that it does not cause a significant voltage drop in
the circuit being measured.

Instruments used to measure smaller currents, in the milliampere or microampere range, are
designated as milliammeters or microammeters.

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CONNECTING WIRES:

2.2.6 CONNECTING WIRES

 wire is a flexible strand of metal.

Wire is commonly formed by drawing the metal through a hole in a die or draw plate. Wire

gauges come in various standard sizes, as expressed in terms of a gauge number.

Wires are used to bear mechanical loads, often in the form of wire rope.
In electricity and telecommunications signals, a "wire" can refer to an electrical cable, which
can contain a "solid core" of a single wire or separate strands in stranded or braided forms.

Usually cylindrical in geometry, wire can also be made in square, hexagonal, flattened

rectangular, or other cross-sections, either for decorative purposes, or for technical purposes
such as high-efficiency voice coils in loudspeakers. Edge-wound coil springs, such as
the Slinky toy, are made of special flattened wire.

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CHAPTER 3

IMPLEMENTATION

3.1. INVERSE HYBRID PARAMETERS OR G PARAMETERS

If V 1 and I 2 are chosen as independent variables, the two-port network equations may be
written as

In matrix form, these equations are written as

The constants g 11, g 12, g 21, and g 22 are known as inverse hybrid parameters or g-parameters.
The g-parameters are defined as follows by using Equations (10.9) and (10.10).

If I 2 = 0 the output port is open circuit.

 open circuit input admittance.

 open circuit forward voltage gain.

If

V 1 = 0 the input port is short circuit.

 short circuit reverse current gain.

 short circuit output impedance.

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From the definitions of the g-parameters, it is seen that g 11 has the dimensions of admittance,
g 21 and g 12 are dimensionless, and g 22 has the dimensions of impedance.

By Equations (10.9) and (10.10), the equivalent circuit of a two-port network is as shown in
the figure.

Figure 10.13: Equivalent circuit of a two-port network in terms of g-parameters

Example 10.6
Determine the Z- and g-parameters of the given network as shown in Figure 10.14

Solution: Two loop equations are

Figure 10.14
or

Comparing Equations (1) and (2) with the standard equation of the Z-parameters (10.1) and
(10.2), we get

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Now the standard equations of the g-parameters,

Rearranging Equation (1) into the form of Equation (10.9),

Putting the values of I 1 from Equation (1a)...

Since all parameters describe the same two-port network, they are interrelated. One set of
parameters may be expressed in terms of the other set.

There are the following steps for the transformation:

Step 1. Write the standard equations for both sets.

Step 2. Solve the equations (or rearrange) of the second set for the dependent (unknown)
variables of the first set of equations and express the resulting equations in the form of the
equations of the first set.

Step 3. Compare the equations obtained in step 2 with those of the first set to obtain the
required parameters.

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APPLICATIONS OF TWO PORT NETWORKS

The two port network circuits analyzed as two-ports are filters, matching
networks, transmission lines, transformers, and small-signal models for transistors (such as
the hybrid-pi model). The analysis of passive two-port networks is an outgrowth
of reciprocity theorems first derived by Lorentz.

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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
To solve different networks in electronic circuits we use different two port network
parameters such as z impedance parameters , y admittance parameters, h hybrid parameters, g
inverse hybrid parameters, ABCD transmission parameters. These parameters provides us a
easy way to find the different parameters in networks. Hybrid parameters find wide
applications in analysing transistor models in a similar fashion inverse hybrid parameters are
also used in wide applications.

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REFERENCE
1. Simon Haykin and Van Veen, “Signals & Systems”, Wiley, 2nd Edition, 2005.
2. John D. Ryder, “Networks Lines and Fields”, 2nd edition, Pearson, 2015
3. BP Lathi, “Principles of Linear Systems and Signals”, Oxford University Press, 2 nd
Edition, 2015.
4. Matthew N.O. Sadiku and Warsame H. Ali, “Signals and Systems A primer with
MATLAB”, CRC Press, 2016.

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