Welcome all the Genius Brains

to the course

Course Code: FCEC003

Course Title: Electronics & Electrical Engineering
Faculty: Dr. Avinash Kumar
Assistant Professor (Electrical Engineering)
 About the Course
THEORY ASSESSMENT PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT
MODE CA MS ES CA ES
PERCENTAGE 15 15 40 15 15

Course Outcomes:
1. To understand the basics of AC and DC circuits,
transformers along with DC generator and motor
2. To analyze series-parallel RLC circuits and
3. To implement basic circuits using diodes, BJTs and op-
amps as circuit elements
4. To get familiarized with OP-AMP and its applications
5. To develop circuits using basic electrical and
electronic components
SYLLABUS
SYLLABUS
SYLLABUS
 Suggested Books

5. Nagrath and Kothari, “Basic Electrical Engineering”, TMH publishers

 Let Us Start
• Unit-I
• Electric Circuits: Basic Circuit Elements, Nodal and
Loop Analysis - 2 Lectures

• Few questions before we begin:

1. Difference between Electronics and Electrical
2. Is there any difference in Circuit and Network
3. What are basic Circuit Elements
4. Which of the methods of Circuit Analysis we
have heard so far
Difference between Electronics and Electrical

Electronics Electrical
Electrons flow is controlled at Electrons flow cannot be
the atomic level controlled
Semi-conductors Conductors
Does not follow Ohm’s law Follows Ohm’s law
Non-Linear Elements Linear Elements
Usually low amount of Power Usually High power
required, like LED Tv, Mobile applications, like AC, Motors
2 types of Charge carriers, Only one type of Charge
Electrons as well as Holes carrier i.e. Electrons
Diode, Transistors (BJT, FET Resistance, Capacitor,
etc) Inductor, Motor, Generator
Half of Unit III, Unit IV and V Unit I, II and half of III
 Is there any difference in Circuit
and Network
• Yes.
• In Circuit we have all the paths closed and
current flows through all the circuit elements
but in Network there may be one or more
paths which are not closed.
• It means every circuit is a Network.
• When all the open paths of a Network are
make closed then it is known as a Circuit.
 What are basic Circuit Elements
Electrical Circuits:
(a) Passive Elements (Energy dissipated or stored)
• Resistance - R
• Inductance – L
• Capacitor – C
(b) Active Elements (Produces Electrical Energy
for sufficiently long time)
• Sources (DC and AC)
Electronics Circuits:
• Diodes, BJT, Dependent Sources (CDCS, CDVS,
VDCS, VDVS)
Different methods of Circuit Analysis
Already studied
• Ohm’s Law (i = v/r)
• Series (same current; Req = R1+R2+R3…)
Parallel (same voltage; 1/Req =
1/R1+1/R2+1/R3…)
• But, we have third case also; Neither series
nor parallel (more than 90% of questions)
• Due to this third case we need various other
methods of circuit analysis.
Different methods of Circuit Analysis

Will Study Next

• Nodal Analysis
• Mesh Analysis
• Superposition Theorem
• Thevenin’s Theorem
• Norton’s Theorem
• Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
 Nodal Analysis
• In this method we take Node voltages (instead
of branch currents) as variables and write
equations in them using Ohm’s law, KCL and
KVL
• What are Nodes and Nodal voltages?
• Nodes are all the points of circuit where two
or more branches are connected and those
points have a different potentials.
• Voltages of different nodes are known as
Nodal voltage
Steps to solve a circuit using Nodal Analysis
• Identify all the nodes (points of different
potentials) of a circuit
• Assign each node an unknown Nodal Voltage
• Take one of the node as reference node and
consider its voltage as 0 V
• Write current equations at all the nodes in
terms of Nodal Voltages such that KCL is
satisfied
• Try to write as many equations as many Nodal
voltage variables we have
• Solve those equations and find the variables
Circuit solution using Nodal Analysis
Find voltage V across 20 ohm resistance using Nodal Analysis?

Here A and C have same voltage, so only one nodal voltage for both the points.
Similarly, points B, D, F and H also have same voltages. So, all these points are a
single node. This Nodal voltage will be taken as reference at 0 V. So, we have
total 3 unknown Nodal voltages viz. Vc, Ve and Vg. For which we need total 3
equations. These 3 equations can be framed as follows and solved.

(Vc-Vd)/5+ (Vc-Ve)/10 = 1033333333..(i)

(Ve-Vc)/10 + (Ve-Vd)/20 + (Ve-Vg)/30 = 0333(ii)

Vg = Vd + 100333333333333333(iii)

Finally, V = Ve – Vf Solve and bring in next class. Ans = 44V

 Mesh Analysis
• In this method we take Mesh Currents in
different meshes (instead of branch currents)
as variables and write equations in them using
Ohm’s law, KCL and KVL such that total
potential drop in any closed loop is always 0.
• What are Meshes and Mesh Currents?
• A smallest closed loop of a circuit is known as
Mesh, which doesn’t have any other smaller
loop inside it. We assume that in every mesh
there will be an unknown Mesh current.
Steps to solve a circuit using Mesh Analysis
• Identify all the meshes of the circuit and take an
unknown/ variable mesh current I1, I2, I3… etc in different
meshes. Take all the mesh currents in same direction
(say clockwise)
• Consider one mesh at a time and write equation for that
particular mesh using KVL
• For writing equation consider all the resistances present
in the mesh and add them up then multiply with the
mesh current
• Next find the resistance of the branch common to the
considered mesh and any adjacent mesh. Multiply this
branch resistance with adjacent mesh current and write
with negative sign.
 Steps to solve a circuit using Mesh Analysis
• Next write the voltages of the sources present in the
considered mesh such that if the polarity of the source
supports the mesh current then it is with positive sign
and if it opposes the mesh current then it is written
with negative sign. Write it on the opposite side of
equality sign. If we have a current source then
consider a variable voltage v across it.
• If a current source is present in a branch then equate
the net mesh current in the branch equal to the
magnitude of current source present in the branch.
• In this way write all the terms of equation and sum of
all the terms should be zero. Solve the equations.
 Circuit solution using Mesh Analysis
Find voltage V across 20 ohm resistance using Mesh Analysis?
As shown clearly, here we have
3 meshes (smallest loops) and
3 mesh currents have been
shown as I1, I2, I3. Hence, we
have to write 3 equations one
for each mesh. Let us write
equation for different loops one
by one taking one at a time.
5I1 – 5I2 = v’ 333.3333..(i) v’ is variable voltage across current source

(5+10+20)I2 - 5I1 – 20I3 = 0 3.(ii) no source present in the mesh 2

(20+30)I3 – 20I2 = -100 333(iii) source polarity opposes mesh current for mesh 3

I1 = 10 333(iv) equating mesh current with current source in branch AB

Hence, we have got 4 equations in 4 variables. Solve and get the variables.

Finally, v = (I2-I3)*20 Bring answer in next class Ans = 44 V

 Superposition Theorem
• It is another way of circuit analysis, applicable only when we have
more than one independent sources present in the circuit.
• In this method we consider only one source at a time and remove
all the other independent sources (by short circuiting the voltage
source and open circuiting the current source). However,
dependent sources will be treated as circuit element.
• Then we solve the circuit and find out the desired response (as
asked voltage / current in a branch) due to the action of first
source only
• In this way we consider each independent source one by one
taking only one at a time and find the desired response due to
each independent source individually.
• Finally we superimpose all the individual responses by taking
algebraic sum of all the responses. It will be the final response
when all the sources are present together as in the given circuit.
Circuit solution using Superposition Theorem
Find voltage V across 20 ohm resistance using Superposition Theorem?

Here we have 2 independent

sources present in the circuit,
first one is a current source of
10A and second one is a voltage
source of 100V. So, we will
redraw the circuit by taking only
one source at a time.

In this circuit only the first source has In this circuit only the second source
been considered and second source has been considered and first source
(voltage source) has been removed by (current source) has been removed by
short circuiting it. We have to solve open circuiting it. We have to solve
this circuit and find the desired this circuit and find the desired
response v due to first source only. response v due to second source only.
Circuit solution using Superposition Theorem

Case (i) Only first source is taken: Case (ii) Only second source is taken:
Here 10 A current will get divided in Here 10 ohm is in series with 5 ohm
two parts. One part has 5 ohm and the combination is in parallel with
resistance and the other part has 10 20 ohm. Hence, their equivalent is,
ohm in series with the parallel 15*20/35 = 8.57 ohms
combination of 20 and 30 ohms; i.e. Now, this is in series with 30 ohm.
10+ (20*30/50) = 22 ohm So, current through 30 ohm is,
So, current through 10 ohm is, 100/(30+8.57) = 2.59 A
10*5/(5+22) = 1.85 A Now, this current will divide in two
Now, this current will divide in two parts in 20 and 15 ohms.
parts in 20 and 30 ohms. So, current So, current in 20 ohm is,
in 20 ohm is,1.85*30/(30+20) = 1.11 A 2.59*15/(15+20) = 1.11 A
Hence, v = 1.11*20 = 22.2 V Hence, v = 1.11*20 = 22.2 V
Hence, we get net response by superimposing these
two individual responses. So, v = 22.2+22.2 = 44.4 V
 Thevenin’s Theorem
• Thevenin’s Theorem is yet another tool of circuit
analysis. It is helpful when we have a variable resistance
across a branch and we are interested in finding the
response (voltage/ current) through that variable
resistance.
• Using Thevenin’s theorem we convert the whole
remaining circuit (except the variable resistance branch)
between those 2 points into a series combination of
equivalent Thevenin’s voltage Vth and Thevenin’s
resistance Rth between the two points
• Finally, we connect the variable resistance between the
two points in the new circuit and calculate the desired
response for the variable resistance.
Steps to solve a circuit using Thevenin’s Theorem

This is the actual circuit in which To find out Thevenin’s equivalent circuit we
variable resistance has been remove the variable resistance and find out
connected between the branch EF the open circuit voltage. It gives Thevenin’s
Equivalent voltage Vth. Next we find the
equivalent resistance between the two open
circuited points. It gives Thevenin’s
Equivalent Resistance Rth.

Finally, we connect
the variable
Hence, we get the Thevenin’s resistance branch
Equivalent circuit between the two in the Thevenin’s
open circuited points by connecting Equivalent circuit
Vth and Rth in series as shown and calculate the
response.
 Circuit solution using Thevenin’s Theorem
Find voltage V across 20 ohm resistance using Thevenin’s Theorem?

Here, let i current is flowing in CE

First of all open circuit the variable branch then 10-i will flow in CD
resistance branch and find open circuited branch.
voltage and resistance between the two So, (10+30)i+100 = 5(10-i)
points of open circuit So, i = -50/45
Hence, Vth = Voc = VEF = 30i+100
In order to find out the = 200/3 V
equivalent resistance
between the open Here 10 and 5 ohm are in
circuited points we series and 30 ohm is in
need to short circuit all parallel to them if we look
the voltage sources for open circuit EF.
and open circuit all the Hence, Rth = Roc =
current sources (10+5)*30/(10+30+5) = 10
ohm
Circuit solution using Thevenin’s Theorem

Hence, we can find the current

through the variable resistance RL
using Thevenin’s equivalent circuit.

Such that i = Vth / (Rth +RL)

For the present case
Vth = 200/3 V (calculated)
Rth = 10 ohm (calculated)
RL = 20 ohm (given)

Hence, i = (200/3)/(10+20) = 20/9 A

So, v = ir = 20/9*20 = 44.4 V
 Norton’s Theorem
• Norton’s Theorem is another tool of circuit analysis
similar to Thevenin’s Theorem. It is helpful when we
have a variable resistance across a branch and we are
interested in finding the response (voltage/ current)
through that variable resistance.
• Using Nortonn’s theorem we can convert the whole
remaining circuit (except the variable resistance branch)
between those 2 points into a parallel combination of
an equivalent Nortan’s current source In and equivalent
Nortan’s resistance Rn between the two points
• Finally, we connect the variable resistance between the
two points in the new circuit and calculate the desired
response for the variable resistance.
 Steps to solve a circuit using Norton’s Theorem

This is the actual circuit in which To find out Norton’s equivalent circuit we
variable load resistance has been remove the variable resistance and find the
connected between the branch EF equivalent resistance between the two open
circuited points. It gives the Norton’s
Equivalent Resistance Rn. Then we short
the two points across which the load
resistance had been earlier connected and
find the short circuited current In.
Finally, we connect
Hence, we get the Norton’s the variable
Equivalent circuit between the two resistance branch
open circuited points by connecting in the Norton’s
In and Rn in parallel as shown Equivalent circuit
above and calculate the
response.
 Circuit solution using Norton’s Theorem
Find voltage V across 20 ohm resistance using Norton’s Theorem?

First of all open circuit the variable Here 10 and 5 ohm

resistance branch and find open are in series and 30
circuited resistance between the two ohm is in parallel to
points of open circuit. In order to find them if we look for
out the equivalent resistance between
open circuit EF.
the open circuited points we need to
Hence, Rn = Roc =
short circuit all the voltage sources
and open circuit all the current (10+5)*30/(10+30+5)
= 10 ohm
sources as well. Rn = Rth
 Circuit solution using Norton’s Theorem

Next, we have to find out the short Hence, we get the Norton’s
circuited current Isc by short circuiting Equivalent circuit as shown above.
the two terminals across which the
variable load resistance has been Hence, current through the variable
connected. It will give Norton’s load resistance is,
Equivalent current In.
Solving the above circuit we get In = i = In*Rn / (Rn + RL)
Isc = 20/3 A

Here, In = 20/3 A (calculated)

Rn = 10 ohm (calculated)
RL = 20 ohm (given) So, I = (20/3*10)/ (10+20) = 20/9 A
Hence, desired voltage v = I*R = 20/9*20 = 44.4 V
Circuit solution using Thevenin’s/ Norton’s
Theorem in case of dependent source

• Vth or In will be calculated as earlier.

• For calculation of Rth = Rn; we have to find out
Voc and Isc both and then
• Rth = Rn = Voc/Isc.
 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
• Maximum Power Transfer Theorem is applicable
when we are interested to know that what
should be the value of load resistance such that
maximum power will get transferred to the load
resistance.
• We know that if I current is flowing through
resistance RL then power transferred to load
resistance is P = I*I*RL = (Vth/Rth+RL)^2*RL
• By the concept of Maxima & Minima, we know
that P will be Maximum for such a value of RL for
which dP/dRL = 0. It gives RL = Rth.
Application of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
Find the value of resistance R which should be connected in place of 20 ohm
resistance such that maximum power is transferred to it?
In order to apply maximum
power transfer theorem
we need to first convert
the circuit across the
resistance into equivalent
Thevenin’s circuit.

Here, Vth = 200/3 V (calculated), Rth = 10 ohm (calculated); RL = ?

By Maximum Power transfer Theorem, RL = Rth for maximum power transfer
So, RL = Rth = 10 ohm.
Let us verify Maximum Power Transfer theorem by taking resistance little lower
and little higher to thevenin’s resistance and calculate power for all the 3 cases

For, RL = 10 ohm, I = 10/3 A and P = 1000/9 W = 111.1 W

For, RL = 11 ohm, I = 200/63 A and P = 110.86 W
For, RL = 9 ohm, I = 200/57 A and P = 110.8 W

It is clear that Power transferred to the load resistance is lower in both the
cases when RL is 11 and 9 ohm. It is highest for 10 ohm. Hence, verified.
Questions based on Unit – I DC Circuits

Question 1.
Find i3 using
(i) Nodal analysis
(ii) Mesh analysis
(iii) Superposition Theorem
(iv) Thevenin’s Theorem considering 15 ohm as variable resistance RL and find
i3 when RL is (a) 15 ohm, (b) 20 ohm (c) 10 ohm
(v) Norton’s Theorem considering 15 ohm as variable resistance RL and find i3
when RL is (a) 15 ohm, (b) 20 ohm (c) 10 ohm
(vi) Find value of RL such that maximum power is transferred to it. 0.469 A
Questions based on Unit – I DC Circuits

Question 2.
Find voltage v across 6 ohm resistor as shown in figure using
(i) Nodal analysis
(ii) Mesh analysis
(iii) Superposition Theorem
(iv) Thevenin’s Theorem considering 6 ohm as variable resistance RL and find
i3 when RL is (a) 15 ohm, (b) 20 ohm (c) 10 ohm
(v) Norton’s Theorem considering 6 ohm as variable resistance RL and find i3
when RL is (a) 15 ohm, (b) 20 ohm (c) 10 ohm
(vi) Find value of RL such that maximum power is transferred to it.
v = -48/11 V