11

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

QUARTER 4 – MODULE 3
Identifying the Appropriate Rejection Region for a
Given Level of Significance
 What I know
PRE-ASSESSMENT
Before you start studying this module, take this simple test first to find out how much you
already know about the topics in this module.

Directions: Read each item below and choose the correct answer.

1. In a right-tailed test with 𝛼=0.01, the critical value of z is:

A. 1.28 B. 1.65 C. 1.96 D. 2.33
2. The value that separates a rejection region from an acceptance region is called a
___________.
A. Parameter C. critical value
B. Hypothesis D. significance level
3. For a two-tailed test with variance unknown, n= 19, and 𝛼=0.05, what is the critical value?
A. ±2.092 B. ±2.101 C. ±2.145 D. ±2.878
4. For a two-tailed test with a sample size of 40, the null hypothesis will be rejected at 5%
level of significance if the test statistic is:
A. 𝑧 ≤ −1.28 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 ≥ 1.28 C. 𝑧 ≤ −1.96 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 ≥ 1.96
B. 𝑧 ≤ −1.645 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 ≥ 1.645 D. 𝑧 ≤ −2.33 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 ≥ 3.33
5. If the alpha level is increased from 0.01 to 0.05, then the boundaries for
the critical region move farther away from the center of the distribution.
A. True C. both A and B
B. False D. cannot be determined
6. In the two-tailed test, the rejection region lies on ___________ of the
normal distribution.
A. center B. left tail C. right tail D. both tails
7. Given the illustration at the below, which of the following is NOT TRUE?
1.645

A. This is a left-tailed test.

B. This is a right-tailed test.
C. This has a critical value of 1.64
D. This has a level of significance of 0.5.

8. Given the normal curve at the right, what is the rejection region?
-1.96 1.96

A. 𝑧 ≤ 1.645 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 ≥ 1.645
B. 𝑧 ≥ −1.645 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 ≥ 1.645
C. 𝑧 ≥ −1.96 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 ≤ 1.96
D. 𝑧 ≤ −1.96 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 ≥ 1.96
9. What is the critical value if the population variance is unknown, 𝑛=13, 𝛼=
0.05, and it is a one-tailed test?
A. 𝑡 = 1.782 B. 𝑡 = 2.179 C. 𝑡 = 2.681 D. 𝑡 = 3.055
10. Given a two-tailed test, population variance is known, and 𝛼= 0.10, what is
critical region?
A. 𝑧 ≥ 1.28 C. ≤ −2.33 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 ≥ 2.33
B. 𝑧 ≤ −1.96 D. 𝑧 ≤ −1.645 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 ≥ 1.645
11. Which of the following is the sketch of the normal curve if 𝑧≥ 1.645?

A. C.

B. D.
12. Which of the following graphs of rejection region show 𝑡≥2.074?

A. C.

B. D.

13. In the given problem below, identify the rejection region.

It is claimed that the mean distance of a certain type of vehicle is 35 miles
per gallon of gasoline with population standard deviation σ=5 miles. What
can be concluded about the claim using α=0.1 if a random sample of 49
such vehicles has sample mean, 𝑥̅ = 36 miles?
A. 𝑧 ≤ −1.28 C. 𝒛 ≤ −𝟏. 𝟔𝟒𝟓 𝑜𝑟 𝒛 ≥ 𝟏. 𝟔𝟒𝟓
B. 𝑧 ≥ 2.33 D. 𝑧 ≤ −2.575 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 ≥ 2.575

14. Based on the problem in no. 13, which is the correct graph?

A. C.

B. D.
15. In a modeling agency, a researcher wishes to see if the average height of
female models is less than 67 inches, as the coach claims. A random
sample of 20 models has an average height of 65.8 inches. The standard
deviation of the sample is 1.7 inches. At 𝛼=0.05, which of the following
shows the appropriate rejection of the given problem?

A. C.

B. D.
 LESSON 3
Identifying the Appropriate Rejection Region for a Given Level of
Significance
What’s in
REVIEW
ACTIVITY 1. You Bring Color to My Life!

Directions: Given a standard normal curve, shade the required area with color GREEN and for
the remaining area, use color RED.

1. between 𝑧=−1.56 and 𝑧=+1.56

2. to the left of 𝑧=2.05

3. to the right of 𝑧=−1.3

4. between 𝑧=−1.58 and 𝑧=1.58

5. to the left of 𝑧=1.96

.
What is it
DISCUSSION
To be able to answer the questions in the next activities, please take time to read
and understand this section that discusses the next steps in hypothesis testing.
Critical Value, Significance Level, and Rejection Region
In hypothesis testing, a critical value is a point on the test distribution that is compared to
the test statistic to determine whether to reject the null hypothesis. Critical values for a test of
hypothesis depend upon the test statistic, which is specific to the type of the test and significance
level (𝛼) which defines the sensitivity of the test. A value of 𝛼=0.05 implies that the null hypothesis
is rejected 5% of the time when it is in fact true. In practice, the common values of α are 0.1, 0.05,
and 0.01.

Critical Value of z-Distribution

A critical value of z (Z-score) is used when the sampling distribution is normal or close to
normal. Z-scores are used when the population standard deviation is known or when you have
larger sample sizes. While the z-score can also be used to calculate probability for unknown
standard deviations and small samples. Many statisticians prefer using the t-distribution to
calculate these probabilities.
 Table of Critical Values (Z- Score)
Test Type Level of Significance
𝛼 = 0.01 𝛼 = 0.025 𝛼 = 0.05 𝛼 = 0.10

left-tailed −2.33 −1.96 −1.645 −1.28

test
right-tailed 2.33 1.96 1.645 1.28
test
two-tailed ±2.575 ±2.33 ±1.96 ±1.645
test

a. left-tailed test: If the alternative hypothesis 𝐻𝑎 contains the less-than inequality symbol (<),
the hypothesis test is a left-tailed test.
b. right-tailed test: If the alternative hypothesis 𝐻𝑎 contains the greater-than inequality symbol
(>), the hypothesis test is a right-tailed test.
c. two-tailed test: If the alternative hypothesis 𝐻𝑎 contains the not-equal-to symbol (≠), the
1
hypothesis test is a two-tailed test. In a two-tailed test, each tail has an area of 2 𝑎.

Examples:
Find the critical z values. In each case, assume that the normal distribution applies.
1. left-tailed test with 𝛼 = 0.01 𝒛 = −𝟐. 𝟑𝟑 (based on the table of critical value of z)
2. two-tailed test with 𝛼 = 0.05 𝒛 = ±𝟏. 𝟗𝟔
3. right-tailed test with 𝛼 = 0.025 𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔

Critical Value of t-Distribution

The t-distribution table values are critical values of the t-distribution. The column header is the
t-distribution probabilities (alpha). The row names are the degrees of freedom (df).
To find critical values for t-distribution:
1. Identify the level of significance.
2. Identify the degrees of freedom, 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1.
3. Find the critical value using t-distribution in the row with n-1 degrees of freedom. If the
hypothesis test is:
a. left-tailed, use “𝛼 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙” column with a negative sign.
b. right-tailed, use “𝛼 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙” column with a positive sign.
c. two-tailed, use “𝛼 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑠” column with a negative and a positive sign.
Critical Value Table for t-Distribution

𝜶 for one-tailed test 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005

𝜶 for two-tailed test 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.01
𝒅𝒇 = (𝒏 − 𝟏)
1 6.311 12.706 31.821 63.657
2 2.920 4.303 6.065 9.925
3 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841
4 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604
5 2.025 2.571 3.365 4.032
6 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707
7 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499
8 1.860 3.306 2.896 3.355
 9 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250
10 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169
11 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106
12 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055
13 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012
14 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.947
15 1.753 2.134 2.602 2.947
16 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921
17 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898
18 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878
19 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861
20 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845
21 1.721 2.080 2.512 2.831
22 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819
23 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807
24 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797
25 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787
26 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779
27 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771
28 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763
29 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756
30 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750

Examples:
a) Find the critical t-value for a left-tailed test with 𝛼 = 0.05 and 𝑛 = 21.
Answer: 𝒕 = −𝟏. 𝟕𝟐𝟓
b) Find the critical t-value for a right-tailed test with 𝛼 = 0.01 and 𝑛 = 17.
Answer: 𝒕 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟖𝟑
c) Find the critical t-values for a two-tailed test with 𝛼 = 0.05 and 𝑛 = 26.
Answer: 𝒕 = ±𝟐. 𝟎𝟔𝟎

Critical Regions/Rejection Regions

Critical region, also known as the rejection region, describes the entire area of values
that indicates you reject the null hypothesis. In other words, the critical region is the area
encompassed by the values not included in the acceptance region. It is the area of the “tails” of
the distribution.

The “tails” of a test are the values outside of the critical values. In other words, the tails
are the ends of the distribution and they begin at the greatest or least value in the alternative
hypothesis (the critical values).

Rejection Region If Population Variance Is Known

To determine the critical region for a normal distribution, we use the table for the
standard normal distribution. If the level of significance is 𝛼 = 0.10, then for a one-tailed test, the
critical region is below 𝑧 = −1.28 or above 𝑧 = 1.28.
𝛼
For a two-tailed test, use 2 = 0.05 and the critical region is below 𝑧 = −1.645 and above 𝑧 =
1.645. If the absolute value of the calculated statistics has a value equal to or greater than critical
value, then the null hypothesis 𝐻𝑜 should be rejected and the alternative hypotheses 𝐻𝑎 is
assumed to be supported.
Rejection Region If Population Variance Is Unknown

To determine the critical region for a t-distribution, we use the table of the t-distribution.
(Assume that we use a t-distribution with 20 degrees of freedom.) If the level of significance is 𝛼 =
𝛼
0.10, then for a one-tailed test, 𝑡 = −1.325 𝑜𝑟 𝑡 = 1.325. For a two-tailed test, use 2 = 0.05 and
then 𝑡 = −1.725 and 𝑡 = 1.725. If the absolute value of a calculated statistics has a value equal to
or greater than the critical value, then the null hypothesis 𝐻𝑜 should be rejected and the alternative
hypotheses 𝐻𝑎 is assumed to be correct.

Hypothesis Test and Their Tails

There are three types of test from a “tails” standpoint:

• A left-tailed test only has a tail on the left side of the graph.
rejection
region

• A right-tailed test only has a tail on the right side of the graph
rejection
region

• two-tailed test has tails on both ends of the graph. This is a test where the null hypothesis
is a claim of a specific value.

rejection rejection
region region

Illustrative
Examples:

Determine the critical values and the appropriate rejection region. Sketch the sampling
distribution.
1. Right-tailed test where 𝝈 is known, 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, and 𝒏 = 𝟑𝟒

In this example, the population standard deviation is known. Therefore, the test statistic
would be z-test. To obtain the critical value for the level of significance of 0.05 and one-tailed
test, z-value from the table is 1.645. The hypothesis test is right-tailed, so the inequality symbol
would be ≥. Hence, the rejection region for a one-tailed test is 𝒛 ≥ 𝟏. 𝟔𝟒𝟓.

To sketch the graph, locate first the critical value of 1.645 which is between the 1 and 2 in the
normal curve. Then, shade the region greater than the critical value because it is a right-tailed
test.
 rejection region
critical value
𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟒𝟓

2. Two-tailed test where 𝝈 is unknown, 𝜶=𝟎.𝟎𝟓, and 𝒏=𝟏𝟎

Since this is a two-tailed test, ½ of 0.05= 0.025 of the values would be in the left and the
other 0.025 would be in the right tail. Looking up t-score (n=10-1=9) associated with 0.025 on
the reference table, we find 2.262. Therefore, +2.262 is the critical value of the right tail and -
2.262 is the critical value of the left tail. The rejection region is −𝟐.𝟐𝟔𝟐≤ 𝒕≥ 𝟐.𝟐𝟔𝟐.

critical value critical value

𝒕 = +𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝟐 𝒕 = +𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝟐

rejection region
rejection region

3. Left-tailed test where 𝝈 is known, 𝜶=𝟎.𝟎𝟏, and 𝒏=𝟒𝟎

A one-tailed test with 0.01 would have 99% of the area under the curve outside of the
critical region. Since the variance is known, we use z-score as the reference to find the critical
value. This is a left-tailed test, so the critical value we need is negative. The solution is 𝑧 =
−2.326. The rejection region is 𝒛 ≤ −𝟐. 𝟑𝟐𝟔.

rejection
rejection
region
region critical value
𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟒𝟓

In the first three examples, you were able to find rejection region given the hypothesis test,
population variance known or unknown, number of sample, and level of significance. The following
example will discuss on how to determine the appropriate rejection region in a real-life problem.

4. A survey reports a customer in the drive thru lane of one fast food chain spends eight
minutes to wait for his/her order. A sample of 24 customers at the drive thru lane showed
mean of 7.5 minutes with a standard deviation of 3.2 minutes. Is the waiting time at the
drive thru lane less than that of the survey made? Use 0.05 significance level.

Hypotheses Hypothesis Population Level of Number of z-value or t-

Test Standard Significance Sample value
Known/Unknown

𝑯𝑶: 𝝁=𝟖, left-tailed 𝛔 is unknown. 𝜶=𝟎.𝟎𝟓 𝒏=𝟐𝟒 t-value

𝑯𝒂: 𝝁<𝟖, test

A one-tailed test with 0.05 level of significance has 95% of the area under the curve
outside of the critical region. Since the variance is unknown, we use t-score with df = 24-1=23 as
the reference to determine the critical value. This is a left-tailed test, so the critical value we
need is negative. The critical value is 2. 069 and the rejection region is 𝒕 ≤ −𝟐. 𝟎𝟔𝟗.

5. A banana company claims that the mean weight of their banana is 150 grams with a
standard deviation of 18 grams. Data generated from a sample of 49 bananas randomly
selected indicated a mean weight of 153.5 grams per banana. Is there sufficient evidence
to reject the company’s claim? Use 𝛼=0.05.

Hypotheses Hypothesis Population Level of Number z-value

Test Standard Significance of or t-
Known/Unknown Sample value

𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 =150, two-tailed 𝛔 is known. 𝜶=𝟎.𝟎𝟓 𝒏=49 z-value

𝑯𝒂: 𝝁 ≠ 𝟏𝟓𝟎, test

The rejection region is 𝒛 ≤ −𝟏. 𝟗𝟔 𝒐𝒓 𝒛 ≥ 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔.

critical value critical value

𝒛 = −𝟏. 𝟗𝟔 𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔

rejection region rejection region

WHAT’S MORE

ACTIVITY 3:
A.What is My Value!
Directions: Find the critical value of the following.
1. right-tailed test 𝛼 = 0.05 𝑛 = 25
2. two-tailed test 𝛼 = 0.01 𝑛 = 20
3. left-tailed test 𝛼 = 0.05 𝑛 = 50
4. right-tailed test, σ unknown 𝛼 = 0.01 𝑛 = 15
5. one-tailed test, σ known 𝛼 = 0.025 𝑛 = 37
B. Reject It!
Directions: Find the rejection region for each hypothesis test based on the information given.
1. 𝐻𝑜: 𝜇 = 121 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 > 121 𝛼 = 0.01 𝑛 = 39 𝜎 = 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
2. 𝐻𝑜: 𝜇 = 98.6 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 ≠ 98.6 𝛼 = 0.05 𝑛 = 25 𝜎 = 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
3. 𝐻𝑜: 𝜇 = 27 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 < 27 𝛼 = 0.05 𝑛 = 12 𝜎 = 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
4. 𝐻𝑜: 𝜇 = 65 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 ≠ 65 𝛼 = 0.05 𝑛=9 𝜎 = 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
5. 𝐻𝑜: 𝜇 = 2.9 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 > 2.9 𝛼 = 0.01 𝑛 = 50 𝜎 = 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
C. Let’s Do Sketch It!
Directions: Sketch the graph given the critical value and rejection region.
1. 𝑧 ≥ 2.33
2. 𝑧 ≤ −1.645 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 ≥ 1.645
3. 𝑡 ≤ −2.145
4. 𝑡 ≤ −1.771 𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ≥ 1.771
5. 𝑧 ≤ −1.28

WHAT I CAN DO
Activity 5. Do It Now!
Directions: Read and analyze the given problem. Supply the data being
asked for on the items that follow.
1. Effects of drug and alcohol on the nervous system have been the subject of
significant research. A neurologist wants to test the effect of a drug by injecting
100 rats with a unit dose of the drug, subjecting each rat to stimulus, and
recording its response time. It has been found out that the mean is x̅=1.05 with
standard deviation of s=0.5. The mean response time of a rat not to respond is
1.2 seconds. She wishes to test whether the mean response time for drug-
injected rats differs from 1.2 seconds. Assume that the population is normal
using α = 0.05.

a. null and alternative hypotheses: ____________________________________

b. test of hypothesis: _______________________________________________
c. level of significance: _____________________________________________
d. population standard deviation: _____________________________________
e. sample standard deviation: ________________________________________
f. number or sample: _______________________________________________
g. test statistic: ____________________________________________________
h. critical value: ___________________________________________________
i. rejection region: _________________________________________________
j. graph:

10
 POST - ASSESSMENT

Instructions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. In a left-tailed test with 𝛼=0.01, the critical value of z is:

A. −2.576 B. −2.330 C. −1.960 D. −1.645
2. Which of the following defines the area encompassed by the values not
included in the non-rejection region or also the area of the tails of the
distribution?
A. critical value C. level of significance
B. rejection region D. population variance
3. For a two-tailed test with variance unknown, n= 16, and 𝛼=0.05, what is the
critical value?
A. ±2.092 B. ±2.134 C. ±2.145 D. ±2.145
4. For a one-tailed test with a sample of 15, the null hypothesis will not be
rejected at 5% level of significance if the test statistics is:
A. 𝑡 ≤ −1.761 C. 𝑡 ≤ −1.703
B. 𝑡 ≤ −1.753 D. 𝑡 ≤ −1.697
5. If the level of significance decreased from 0.1 to 0.05, then the boundaries for
the critical region move farther away from the center of the distribution.
A. true B. false C. both A and B D. cannot be determined
6. In a right-tailed test, the rejection lies in the ________ tails of distribution.
A. up B. left C. right D. down
7. Based on the graph, which of the following is TRUE?

-1.725

A. This is a two-tailed test.

B. This is a right-tailed test.
C. Level of significance is 0.025.
D. The rejection region is 𝑡 ≤ −1.725.
8. What is the rejection region of the given normal curve below?

A. 𝑧 ≥ 1.28 C. 𝑧 ≥ 1.96
B. 𝑧 ≥ 1.645 D. 𝑧 ≤ 2.33

11
9. Given a left-tailed test, population standard deviation is unknown, 𝑛=27,
𝛼=0.01, what is the critical value?

A. 𝑡 = −2.528 C. 𝑡 = −1.706
B. 𝑡 = −2.479 D. 𝑡 = 2.479

10. What is the critical value if the population variance is known, 𝑎 = 0.025, and
it is a two-tailed test?
A. 𝑧 = ±1.28 C. 𝑧 = ±1.96
B. 𝑧 = ±1.645 D. 𝑧 = ±2.33

11. Which of the following is the correct illustration of rejection region 𝑡 ≤ −1.943?

A. B. C. D.
12. Which of the following is the sketch of the normal curve if 𝑧 < −1.645 𝑜𝑟
𝑧 > 1.645?

A. B. C. D.
13. Given the graph of the normal curve below, what are the directional test of
hypothesis and critical 𝑧 value if 𝛼 = 0.01?

A. two-tailed test, ±2.33 C. left-tailed test, −1.645

B. two-tailed test, ± 2.575 D. right-tailed test, 1.645

14. In the given problem below, what is the rejection region?

The factory owner claimed that their bottled fruit juice has the capacity of less
than an average of 280 ml. To test the claim, a group of consumers gets a sample of
80 bottles of the fruit juice, calculates the capacity, and then finds the mean capacity
to be 265ml. The standard deviation is 8ml. Use 𝛼=0.05 level of significance to test
the claim.
A. 𝑧 ≤ −1.645 C. 𝑧 ≥ 1.645
B. 𝑧 ≤ −1.28 D. 𝑧 ≥ 2.33
15. Based on the given problem in no. 14, which is the appropriate rejection region?

A. C.

B. D.

12