Universal Public School A-Block,Preet Vihar,Delhi-92

Class:IX Chapter Notes Subject: Chemistry

Lesson No. & Name- 1: Matter in our Surroundings

Everything around us is matter.

Matter is anything that occupies space, has mass and can be perceived by our
senses.

In other words, “Matter is used to cover all the substances and materials from which
the universe is made.”

For example: chair, table, computer, mouse, keyboard, dog, cat, cow, pencil, tree, plant,
building, mountain, river, etc.

Constituents of Matter
According to the early Indian philosophers, every living and non-living thing is made of five
basic elements called the Panchtatava – Air, Water, Earth, Sky, and Fire. Therefore,
matter is a composition of these five constituents.

Presently, scientists classify matter of the basis of their physical and chemical properties as:

On the basis of physical properties- Matter is classified as soild,liquid and gas.

On the basis of chemical properties: Matter is classified as Elements, Compounds and

Mixtures

Is matter continuous or particulate?

Matter is particulate in nature. This means that matter consists of particles. For Example, If
we put a drop of red color in water the color of the water turns red. This happens because
the particles of red color mix with the particles of water.

Properties of Matter -
 Matter is made up of particles.
 These particles are very small in size.
 These particles are moving constantly.
 These particles have spaces between them.
 Particles of matter attract each other because of force of attraction.
Particles of Matter have spaces between them
Have you ever wondered what causes salt to get dissolved in water?
Salt gets dissolved in water because their particles have spaces between them. The particles
of the salt get in between the spaces between the particles of water and a mixture is formed.

Particles of Matter are continuously moving

Particles are continuously moving

Particles of matter are in motion all the time. Hence, they possess kinetic energy.
 Kinetic Energy is the energy possessed by an object due to motion. The kinetic
energy of particles also increases on heating.

The particles of a matter intermix on their own with other particles of a matter. For
Example, Salt in water, Various gases in the air, Ink in water.

The particles of matter are in Brownian Motion.

Brownian motion is the random motion of particles suspended in a fluid resulting from
their collision with the fast-moving molecules in the fluid.

Diffusion -The process of mixing of two substances due to Brownian motion of

particles is called Diffusion.
 As temperature increases, Brownian motion increases and diffusion becomes fast.
 Diffusion takes place from higher concentration to lower concentration.
 It is a natural process.
 It takes place in solid, liquid and gases.
Examples of Diffusion:

 If a bottle of perfume is opened in one corner of a room, it spreads in the whole room
by diffusion.
 If we drop a little ink in a beaker of water, it will spread by itself in the beaker of water
and the color spreads uniformly due to diffusion
States of Matter
Now we know that particles of matter have a force of attraction between them. Based on this
criterion, we can say that matter is present in three different states: solid state, liquid state,
and gaseous state.

Solid State
 Solids are the objects that have these three properties:
o They have a specific shape.

o They have distinct boundaries.

o They have a volume.

 There is less kinetic energy among the particles in solids. They are generally arranged in
an order. Thus they possess a fixed shape. They cannot be compressed.

 The force of attraction is the maximum among the particles of solids. There is not much
space between the particles. Therefore, they cannot be compressed.

The Liquid State

o Liquids have the following properties:

 Liquids have a fixed volume

 Liquids do not have a fixed shape.

o The force of attraction in liquid particles is less than solids. Therefore, there is a space
between the particles of liquids and they can flow easily. They cannot be compressed.
That is why they are also called fluids.
o Particles of liquids arrange each other is not fixed. You might have seen that liquids take
the shape of the container in which we put them. This is because the particles of liquids
have a high kinetic energy, they always keep on moving.

Can other matter diffuse into liquids?

 Yes, other matter can diffuse into liquids whether it is solids, liquids, or gases. This is so
because there is a space between the particles of liquid so particles of other matter can
slip into those spaces.
 Diffusing solids into liquids: Mixing sugar in tea 
 Diffusing liquids into liquids: Mixing ink in water
 Diffusing gases into liquids: The presence of oxygen and carbon dioxide in water

The Gaseous State

 Gases have the following properties:
o They do not have a fixed volume.
o They do not have a fixed shape. 
 The particles of gases have the least or almost no force of attraction between them.
Therefore, the particles have a large number of spaces between them and they can freely
move in any direction.
 Particles of gases can be easily compressed and put into a small container, unlike solids
and liquids.
 Since there is a lot of space between the particles, different gases can diffuse into each
other easily.
 The kinetic energy between the particles is the maximum in the case of gases. Therefore,
the particles move around freely at high speed and there is no fixed shape of gases.

Comparison of Three States of Matter

Solid Liquid Gas

Definite shape Indefinite shape Indefinite shape

Definite volume Definite volume Indefinite volume

Less forces of attraction Negligible force of
Maximum force of attraction
between particles compare to attraction between
between particles
solid particles
Cannot be compressed Cannot be compressed Can be compressed

They are rigid They are fluids They are fluids

Kinetic energy of particles is Kinetic energy of particles is Kinetic energy of particles
minimum more than solid is maximum
Particles cannnot move
Particles can slide over one
rather they vibrate only at Particles can move freely
another
their fixed  position
Highest density Density is lower than solid Lowest denisty

Cannot flow Flow Flow

 Rigidity: It is the property of a substance to resist any deformation like change in shape,
being compressed etc. Solids have high rigidity, liquids have less rigidity and gases have
no rigidity.

Fluidity: It is the ability of a substance to flow easily.

Can Matter Change its State?

Water exists in three states:

Ice – solid

Water – liquid

Water Vapor – Gas

This is an indication that matter can change its states.

By changing temperature and pressure, state of matter can be changed.

Effect of Change of Temperature

What happens to matter when we heat it?
1. Solids:
As we heat solids, the kinetic energy between the particles of solids increases which
decreases the force of attraction between them.They start vibrating and changing their
positions. Slowly, due to heat the particles become free and a solid converts into liquid.

 Melting Point – The temperature at which solid melts to become a liquid at atmospheric
pressure. Different substances have different melting points. Higher melting point means
large force of attraction between particles. For Example, the melting point of ice is 273.16
Kelvin.
 Fusion – The process of melting of a solid into liquid is called Fusion.

In the melting process, once a solid starts melting, its temperature does not increase further.
So where does all the heat go? The heat present in the solid at time of melting is used by the
particles to overcome the force of attraction between each other. The heat energy is
therefore considered as hidden.

 Latent Heat – The heat energy which is used to break the force of attraction between the
particles of matter is known as latent heat. Since the heat is hidden therefore it is called
as Latent Heat.
 Latent Heat of Fusion – The amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg of a solid
into liquid at atmospheric pressure at its melting point is known as the Latent Heat of
Fusion.

2. Liquids:
 Just like in solids, the kinetic energy of particles of liquid increases on heating, the force of
attraction among them decreases and they start moving freely. As we keep on supplying
the heat, a point comes when the particles overcome the forces of attraction completely.
This is when a liquid starts changing into gas.

 Boiling Point - The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling at the atmospheric
pressure is known as its Boiling Point. For Example, The boiling point of water is 373
Kelvin.
 Latent Heat of Vaporization – The amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg of a
liquid into a gas at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point is known as Latent Heat of
Vaporization.

What happens when we decrease the temperature?

1. Gases:
The kinetic energy between the particles decreases and they turn into a liquid state.

 Condensation / Liquefaction – The process of converting a gas into a liquid by cooling

down its temperature. For Example, The formation of clouds is due to condensation of
water vapour from Earth.

2. Liquids:
The kinetic energy between the particles decreases and they turn into a solid state. For
Example, The formation of ice.

 Sublimation – Change of state of a solid directly into gas without going through the liquid
state is known as sublimation. For Example, Camphor is a solid that directly evaporates
into the air without changing to a liquid state.Such substances, which go under
sublimation, are known as sublime.
For example – camphor, naphthalene balls, ammonium chloride, iodine, dry ice, etc.

 Deposition: Deposition or desublimation is the phase change from gas directly to solid,
with no intermediate liquid phase. Desublimation is the reverse process of sublimation.

Therefore, by increasing or decreasing the temperature we can change the states of matter
into one another. 
Measurement of Temperature -
Different units can be used to measure the temperature in different scales. Most known units
of measurements are Kelvin and Degree Celsius.
Kelvin -
 Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature. The symbol of Kelvin is ‘K’. Degree symbol ( o )is
not used.
 The scale of Kelvin is used widely because of its many advantages over degree
Celsius. In Kelvin scale, temperatures are written in positive usually.
 273 K is defined as the freezing or melting point of ice.
 373 K is defined as the boiling point of water.
 At Kelvin scale -273 K is considered as the absolute zero temperature.
Degree Celsius-
 Degree Celsius is written as “oC” and read as degree Celsius.
 0oC (zero degree Celsius) has been defined for the freezing point of water.
 100oC (hundred degree Celsius) has been defined for the boiling point of water.
Temperature in K = Temperature in oC + 273

Effect of change of Pressure

By applying pressure, we can bring the particles of matter close to each other thereby,
increasing the force of attraction among the particles. Generally, as solids and liquids are
non-compressible , there is no effect of pressure on solids and liquids.

 When we compress and decrease the temperature of a gas, the gas changes into a liquid.
Dry Ice – Carbon dioxide in solid form is known as Dry Ice. It can directly turn into gas by
decreasing the pressure to 1 atmosphere.
 Evaporation
We already know that –
o Particles of matter are never at rest
o Particles of matter possess different amounts of kinetic energy

The particles of liquids have more kinetic energy. Therefore, they are able to overcome
the forces of attraction and convert into vapour without any external forces.

Evaporation – The phenomenon of change of a liquid into vapours at any given

temperature below its boiling point is called Evaporation. Evaporation takes place only at
the surface of liquid. Evaporation takes place even at room temperature also. Evaporation
speeds up with rise in temperature.Evaporation is different than boiling.

Factors affecting Evaporation -

1. Temperature- Evaporation increases with increase in temperature and decreases

with decrease in temperature. This means rate of evaporation is directly proportional
to the temperature.

With increase in temperature, the particles of liquid at surface having high kinetic
energy overcome the force of attraction between them and escape in air quickly.
Hence, the increase in temperature increases the rate of evaporation

2. Surface area-Evaporation increases with the increase in surface area. If the surface

area is increased, then the amount is of liquid that is exposed to air is larger. More
molecules can escape with a wider surface area. For e.g. We spread out clothes to dry.
We do that because that speeds up the process of vaporization.

3. Humidity- Evaporation increases with a decrease in humidity.

Humidity means the amount of vapor present in the air. Because of more water vapors
present in air, the water holding capacity of atmosphere decreases; which decrease
the rate of evaporation. If air is dry then it can holds more water. Thus in dry air, rate
of evaporation increases.

4. Wind- Evaporation increases with an increase in the speed of wind .

Particles of vapor move away when the speed of wind increases. This leads to a
decrease in the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. For example, we use hand
dryers to dry our hands. Here the wind is expelled from the hand dryer which dries our
hand.

Evaporation Causes Cooling

The process of evaporation uses the energy of the liquid particles. Therefore, the particles
absorb energy from the surroundings in order to compensate the energy that is being lost in
the process of evaporation. This results in cooling of the surrounding area.

 Earthen Pot (Pitcher):The earthen pot has minute pores through which water seeps
out and droplets of water deposit on outer surface of pot. When this water
evaporates, it takes latent heat from pot and water inside. So water inside cools
down.
 Tea in Saucer: When tea is put in saucer, evaporation is faster due to more surface
area. This cools tea faster and makes it easier to drink.

 Why people wear cotton clothes in summer?

We perspire more in summer. As the sweat evaporates it takes energy from our body
surface and keeps our body cool. Cotton can absorb the sweat easily and exposes it
to the atmosphere causing evaporation to take place easily. This, in turn, keeps us
cool in summer days.

 Why water droplets appear on the surroundings of a glass with ice-cold water?
There are water vapours present in the air. When they come in contact with the walls
of the glass that has ice-cold water in it they condense. As a result, their state
changes from gaseous state to liquid state thus forming tiny water droplets on the
walls of the glass.

Difference between Evaporation and Boiling

EVAPORATION BOILING

Evaporation is the phenomenon change of Boiling is the phenomenon change of liquid

liquid into vapours at temperature below its into vapours at a certain(fixed) temperature
boiling point. i.e at its boiling point.

Surface phenomenon as it takes place only Bulk phenomenon as it takes place

from the exposed surface of the liquid throughout the liquid

Slow process Rapid Process

No bubbles are formed Bubbles are formed

Energy is supplied from the atmosphere or External source of energy is needed for
surrounding boiling to happen.