Municipal Arts & Urban Bank Science Collage

Mehsana
S.Y.B.Sc., Sem. 3 , Maths : CCMATH 301 , Unit 2 ,
Page
By Prof. Sanjay Amin 1

[ 1 ] Homogeneous Function :
Definition : suppose 𝒇 : E ⊂ 𝑹𝒏 → R
̅ ) = 𝒕𝒎 . 𝒇 ( 𝒙
If 𝒇 ( t.𝒙 ̅) where t > 0
then 𝒇 is said to be homogeneous function of degree m
𝒙𝟒 + 𝒚 𝟒
Ex. If 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) = , 𝒙 + 𝒚 ≠ 0 is homogeneous function of degree m = ………
𝒙+𝒚

(𝒕𝒙)𝟒 +(𝒕𝒚)𝟒 𝒙𝟒 + 𝒚 𝟒
Ans. 𝒇 ( 𝒕𝒙 , 𝒕𝒚 ) = = 𝒕𝟑 .[ ]
𝒕𝒙+𝒕𝒚 𝒙+𝒚

⟹ 𝒇 ( 𝒕𝒙 , 𝒕𝒚 ) = 𝒕𝟑 . 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) ⟹ m = 3
OR
𝒚 𝟒
𝒙𝟒 + 𝒚 𝟒 𝒙𝟒 [ 𝟏+ ( ) ]
𝒙
𝒇 ( 𝒙 ,𝒚 ) = = 𝒚
𝒙+𝒚 𝒙[ 𝟏 + ]
𝒙

𝒚 𝟒
𝒚 𝒚 [ 𝟏+ ( ) ]
𝒙
⟹ 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) = 𝒙𝟑 .𝝋( ) where 𝝋( ) = 𝒚 ⟹ m=3
𝒙 𝒙 [𝟏+ ]
𝒙

Theorem : 1 Most Imp. [ Euler’s theorem on homogeneous function ]

𝒇 is a differentiable homogeneous function of degree m in

n variable 𝒙𝒊 , i = 1 ,2 ,…..,n defined on the non empty E ⊂ 𝑹𝒏
𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇
⟺ 𝒙𝟏 . + 𝒙𝟐 . + ……..+ 𝒙𝒏 . = m. 𝒇 ( 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 , ……., 𝒙𝒏 )
𝝏𝒙𝟏 𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒙𝒏

Proof : Necessary condition :

𝝏𝒇
Here ∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏 𝒙𝒊 . 𝝏𝒙 = m. 𝒇 ( 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 , ……., 𝒙𝒏 ) ………(1)
𝒊

Suppose u = 𝒇 ( 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 , ……., 𝒙𝒏 ) , v = 𝒇 ( 𝒕𝒙𝟏 , 𝒕𝒙𝟐 , ……., 𝒕𝒙𝒏 )

We have to show that v = 𝒕𝒎 .u
 𝒅𝒚𝒊
Suppose 𝒚𝒊 = t. 𝒙𝒊 ⟹ = 𝒙𝒊 , i = 1 , 2 , ……….,n Page
𝒅𝒕
2
Here v = 𝒇 ( 𝒚𝟏 , 𝒚𝟐 ,………, 𝒚𝒏 )
𝒅𝐯 𝝏𝒇 𝒅𝒚𝒊 𝒅𝐯 𝝏𝒇
⟹ = ∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏 . ⟹ = ∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏 . 𝒙𝒊
𝒅𝒕 𝝏𝒚𝒊 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝝏𝒚𝒊

𝒅𝐯 𝝏𝒇
⟹t. = ∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏 . 𝒕𝒙𝒊
𝒅𝒕 𝝏𝒚𝒊

𝒅𝐯 𝝏𝒇
⟹t. = ∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏 𝒚𝒊 .
𝒅𝒕 𝝏𝒚𝒊

𝒅𝐯
⟹t. = m. 𝒇 ( 𝒚𝟏 , 𝒚𝟐 ,………, 𝒚𝒏 ) ( ∵ from eqn.(1) )
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝐯
⟹t. = m.v
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝐯 𝒅𝒕
⟹ =m .
𝐯 𝒕
𝒅𝐯 𝒅𝒕
⟹∫ = m.∫ 𝒕
𝐯

⟹ Log v = m.Log t + Log c ⟹ v = 𝒕𝒎 .c ……..(2)

If t = 1 ⟹ v = c ⟹ c = u ( ∵ t = 1 ⟹ v = u )
∴ from eqn. (2) , we say that v = 𝒕𝒎 .u

⟹ 𝒇 is homogeneous function of degree m

Sufficient Conation :
Here 𝒇 is a differentiable homogeneous function of degree m

⟹ 𝒇 ( 𝒕𝒙𝟏 , 𝒕𝒙𝟐 , ……., 𝒕𝒙𝒏 ) = 𝒕𝒎 . 𝒇 ( 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 , ……., 𝒙𝒏 )

⟹ 𝒇 ( 𝒚𝟏 , 𝒚𝟐 ,………, 𝒚𝒏 ) = 𝒕𝒎 . 𝒇 ( 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 , ……., 𝒙𝒏 )
Differentiate with respect to t
𝝏𝒇 𝒅𝒚𝒊
⟹ ∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏 . = 𝒎. 𝒕𝒎−𝟏 . 𝒇 ( 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 , ……., 𝒙𝒏 )
𝝏𝒚𝒊 𝒅𝒕

𝝏𝒇
⟹ ∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏 . 𝒙𝒊 = 𝒎. 𝒕𝒎−𝟏 . 𝒇 ( 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 , ……., 𝒙𝒏 )
𝝏𝒚𝒊

𝝏𝒇
⟹ ∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏 𝒙𝒊 . . = 𝒎. 𝒇 ( 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 , ……., 𝒙𝒏 ) ( ∵ t = 1 ⟹ 𝒚𝒊 =𝒕𝒙𝒊 =𝒙𝒊 )
𝝏𝒙𝒊
 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇
⟹ 𝒙𝟏 . + 𝒙𝟐 . + ……..+ 𝒙𝒏 . = m. f ( 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 , ……., 𝒙𝒏 ) Page
𝝏𝒙𝟏 𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒙𝒏
3
Corollary : 1
If 𝒇 is a differentiable homogeneous function of two variable 𝒙 , 𝒚 of degree m
⟺ 𝒙. 𝒇𝒙 + 𝒚. 𝒇𝒚 = m. 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 )

Proof : In above theorem take 𝒙𝟏 = 𝒙 , 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒚

Corollary : 2
If 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) is a differentiable homogeneous function of two variable 𝒙 , 𝒚 of degree m
and its Partial Derivative of second order exist then prove that
𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝒇
𝒙𝟐 . 𝝏𝒙𝟐 + 2𝒙𝒚. 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 . 𝝏𝒚𝟐 = m( m – 1 ) 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 )

Proof : here 𝒇 is a differentiable homogeneous function of two variable 𝒙 , 𝒚 of degree m

𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇
By Euler’s theorem 𝒙 . + 𝒚. 𝝏𝒚 = m. 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) …….(1)
𝝏𝒙

Differentiate partially with respect to 𝒙

𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝒇
[ 𝒙. 𝝏𝒙𝟐 + 𝝏𝒙 ] + 𝒚. 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 = m. 𝝏𝒙

𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝒇
⟹ 𝒙𝟐 . 𝝏𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙. 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒙𝒚. 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 = m. 𝒙. 𝝏𝒙 ………(2) ( ∵ multiply both side by 𝒙 )

Again Differentiate eqn. (1) , partially with respect to 𝒚

𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝒇
𝒙. 𝝏𝒚𝝏𝒙 + [ + 𝒚. 𝝏𝒚𝟐 ]= m. 𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝒚

𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝒇
⟹ 𝒚𝟐 . 𝝏𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚. 𝝏𝒚 + 𝒙𝒚. 𝝏𝒚𝝏𝒙 = m. 𝒚. 𝝏𝒚 ………(3) ( ∵ multiply both side by 𝒚 )

Adding eqn. (2) + (3) , we get

𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝒇
𝒙𝟐 . 𝝏𝒙𝟐 + 2𝒙𝒚. 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 . 𝝏𝒚𝟐 + [ 𝒙 . 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚. 𝝏𝒚 ] = m[ 𝒙 . 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚. 𝝏𝒚 ] ( ∵ 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 = 𝝏𝒚𝝏𝒙 )

𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝒇
⟹ 𝒙𝟐 . 𝝏𝒙𝟐 + 2𝒙𝒚. 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 . 𝝏𝒚𝟐 + m. 𝒇 = m.(m. 𝒇) ( ∵ from eqn.(1) )
𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝒇
⟹ 𝒙𝟐 . 𝝏𝒙𝟐 + 2𝒙𝒚. 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 . 𝝏𝒚𝟐 = m( m – 1 ) 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 )

Theorem : 2 If u = 𝝋( H ) is a function of H and is a differentiable homogeneous function

of two variable 𝒙 , 𝒚 of degree m , its Partial Derivative exist then prove that
 𝝏𝐮 𝝏𝐮 𝑭(𝐮)
1. 𝒙 . 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚. 𝝏𝒚 = m. 𝑭′ (𝐮) = G( u )( suppose) , 𝑭′ (𝐮) ≠ 0 where H = 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) = F( u )
Page
4
𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖
2. 𝒙𝟐 . 𝝏𝒙𝟐 + 2𝒙𝒚. 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 . 𝝏𝒚𝟐 = G (u )[ 𝑮′ ( u ) – 1 ]

Proof : here u = 𝝋( H ) ⟹ H = 𝝋−𝟏 ( u ) ⟹ H = F( u ) ( ∵ 𝝋−𝟏 ( u ) = F( u ) )

Here H = 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) is a differentiable homogeneous function of two variable 𝒙 , 𝒚

of degree m and its Partial Derivative exist.
𝝏𝑯 𝝏𝑯
⟹ By Euler’s theorem 𝒙 . + 𝒚. 𝝏𝒚 = m. H
𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝑯 𝝏𝑯
⟹ 𝒙. + 𝒚. 𝝏𝒚 = m. F( u ) ………(1) ( ∵ H = F( u ) )
𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝑯 𝝏𝐮 𝝏𝑯 𝝏𝐮
Now H = F( u ) ⟹ = 𝑭′ ( u ). 𝝏𝒙 , = 𝑭′ ( u ). 𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝐮 𝝏𝐮
There for eqn.(1) , we say that 𝒙 . 𝑭′ ( u ). 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚. 𝑭′ ( u ). 𝝏𝒙 = m. F( u )
𝝏𝐮 𝝏𝐮 𝑭(𝐮)
⟹ 𝒙 . 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚. 𝝏𝒚 = m. 𝑭′(𝐮) ( ∵ 𝑭′ (𝐮) ≠ 0 )
𝝏𝐮 𝝏𝐮 𝑭(𝐮)
⟹ 𝒙 . 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚. 𝝏𝒚 = G ( u ) ………(2) ( ∵ m. 𝑭′ (𝐮) = G( u ) )

Differentiate eqn. (2) , partially with respect to 𝒙

𝒅𝟐 𝐮 𝝏𝐮 𝒅𝟐 𝐮 𝝏𝐮
[ 𝒙. 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝝏𝒙 ] + 𝒚. 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 = 𝑮′ (𝐮). 𝝏𝒙

𝝏𝟐 𝐮 𝝏𝐮 𝝏𝟐 𝐮 𝝏𝐮
⟹ 𝒙𝟐 . 𝝏𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙. 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒙. 𝒚. 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 = 𝒙. 𝑮′ (𝐮). 𝝏𝒙 ………(3)

Again Differentiate eqn. (2) , partially with respect to 𝒚

𝝏𝟐 𝐮 𝝏𝐮 𝝏𝟐 𝐮 𝝏𝐮
𝒙. 𝝏𝒚𝝏𝒙 + [ + 𝒚. 𝝏𝒚𝟐 ]= 𝑮′ (𝐮). 𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝒚

𝝏𝟐 𝐮 𝝏𝐮 𝝏𝟐 𝐮 𝝏𝐮
⟹ 𝒙𝒚. 𝝏𝒚𝝏𝒙 + [ 𝒚 𝝏𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 . 𝝏𝒚𝟐 ]= 𝒚. 𝑮′ (𝐮). 𝝏𝒚 ……….(4)

Adding eqn. (2) + (3) , we get

𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝐮 𝝏𝐮 𝝏𝐮 𝝏𝐮 𝝏𝟐 𝐮 𝝏𝟐 𝐮
𝒙𝟐 . 𝝏𝒙𝟐 + 2𝒙𝒚. 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 . 𝝏𝒚𝟐 + [ 𝒙 . 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚. 𝝏𝒚 ] = 𝑮′ (𝐮).[ 𝒙 . 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚. 𝝏𝒚 ] ( ∵ 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 = 𝝏𝒚𝝏𝒙 )

𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖
⟹ 𝒙𝟐 . 𝝏𝒙𝟐 + 2𝒙𝒚. 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 . 𝝏𝒚𝟐 + G( u ) = 𝑮′ (𝐮).G ( u ) ( ∵ from eqn. (2) )
𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖
⟹ 𝒙𝟐 . 𝝏𝒙𝟐 + 2𝒙𝒚. 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 . 𝝏𝒚𝟐 = G (u )[ 𝑮′ ( u ) – 1 ]
 √𝒙−√𝒚 𝝏𝐮 𝝏𝐮
Ex. 1 if u = then prove that 𝒙 . 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚. 𝝏𝒚 = 0 Page
√𝒙+√𝒚
5
√𝒕𝒙−√𝒕𝒚 √𝒙−√𝒚
Ans. u( 𝒕𝒙 , 𝒕𝒚 ) = = ⟹ u( 𝒕𝒙 , 𝒕𝒚 ) = 𝒕𝟎 .u( 𝒙 , 𝒚 )
√𝒕𝒙+√𝒕𝒚 √𝒙+√𝒚

⟹ u is homogeneous function of degree m = 0

𝝏𝐮 𝝏𝐮
By Euler’s theorem 𝒙 . 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚. 𝝏𝒚 = m.u = 0

𝒙+𝒚 𝝏𝐮 𝝏𝐮 𝟏
Ex. 2 if u = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 [ ] then prove that 𝒙 . 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚. 𝝏𝒚 = 𝟐 . tan u
√𝒙+√ 𝒚

𝒙+𝒚
Ans. here u = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( 𝑯) where H =
√𝒙+√𝒚

𝒕𝒙 +𝒕 𝒚 𝒙+𝒚
⟹ H = Sin u = F( u ) and H( 𝒕𝒙 , 𝒕𝒚 ) = √𝒕𝒙+√𝒕𝒚 = 𝒕𝟏/𝟐 . [√𝒙+√𝒚] = 𝒕𝟏/𝟐 u( 𝒙 , 𝒚 )
𝟏
⟹ H is homogeneous function of degree m = 𝟐
𝝏𝐮 𝝏𝐮 𝑭(𝐮) 𝟏 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝐮 𝟏
Now 𝒙 . 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚. 𝝏𝒚 = m. 𝑭′ (𝐮) = 𝟐 . 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝐮 = 𝟐 . tan u
𝒚 𝒙
Ex. 3 verify Euler’s theorem for 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) = 𝒙𝟐 .𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 - 𝒚𝟐 .𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒚 H.W.

𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇
Hint : here m = 2 show that 𝒙 . 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚. 𝝏𝒚 = m. 𝒇

𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚 𝟑
Ex. 4 Imp. if u = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 [ ] , 𝒙 + 𝒚 ≠ 𝟎 then prove that
𝒙+ 𝒚
𝝏𝐮 𝝏𝐮
1. 𝒙 . 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚. 𝝏𝒚 = Sin 2u

𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖
2. 𝒙𝟐 . 𝝏𝒙𝟐 + 2𝒙𝒚. 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 . 𝝏𝒚𝟐 = Sin 4u – Sin 2u

𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚 𝟑
Ans. here u = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝑯) where H =
𝒙+ 𝒚

(𝒕𝒙)𝟑 +(𝒕𝒚)𝟑 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚 𝟑
⟹ H = tan u = F( u ) and H( 𝒕𝒙 , 𝒕𝒚 ) = = 𝒕𝟐 . [ ] = 𝒕𝟐 .H( 𝒙 , 𝒚 )
𝒕𝒙+ 𝒕𝒚 𝒙+ 𝒚

⟹ H is homogeneous function of degree m = 2

𝝏𝐮 𝝏𝐮 𝑭(𝐮) 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝐮
1. 𝒙 . 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚. 𝝏𝒚 = m. 𝑭′ (𝐮) = 2. 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝐮 = 2Sin u. Cos u = Sin 2u = G( u )

𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖
2. 𝒙𝟐 . 𝝏𝒙𝟐 + 2𝒙𝒚. 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 . 𝝏𝒚𝟐 = G (u )[ 𝑮′ ( u ) – 1 ] = Sin 2u[ 2Cos 2u – 1 ]

= Sin 4u – Sin 2u
Ex. 5 if u = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 [𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ]𝟏/𝟓 then prove that H.W.
Page
𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝟐 6
𝒙𝟐 . 𝝏𝒙𝟐 + 2𝒙𝒚. 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 . 𝝏𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓 . tan u [ 2𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝐮 – 3 ]

𝟐
Hint : m = 𝟓 , similarly as Ex. 4

𝒙𝟏/𝟐 + 𝒚𝟏/𝟐
Ex. 6 Most Imp.: 𝑷𝟏 if u = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐜𝐞−𝟏 √ then prove that H.W.
𝒙𝟏/𝟑 + 𝒚𝟏/𝟑

𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐮
𝒙𝟐 . 𝝏𝒙𝟐 + 2𝒙𝒚. 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 . 𝝏𝒚𝟐 = .[ 13 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝐮 ]
𝟏𝟒𝟒

𝟏
Hint : m = 𝟏𝟐 , similarly as Ex. 4

[ 2 ] Geometric meaning of Partial differentiation :

Q. 1 suppose z = 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) is surface in 𝑹𝟑 then prove that the vectors
𝝏𝐳 𝝏𝐳
( , 𝝏𝒚 , - 1 ) and ( d𝒙 , 𝒅𝒚 , 𝒅𝒛 ) are perpendicular
𝝏𝒙

𝝏𝐳 𝝏𝐳 𝝏𝐳 𝝏𝐳
Ans. ( , 𝝏𝒚 , - 1 ). ( d𝒙 , 𝒅𝒚 , 𝒅𝒛 ) = . 𝒅𝒙 + . 𝒅𝒚 - 𝒅𝒛 = 𝒅𝒛 − 𝒅𝒛 = 𝟎
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚

𝝏𝐳 𝝏𝐳
( ∵ 𝒅𝒛 = 𝝏𝒙 . 𝒅𝒙 + . 𝒅𝒚 is called Deferential of z = 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) )
𝝏𝒚

𝝏𝐳 𝝏𝐳
⟹( 𝝏𝒙
, 𝝏𝒚 , - 1 ) ⊥ ( d𝒙 , 𝒅𝒚 , 𝒅𝒛 )

𝝏𝐳 𝝏𝐳
Note : vector ( , 𝝏𝒚 , - 1 ) is called the normal of the surface z = 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 )
𝝏𝒙

Q. 2 if A( 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 , 𝒛𝟏 ) is a point on surface z = 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) then prove that

1. equation of tangent plane at A( 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 , 𝒛𝟏 ) is
( 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ).𝒇𝒙 + ( 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 ). 𝒇𝒚 = 𝒛 − 𝒛𝟏

2. equation of normal line is

𝒙−𝒙𝟏 𝒚−𝒚𝟏 𝒛−𝒛𝟏
= =
𝒇𝒙 𝒇𝒚 −𝟏

̅ = ( 𝒇𝒙 , 𝒇𝒚 , - 1 )
Ans. 1. Here normal of tangent plane is 𝒏

equation of tangent plane at A( 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 , 𝒛𝟏 ) is ( 𝒓̅ - 𝒂

̅).𝒏
̅=0

⟹ ( 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 , 𝒛 − 𝒛𝟏 ). ( 𝒇𝒙 , 𝒇𝒚 , - 1 ) = 0
⟹ ( 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ).𝒇𝒙 + ( 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 ). 𝒇𝒚 = 𝒛 − 𝒛𝟏
 𝒙−𝒙𝟏 𝒚−𝒚𝟏 𝒛−𝒛𝟏
2. equation of normal line at A( 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 , 𝒛𝟏 ) is = = Page
𝒍 𝒎 𝒏
𝒙−𝒙𝟏 𝒚−𝒚𝟏 𝒛−𝒛𝟏 7
⟹ = = ( ∵ ( l , m ,n ) = ( 𝒇𝒙 , 𝒇𝒚 , - 1 ) )
𝒇𝒙 𝒇𝒚 −𝟏

Ex. 1 Find equation of tangent plane and normal line of

2𝒙𝒛𝟐 - 3𝒙𝒚 - 4𝒙 = 7 at A( 1 ,- 1 , 2 )

Ans. here 2𝒙𝒛𝟐 - 3𝒙𝒚 - 4𝒙 = 7

Differentiate partially with respect to 𝒙
𝝏𝐳 𝝏𝐳 𝟑𝒚+𝟒−𝟐𝒛𝟐
⟹ 2𝒛𝟐 + 2𝒙( 2𝒛. 𝝏𝒙 ) - 3𝒚 – 4 = 0 ⟹ 𝝏𝒙
= 𝟒𝒙𝒛

𝝏𝐳 𝟑(−𝟏)+𝟒−𝟐(𝟐)𝟐 𝟕
⟹ (𝝏𝒙 ) = 𝟒(𝟏)(𝟐)
=-𝟖
(𝟏,−𝟏,𝟐)

𝝏𝐳 𝟑
Similarly (𝝏𝒚 ) = H.W.
(𝟏,−𝟏,𝟐) 𝟖

1. equation of tangent plane at A( 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 , 𝒛𝟏 ) = A( 1 ,- 1 , 2 ) is

( 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ).𝒇𝒙 + ( 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 ). 𝒇𝒚 = 𝒛 − 𝒛𝟏
𝟕 𝟑
⟹ ( 𝒙 − 𝟏).( - 𝟖 )+ ( 𝒚 + 𝟏).( 𝟖) = 𝒛 − 𝟐

⟹ 7 𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟖𝒛 − 𝟐𝟔 = 𝟎
𝒙−𝒙𝟏 𝒚−𝒚𝟏 𝒛−𝒛𝟏
2. equation of normal line at A( 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 , 𝒛𝟏 ) = A( 1 ,- 1 , 2 ) is = =
𝒇𝒙 𝒇𝒚 −𝟏

𝒙−𝟏 𝒚+𝟏 𝒛−𝟐

⟹ = =
−𝟕/𝟖 𝟑/𝟖 −𝟏

Ex. 2 prove that equation of tangent plane of sphere 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐

at A( 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 , 𝒛𝟏 ) is 𝒙 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒚 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒛 𝒛𝟏 = 𝒂𝟐 H.W.
Hint : similarly Ex. 1
Q. 3 for curve f( 𝒙 , 𝒚, 𝒛 )= 0 , g( 𝒙 , 𝒚 , 𝒛 ) = 0
1. equation of tangent line at A( 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 , 𝒛𝟏 ) is
𝒙−𝒙𝟏 𝒚−𝒚 𝒛−𝒛
= 𝒇 𝒈 −𝒇𝟏 𝒈 = 𝒇 𝒈 −𝒇𝟏 𝒈
𝒇𝒚 𝒈𝒛 −𝒇𝒛 𝒈𝒚 𝒛 𝒙 𝒙 𝒛 𝒙 𝒚 𝒚 𝒙

2. equation of normal plane at A( 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 , 𝒛𝟏 ) is

(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )( 𝒇𝒚 𝒈𝒛 − 𝒇𝒛 𝒈𝒚 ) + (𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 )( 𝒇𝒛 𝒈𝒙 − 𝒇𝒙 𝒈𝒛 ) + (𝒛 − 𝒛𝟏 )( 𝒇𝒙 𝒈𝒚 − 𝒇𝒚 𝒈𝒙 ) = 0
Note : curve f( 𝒙 , 𝒚, 𝒛 )= 0 , g( 𝒙 , 𝒚 , 𝒛 ) = 0 is intersection of two surfaces
Page
f( 𝒙 , 𝒚, 𝒛 )= 0 and g( 𝒙 , 𝒚 , 𝒛 ) = 0 8
Ex. 3 find the equation of tangent line and normal plane of curve
9𝒙𝟐 - 4𝒚𝟐 - 9𝒛𝟐 + 36 = 0 , 3𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝒛 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 at A( 2 ,- 3 ,2 )

Ans. here 𝒇(𝒙 , y , z ) = 9𝒙𝟐 - 4𝒚𝟐- 9𝒛𝟐 + 36 and g( 𝒙 , 𝒚 , 𝒛 ) = 3𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝒛 − 𝟏

⟹ 𝒇𝒙 = 18 𝒙 , 𝒇𝒚 = - 8𝒚 , 𝒇𝒛 = - 18𝒛 , 𝒈𝒙 = 3 , 𝒈𝒚 = 1 , 𝒈𝒛 = - 1

∴ at A( 2 ,- 3 ,2 )
𝒇𝒙 = 18(2) = 36 , 𝒇𝒚 = - 8(-3) = 24 , 𝒇𝒛 = - 18( 2 ) = - 36 ,

𝒈𝒙 = 3 , 𝒈𝒚 = 1 , 𝒈𝒛 = - 1

1. equation of tangent line at A( 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 , 𝒛𝟏 ) = A( 2 ,- 3 ,2 ) is

𝒙−𝒙𝟏 𝒚−𝒚 𝒛−𝒛
= 𝒇 𝒈 −𝒇𝟏 𝒈 = 𝒇 𝒈 −𝒇𝟏 𝒈
𝒇𝒚 𝒈𝒛 −𝒇𝒛 𝒈𝒚 𝒛 𝒙 𝒙 𝒛 𝒙 𝒚 𝒚 𝒙

𝒙−𝟐 𝒚+𝟑 𝒛−𝟐

⟹ = (−𝟑𝟔)𝟑−𝟑𝟔(−𝟏) = 𝟑𝟔(𝟏)−𝟐𝟒(𝟑)
𝟐𝟒(−𝟏)−(−𝟑𝟔)(𝟏)
𝒙−𝟐 𝒚+𝟑 𝒛−𝟐
⟹ = − 𝟕𝟐 = −𝟑𝟔
𝟏𝟐
𝒙−𝟐 𝒚+𝟑 𝒛−𝟐
⟹ = − 𝟔 = −𝟑
𝟏

2. equation of normal plane at A( 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 , 𝒛𝟏 ) = A( 2 ,- 3 ,2 ) is

(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )( 𝒇𝒚 𝒈𝒛 − 𝒇𝒛 𝒈𝒚 ) + (𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 )( 𝒇𝒛 𝒈𝒙 − 𝒇𝒙 𝒈𝒛 ) + (𝒛 − 𝒛𝟏 )( 𝒇𝒙 𝒈𝒚 − 𝒇𝒚 𝒈𝒙 ) = 0

⟹ (𝒙 − 𝟐)( 1 ) + (𝒚 + 𝟑)( - 6) + (𝒛 − 𝟐)( - 3 ) = 0

⟹ 𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚 − 𝟑𝒛 − 𝟏𝟒 = 𝟎

[ 3 ] Expansion of a function 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) :
Q. 1 if z = 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) and 𝒙 = a + ht , 𝒚 = b + kt where a ,b ,h ,k are constant then prove
that
𝒅𝒛 𝝏 𝝏 𝒅𝟐 𝒛 𝝏 𝝏 𝟐
(1). = ( h. 𝝏𝒙 + k. 𝝏𝒚 ) 𝒇 (2). = (𝐡. 𝝏𝒙 + 𝐤. 𝝏𝒚) 𝒇 …………
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕𝟐

𝒅𝒏 𝒛 𝝏 𝝏 𝒏
(n). = (𝐡. 𝝏𝒙 + 𝐤. 𝝏𝒚) 𝒇
𝒅𝒕𝒏

Ans. here z = 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) ⟹ z = 𝒇 ( a + ht , 𝐛 + 𝐤𝐭 )
𝒅𝒛 𝝏𝒇 𝒅𝒙 𝝏𝒇 𝒅𝒚 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇
(1). ∴ = . + 𝝏𝒚 . 𝒅𝒕 = .h + 𝝏𝒚 . k
𝒅𝒕 𝝏𝒙 𝒅𝒕 𝝏𝒙
 𝒅𝒛 𝝏 𝝏 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
⟹ = ( h. 𝝏𝒙 + k. 𝝏𝒚 ) 𝒇 ( ∵ 𝒙 = a + ht , 𝒚 = b + kt ⟹ 𝒅𝒕 = h , =k)
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝟐 𝒛 𝒅 𝒅𝒛 𝒅 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇
(2). = 𝒅𝒕 ( 𝒅𝒕 ) = 𝒅𝒕 [ h. 𝝏𝒙 + k. 𝝏𝒚 ] Page
𝒅𝒕𝟐
9
𝒅𝟐 𝒛 𝝏 𝝏𝒇 𝒅𝒙 𝝏 𝝏𝒇 𝒅𝒚 𝝏 𝝏𝒇 𝒅𝒙 𝝏 𝝏𝒇 𝒅𝒚
∴ 𝒅𝒕𝟐 = h[ 𝝏𝒙( 𝝏𝒙 ). 𝒅𝒕 + 𝝏𝒚( 𝝏𝒙 ). 𝒅𝒕 ] + k[ 𝝏𝒙( 𝝏𝒚 ). 𝒅𝒕 + 𝝏𝒚( 𝝏𝒚 ). 𝒅𝒕 ]

𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝒇
= h [ 𝝏𝒙𝟐 .h + 𝝏𝒚𝝏𝒙 .k ] + k [ 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 . h + .k]
𝝏𝒚𝟐

𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝐟 𝝏𝟐 𝐟
= 𝒉𝟐 . 𝝏𝒙𝟐 + 2h.k. 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 + 𝒌𝟐 . 𝝏𝒚𝟐 ( ∵ 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 = 𝝏𝒚𝝏𝒙 )

𝒅𝟐 𝒛 𝝏 𝝏 𝟐
⟹ = (𝐡. 𝝏𝒙 + 𝐤. 𝝏𝒚) 𝒇
𝒅𝒕𝟐

𝒅𝒏 𝒛 𝝏 𝝏 𝒏
Similarly = (𝐡. 𝝏𝒙 + 𝐤. 𝝏𝒚) 𝒇
𝒅𝒕𝒏

Theorem : 3 Most Imp. [ Taylor’ s theorem ]

if 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) is a real function of two variables and its partial derivative exist up to order n
and its differentiable in some neighbourhood of ( a , b ) then their exist 𝜽 , 0 < 𝜽 < 1 ∋
𝝏 𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏 𝟐
𝒇 ( a + h , b + k ) = 𝒇 ( a , b ) + (h. 𝝏𝒙 + k. 𝝏𝒚 ) 𝒇 ( a , b ) + 𝟐 ! . (𝐡. 𝝏𝒙 + 𝐤. 𝝏𝒚) 𝒇 ( a , b ) + ……

𝟏 𝝏 𝝏 𝒏−𝟏
………….. + (𝒏−𝟏) ! . (𝐡. 𝝏𝒙 + 𝐤. 𝝏𝒚) 𝒇 ( a , b ) + 𝑹𝒏

𝟏 𝝏 𝝏 𝒏
Where 𝑹𝒏 = 𝒏 ! . (𝐡. 𝝏𝒙 + 𝐤. 𝝏𝒚) 𝒇 ( a + 𝜽𝒉, b+ 𝜽𝒌 ) [ Lagrange’s remainder ]

Proof : suppose 𝒙 = a + ht , 𝒚 = b + kt ⟹ 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) = 𝒇 ( a + ht , b + kt )
Suppose g ( t ) = 𝒇 ( a + ht , b + kt ) where h ,k are constants
By Maclaurin ‘ s theorem of one variable we say that
𝒕 𝒕𝟐 𝒕𝒏−𝟏
g ( t ) = g ( 0 ) + 𝟏 ! .g’ ( 0 ) + 𝟐 !.g’’ ( 0 ) + …………+ (𝒏−𝟏) !. 𝒈𝒏−𝟏 (0) + 𝑹𝒏 …………(1)

𝒕𝒏
where 𝑹𝒏 = 𝒏 !. 𝒈𝒏 ( 𝜽𝒕 ) , 0 < 𝜽 < 1 [ Lagrange’s remainder ]

now g ( 0 ) = 𝒇 ( a , b ) , g ( 1 ) = 𝒇 ( a + h , b + k )
𝒅𝒈 𝝏 𝝏 𝒅𝒈 𝝏 𝝏
g’ ( 0 ) = ( 𝒅𝒕 ) = ( h. 𝝏𝒙 + k. 𝝏𝒚 ) 𝒇 ( a , b ) ( ∵ = ( h. 𝝏𝒙 + k. 𝝏𝒚 ) 𝒇 ( a + ht , b + kt ) )
𝒕=𝟎 𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝟐 𝒈 𝝏 𝝏 𝟐
g’’ ( 0 ) = ( 𝒅𝒕𝟐 ) = (𝐡. 𝝏𝒙 + 𝐤. 𝝏𝒚) 𝒇 ( a , b )
𝒕=𝟎
 : : : : : :
𝒅𝒏−𝟏 𝒈 𝝏 𝝏 𝒏−𝟏 Page
𝒈𝒏−𝟏 ( 0 ) = ( 𝒅𝒕𝒏−𝟏 ) = (𝐡. 𝝏𝒙 + 𝐤. 𝝏𝒚) 𝒇(a,b) 10
𝒕=𝟎

𝒅𝒏 𝒈 𝝏 𝝏 𝒏
𝒈𝒏 ( 𝜽𝒕 ) = ( 𝒅𝒕𝒏 ) = (𝐡. 𝝏𝒙 + 𝐤. 𝝏𝒚) 𝒇 ( a + 𝒉. 𝜽𝒕 , b + 𝒌. 𝜽𝒕 )
𝒕=𝟎

Take t = 1 in eqn . (1) and put these all values and we get
𝝏 𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏 𝟐
𝒇 ( a + h , b + k ) = 𝒇 ( a , b ) + (h. 𝝏𝒙 + k. 𝝏𝒚 ) 𝒇 ( a , b ) + 𝟐 ! . (𝐡. 𝝏𝒙 + 𝐤. 𝝏𝒚) 𝒇 ( a , b ) + ……

𝟏 𝝏 𝝏 𝒏−𝟏
………….. + . (𝐡. + 𝐤. ) 𝒇 ( a , b ) + 𝑹𝒏
(𝒏−𝟏) ! 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚

𝟏 𝝏 𝝏 𝒏
Where 𝑹𝒏 = . (𝐡. 𝝏𝒙 + 𝐤. 𝝏𝒚) 𝒇 ( a + 𝜽𝒉, b+ 𝜽𝒌 )
𝒏!

Note : 1. Suppose a + h = 𝒙 , b + k = 𝒚 ⟹ 𝒉 = 𝒙 − 𝒂 , 𝒌 = 𝒚 − 𝒃
put these value in above theorem , we get
𝝏 𝝏
𝒇 ( 𝒙, 𝒚 ) = 𝒇 ( a , b ) + [ (𝒙 − 𝒂). 𝝏𝒙 + (𝒚 − 𝒃). 𝝏𝒚 ] 𝒇 ( a , b )
Imp.
𝟏 𝝏 𝝏 𝟐
+ 𝟐 ! . [(𝒙 − 𝒂). 𝝏𝒙 + (𝒚 − 𝒃 ). 𝝏𝒚] 𝒇 ( a , b ) + ……

𝟏 𝝏 𝝏 𝒏−𝟏
………….. + (𝒏−𝟏) ! . [(𝒙 − 𝒂). 𝝏𝒙 + (𝒚 − 𝒃 ). 𝝏𝒚] 𝒇 ( a , b ) + 𝑹𝒏

Maclaurin’s theorem : in Taylor’s theorem take a = b = 0 , h = 𝒙 , k = 𝒚 then we get

𝝏 𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏 𝟐
𝒇 ( 𝒙, 𝒚 ) = 𝒇 ( 0 , 0 ) + [ 𝒙. 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚. 𝝏𝒚 ] 𝒇 ( 0 , 0 ) + 𝟐 ! . [𝒙. 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚. 𝝏𝒚] 𝒇 ( 0 , 0 ) + ……

𝟏 𝝏 𝝏 𝒏−𝟏
Imp
Imp ……….. + (𝒏−𝟏) ! . [𝒙. 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚. 𝝏𝒚] 𝒇 ( 0 , 0 ) + 𝑹𝒏
.
𝟏 𝝏 𝝏 𝒏
Where 𝑹𝒏 = . (𝒙. 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚 . 𝝏𝒚) 𝒇 (𝜽𝒙, 𝜽𝒚) , 0 < 𝜽 < 1
𝒏!

Ex. 1 using McLaurin’s theorem prove that

𝟏
𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒃𝒚 = 1 + a 𝒙 + 𝟐 ! ( 𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 𝒚𝟐 ) + ……..+ ………

Ans. by McLaurin’s theorem :

𝝏 𝝏
𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚 ) = 𝒇 ( 0 , 0 ) + [ 𝒙. 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚. 𝝏𝒚 ] 𝒇 ( 0 , 0 )

𝟏 𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝒇
+ 𝟐 ! . [𝒙𝟐 . 𝝏𝒙𝟐 + 2 𝒙𝒚. 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 . 𝝏𝒚𝟐 ] 𝒇 ( 0 , 0 ) + ……… (1)
 Here 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) = 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒃𝒚 ⟹ 𝒇 ( 0 , 0 ) = 𝒆𝟎 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝟎 = 1
Page
𝝏𝒇 𝒂𝒙 𝝏𝒇 𝒂𝒙 (−𝑺𝒊𝒏 11
Now = 𝒂𝒆 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒃𝒚 , 𝝏𝒚 = 𝒆 𝒃𝒚 ). 𝒃
𝝏𝒙

𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝒇
⟹ = 𝒂𝟐 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒃𝒚 , = −𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒃𝒚. 𝒃𝟐 , = 𝒂𝒆𝒂𝒙 (−𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒃𝒚 ). 𝒃
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚

𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇
∴ at ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) = ( 0 , 0) : = 𝒂𝒆𝟎 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝟎 = a , 𝝏𝒚 = 𝒆𝟎 (−𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝟎 ). 𝒃 = 0
𝝏𝒙

𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝒇
= 𝒂𝟐 𝒆𝟎 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝟎 = 𝒂𝟐 , = −𝒆𝟎 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝟎. 𝒃𝟐 = −𝒃𝟐 , = 𝒂𝒆𝟎 (−𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝟎 ). 𝒃 = 0
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚

∴ From eqn. (1) , we say that

𝟏
𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒃𝒚 = 1 + [ 𝒙. 𝒂 + 𝟎 ] + 𝟐 ! [ 𝒙𝟐 . 𝒂𝟐 + 2𝒙𝒚.(0) + 𝒚𝟐 .(- 𝒃𝟐 ) ] + ……+…….
𝟏
∴ 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒃𝒚 = 1 + a 𝒙 + 𝟐 ! ( 𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 𝒚𝟐 ) + ……..+ ………

Ex. 2 using Taylor’s theorem , expand 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟐 in terms of 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 + 𝟐

Ans. In Taylor’s theorem take a = 1 , b = - 2
𝝏 𝝏
𝒇 ( 𝒙, 𝒚 ) = 𝒇 ( 1 , -2 ) + [ (𝒙 − 𝟏). 𝝏𝒙 + (𝒚 + 𝟐). 𝝏𝒚 ] 𝒇 ( 1 , -2 )

𝟏 𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝒇
+ 𝟐 ! [(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 . 𝝏𝒙𝟐 + 2(𝒙 − 𝟏)( 𝒚 + 𝟐). 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 + (𝒚 − 𝟐)𝟐. 𝝏𝒚𝟐 ] 𝒇 ( 1, - 2 ) + ………(1)

Here 𝒇 ( 𝒙, 𝒚 ) = 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟐 ⟹ 𝒇 ( 1 , -2 ) = 𝟏𝟐 (−𝟐) + 𝟑(−𝟐) − 𝟐 = - 10

𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇
∴ = 2𝒙𝒚 , 𝝏𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 3
𝝏𝒙

𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝒇
= 2𝒚 , =0 , = 2𝒙
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚

∴ at ( 𝒙, 𝒚 ) = ( 1 , - 2 ) :
𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝒇
= 2(1)(-2) = - 4 , 𝝏𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐 + 3 = 4 , 𝝏𝒙𝟐 = 2(- 2) = - 4 , 𝝏𝒚𝟐 = 0 , 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 = 2(1) = 2
𝝏𝒙

Put these values in eqn. (1) , we get

𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟐 = - 10 + [ (𝒙 − 𝟏)(-4) + (𝒚 + 𝟐)(4) ]
𝟏
+ 𝟐 ! [ (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 .(- 4 ) + 2(𝒙 − 𝟏)( 𝒚 + 𝟐).(2) ] + …………..

= - 10 −𝟒(𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝟒(𝒚 + 𝟐) - 2(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 + 2(𝒙 − 𝟏)( 𝒚 + 𝟐) + …………..

Ex. 3 using Taylor’s theorem , expand 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒆 𝒙𝒚 in terms of 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 − 𝟏 H.W.
 𝟏
Hint : 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) = log 𝒙 + log 𝒚 ,Ans. [ (𝒙 − 𝟏) + (𝒚 − 𝟏) ] - 𝟐 ! [ (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟏)𝟐 ] + ………
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Ex. 4 using Taylor’s theorem prove that H.W. 12

𝒚𝟐
= 1 - [ 𝟑(𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝟐(𝒚 + 𝟏) ] + [ 𝟔(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟔(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒚 + 𝟏) + (𝒚 + 𝟏)𝟐 ] + ………..
𝒙𝟑
𝝅
Ex. 5 using Taylor’s theorem , expand Sin 𝒙𝒚 in terms of 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 − 𝟐 H.W.

𝝅𝟐 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝟐
Ans. Sin 𝒙𝒚 = 𝟏 + [ (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 (− ) + 𝟐(𝒙 − 𝟏) (𝒚 − 𝟐 ) (− 𝟐 ) + (𝒚 − 𝟐 ) (−𝟏)] +…………
𝟒

[ 4 ] Extreme value of a function of two variable :

(1). Local extreme values :

Suppose 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) is defined on set E ⊂ 𝑹𝟐 , if ( a ,b ) ∈ E then ∃ a neighbourhood

of ( a , b ) ∋
1. ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) ∈ N ∩ E ⟹ 𝒇 ( a ,b ) ≥ 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) then 𝒇 ( a ,b ) is said to be Local maximum
Value of 𝒇 at ( a , b )
2. ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) ∈ N ∩ E ⟹ 𝒇 ( a ,b ) ≤ 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) then 𝒇 ( a ,b ) is said to be Local minimum
Value of 𝒇 at ( a , b )
(2). Absolute extreme values OR Global extreme values :

Suppose 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) is defined on set E ⊂ 𝑹𝟐 and S ⊂ E

1. if ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) ∈ S ⟹ 𝒇 ( a ,b ) ≥ 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) then 𝒇 ( a ,b ) is said to be Absolute maximum
Value of 𝒇 at ( a , b )
2. if ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) ∈ S ⟹ 𝒇 ( a ,b ) ≤ 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) then 𝒇 ( a ,b ) is said to be Absolute minimum
Value of 𝒇 at ( a , b ) Absolute maxi.
Y axis
Local maxi.
સમજવા માટે ધોરણ : 12 Local maxi.

O a N∩ 𝑬 S b X axis

Note : 1. The necessary condition that 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) has extreme values at ( a ,b ) are

𝒇𝒙 (𝒂, 𝒃) = 0 , 𝒇𝒚 (𝒂, 𝒃) = 0
 2. Saddle point :
If for point ( a , b ) , 𝒇𝒙 = 𝒇𝒚 = 0 but f is not maximum or minimum at ( a , b )

Then 𝒇 is said to be Saddle point of 𝒇

3. Imp. suppose 𝒇𝒙 (𝒂, 𝒃) = 0 , 𝒇𝒚 (𝒂, 𝒃) = 0 and 𝒇𝒙𝒙 = r , 𝒇𝒚𝒚 = t , 𝒇𝒙𝒚 = s then

(1). If r.t - 𝒔𝟐 > 0 , r < 0 then 𝒇 has maximum value at ( a , b )

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(2). If r.t - 𝒔𝟐 > 0 , r > 0 then 𝒇 has minimum value at ( a , b ) 13

(3). If r.t - 𝒔𝟐 < 0 then 𝒇 is not maximum or minimum at ( a , b )

(4). If r.t - 𝒔𝟐 = 0 then the test is not applicable

Ex. 1 for which points 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) = 144 𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟐 ( 1 - 𝒙 − 𝒚 ) has extreme values ?

Ans. here 𝒇𝒙 = 144( 𝟑𝒙𝟐 )𝒚𝟐 ( 1 - 𝒙 − 𝒚 ) + 144 𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟐 ( -1 ) = 144 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 ( 3 - 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 - 𝒙)

⟹ 𝒇𝒙 = 144 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 ( - 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 3 ) , similarly 𝒇𝒚 = 144 𝒙𝟑 𝒚 ( - 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 2 ) H.W.

For extreme values of 𝒇 , 𝒇𝒙 = 0 , 𝒇𝒚 = 0

⟹ 144 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 ( - 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 3 ) = 0 and 144 𝒙𝟑 𝒚 ( - 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 2 ) = 0 …….(1)

It is clear that ( a , 0 ) , ( 0 , b ) are solution of the equations
From eqn.(1) , we say that - 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 3 = 0 and - 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 2 = 0
𝟏 𝟏
⟹ (𝒙,𝒚)=(𝟐,𝟑 )
𝟏 𝟏
∴ 𝒇 has extreme values at ( a , 0 ) , ( 0 , b ) , ( 𝟐 , 𝟑 )

Ex. 2 find the maximum and minimum values of 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 - 3𝒙 - 12𝒚 + 7 = 0

Ans. For extreme values of 𝒇 , 𝒇𝒙 = 0 , 𝒇𝒚 = 0

⟹ ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) = ( 1 , 2 ) , ( -1 , 2 ) , ( -1 , -2 ) , ( 1 , -2 ) H.W.
Here 𝒇𝒙 = 3𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑 , 𝒇𝒚 = 3𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐

⟹ r= 𝒇𝒙𝒙 = 6𝒙 , t= 𝒇𝒚𝒚 = 6𝒚 , s = 𝒇𝒙𝒚 = 0

(1) at A( 1 , 2 ) : r = 6(1) = 6 , t = 6(2) = 12 , s = 0

⟹ r.t - 𝒔𝟐 = 6(12) – 0 = 72 > 0 and r = 6 > 0

⟹ at A( 1 , 2 ) 𝒇 has minimum value = 𝒇 ( 1 , 2 ) = 𝟏𝟑 + 𝟐𝟑 – 3(1) – 12(2) + 7 = - 11

For other points H.W.
Ex. 3 find the extreme values values of 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 - 3𝒙 - 12𝒚 + 20 = 0 H.W.
Page
Ans. maximum value = 𝒇 ( -1 , - 2 ) = 38 , minimum value = 𝒇 ( 1 , 2 ) = 2 14
𝒄𝟔
Ex. 4 Imp. prove that maximum value of u = 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐 is 𝟐𝟕

where 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒄𝟐 , 𝒙 , 𝒚 , 𝒛 > 0

Ans. here u = 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 [ 𝒄𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 ] ( ∵ 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒄𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 )

⟹ 𝒖𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙. 𝒚𝟐 [ 𝒄𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 ] + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 [−𝟐𝒙] = 𝟐𝒙. 𝒚𝟐 [ 𝒄𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 −𝒙𝟐 ]

⟹ 𝒖𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙. 𝒚𝟐 [ 𝒄𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 ]
Similarly 𝒖𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚[ 𝒄𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚𝟐 ] H.W.

For extreme values of u , 𝒖𝒙 = 0 , 𝒖𝒚 = 0

⟹ 𝟐𝒙. 𝒚𝟐 [ 𝒄𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 ] = 0 and 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚[ 𝒄𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚𝟐 ] = 0

⟹ 𝒄𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 =0 and 𝒄𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚𝟐 = 0
𝒄𝟐
Solving these equations we get 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟑
𝒄
⟹ 𝒙=𝒚= where 𝒙 , 𝒚 > 0
√𝟑

𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒄
Now 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒄𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒄𝟐 − − = ⟹ 𝒛= ,𝒛 >0
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 √𝟑

Here 𝒖𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙. 𝒚𝟐 [ 𝒄𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 ] = 0 and 𝒖𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚[ 𝒄𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚𝟐 ]

⟹ r= 𝒖𝒙𝒙 = 𝟐𝒚𝟐 [ 𝒄𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 ] , t = 𝒖𝒚𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 [ 𝒄𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒚𝟐 ] , H.W.

s = 𝒖𝒙𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙𝒚[ 𝒄𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚𝟐 ]

𝒄 𝒄 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝟖𝒄𝟒
⟹ for ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) = ( , ) : r = t = 2. [ 𝒄𝟐 - 6. - ]=-
√𝟑 √𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟗

𝒄 𝒄 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝟒𝒄𝟒
s = 4( )( )[ 𝒄𝟐 – 2. – 2. ]=-
√𝟑 √𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟗

𝟔𝟒𝒄𝟖 𝟏𝟔𝒄𝟖 𝟒𝟖𝒄𝟖 𝟖𝒄𝟒

⟹ r.t - 𝒔𝟐 = - = > 0 and r = - <0
𝟖𝟏 𝟖𝟏 𝟖𝟏 𝟗
𝒄 𝒄
⟹ u has maximum value at ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) = ( , )
√𝟑 √𝟑
𝒄 𝒄
And maximum value = u( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) = u( , )
√𝟑 √𝟑

𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟐
= . [ 𝒄𝟐 - - ] ( ∵ u( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) = 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 [ 𝒄𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 ] )
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑

𝒄𝟔
= 𝟐𝟕
Ex. 5 Imp .Find three positive numbers whose sum is 24 and their product is minimum
Hint : suppose 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 , 𝒛 ) = 𝒙𝒚𝒛 where 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟐𝟒 , similarly Ex. 4 H.W.
Ans. 𝒙 = 𝒚 = 𝒛 = 𝟖
Page
Ex.6 Most Imp.: 𝑷𝟐 find the extreme values values of 15
𝝅
𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) = 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 + 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒚 , 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝒂 ≠ (𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝟐 , 𝒌 ∈ 𝒁
𝟏−𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙 𝟏−𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒚
Ans. here 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) = 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 + 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒚 = +
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
= 1 - 𝟐 [ Cos 2𝒙 + 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒚 ]
𝟏
= 1 - 𝟐 [ 2Cos (𝒙 + 𝒚). 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝒙 − 𝒚) ]

⟹ 𝒇 ( 𝒙 ,𝒚 ) = 1 - Cos 𝒂. 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝒙 − 𝒚) ( ∵ 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝒂 )
∴ 𝒇𝒙 = Cos 𝒂. 𝑺𝒊𝒏 (𝒙 − 𝒚) , 𝒇𝒚 = - Cos 𝒂. 𝑺𝒊𝒏 (𝒙 − 𝒚)

⟹ r = 𝒇𝒙𝒙 = Cos 𝒂. 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝒙 − 𝒚) , t = 𝒇𝒚𝒚 = Cos 𝒂. 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝒙 − 𝒚) ,

s = 𝒇𝒙𝒚 = - Cos 𝒂. 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝒙 − 𝒚) …………..(1)

For extreme values of f , 𝒇𝒙 = 0 , 𝒇𝒚 = 0

⟹ Cos 𝒂. 𝑺𝒊𝒏 (𝒙 − 𝒚) = 0 , - Cos 𝒂. 𝑺𝒊𝒏 (𝒙 − 𝒚) = 0

𝝅
⟹ 𝑺𝒊𝒏 (𝒙 − 𝒚)= 0 ( ∵ 𝒂 ≠ (𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝟐 ⟹ Cos a ≠ 0 )

⟹ 𝒙 − 𝒚 = k𝝅 , 𝒌 ∈ 𝒁
Put this value in eqn. (1) we get
r = t = Cos a.Cos k𝝅 , s = - Cos a.Cos k𝝅

⟹ r.t - 𝒔𝟐 = 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒂. 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝐤𝝅 - 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒂. 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝐤𝝅 = 0

∴ the test is not applicable
Now -1 ≤ 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝒙 − 𝒚) ≤ 1
⟹ - Cos a ≤ - 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒂𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝒙 − 𝒚) ≤ Cos a
⟹ 1 - Cos a ≤ 1 - 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒂𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝒙 − 𝒚) ≤ 1 + Cos a
⟹ 1 - Cos a ≤ f ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) ≤ 1 + Cos a where 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) = 1 - 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒂𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝒙 − 𝒚)
If 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝒙 − 𝒚) = - 1 ⟹ 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) = 1 + Cos a = maximum value
∴ 𝒙 − 𝒚 = ( 2k+𝟏)𝝅 , 𝒌 ∈ 𝒁 then 𝒇 has maximum value = 1 + Cos a
If 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝒙 − 𝒚) = 1 ⟹ 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) = 1 - Cos a = minimum value
Page
∴ 𝒙 − 𝒚 = 2k𝝅 , 𝒌 ∈ 𝒁 then 𝒇 has minimum value = 1 - Cos a 16
Ex. 7 Most Imp.: 𝑷𝟑 find the extreme values of
𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 ) = Sin 𝒙 + Sin 𝒚 + Cos ( 𝒙 + 𝒚 )
Ans. here 𝒇𝒙 = Cos 𝒙 – Sin ( 𝒙 + 𝒚 ) , 𝒇𝒚 = Cos 𝒚 – Sin ( 𝒙 + 𝒚 )

⟹ r = 𝒇𝒙𝒙 = - Sin 𝒙 - Cos ( 𝒙 + 𝒚 ) , t = 𝒇𝒚𝒚 = - Sin 𝒚 - Cos ( 𝒙 + 𝒚 )

s = 𝒇𝒙𝒚 = - Cos ( 𝒙 + 𝒚 ) ………….(1)

For extreme values of f , 𝒇𝒙 = 0 , 𝒇𝒚 = 0

⟹ Cos 𝒙 = Sin ( 𝒙 + 𝒚 ) and Cos 𝒚 = Sin ( 𝒙 + 𝒚 ) …………(2)

⟹ Cos 𝒙 = Cos 𝒚
⟹ 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒌𝝅 ± 𝒙 , 𝒌 ∈ 𝒁
1. if 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒌𝝅 + 𝒙 then from eqn. (2) ,
Cos 𝒙 = Sin ( 𝟐𝒌𝝅 + 𝟐𝒙 )
⟹ Cos 𝒙 = Sin 𝟐𝒙
⟹ Cos 𝒙 [ 1 - 2Sin 𝒙 ] = 0
𝟏
⟹ Cos 𝒙 = 0 OR Sin 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝝅 𝝅
⟹ 𝒙 = 𝒚 = 2n𝝅 ± 𝟐 OR 𝒙 = 𝒚 = n𝝅 + (−𝟏)𝒏 𝟔 , 𝒏 ∈ 𝒁 ( ∵ Cos = 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒚 )
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
∴ for points A ( 2n𝝅 + 𝟐 , 2n𝝅 + 𝟐) , B ( 2n𝝅 − 𝟐 , 2n𝝅 − 𝟐 ) ,
𝝅 𝝅
C ( n𝝅 + (−𝟏)𝒏 𝟔 , n𝝅 + (−𝟏)𝒏 𝟔 ) 𝒇 has extreme value
𝝅 𝝅
For A ( 2n𝝅 + 𝟐 , 2n𝝅 + 𝟐 ) : from eqn. (1)
𝝅
r = t = - Sin( 2n𝝅 + 𝟐 ) - Cos ( 𝟒𝒏𝝅 + 𝝅 ) = - 1 + 1 = 0

s = - Cos ( 𝟒𝒏𝝅 + 𝝅 ) = 1

⟹ r.t - 𝒔𝟐 = 0 – 1 = - 1 < 0
𝝅 𝝅
⟹ 𝒇 is not maximum or minimum at A ( 2n𝝅 + 𝟐 , 2n𝝅 + 𝟐)

Similarly for B , C H.W.

Hint : for B : r = 2 , t =2 , s = 1 , maximum value = - 3
 𝟏 𝟑
for C : r = - 1 , t = - 𝟐 , s =- 1 , minimum value = 𝟐

[ 5] Lagrange’s method of undetermined multiplies to determine

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The Exteme value of a function of n variables : 17

Suppose w = 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 , 𝒛 ) is a real function and

g ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 , 𝒛 ) = 0 ……….(1) , h ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 , 𝒛 ) = 0 ………..(2)
Using equation (1) , (2) to find extreme value of w by Lagrange’s method is given below :
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏
for extreme value of w : 𝛁𝒇 + 𝝀𝟏 𝛁𝒈 + 𝝀𝟐 𝛁𝒉 = 𝜽 where 𝜽 = ( 0 , 0 ,0 ) , 𝛁 = ( 𝝏𝒙 , 𝝏𝒚 , 𝝏𝒛 )

𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒈 𝝏𝒉 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒈 𝝏𝒉 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒈 𝝏𝒉
̅=𝜽
⟹ ( 𝝏𝒙 + 𝝀𝟏 . 𝝏𝒙 + 𝝀𝟐 𝝏𝒙 ) 𝒊̅ + ( 𝝏𝒚 + 𝝀𝟏 . 𝝏𝒚 + 𝝀𝟐 𝝏𝒚 ) 𝒋̅ + ( 𝝏𝒛 + 𝝀𝟏 . 𝝏𝒛 + 𝝀𝟐 𝝏𝒛 ) 𝒌

𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒈 𝝏𝒉
+ 𝝀𝟏 . 𝝏𝒙 + 𝝀𝟐 𝝏𝒙 = 𝟎 ………….(3)
𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒈 𝝏𝒉 ………….(4)
⟹ + 𝝀𝟏 . 𝝏𝒚 + 𝝀𝟐 𝝏𝒚 = 𝟎
𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒈 𝝏𝒉 ………….(5)
+ 𝝀𝟏 . 𝝏𝒛 + 𝝀𝟐 𝝏𝒛 = 𝟎}
𝝏𝒛

From these five equation , we get 𝒙 , 𝒚 , 𝒛 , 𝝀𝟏 , 𝝀𝟐

Put these value of 𝒙 , 𝒚 , 𝒛 in 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 , 𝒛 ) we get extreme value of 𝒇
Note : 𝝀𝟏 , 𝝀𝟐 are known as Lagrange’s undetermined multiplies
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐
Ex. 1 if 𝒍𝒙 + 𝒎𝒚 + 𝒏𝒛 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 = 𝟏 then prove that the extreme value of
𝒂𝟐

𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐 𝒍𝟐 𝒂𝟒 𝒎𝟐 𝒃𝟒 𝒏𝟐 𝒄 𝟒
u( 𝒙 , 𝒚 , 𝒛 ) = 𝒂𝟒 + 𝒃𝟒 + 𝒄𝟒 is given by + 𝟏−𝒃𝟐 .𝒖 + 𝟏−𝒄𝟐 .𝒖 = 𝟎
𝟏−𝒂𝟐 .𝒖

𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐
𝐮 = + 𝒃𝟒 + 𝒄𝟒
𝒂𝟒
Ans. here 𝐟 (𝒙 , 𝒚 , 𝒛 ) = 𝒍𝒙 + 𝒎𝒚 + 𝒏𝒛 = 𝟎 ………..(1)
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐
𝐡 ( 𝒙 ,𝒚 ,𝒛 ) = + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 − 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒂𝟐 }
For extreme value ,By Lagrange’s method :
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒉
+ 𝝀𝟏 . 𝝏𝒙 + 𝝀𝟐 𝝏𝒙 = 𝟎
𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒉
+ 𝝀𝟏 . 𝝏𝒚 + 𝝀𝟐 𝝏𝒚 = 𝟎
𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒉
+ 𝝀𝟏 . 𝝏𝒛 + 𝝀𝟐 𝝏𝒛 = 𝟎}
𝝏𝒛
 𝟐𝒙 𝟐𝒙
+ 𝝀𝟏 . 𝒍 + 𝝀𝟐 . 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟎 ………….(2)
𝒂𝟒 Page
𝟐𝒚 𝟐𝒚 ………….(3)
⟹ + 𝝀𝟏 . 𝒎 + 𝝀𝟐 . 𝒃𝟐 = 𝟎 18
𝒃𝟒
𝟐𝒛 𝟐𝒛 ………….(4)
+ 𝝀𝟏 . 𝒏 + 𝝀𝟐 . 𝒄𝟐 = 𝟎 }
𝒄𝟒

Multiplying eqn. (2) ,(3) ,(4) by 𝒙 , 𝒚 , 𝒛 receptively and adding them , we get
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐
2( 𝒂𝟒 + 𝒃𝟒 + 𝒄𝟒 ) + 𝝀𝟏 ( 𝒍𝒙 + 𝒎𝒚 + 𝒏𝒛 ) + 2 𝝀𝟐 ( 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 ) = 0

⟹ 2u + 𝝀𝟏 ( 0 ) + 𝟐𝝀𝟐 ( 1 ) = 0
⟹ 𝝀𝟐 = - u
Putting this value in eqn. (2) , (3 ), (4 ) we get
𝟐𝒙 𝟐𝒙 𝒖 𝟏
+ 𝝀𝟏 . 𝒍 − 𝒖. 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟎 𝝀𝟏 𝒍 = 𝟐𝒙[ 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒂𝟒 ]
𝒂𝟒
𝟐𝒚 𝟐𝒚 𝒖 𝟏
+ 𝝀𝟏 . 𝒎 − 𝒖. 𝒃𝟐 = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝝀𝟏 𝒎 = 𝟐𝒚[ 𝒃𝟐 − 𝒃𝟒 ]
𝒃𝟒
𝟐𝒛 𝟐𝒛 𝒖 𝟏
+ 𝝀𝟏 . 𝒏 − 𝒖. 𝒄𝟐 = 𝟎 } 𝝀𝟏 𝒏 = 𝟐𝒛[ 𝒄𝟐 − 𝒄𝟒 ] }
𝒄𝟒

𝒍𝒂𝟒 𝟐𝒙
= ………….(5)
𝒂𝟐 𝒖−𝟏 𝝀𝟏
𝒎𝒃𝟒 𝟐𝒚 ………….(6)
⟹ =
𝒃𝟐 𝒖−𝟏 𝝀𝟏
𝒏𝒄𝟒 𝟐𝒛 ………….(7)
=𝝀 }
𝒄𝟐 𝒖−𝟏 𝟏

Multiplying eqn. (5) ,(6) ,(7) by 𝒍 , 𝒎 , 𝒏 receptively and adding them , we get
𝒍𝟐 𝒂𝟒 𝒎𝟐 𝒃𝟒 𝒏𝟐 𝒄 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝒃𝟐 𝒖−𝟏 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒖−𝟏 = 𝝀 [ 𝒍𝒙 + 𝒎𝒚 + 𝒏𝒛 ] = 𝝀 [ 0 ] = 0
𝒂𝟐 𝒖−𝟏 𝟏 𝟏

𝒍𝟐 𝒂𝟒 𝒎𝟐 𝒃𝟒 𝒏𝟐 𝒄 𝟒
⟹ + 𝟏−𝒃𝟐 .𝒖 + 𝟏−𝒄𝟐 .𝒖 = 𝟎
𝟏−𝒂𝟐 .𝒖

Ex. 2 if a𝒙𝟐 + b𝒚𝟐 + c𝒛𝟐 + 2 𝒇𝒚𝒛 + 2g 𝒛𝒙 + 2h 𝒙𝒚 = 1 then prove that

The extreme value of u = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 is given by

𝟏
𝒂−𝒖 𝒉 𝒈
| 𝒉 𝟏
| 𝒃−𝒖 𝒇 || = 0
𝟏
𝒈 𝒇 𝒄−𝒖

Ans. here 𝑭(𝒙 , 𝒚 , 𝒛 ) = a𝒙𝟐 + b𝒚𝟐 + c𝒛𝟐 + 2𝒇 𝒚𝒛 + 2g 𝒛𝒙 + 2h 𝒙𝒚 - 1 = 0 and

u = 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛 𝟐
For extreme value ,By Lagrange’s method :
 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝑭
+ 𝝀𝟏 . 𝝏𝒙 = 𝟎
𝝏𝒙 𝟐𝒙 + 𝝀𝟏 [𝟐𝒂𝒙 + 𝟐𝒈𝒛 + 𝟐𝒉𝒚 ] = 𝟎 ………….(1) Page
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝑭
𝝏𝒚
+ 𝝀𝟏 . 𝝏𝒚 = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝟐𝒚 + 𝝀𝟏 [𝟐𝒃𝒚 + 𝟐𝒇𝒛 + 𝟐𝒉𝒙] = 𝟎 } ………….(2) 19
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝑭 𝟐𝒛 + 𝝀𝟏 [𝟐𝒄𝒛 + 𝟐𝒇𝒚 + 𝟐𝒈𝒙] = 𝟎 ………….(3)
+ 𝝀𝟏 . 𝝏𝒛 = 𝟎}
𝝏𝒛

Multiplying eqn. (1) ,(2) ,(3) by 𝒙 , 𝒚 , 𝒛 receptively and adding them , we get

2( 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 ) + 𝟐𝝀𝟏 [ a𝒙𝟐 + b𝒚𝟐 + c𝒛𝟐 + 2𝒇𝒚𝒛 + 2g 𝒛𝒙 + 2h 𝒙𝒚 ] = 0

⟹ u + 𝝀𝟏 [ 1 ] = 0 ⟹ 𝝀𝟏 = - u
Putting this value in eqn. (1) , (2 ), (3) we get
𝒙
− 𝒂𝒙 − 𝒈𝒛 − 𝒉𝒚 = 𝟎
𝟐𝒙 − 𝒖[𝟐𝒂𝒙 + 𝟐𝒈𝒛 + 𝟐𝒉𝒚 ] = 𝟎 𝒖
𝒚
𝟐𝒚 − 𝒖[𝟐𝒃𝒚 + 𝟐𝒇𝒛 + 𝟐𝒉𝒙] = 𝟎 } ⟹ − 𝒃𝒚 − 𝒇𝒛 − 𝒉𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒖
𝟐𝒛 − 𝒖[𝟐𝒄𝒛 + 𝟐𝒇𝒚 + 𝟐𝒈𝒙] = 𝟎 𝒛
− 𝒄𝒛 − 𝒇𝒚 − 𝒈𝒙 = 𝟎 }
𝒖
𝟏
(𝐚 − ) 𝒙 + 𝒉𝒚 + 𝒈𝒛 = 𝟎
𝒖
𝟏
⟹ 𝒉𝒙 + (𝒃 − 𝒖) 𝒚 + 𝒇𝒛 = 𝟎
𝟏
𝒈𝒙 + 𝒇𝒚 + (𝒄 − 𝒖) 𝒛 = 𝟎 }
𝟏
𝒂−𝒖 𝒉 𝒈
| 𝒉 𝟏
⟹ | 𝒃−𝒖 𝒇 || = 0
𝟏
𝒈 𝒇 𝒄−𝒖

Ex. 3 if 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟔 then find the extreme value of u = 𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟑 by Lagrange’s method

Ans. here u = 𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟑 , 𝒇(𝒙 , 𝒚 , 𝒛 ) = 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 − 𝟔 = 0

For extreme value ,By Lagrange’s method :
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒇
+ 𝝀𝟏 . 𝝏𝒙 = 𝟎
𝝏𝒙 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟑 + 𝝀𝟏 (𝟏) = 𝟎 ………….(1)
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒇 𝟑
+ 𝝀𝟏 . 𝝏𝒚 = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒛 + 𝝀𝟏 (𝟏) = 𝟎 } ………….(2)
𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒇 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐 + 𝝀𝟏 (𝟏) = 𝟎 ………….(3)
+ 𝝀𝟏 . 𝝏𝒛 = 𝟎}
𝝏𝒛

Multiplying eqn. (1) ,(2) ,(3) by 𝒙 , 𝒚 , 𝒛 receptively and adding them , we get

𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟑 + 2 𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟑 + 3 𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟑 + 𝝀𝟏 [ 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 ] = 0

⟹ u + 2u + 3u + 𝝀𝟏 (6) = 0 ( ∵ 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟔 )
⟹ 6u + 𝝀𝟏 .6 = 0 ⟹ 𝝀𝟏 = - u
 Putting this value in eqn. (1) , (2 ), (3 ) we get
Page
𝒚𝟐 𝒛 𝟑 − 𝒖 = 𝟎 𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟑 − 𝒙𝒖 = 𝟎 𝒖 − 𝒙𝒖 = 𝟎 20
𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒛𝟑 − 𝒖 = 𝟎 } ⟹ 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟑 − 𝒚𝒖 = 𝟎} ⟹ 𝟐𝒖 − 𝒚𝒖 = 𝟎}
𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒖 = 𝟎 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟑 − 𝒛𝒖 = 𝟎 𝟑𝒖 − 𝒛𝒖 = 𝟎

∴ 𝒙=1,𝒚=2,𝒛=3
∴ u has a extreme value at ( 1 , 2, 3 )

Here u = 𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟑 ⟹ u = ( 6 - 𝒚 − 𝒛 ) 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟑 (∵ 𝒙+𝒚+𝒛=𝟔 ) H.W.

Hint : r = 𝒖𝒚𝒚 , t = 𝒖𝒛𝒛 , s = 𝒖𝒚𝒛 , similarly as Ex. 4 , page 13

Ex. 4 Most Imp.: 𝑷𝟒 Find the point with in a triangle such that the sum of squares of
Its distance From the sides of the triangle is minimum , where area of triangle is given .
A
Ans.

F E
c 𝒛 𝒚 b
Suppose P( 𝒙 , 𝒚 , 𝒛 ) and
P(𝒙 , 𝒚 , 𝒛 )
̅̅̅̅ , 𝑷𝑬
̅̅̅̅̅ ⊥ 𝑩𝑪 ̅̅̅̅ , 𝑷𝑭
̅̅̅̅ ⊥ 𝑪𝑨 ̅̅̅̅ ⊥ 𝑨𝑩
̅̅̅̅ ,
𝐟𝒙
(𝒙 , 𝒚 , 𝒛 )𝐟 (𝒙 𝑷𝑫

PD = , PE = 𝒚 , PF = 𝒛
B a D C
Here u = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 , ∆ = ∆𝑷𝑩𝑪 + ∆𝑷𝑪𝑨 + ∆𝑷𝑨𝑩
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
⟹ ∆ = . 𝒂𝒙 + . 𝒃𝒚 + 𝟐 . 𝒄𝒛 ⟹ 𝟐∆ = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒄𝒛
𝟐 𝟐

∴ u = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 and 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 , 𝒛 ) = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒄𝒛 - 2 ∆
For extreme value ,By Lagrange’s method :
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒇
+ 𝝀𝟏 . 𝝏𝒙 = 𝟎
𝝏𝒙 𝟐𝒙 + 𝝀𝟏 (𝒂) = 𝟎 ………….(1)
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒇
+ 𝝀𝟏 . 𝝏𝒚 = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝟐𝒚 + 𝝀𝟏 (𝒃) = 𝟎 } ………….(2) ( ∵ ∆ = constant )
𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒇 𝟐𝒛 + 𝝀𝟏 (𝐜) = 𝟎 ………….(3)
+ 𝝀𝟏 . 𝝏𝒛 = 𝟎}
𝝏𝒛

Multiplying eqn. (1) ,(2) ,(3) by 𝒙 , 𝒚 , 𝒛 receptively and adding them , we get

2( 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 ) + 𝝀𝟏 ( 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + cz ) = 0
𝒖
⟹ 2.u + 𝝀𝟏 ( 2∆ ) = 0 ⟹ 𝝀𝟏 = - ∆
Putting this value in eqn. (1) , (2 ), (3 ) we get
 𝒖 𝒂𝒖
𝟐𝒙 − ∆ (𝐚) = 𝟎 𝒙 = 𝟐∆ Page
𝒖 𝒃𝒖
𝟐𝒚 − ∆ (𝒃) = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝒚 = 𝟐∆ ………..(4) 21
𝒖 𝒄𝒖
𝟐𝒛 − ∆ (𝐜) = 𝟎 } 𝒛 = 𝟐∆
}
𝒖𝟐 𝟒∆𝟐
Now u = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 ⟹ u = 𝟒∆𝟐 [ 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 ] ⟹ u= 𝒂𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 +𝒄𝟐

𝒂 𝟒∆𝟐 𝟐∆𝒂
∴ From eqn. (4) 𝒙 = 𝟐∆. [ 𝒂𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 +𝒄𝟐 ] = 𝒂𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 +𝒄𝟐
𝟐∆𝒃 𝟐∆𝒄
Similarly 𝒚 = , 𝒛 = 𝒂𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 +𝒄𝟐
𝒂𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 +𝒄𝟐
𝟐∆
∴ at P ( ka , kb , kc ) where k = 𝒂𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 +𝒄𝟐 , u has extreme value

Here u ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 , 𝒛 ) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 and 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒄𝒛 = 2 ∆
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝒂
⟹ 𝒖𝒙 = 2𝒙 + 𝟐𝒛. 𝝏𝒙 , 𝒂(𝟏) + 𝟎 + 𝒄. 𝝏𝒙 = 𝟎 ⟹ =-𝒄
𝝏𝒙
𝒂
= 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒛 . (- 𝒄 )
𝟐𝒂𝒛
⟹ 𝒖𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙 - 𝒄

𝟐𝒂 𝝏𝒛 𝟐𝒂 𝒂 𝟐𝒂𝟐
∴ r = 𝒖𝒙𝒙 = 2 - . 𝝏𝒙 = 2 - .(- 𝒄 ) ⟹ r = 𝒖𝒙𝒙 = 2 + > 0
𝒄 𝒄 𝒄𝟐

𝟐𝒃𝟐 𝟐𝒂𝒃
Similarly t = 𝒖𝒚𝒚 = 2 + , s= H.W.
𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟐

𝟐𝒂𝟐 𝟐𝒃𝟐 𝟒𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝟒𝒃𝟐 𝟒𝒂𝟐 𝟒𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝟒𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐

Now r.t - 𝒔𝟐 = [2 + ].[ 2 + ]- = 4+ + + -
𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟒 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟒 𝒄𝟒

𝟒𝒃𝟐 𝟒𝒂𝟐 𝟐𝒂𝟐

⟹ r.t - 𝒔𝟐 = 4 + + > 0 and r = 2 + > 0
𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟐
𝟐∆
⟹ u ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 , 𝒛 ) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 has minimum value at P ( ka , kb , kc ) where k = 𝒂𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 +𝒄𝟐

And minimum value = 𝒌𝟐 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒌𝟐 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒌𝟐 𝒄𝟐

= 𝒌𝟐 [ 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 ]
𝟒∆𝟐 𝟒∆𝟐
= (𝒂𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 +𝒄𝟐 )𝟐 [ 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 ] = 𝒂𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 +𝒄𝟐

Ex. 5 Most Imp.: 𝑷𝟓 Show that equilateral triangle have largest area in all triangles ,
with given perimeter
Ans. let 𝒙 , 𝒚 , 𝒛 be length of sides of ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪 , 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟐𝒔 = constant

Area of ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪 is ∆ = √𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒙)(𝒔 − 𝒚)(𝒔 − 𝒛)

 Suppose u = 𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒙)(𝒔 − 𝒚)(𝒔 − 𝒛) and 𝒇 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 , 𝒛 ) = 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 − 𝟐𝒔 = 𝟎
Page
For extreme value ,By Lagrange’s method : 22
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒇
+ 𝝀𝟏 . 𝝏𝒙 = 𝟎 ………….(1)
𝝏𝒙 −𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒚)(𝒔 − 𝒛) + 𝝀𝟏 (𝟏) = 𝟎
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒇
+ 𝝀𝟏 . 𝝏𝒚 = 𝟎 ⟹ −𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒙)(𝒔 − 𝒛) + 𝝀𝟏 (𝟏) = 𝟎 } ………….(2)
𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒇 −𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒙)(𝒔 − 𝒚) + 𝝀𝟏 (𝟏) = 𝟎 ………….(3)
+ 𝝀𝟏 . 𝝏𝒛 = 𝟎}
𝝏𝒛

Multiplying eqn. (1) ,(2) ,(3) by 𝒔 − 𝒙 , 𝒔 − 𝒚 , 𝒔 − 𝒛 receptively , we get

−𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒙)(𝒔 − 𝒚)(𝒔 − 𝒛) + 𝝀𝟏 (𝐬 − 𝒙) = 𝟎 −𝒖 + 𝝀𝟏 (𝐬 − 𝒙) = 𝟎 ……….(4)
−𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒙)(𝒔 − 𝒚)(𝒔 − 𝒛) + 𝝀𝟏 (𝐬 − 𝐲) = 𝟎} ⟹ −𝒖 + 𝝀𝟏 (𝐬 − 𝐲) = 𝟎} ……….(5)
−𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒙)(𝒔 − 𝒚)(𝒔 − 𝒛) + 𝝀𝟏 (𝐬 − 𝐳) = 𝟎 −𝒖 + 𝝀𝟏 (𝐬 − 𝐳) = 𝟎 ……….(6)

Adding eqn. (4) ,(5 ),(6) and we get

-3u + 𝝀𝟏 [𝟑𝒔 − (𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛)] = 𝟎 ⟹ - 3u + 𝝀𝟏 [ 𝟑𝒔 − 𝟐𝒔 ] = 𝟎

𝟑𝒖
⟹ - 3u + 𝝀𝟏 (𝒔) = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝝀𝟏 = 𝒔

Put this value in eqn. (4) , we get

𝟑𝒖 𝟐𝒔 𝟐𝒔
−𝒖 + (𝐬 − 𝒙) = 𝟎 ⟹ - s + 3( 𝒔 − 𝒙 ) = 0 ⟹ 𝒙 = similarly 𝒚 = 𝒛 =
𝒔 𝟑 𝟑

Now u = 𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒙)(𝒔 − 𝒚)(𝒔 − 𝒛) and 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟐𝒔

𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
⟹ 𝒖𝒙 = −𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒚)(𝒔 − 𝒛) + 𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒙)(𝒔 − 𝒚)(− 𝝏𝒙 ) , 1 + 0 + 𝝏𝒙 = 0 ⟹ =-1
𝝏𝒙

= −𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒚)(𝒔 − 𝒛) + 𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒙)(𝒔 − 𝒚)

= 𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒚)[−(𝒔 − 𝒛) + (𝒔 − 𝒙)]

𝒖𝒙 = 𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒚)(𝒛 − 𝒙)
𝝏𝒛
⟹ r = 𝒖𝒙𝒙 = 𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒚)(𝝏𝒙 − 𝟏) = 𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒚)(−𝟏 − 𝟏) ⟹ 𝒓 = −𝟐𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒚)

Similarly t = 𝒖𝒚𝒚 = −𝟐𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒙) ⟹ 𝒕 = −𝟐𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒙)

𝝏𝒛
Now S = 𝒖𝒙𝒚 = 𝒔(𝟎 − 𝟏)(𝒛 − 𝒙) + 𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒚)(𝝏𝒚 − 𝟎)

= −𝒔(𝒛 − 𝒙) + 𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒚)(−𝟏)

= −𝒔[(𝒛 − 𝒙) + (𝒔 − 𝒚) ] ⟹ S = −𝒔[(𝒛 − 𝒙) + (𝒔 − 𝒚) ]
𝟐𝒔
∴ for 𝒙 = 𝒚 = 𝒛 = :
𝟑

𝟐𝒔 𝟐𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒔𝟐
𝒓 = −𝟐𝒔 (𝒔 − )⟹ r=- and Similarly t = -
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
 𝟐𝒔 𝟐𝒔 𝟐𝒔 𝒔 𝒔𝟐
S = −𝒔[( 𝟑 − ) + (𝒔 − )]=-s( ) =- Page
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
23
𝟐𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒔𝟐 𝒔𝟒 𝟒𝒔𝟒 𝒔𝟒 𝒔𝟒 𝟐𝒔𝟐
Now r.t - 𝑺𝟐 = [- ][ - ]- = - = > 0 and r = - <0
𝟑 𝟑 𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟑 𝟑
𝟐𝒔
Area u is maximum for 𝒙 = 𝒚 = 𝒛 = 𝟑

∴ equilateral triangle have largest area

The End