Course outline

Course Title: Hydraulic Structures-II: Target group: - G4 Civil Students

Curse code: CEng4152 Academic Year: 2020/2021
Credit Hour: 3(2L+3T) Semester: I
ECTS Credit: 5CP Program: Undergraduate
Status of Course: Compulsory Enrollment: Regular
Prerequisite(s): CEng3151 Address: Block No. New
Degree program: B.Sc. in civil Building
Engineering Room No.204 and 205 2nd floor
Instructor`s Name: 1. Melaku W.
2. Zinabie M.

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Course Objectives
Provide students with
Principles of River engineering,
Design of flood Protection structures,
Design of river bank protection structures
Design of diversion structures are taught in the course

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 Course Description
River Morphology: cross-sectional index, meandering index, development
process of alluvial streams, self-adjustment of cross sections, alluvial cones
and fans, stream delta, stream confluence, meandering and braided stream.
 Design of riverbanks and bed erosion protection works: drops, bottom sills,
groins, or spurs, ripraps, revetments, gabions, and natural protection (planting
of vegetation).
Flood protection methods: dykes, flood diversion structures, storage ponds,
etc.

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 Cont’d
Diversion structures: types of diversion structures, design of diversion weirs and
barrages
Seepage: critical exit gradient, Lane's theory of weighted creep length,
Khosla's theory of seepage, flow nets, causes of failure by piping and uplift,
safety against uplift and piping.
Silt exclusion devices: silt excluder, silt ejector.

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 Course Contents:
1. INTRODUCTION TO RIVER HYDRAULICS
1.1 Development process of alluvial stream
1.2 River Morphology
1.3 Meandering and braided stream

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 2. RIVER TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Objective and purpose of river training
2.3 Different types of river training work
2.3.1 Marginal Embankment (levee)
2.3.2 Groynes or spurs
2.3.3 Pitched Island
2.3.4 Bank erosion protection
2.3.5 Guide bank
2.3.6 Artificial cutoff
2.4 River navigation

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 3. DIVERSION HEAD WORK
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Head Work for Diversion River
3.3 Weir types and component
3.4 Cause of Failures of Weir and their remedies
3.5 Components of barrage
3.6 Design of weirs and Barrages: Theory of Seepage
3.6.1 Khosla’s theory of seepage
3.6.2 Exit and critical Gradient
3.6.3 Silt Excluder device

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 Assessment/Evaluation and Grading System
Continuous assessment 60%
Final examination 40%
Attendance Requirements:
A student must attend at least 85% of the classes

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Grading System

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 References
1. Arora, Hydraulic Structures
2. Santosh Kumar Garg, Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic structures
3. U.S.B.R, Design of small Dams
4. Thomas, the Engineering of large dams
5. Vicher and Hager (1998), Dam Hydraulics
6. Jansen (1988), Advanced dam Eng’g for design construction and Rehabilitation
7. Davis and Sorenson, Handbook of hydraulics.
8. Daryl B.Simon and Fuat Sentirk, Sediment transport and technology
9. S.N Ghosh, Flood control and Drainage Engineering

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HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES - II

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION TO RIVER HYDRAULICS

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Objectives of the chapter
 A students will be able to
 Define a river
 Explain different types of rivers
 Express a river morphology
 Define development process of alluvial stream

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 Questions for discussion
1. What is a river?
2. What is hydraulics?
3. How many types of rivers do you know
4. How river are formed?
5. Advantage and disadvantage of a river
6. Relationship between river and human civilization
7. List some countries formed near a river or ocean
8. List some towns formed near ocean or river in Ethiopia

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3/18/2021 14
 INTRODUCTION TO RIVER HYDRAULICS
Rivers
Natural channels carry a huge quantity of water drained by the Catchment
as runoff
They take off from mountains, flow through plains and finally join the sea or
an ocean.
The rivers provide water for various purposes like
 Irrigation
 Drinking
 Industrial Hydropower
 Navigation Recreation etc.

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 Cont’d
It is not surprising that early civilizations developed along the banks of
rivers
Even modern cities and towns are generally situated on the river banks or at
places where water is available plenty
From the very beginning of human history, rivers have been of high
importance in the life and activities of man

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 Cont’d
The most ancient civilizations were built along the valleys of great
rivers
Egypt along the Nile (Abay) and depended for their sustenance on
the waters flowing in them
The river Jordan is the key significance in the development of both
ancient and modern Israel
 One also thinks of the Ganges and Indus rivers in southern Asia,
The Yangtze in china,
The Rhine and Danube in Europe and others

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 Cont’d
 In Ethiopia some towns or cities are formed near a river or an ocean

Example

 Arbaminch

 Bahir Dar

 Bishoftu

 Hawassa

Ziway etc.

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 Purposes of River Engineering Knowledge
1. Flood control and drainage of the flood plain (flood control by
levees i.e. alignment of main levees along a migrating channel)

2. Retarded flood plain storage

3. Storage flood volume in reservoirs

4. Flood control with detention basin

5. Reservoir operation for reservoirs with different storage capacities.

6. Diversion of flood water

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Cont’d
7. Navigation

8. Hydropower

9. Water supply

10. Waste discharge

12. Crossings by roads, railways pipelines, etc.

13. Multiple projects

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 Cont’d
The rivers are formed along more or less well- defined channels,
depending up on the topography of the region

Rivers also carry a huge amount of silt or sediment which is washed

down from the catchment area and also eroded from the bed and
banks of rivers

The silt (sediment) plays an important role in the behavior of river of

in alluvial soils (alluvial stage)

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 Cont’d
The discharge in rivers varies between wide limits,

I.e. during the monsoon (wet season) the discharge is very large,

Where as in other seasons, the discharge is very less.

These variations in discharge lead to floods and drought.

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 Types of Rivers
 Can be classified according to various criteria

1) Based on variation of discharge

2) Based on Location of reach

3) Based on plan-form

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Based on variation of discharge
A. Perennial Rivers:
 Have adequate discharge thought out the year
Obtain their supply from melting of snow and from precipitation
B. Non - Perennial Rivers:
Are not snow fed
 Obtain the supply from rain
The flow is high during and after raining season,
But they carry little flow in non-rainy season

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Cont’d
C. Flashy Rivers:
The Rivers in which there is a sudden increase discharge
The river stage rises and then falls in a very short period
However, a small flow in a flashy river may continue after the
flood
D. Virgin Rivers:
 Get completely dried up due to large evaporation and
percolation losses before joining another river or sea
Such rivers exist in arid regions

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Classification based on location of reach
Mountainous rivers:
 Flow in hilly and mountainous regions
 Are further divided in to rocky rivers and Boulder Rivers.[Rocky
stage & Boulder stages].
Rivers in flooded plains:
After the boulder stage, a river enters the flooded plains having
alluvial soil
The bed and banks of rivers in flood plains are made up of sand
and silt

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Cont’d
Delta rivers:
When a river enters in to deltaic plain, It sprits up in to a number of
small branches due to very flat slopes.
There is a shoal formation and braiding of the channels in the delta
rivers
Tidal rivers:
Just before joining sea or an ocean, the river becomes as tidal river
In a Tidal River there are periodic changes in water levels due to tides
The river receives the sea water during flood tides, but during ebb
tides it delivers in to the sea.

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 Three longitudinal profile zones

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 Classification based on plan-form
Straight rivers:

 Straight In plan and have cross sectional shape of a trough.

The max velocity of flow usually occurs in the middle of the section.

 May easiest in the mountainous regions but they are rare in flood
plains.

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 Meandering rivers
Follow a winding, crooked course;

Consist of a series of bends of alternate curvature in the plan.

The successive curves are connected by small straight reaches

of the river, called cross rivers or crossings

 Braided rivers:

A breaded river flows in two or more channels around alluvial

Islands developed due to deposition of silt

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River channel patterns

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 Plan view and cross section of a meandering stream

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The relationship between meandering parameters

Meandering geometry

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 Cont’d
Meandering length(ML): The tangential distance between the
corresponding points of a meander
Meandering belt(MB): It is the distance between the outer
edges of clockwise and anticlockwise loops of the meander
Meander ratio: It is the ratio of meander belt to meander
length MB/ML
Crossing or cross-overs: The short straight reach of the river,
connecting two consecutive clockwise and anti-clockwise loops

Crossing

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 Meandering parameter relationship
Relation Rivers in flood plain Incised Rivers(Rock rivers
in hills)
Relations depending on Q
1) Meander length ML= 53.61 Q1/2 ML= 46.01 Q1/2
2) Meander width MB= 153.42 Q1/2 MB= 102.16 Q1/2
3) River Width W=8.84 Q1/2 W=8.84 Q1/2

Inter relations
1)Relation between meander ML= 6.06W ML=11.45W
length and river width

2) Relation between meander

width and river width MB= 17.40W MB= 27.3W

3) Relation between meander

width and meander length
MB = 2.86ML MB = 2.20ML

Note: Q= 1.5 to 2 times Qd where Qd= dominant discharge which determines the
meandering pattern ML = 65.8 𝑄𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡
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 Cut off
In excessively meandering river , a particular bend may sometimes
be abandoned by the formation of a straight and shorter channel(AB)

The process ,whereby , this chord channel is developed or the chord

itself is termed as cut off

Cut off is a natural phenomena for counter balancing the otherwise

ever increase length of the river course due to the development of the
meander

Meander increases the river length

But cut off reduces the river length

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Cut-off:

 Cut off ratio : ACB/AB

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Cut-off ratio
The ratio of the length of the bend to that of the chord i.e.
ACB/AB
Normally, cutoff may be developed, if the following conditions
are satisfied:
The cut-off ratio varies from 1.7 to 3.0 or more
𝑟
The ratio is between 13 to 24, where r is the radius of
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥
the curvature of the loop ( bend) and Qmax is the maximum
discharge.
A cut –off formation is accelerated if the curvature is too sharp
for the discharge
The shallow side channel is tangential to the main direction of
river flow approaching and leaving the cut

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 River Morphology
The study of the forms and patterns of rivers and the processes
that developed those forms.
It is time dependent and varies particularly with discharge,
sediment input characteristics, and with bank material.
River morphology can also be substantially influenced by
engineering works.
oRiver forms and patterns:
• River channel geometry
• Shape of channel cross-section
• Size of channel cross-section

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Con’d
oRiver channel pattern/ plan form
• Straight channel
• Meandering channel
• Braided channel
oRiver channel plan form geometry
oRiver bed grade/ slope
River morphological processes: processes due to flowing water
Erosion
Transportation
Deposition

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River forms, patterns and morphological processes
interact in a feedback mechanism

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 Alluvial Streams
 May be defined as an open conduit, with geometric dimensions
- cross section, longitudinal profile and slope –changing with
time,

Are virtually free to adjust their dimensions and shape in

response to changing hydraulic conditions of flow;

Most parts of the stream bed and its banks are composed of the
material transported by the stream.

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 Morphological processes
The morphological processes which are responsible for the formation and
development of alluvial streams are:
(i) Erosion,
(ii) Transportation, and
(iii) Deposition.
oErosion: is the process by which soils and minerals are detached and transported.
oErosion can take place both in the channel and the watershed.
• Channel erosion – due to channel flow
• On the watershed –due to overland flow
• Splash erosion
• Sheet erosion
• Rill erosion
• Gully erosion

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Cont’d
Splash erosion:

When rain drop strikes bare soil, it breaks up the soil

aggregates and separates the fine particles from heavier soil
particles.

These particles are then transported with the surface runoff.

Sheet erosion:

The thin sheets of water that forms at the beginning of rainfall

carries loose materials as it runs over the land towards the
waterways.

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 Cont’d
Rill erosion:

As the sheet flow begins to concentrate on the land surface,

the kinetic energy of the concentrated flow begins to cut small

channels called rills

And is capable of detaching and transporting soil particles.

Gully erosion:

As rills become deeper and wider, gullies are formed.

They are capable of transporting large quantities of sediment since

the flow rates are greater.
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 Channel erosion
It occurs when bank vegetation is disturbed

Or when the flow rate in the stream is increased beyond the critical
point

Where bed material particle movement is initiated

These changes destroy the geomorphic equilibrium of natural

streams

And cause channel erosion to begin

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 Stable stream channel
 There is no objectionable

Silting/aggradation (gradual rise in channel bottom over entire

length),

Scouring (erosive deformation of the channel),

Or sedimentation (increase and advancing forward of the volume

of sediment deposited).

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Cont’d
When these processes occur in excessive amount the channel
becomes unstable and its natural balance is destroyed.

The channel functions by transporting sediment out of the

watershed by means of its flow.

The total load of sediment transported by the channel is made

up of the bed-material load and the wash load.

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 Individual Assignment for next class
1. Mechanism of meander development: The development of
meander is a highly complex phenomenon. Various investigators
studied the problem in the past and gave their own theories. Some
of these theories are listed below. Discuss each theories in detail?

A. Inglis Theory

B. Friedkins Theory

C. Joglekars Theory

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 Cont’d
2. List at least ten (10) rivers in Ethiopia and discuss their characteristics
based on different river classification criteria in detail.

3. Define the following terms using figures, examples

A. Cross-sectional index

B. Meandering index

C. Alluvial cones and fans

D. Stream confluence

E. Causes of meandering

4. Discuss briefly the classification of rivers on the basis of the topography of

the river basin?
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