A

Projectreport

On

“RESIDENTIALBUILDING”
[Accordingtopracticalprincipals]

Submittedinpartialfulfillmentontherequirementsfortheawardof

DIPLOMA

IN

CIVILENGINEERING

Submittedby

MANIRAJ

GOVERNMENTPOLYTECHNICSITAMARHI
Affliatedto

STATEBOARDOFTECHNICALEDUCATION,BIHAR

ACADEMIC YEAR 2018-

2021DEPARTMENTOFCIVILENGINEERI

NG
 GOVERNMENTPOLYTECHNICSITAMARHI

CERTIFICATE

Thisistocertifythatthis projectreportentitled
“RESIDENTIALBUILDING”accordingtopractical
principalsisbenefitedrecordofworkdonebyUndermyguidanceandsupervisionandsubmit
tedinpartialfulfillmentAVINASHKUMAR
[611441518043],RAHULKUMAR[611441518035],MANIRAJ[611441518044],VIKASHRA
M[611441518042],RITESHKUMAR[611441518045],of
therequirementsfortheawardofDIPLOMAINCIVILENGINEERINGBYSTATEBOARDOFTECHN
ICALEDUCATION, BIHAR,duringtheyear2018-21.
Wehopefulthattheywillproveasasuccessfulcompetentanddynamicengineerinfield.

GUIDE H.O.D.ofcivildepartment
ER.MUNNAPRASAD ER.CHANDANKUMAR
Professorofcivilengineering
Governmentpolytechnic
Governmentpolytechnicsitamarhi sitamarhi
 DECLARATION
 TheundersignedsolemnlydeclarethattheprojectreportRESIDENTIALBUILDINGis
basedonmyownworkcarriedoutduringthecourseofourstudyunder
thesupervision ofER.MUNNAPRASAD.
 Iassertthestatementsmadeandconclusionsdrawnareanoutcomeofmyresearc
hwork. Ifurthercertifythat
1. Theworkcontainedinthereportisoriginalandhasbeendonebymeunderthe
generalsupervisionof mysupervisor.

2. TheworkhasnotbeensubmittedtoanyotherInstitution
foranyotherdegree/diploma/certificateinthisuniversityoranyotherUniversityofI
ndiaorabroad.

3. Wehavefollowedtheguidelinesprovidedbytheuniversityinwritingthereport
.

4. Whenever we have used materials (data, theoretical analysis, and text)

fromother sources, we have given due credit to them in the text of the report
andgivingtheirdetailsinthereferences.

NAME SIGNATURE

Prema Kumari[611491519024]] …………………………

VIKASHRAM[611441518042] ………………………

MANIRAJ[611441518044] ………………………

RAHULKUMAR[611441518035] ………………………

RITESHKUMAR[611441518045] ………………………
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express my gratitude to all the

peoplebehindthescreenwhohelpedmetotransformanideaintoa
realapplication.WeprofoundlythankProf.CHANDAN
KUMAR Head of the Department of
CIVILENGINEERINGwhohasbeenanexcellentguideandals
oa great source of inspiration to my work. We would like
tothank my internal guide Prof. MUNNA PRASAD for
histechnical guidance, constant encouragement and support
incarryingoutmyprojectatcollege.

ACCOMPLISHEDBY:

AVINASHKUMAR[611441518043]
RAHULKUMAR[611441518035]
MANIRAJ
[611441518044]R
ITESHKUMAR[611441518045]VI
KASHRAM[611441518042]
 ABSTRACT

SITAMARHIistheoneoftheimportantdistrictofBihar.Asit
israpidlydevelopingtheconstructioninthecityis
verycostly.Economicpoint
ofviewifthebuildingisconstructedatafardistancefromtheci
tyitwillbecheaperandresidentscanlivepeacefulwithoutany
externalpollutedsources.Havingapeacefulsurroundings,
themainpointofviewofmostofthepeopleintoday’slifestyle.
 STUDYAREA
Our proposed site is located at
BANAULIROAD,SURSAND,SITAMARHI.
The total area of the site is about 240sq m. the
residentialbuildingconsiststhetwobedroom.
CONTENTS
1. AIMOFPROJECT
2. INTRODUCTION

3. SELECTIONOFPLOT,STUDYANDSEISMICZO
NE
4. SURVEYOFSITEFORPROPOSEDBUILDING
5. RESIDENTIALBUILDINGS
a) LIMITATIONSOFBUILDUPAREA
b) MINIMUMFLOORAREAANDHEIGHTOFRO
OMS
6. TYPESOFSTRUCTURE
a) WALLBEARINGSTRUCTURE
b) FRAMEBEARINGSTRUCTURE
7. PARTOFBUILDING
a) SUBSTRUCTUREORFOUNDATION
b) SUPERSTRUCTURE
8. USESMATERIAL
9. BUILDINGBYELAWSANDREGULATIONS
10. ARRANGEMENTOFROOMS
DRAWINGS
11. PLAN
12. BEAM
13. FOOTING
14. PHOTOS

1. AIMOFTHEPROJECT
The aim of the project is to plan the wall bearing
structureandfarmedstructureoftwostoreyresidentialbuilding
.

2 INTRODUCTION
The basics needs of human existences are food,
clothing’s& shelter. From times immemorial man has been
makingefforts in improving their standard of living. The
point ofhis efforts has been to provide an economic and
efficientshelter. The possession of shelter besides being a
basic,used, gives a feeling of security, responsibility and
shownthesocialstatusofman.
Every human being has an inherent liking for a
peacefulenvironment needed for his pleasant living, this
object isachieved byhavingaplace oflivingsituated atthe
safeand convenient location, such a place for comfortable
andpleasantlivingrequiresconsideredandkeptinview

3 CLASSIFICATIONOFBUILDINGSB
ASED ONOCCUPANCY
RESIDENTIALBUILDINGS:

These building include any building in which

sleepingaccommodation provide for normal residential
purposes,with or without cooking and dining facilities. It
includessingleormulti-
familydwellings,apartmenthouses,lodgingsorroominghou
ses,restaurants,hostels,dormitories andresidentialhostels.
EDUCATIONALBUILDINGS:

These include any building used for school, college

orday-
carepurposesinvolvingassemblyforinstruction,educationo
rrecreationandwhichisnotcoveredbyassemblybuildings.
 INSTITUTIONALBUILDINGS:

These buildings are used for different purposes, such

asmedical or other treatment or care of persons
sufferingfrom physical or mentalillness,diseasesor
infirmity,care of infants, convalescents or aged persons
and forpenal detention in which the liberty of the
inmates
isrestricted.Institutionalbuildingsordinarilyprovidesleepi
ng accommodationfor theoccupants.
ASSEMBLYBUILDINGS:

Thesearethebuildingswheregroupsofpeoplemeetorgather
for amusement, recreation, social,
religious,assembly
halls,cityhalls,marriagehalls,exhibitionhalls,mus
eums, placesofworkship,etc.
 BUSINESSBUILDINGS:

Thesebuildingsareusedfortransactionofbusiness,forkeepi
ngofaccountsandrecordsandforpurposeoffice
.
MERCANTILEBUILDING:

Thesebuildingsareusedasshops,stores,market,fordisplay an
sale of merchandise either wholesale or retail,office,
shops, storage service facilities incidental to
thesaleofmerchandiseandlocatedinthesamebuilding
INDUSTRIALBUILDINGS:

These are buildings where products or materials of

allkindsandpropertiesarefabrication,assembled,manufact
uredorprocessed,asassemblyplant,laboratories, dry
cleaning plants, power plants,
pumpingstations,smokehouses,laundries etc.

STORAGEBUILDINGS:

These buildingsare used primarilyfor

thestorageorsheltering of goods, wares or merchandise
vehicles
andanimals,aswarehouses,coldstorage,garages,trucks.
HAZARDOUSBUILDINGS:

Thesebuildingsareusedforthestorage,handling,manufactu
reorprocessingofhighlycombustibleorexplosive materials
or products which are liable to
burnwithextremerapidlyand/orwhichmayproducepoisono
us elements for storage handling, acids or
otherliquidsorchemicalsproducingflames,fumesandexplo
sive,poisonous,irritantorcorrosivegasesprocessingofanym
aterialproducingexplosivemixtures of dust which result
in the division of
matterintofineparticlessubjectedtospontaneousignition.
5.SELECTIONOFPLOT,STUDYANDSEISMICZON
E
Selectionofplotisveryimportantforbuildingsahouse.Sitesh
ouldbeingoodplacewheretherecommunity but service is
convenient but not so closedthat becomes a source of
inconvenience or noisy.
Theconventionaltransportationisimportantnotonlybecaus
eofpresentneedbutfor
retentionofpropertyvalueinfuturecloselyrelatedtoaretrans
portation,shopping,facilitiesalsonecessary.Oneshouldobs
erve
theroadconditionwhetherthereisindicationoffuturedevel
opmentornotincaseofundevelopedarea.
Thefactortobeconsideredwhileselectingthebuildingsitear
easfollows:-
• Accesstopark&playground.

• Agriculturepolytonalityoftheland.

• Availabilityofpublicutilityservices,especiallywater,elec
tricity&sewagedisposal.

• Contouroflandinrelationthebuildingcost.Costofland.

• Distancefromplacesofwork.

• Easeofdrainage.

• Locationwithrespecttoschool,collage&publicbuildings.

• Natureofuseofadjacentarea.

• Transportfacilities.

• Windvelocityanddirection.

SEISMICZONE
A seismic zone is a region in which the rate of
seismicactivity remains fairly consistent. This may mean
thatseismicactivityincrediblyrareorthatitis.Extremely
common.Somepeopleoftenseethetermseismiczonetotalka
bout.
It is referred to as the very high damage
riskzone. The north and middle Bihar. My working
placeSITAMARHIisHIGHRISKZONEV.

1.
Lintel
Band
Building 2. I. At

with Strip Roof Single

Foundation JointsBa Barof20m 1:3

1:4 Cement- nd/ m(TMT/T Cement-
on Rock/
FourStor Sandor1:1: andGabl OR) Sando
Hard
ey(Lessth 6 Cement- e or25 r Bracing
Soil/Mediu
an Lime-Sand Corners mm M 15 atTieLe
msoil
15m) Band 2. At (MS) Concrete vel
3. Jambsof
Plinth
Opening
Band s
1.
Lintel
Band
2. 1. At
Roof Joints SingleBar
 Band/ of20mm( 1:3
1:4 Cement- andGabl TMT/TOR) Cement-
Buildingwi
FourStor Sandor1:1: e or25 Sando
th
ey(Lessth 6 cement- corners mm r Bracing
Strip
an Lime-Sand Band 2. At (MS) M 15 at Tie
Foundation
15m) 3. Jambsof Concrete Level
onSoftsoil
Plinth
Opening
Band s
6. SURVEY OF THE SITE FOR
PROPOSEDBUILDING
Reconnaissance survey: the following has
beenobservedduringreconnaissancesur
veyofthesite.

• Siteislocatednearly.
• The site is very clear planned without ably dry
grassandother throneplatsover theentirearea.

• No leveling is require since the land is must

uniformlylevel.

• Thegroundissoft.

• Laboravailablenearbythesite.

• Housesarelocatednearbythesite.

• Detailed survey: the detailed survey has been done

todeterminetheboundariesof
therequiredareasofthesitewiththe
helpoftheodoliteandcompass.
 7. RESIDENTIALBUILDING
Requirementforresidentialaccommodationaredifferentfor
differentclasses of people&
dependsontheincome&statusoftheindividualahighlyrichfa
mily with require a luxurious building, while a
poormanwesatisfiedwithasingleroomhouseforevenpoorcl
assfamily.Astandardresidentialbuildingofbungalowtypew
ithhasdrawingroom,diningroomofficeroom,guestroom,kit
chenroom,store, pantry,dressing room, bath room, front
verandah, stair etc.,
forotherhousethenumberofroomsmaybereducedaccording
totherequirementsofmanyavailable.
a) LIMITATIONOFBUILTUPAREA
Areaofplotupto200sq.m(240sq.yd) -------------- maximum
permissablebuiltuparea
Groundandfirst-
60%ofsiteareaonflooronly.201to500sq.m(241to600sq.
yd)----50%ofthesitearea.
501to1000sq.m(601to1200sq.yd)----40%ofthesitearea
morethan1000sq.m----33%ofthesitearea.
b) MINIMUM FLOOR AREA& HEIGHT
OFROOMS
StandardSizeofRoomsinResidentialBuildingandtheir
Locations
1. SizeofDrawingorLivingRoom:
Drawingroomorlivingroomisacommon,comfortableandat
tractiveplaceforsittingoffamilymembersandtoreceivefrien
dsandguests.Sometimeit
is used as reception room and dining room and
specialoccasions.
Drawing room should be located in the middle of
thebuilding and should be connected to the front
verandahanddiningplace.Itshouldbewell-
lightedandventilated.
Generally, drawingor living room
isthebiggestroomofthebuildingsothatitcanbeutilizedforso
meceremonial function in the house. Size of the
drawingroom should be determined by type of furniture
to beused.
Standardsizeofdrawingroommayrangefrom:4200mm
(14ft) X 4800 mm (16ft) to 5400mm (18ft)
X7200mm(24ft)
2. SizeofBedrooms:
Bedroomsshouldbesolocatedthattheyarewellventilatedan
datthesametimeprovideprivacy.Generally, they should be
located onthe sides of thebuilding so that at least one
wall is exposed for goodventilationandlighting.
Thebedroomshouldbelocatedonthesideofthedirectionofpr
evailingwind.Thelocationshouldbesuch that the bedroom
receives sunlight during morninghours. The minimum
window area should be 1:10th ofthe floor area. In
bedrooms9.5cubic meter per adultand 5.5cubic meter per
child space should be
availableandsuitableallowanceshouldbemadeforfurniture.
Ifgoodwatersupplyanddrainagesystemisavailable,a
bedroom should have an attached bathroom and
watercloset.
Standard size of bedrooms may range from:
3000mm(10ft) X 3600mm (12ft) to 4200mm (14ft) X
4800mm(16ft)
3. SizeofGuestRoom:
Guestroomshouldbewelllightedandventilated.Itshould be
located on one side of the building,
generallybythesideofthedrawingroom.
Guest should be disconnected from inside of the
houseandshouldhaveseparatedbathroomandwatercloset.
Standard size of guest rooms may be: 3000mm (10ft)
X3600mm(12ft)
4. SizeofVerandah:
The best location for verandah is south and west. If
thefrontage of the building is east then they are located
ineastalso.Theverandahalsoservesthepurposeofawaiting
room. It segregates the private apartment
fromtheentrancearea.
Theverandashouldshadethewallsofthebuildingduringgrea
ter partof the day. Forthis itisnecessarythat it must not
have openings of a height greater
than2:3rdofthefloorwidth.
Each house should have one front and rear verandah.
Ifspacedoesn’tpermit,therearverandahcanbeomitted.
Verandahhavewidthrangingfrom1800mm(6ft)to3000mm
(10ft)
Verandahopeningshouldalwayshaveachajjaprojectionfor
protectionfromsunlightandrainwater.
5. SizeofOfficeRoom:
Office rooms should be on one side of front
verandah,disconnectedfromotherrooms.Sometimesanoffi
ceroomservesthepurposeofguestroomandviceversa.
Standard size of office room may be: 3000mm (10ft)
X3600mm(12ft)
6. SizeofDiningRoom:
Generally,thediningroomshouldbeprovidedinrearof the
drawing or living room and near the kitchen.
Inmodernhousesdrawingroomanddiningroomarecombine
d to have a big room for special occasions.
Fororthodoxfamiliesdiningroomiskeptseparate.
Size of bedrooms may range from: 3600mm (12ft)
X4200mm(14ft)to4200mm(14ft)X4800mm(16ft)
7. SizeofKitchen:
The kitchen shouldbe provided inrear corner of
thebuildingbutNEcorneristhebest.Itshouldbeconnectedwi
thdiningroomandshouldhaveoneapproachfromoutsideals
o.
Ifpossible,thekitchenshouldbesolocatedthatsunlight
should come in the morning hours, when it is usedmost.
Itshouldhavewindowsforgoodventilationandchimneyfors
mokeescape.Thewindowspaceshouldbemin.of15%offloo
rarea.
Sinkshouldbeprovidedforwashingandsufficientnumber of
shelves should also be provided.
Sometimesstoreroomandkitchenarecombinedtogether,ifle
ssspaceisavailable.
Standardsizeofkitchenroomsmayrangefrom:2500mm
(8ft) X 3900mm (13ft) to 3000mm (10ft)
X3600mm(12ft)
8. StoreRoom:
Storeroomsshouldbelocatednearthekitchenandshouldhav
e sufficientnumberofracks.
Standard size of store room may range from:
2500mm(8ft)X2500mm(8ft)to3000mm(10ft)X3000mm(
10ft)
9. Pantry:
Pantryisasmallroomadjacenttodiningroomforkeeping
cooked food. It should have sufficient numbersofcup-
boardsandshelves.Forordinarybuilding,kitchenservesthep
urpose ofpantry.
Sizeofpantrymayrangefrom:2500mm(8ft)X3000mm(10ft
)
10. SizeofBathroomandWC:
Now-a-days it has become common practice to
provideattachedbathroomandwaterclosetswitheachbedro
om.Thisispreferableonlywhengooddrainageandwatersup
plyisavailable.
It is not attached to the bedrooms, bath and WC
shouldbe provided in rear of the building separately so
that thetwo can be used at a time. Good ventilation
should beprovidedforbathandWC.
There should be two windows in a bathroom. One
forventilation at a height of 2000mm above outside
groundlevel and another at usual low level with frosted
glassshuttersforadmittinglightandmaintainingprivacy.
Sometimes ceiling height is kept low (2100mm or
7ft)andupperspace isusedfor storagepurpose
Commonsizesofbathroomandwaterclosetmaybe:Bathan
dWC(combined):1800mmX1800mmto1800mmX2500
mm
Bathroom(separate):1200mmX1800mmWC
(separate):1200mmX1200mm
ReadMore:HeightandSizeRegulationsforRooms

8.TYPEOFSTRUCTURE
a.) LOAD
BEARINGSTRUCTUREb.)FRAMEDS
TRUCTURE

a.)LOADSTRUCTURE:
1. Inloadbearingstructure,loadtransferpathisfromslab/flo
or to walls and walls to footing.
2. Limitedstoreybuildingscanonlybeconstructed
3. loadbearingstructureislessresistanttoEarthquake.
4. Rarely used a form of construction nowadays.
5. Excavationforthistypeofconstructionismore.
6. It is more labour intensive.
7. The speed of construction is less.
8. It is more material intensive.
9. Costofrepairofloadbearingstructureisless.
10. Life is not affected with the technique work.
11. skilledaswellasnonskilledworkercanconstruct.
12. The thickness of wall cannot be
maintaineduniformthroughout.
13. Itisnotflexibleindesignasyoucan’tremove/shiftwalls.
14. Roomdimensionscannotbechangedaswallshaveto
beabovewalls.
15. Theinclusionof Cantilever elementisadifficulttask.
16. The thickness of wall increases with increases
onheight.
17. Limitation of the span.
18. Inloadbearingstructure,largespanareasnotpossible.
19. FoundationcostofLoadBearingismorethanFarmedstr
uctureifthe depth offoundationincreasesbeyond 1.5m.
20. Limitationofwalloverwall/roomoverroom.
21. Constructionofloadbearingstructureiscumbersome.
22. Load bearing walls can be of brick, stone,
concreteblock etc.
23. Limitationsforopeningsinwalls.
24. In load bearing structural system external &
internalwallsserveasastructuralelementaswellasthepurpos
eoftheenclosureforprotectionfromweather
i.e.rain,sound,heat,fireetc.

b.)FRAMEDSTRUCTURE
1. Inframedstructure,loadtransferpathisfromslab/floorto
beam,beamtocolumnandcolumntofooting.
2. Multistoreybuildingscanbeconstructed.
3. FramedstructureismoreresistanttoEarthquake.
4. Carpetareaavailableismore.
5. Mostlyusedaformofconstruction.
6. Excavationforthistypeofconstructionisless.
7. It is less labour intensive.
8. The speed of construction is more.
9. It is less material intensive.
10. Costofrepairoftheframedstructureismore.
11. Lifeisreducedifnotdonewithpropertechnique.
12. Onlyskilledworkerareneededforitsconstruction.
13. Thethicknessofwallcanbemaintaineduniformthrough
out.
14. Itisflexibleindesignasyoucanshiftthelocationof
walls.
15. Roomdimensioncanbechanged.
16. Cantileverelementscanbeeasilyincludedinthesystem.
17. Thethicknessofwallremainssamewithanincreasein
height.
18. NoLimitationofthespan.
19. Inframedstructure,largespanareaspossible.
20. Thereisnotmuchincreaseincostwithanincreasein
depth of foundation.
21. no limitation for wall/room.
22. Constructionofframedstructureissimple.
23. TheframecanbeRCCframe,Woodframeetc.
24. Largeopeningsinwallsarepossible.
25. Infarmedstructuralsystemexternal&internalwallssere
onlythepurposeofenclosuresforthecreationofroomsandpro
tectionfromtheweather.

9. PARTOFBUILDINGSTRUCTURE

a.)SUBSTRUCTUREb.
)SUPERSTRUCTURE

a.)SUBSTRUCTURE:
It is the lower portion of building, located
belowThegroundlevel.
Its main function is to transmit the load
ofsuper structureto supportingsoil.
Footing and plinth of a building are a part of
asub structure. This part of a building
safelytransferstheloadofbuildingtotheunderlyi
ng soil. Therefore, footing should beof such
strength that it can easily carry
thebuildingload.Failureoffootingleadstofailure
ofbuilding.Widthanddepthoffooting should be
designed according to
theloadofabuildingcomingonitp;usthebearingc
apacityofsoil.
Bottompartoffootingisgenerallyconstructed of
plain Cement Concrete
(P.C.C)orReinforcedCementConcrete(R.C.C).
Stepsaremadeabove(P.C.C)byusingbricks,
stones or concrete to reach the plinthlevel.
Generally, Damp Proof Course (D.P.C)is laid
on plinth level. This layer stops
thepenetration of moisture to the super
structurepartofa building.

EXCAVATION:
Excavationisthepreliminaryactivityoftheconstructionproj
ect.Itstartsfromthepitsforthebuilding foundations and
continues up tothe handingoveroftheproject.
PCC:
PCCinfoundationsusestoprovideaplainsurfacebeneaththe
footingandalsotoimprovebearingcapacityofunderlayingsu
rfaceoffootingorfoundation. Thickness of PCC select on
the basis of soilcharacteristics.
FOOTING:

Footings are structural elements that transmit column

orwallloadstothe underlyingsoilbelow
thestructure.Footings are designed to transmit these
loads to the soilwithout exceeding its safe bearing
capacity, to preventexcessive settlement of the structure
to a tolerable
limit,tominimizedifferentialsettlement,andtopreventslidin
g andoverturning. The settlementdepends uponthe
intensity of the load, type of soil, and
foundationlevel.Wherepossibilityofdifferentialsettlement
occurs, the different footings should be designed in
suchaway tosettleindependentlyofeachother.
Foundation design involves a soil study to establish
themostappropriatetypeoffoundationandastructuraldesign
todeterminefootingdimensionsandrequiredamountofreinf
orcement.
Becausecompressivestrengthofthesoilisgenerallymuch
weaker than that of the concrete, the contact areabetween
the soil and the footing is much larger than thatof
thecolumnandwalls.
b.)SUPERSTRUCTURE:
Super structure is a part of structure that is above
plinthlevel (P.L). Generally column and walls are
constructedinsuperstructure.
Followingaretheimportantpartsofsuper-
structure.Floor
LintelPara
petSunSha
de
DripCourseDoors&
Windows

FLOOR
Flooristhatpartofabuildingonwhichfurniture,household,
commercial, industrial or any other type
ofitemsisstored.Floorisusedforwalkingaround.
Floorseparatesthedifferentlevelsofabuilding.Buildingisal
sonamedwithreferencetofloor.LikeGround floor, or a
floor that is below ground level likebasementfloor.
ROOF
Roof is made to cover room from upper face.
Differenttypes ofroofs are used inbuildingdependingon
thelocation and weather. While, in plan areas flat roofs
arepreferred.
LINTEL
Lintelisconstructedabovedoors,windowsetc.tosupportloa
dofwallonopenings.Lintelbeamisgenerally made as
reinforced cement concrete member.While, in residential
houses sometime lintel is made
byusingconcreteandbricks.
Breadth of lintel is generally equals to the breadth
ofwall.Incaseofmetricunit,itisnormallyequalsto10cm,15c
m,20cmetc.Thicknessoflintelshouldnotbelessthan10cm(4
.5”)andmaximumthicknessoflintelshouldnot bemorethan
itsbreadth.
PARAPET
External walls of a building are extended above the
roofslab which is known as parapet. The sole purpose
ofparapetistoretainwaterfromitsentranceintothewalls
andasafety protectionforpeoplewho use
therooftheroofofabuilding.
Therearefollowingthreetypesofparapets:
1. AmericanType
2. SetbackType
3. CorniceType

Windows&Floor:
Flooristhatpartofabuildingonwhichfurniture,household,
commercial, industrial or any other type ofitems is
stored. Floor is used for walking around floorseparates
the different levels of a building. Building isalso named
with reference to floor. Like ground floor,first floor, or a
floor that is below ground floor, firstfloor, or a floor that
is below ground level like basementfloor.
SUNSHADE:
Sun shade is a slab that is cast on the top of doors
andwindows. Sun shade protects doors and windows
fromsun and rain. Sun shade is cast monolithically with
thelintel.

BrickBonds

stretcher-Flemish-English–American
StretcherBond;

Stretcherbondisthecommonestbondusedtod
ayandtheleastinterestinginappearance.Itcan
bemademoreinterestingbylayingacourseofdif
ferentcoloredbricksorto lay such bricks to
formapatternonawall.
• Stretcherbondwall
• Stretcherbondwall withpiers
• Stretcherbondpiers

FlemishBond

Flemishbondconsistsofalternatingheaders
and stretchers along each coursewith the
headers centered on the stretchersabove
andbelow.

EnglishBond:

Englishbondconsist ofalternating
coursesofheadersandstretchers,withthealter
nativeheaderscenteredoverandunderthevert
icaljointsofthestretchers.

10. USESMATERIAL:
All the building construction materials
comein different grads, Sizes and brands
whichareusedfordifferentpurposeinconstructi
onbasedontheirfunctionalityand strength.
The construction materials
listandtheirusesarelistedbelow.

Cement:

Cement is a material that sets, hardens

andcanbindtogetherallotherbuildingmaterials
.Thedifferentgradesofcementare 53 grade
cement, 43 grades of cementare
manufactured by a number of brands
inIndiaaresari,ACCcement,Birlasupercement
, Rambo, Ultratech cement, Dalmiaetc.
TMTsteel:
TMTstandsforThermo-
MechanicalTreatmentwhichisametallurgicalp
rocessto produce highstrength
steelbarsfromlow carbonsteel. It plays
animportant
roleingivingstructuretoaconstructionproject.
TMTsteelcomesinFe500grade.
Fe 500 D grade and Fe 550 gradewhich
signifies the strength of the steel
inascending order as mentioned here.
SomefamoussteelbrandsinIndiaareTata-
Tuscan, Kamdhenu, Jindal Panther, A-
oneSteel,Bhuwalka,Prime-
gold,SailandIndusetc.
Sand/FineAggregates:

TherearetwotypesofsandavailableinIndia;
River sand and Manufactured
River(AlsoknownasRoboSiliconSand).River
sandisextractedfromriverbedandmanufactur
edsandismadeisgainingpopularity due to the
recommendation fromthe government and
its fineness and
dustfreequalityandalsoduetothefactthatrivers
andisscarceinnatureandisunavailableandcos
tly.ThriveniRobosilicon,Materialtreesandetca
reafewknownbrandsmanufacturingM-sand.
ReadyMixConcrete:
Readymixconcreteisreadilyavailableconcrete
as it is manufactured in a
factoryanddirectlydeliveredattheconstruction
site. It is preferred over the on-site
concretemixingusetotheprecisemixtureandre
ducedworkatsite.Basedonitsfunctionalityand
useRMCiscategorizedintoM-20,M-25,M-
30,M-35etc.
TMTBindingWires:

Bindingwiresasthenamesuggestsis
used to bind the TMT steel bars and help
inprovidingproperstructuretotheconstruction
due to the stability of the TMTSteelBars.
CoarseAggregates:

Fine aggregates consist of River sand. M-

sandortheSlagsandusedforconstruction.Coar
seaggregatesarethefilersinconcretemixes.Itis
offeredin6mm,12mm,20mmand40mmsizesin
India.Coarseaggregatesisalsorecognized as
blue metal, jelly and
crushedstone.Thepurposeofthecoarseaggre
gateist0oactasthemainload-
bearingingredientofthe concrete.

Bricks/Blocks:
BricksandBlocksareusedforbuildingwalls.
They come in different shapes,
sizesandstrengthbasedondifferentconstructi
onrequirements.Highstrengthbricks and
blocks are mainly used for loadbearing walls
as they have the capacity
towithstandthepressureduetotheload.
11. BUILDING BYE LAWS AND
REGULATIONS:

URBANDEVELOPMENT
&HOUSINGDEPARTMENTGOVERNMENTOFBIHAR
DEFINITIONS
1. Shorttitle,Extentandcommencement.-
(1) These byelaws may be called the
BiharBuilding Byelaws2013.
(2) Theyshallapplytothebuildingactivitiesintheareas
fallingin;
i. AllMunicipalCorporations
ii. AllMunicipalCouncil
iii. AllNagarPanchayats
iv. AllMetropolitanarea
v. All Planning area under various
PlanningAuthority.
(3) Theyshallcomeintoforceonthedateoftheirpublic
ationintheBihar
Gazette.
2. Definitions
(I)Inthesebyelaws,unlessthecontextotherwiserequires:
(1) "Act"meanstheBiharUrbanPlanningandDevelop
mentAct2012;
(2) “MunicipalAct"meansBiharMunicipalAct2007;
3. Applicability.-
Subject to the provisions of the Act and
theMunicipalAct,these
byelawsshallapply:
(1) Totheplanning,designandconstructionofbuilding
incaseoferectionofabuilding.

(2) To all parts of the building whether removed

ornot , and in case of removal of whole or any part
ofthebuilding.
(3) Totheremainingpartofthebuildingafterdemolition
andworkinvolvedin
demolitionincaseofdemolitionofwholeoranypartofa
building;
(4) Tothewholebuildingwhetherexistingornewbuild
ing (exceptonlytothat
partofthebuilding,whichisconsistentwiththesebyela
ws)in case of
alterationofabuilding
(5) Toallpartsofthebuildingaffectedbythechangeinc
aseofchangeofoccupancyofabuilding;and
(6) Touseofanylandorbuildingwheresub-division
oflandis undertakenOr use
oflandorbuildingischanged.

12.ARRANGEMENTOFROOMS

• LIVINGROOM
• KITCHEN
• BEDROOM
• BATH&WC
• VERANDAH
• STAIRCASE

LIVINGROOMS:

This is the area is for general use. Hence the living

&drawingroomshouldbeplannedneartheentrancesouth
east aspects. During colder day the sun is towardsthe
south & will receive sunshine which is a
welcomingfeature. During summer sunshine ti the
northern side &entryofsunraysfromsouthernorsouth–
eastaspectsdonotarise.
KITCHEN:

Easternaspectstoadmitmorningsuntorefresh&purit
ytheair.
BEDROOM:

Bedmayalsobeprovidedwithattachedtoilets,theresize
depends upon the number of beds, they should belocated
so as to give privacy & should
accommodatebeds,chair,cupboard,etc.,andtheyshouldhav
enorthor–westsouth–westaspect.
BATH&W.C:

Bathandw.careusuallycombinedinoneroom&attachedtot
hebedroomandshouldbewellfinished.Thisshouldbefilled
withbathtub,shower,wash-
handbasin,w.c,shelves,towels,racksbrackets,etc.,allofw
hiteglazedtiles.Floorshouldbemosaicorwhiteglazedfiles.
InsteadofprovidingallbedroomwithattachedbathandW.C
separatedbaths&latrinesmayalsobeprovided.

VERANDAH:
There should verandah in the front as well as in the
rear.Thefrontverandahservessettingplaceformalemember
s&weightingplaceforvisitors.Theback
verandahservea ladiesapartmentforthere sitting,
working controlling, kitchen works etc., verandah
projecttheroom againstdirectsun,rain& weather
effect.Theyusedassleepingplaceduringthesummer
andrainyseason&areusedtokeepvariousthings
verandahalsogive appearancetothebuilding. Thearea
ofabuildingmayvaryfrom10%to20%building. ofthe

STAIRCASE:

Thisshouldbelocatedinaeasilyaccessibletoallmembers of
the family, when this is intended for
visitorsitshouldbeinthefront,maybeononesideof
verandah.Itmeant forfamilyuseonly,the staircase
shouldbeplacedtherear.Thestairscaseshouldbewell
ventilated&lightedthemiddletomakeiteasy&
comfortabletoclimb.Rises&threadsshouldbeuniformthrou
ghtokeeprhythmwhileclimbingordescending.
StepsinconstructionofResidentialBuilding
EARTHWORK:
Generallyexcavationiscarriedoutfortheconstructionof
wall foundations. Excavation should be carried out
asperthedrawingsdefinedlengthsandwidths.Afterexcavati
on,layoutthefoundationandbackfilltheremainingexcavate
dareaaroundfoundationwithsoil.
Floor levels of residential buildings are higher than
thenatural ground level. Fill the area with soil up to
floorlevelsandcompactthesoil.Nowearthworkofresidentia
lbuildingisfinished.
CONCRETEWORKINFOUNDATION

It is very necessary to check the levels

offoundation before concrete work.
There
arepatcheswhereexcavateddepthslightlyexceeds
andviceversa.Levelthefoundationbase
tosamelevel.Nowpourtheconcreteasperdrawingspec
s.Generally concrete of ratio 1:4:8 is used
forfoundation.Sometimesitiseven1:5:10or1:6:20
.Here1:4:8 means
1partcementpercubic4pa
rtsofsandpercubic
8partsofcoarseaggregates

Depthoffoundationvariesfrom9”to18”andnormally
for most of the cases it is considered
as12”depth.Keepfoundationwidthequalstoitsdepth.
DAMPPROOFCOURSE(D.P.C)
Toprotectwallsfrommoisture,alayerofdamppro
ofcoarsematerialislaiddownatfloor level.
Thickness of this concrete layer isof 1 inch.
Material of damp proof coarse
layerconsistsofconcreteratio1:1.5:3withamixtu
re of waterproof material1kg/bag.

MASONRYWORK

Masonryworkiscarriedoutwithcementmortar.
Cement mortar is a mixture of cementand
sand. Ratio of cement mortar varies from1:4
to1:6.Here(1:6) mean,
1partcement6partsofsand.Dampenabout25bric
kswitha hose pipe and clean away all loose dirt
fromthetopoffootingandmoistenaboutameterof
surfaceatoneendofthefoundationwiththe hose
pipe. Throw a mortar line just behindthe
threaded level line and lay bricks on
themortarbed.Makesurebricksexactlyfollow
the threaded horizontallevelline.

LINTEL

Masonryworkofbuildingsiscarriedoutinone go
till roof. Openings for windows
anddoorsareleftduringmasonryworks.Reinforc
edcementconcrete downon the topof openings.
So, those loads of structure
aboveopeningnotdirectlycomeontothedoorfram
esbeamsarelaid.
ROOFING

Roofslabofbuildingispouredaftercompletion
ofmasonry works. Now a days,roofing is of
reinforced cement concrete slab.Slab thickness
and reinforced details should
beaccordingtoapproved drawings.

PLASTERINGANDPOINTING

From work is removed after 14 days of

slabpouring. Now plaster work begins. Mortar
forplaster work is generally of 1:3 or 1:4 is
used.Thickness of plaster layer should not be
morethan 0.75 inch. Cure the surface about 7
days.So that, plaster gain proper strength.
Generally, internal walls with of buildings
arecoveredwithplasteredlayerandexternalwalls
withpointing.Itisbetterplastertheexternalwalls
rather thanpointing.
 DOORSANDWINDOWS
Traditionally, doorsandwindowsof
woodsareused.But, steelandaluminumis alsonot
a
badchoice.Incaseofwoodendoorsandwindows,fr
amesarefixedinwallsduringmasonrywork.Panel
s are then fixedwith hinges after
plasterwork.Steelandaluminum doorsare
fixedcompletion ofpaint work.
SERVICES
Services are very important for every
singlehouse. Different types of services are
providedduringconstruction.Theseareelectricit
ysupply, gas supply, water supply, sanitary
etc.conduits for electric supply are fixed in
wallsbefore plastering. Similarly water supply
andsanitary lines are also laid before pouring
ofbuilding floor. Note that gas lines are not
fixedinwallsorslabs.Gasline remainsopeninair.
Conclusion:
It affords me great pleasure to introduce
thestory of our work and study on Two
storeybuildingconstructiononthescopeforimpro
ving tone and efficiency. We all
benefitfromhighqualityhousing,hospitalsortran
sportinfrastructurethatareconstructedefficiently
Knowingtheloadswehavedesigned the slabs
depending upon the ratio oflonger to shorter
span of panel. In this
projectwehavedesignedslabastwowayslabsdep
endingupontheendcondition,correspondingben
dingmoment.Thecoefficients havebeen
calculated asper
I.S.codemethodsforcorrespondinglx/lyratio.Th
ecalculationshavebeendoneforloadsonbeamsan
dcolumnsanddesignedframeanalysisbymoment
distributionmethod.Herewehaveaverylowbeari
ngcapacity, hard soil andisolated footingdone.

REFERENCES:
1. fypresidentialbuilding.
2. Engineeringintro.
And otherwebsite.