SHS

PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Module 3, Quarter 1, Week3
Physical Science
Grade 11/12 Module3 Quarter 1, Week 3
First Edition, 2020

Copyright © 2020
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without
written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Mary Ann M. Bautista, T-II

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team

Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr., P II

Management Team:

ATTY. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent

Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, PhD

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
German E. Flora, PhD, CID Chief

Virgilio C. Boado, PhD, EPS in Charge of LRMS

Rominel S. Sobremonte, EdD, EPS in Charge of Science
Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II
Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II
 Physical Science
Module 3: Quarter 1 - Week 3
 Target

There are millions of materials that we use every day, and because of technology,
they keep growing in number every minute, perhaps every second! Where do all
these materials come from? One reason why all these materials exist is due to forces
that put atoms and molecules together. We call these forces intermolecular forces.
There are two categories of this force- intermolecular force and intramolecular force.
Intramolecular is the force of attraction between or among atoms to form a molecule
as in the molecules formed by ionic bond and covalent bond. On the other hand,
intermolecular force is found between different or similar molecules as in the
combination of coffee and water or flour and sugar. The second category,
intermolecular forces, shall be the focus of this lesson.
In the previous module you were introduced to intermolecular force relative to the
polarity of molecules.
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Describe the general types of intermolecular forces(S11/12PS-111c-d-17)
2. Explain the effect of intermolecular forces on the properties of
substances(S11/12PS-111d-e-19)

4
 Jumpstart

For you to understand the lesson well, do Activity 1. Have fun and good
luck!

Activity 1. Floating Metal!

Materials: glass/cup of water
Paper clips, (3 coated with plastic and 3 not coated)

Procedure
1. Set a cup/glass of water on a stable surface.
2. Slowly put the paper clip on the water as carefully as you can, one after
the other as long as the surface can accommodate them.
3. Make sure that no movement disturbs the water surface.
4. Make several trials until the 6 paper clips are all afloat.

Questions/ Pair discussion

1. Why were the paper clips able to float?
2. At a certain point, the paper clips will sink. Why do you think do they
sink?

Write your answers to the questions on a separate sheet of paper.

5
 Discover

Now you will learn about the three(3) general types of intermolecular forces and how
these affect the properties of substances.

Hydrogen Bonding. This is formed when hydrogen is bonded with the highly
electronegative atoms oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine. This is the strongest of the three
intermolecular forces and it is a special type of dipole-dipole interaction. It is
considered special because even though the hydrogen atom has only one electron, it
necessarily shares this to be stable, and that gives it the capability of forming long
chains of molecules such as the biological macromolecules.
The cumulative effect of millions of H bonds holds the two strands of DNA molecules
together. Lengthy DNA coils are records of the genes of every living thing no matter
how big or small. The same bond provides surface tension in water that supports
light objects like dust, insects, feathers and the paper clips in the activity at the
beginning of this learning material.

Since this bond is relatively strong, it is also attributed to high boiling points and
high melting points of the compounds it forms.

Dipole-dipole Attraction. A dipole refers to a polar molecule, since a polar molecule

has two ‘poles’- the partially negative end and the partially positive end. Dipoe-dipole
interaction is an attraction between two polar molecules where the partially negative
end of one interacts with the partially positive end of the other and vice versa, thus
the “Like dissolves like” concept. Since many substances are polar, many different
combinations of these materials are commonly observed. For instance many
materials and equipment in the medical, industrial, educational, sports fields are
constantly being manufactured, used, improved and refined due to the adherence of
many substances with one another.

Dispersion Force, a.k.a. London Dispersion Force.( Fritz London 1900-1954,

German). This attractive force occurs in all types of molecules whether they are ionic
or covalent, nonpolar or polar, solid, liquid or gas. It is the weakest intermolecular
force. Dispersion force changes in strength as phase changes. This means that when
water solidifies, the dispersion force increases, but when it changes to gas, the
dispersion force decreases.

Specific interactions on dispersion force are cohesion and adhesion. Cohesion is the
attraction among molecules of the same kind, while adhesion is attraction among
molecules of different kinds. Let us take the case of water whose volume you will
measure using a graduated cylinder. The readings can be taken from the lower
meniscus or upper meniscus. You will be instructed to read from the lower meniscus
because you are measuring water. Why is there an upper and lower meniscus? The
lower meniscus is due to gravity and cohesion among water molecules, while the
upper meniscus is due to adhesion between water molecules and the molecules of
the graduated cylinder.

6
 Explore

Activity 2: Reptile at Work

Direction: Read the portion of an article about the gecko.
Van der Waals force vs. capillary adhesion

The team tested two competing hypotheses: one based on van der Waals force and a
second on capillary (water-based) adhesion.

"Our results provide the first direct experimental verification that a short-range
molecular attraction called van der Waals force is definitely what makes geckos stick,"
Autumn emphasizes.

Van der Waals forces, named after a Dutch physicist of the late 1800s, are weak
electrodynamic forces that operate over very small distances but bond to nearly any
material.

Geckos have millions of setae--microscopic hairs on the bottom of their feet. These tiny
setae are only as long as two diameters of a human hair. That's 100 millionth of a
meter long. Each seta ends with 1,000 even tinier pads at the tip. These tips, called
spatulae, are only 200 billionths of a meter wide--below the wavelength of visible light.

"Intermolecular forces come into play because the gecko foot hairs split and allow a
billion spatulae to increase surface density and come into close contact with the
surface. This creates a strong adhesive force," says Autumn.
(Source:https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2002/08/020828063412.htm)

7
Assessment 1: Write a 5-sentence paragraph in a separate sheet of paper relating
intermolecular forces to the Gecko as explained in the reading material.
Rubris

Poor 1 Fair 3 Good 5 points

Indicators point points

No. of
1 sentence only 2-3 sentences
sentences 4-6 sentences
IMF is related to the millions
of tiny surfaces
Mentioned only at the Gecko’s feet that
Mention of in a sentence, IMF is attach to any surface.
IMF but not explained Cumulative effect of the
explained. dispersion force in the
millions of tiny surfaces
explains the ‘sticky’ effect.
4-6 sentences are evidently
2-3 sentences and sequenced logically in
Organization No clear flow of
are related to relation to intermolecular
of Paragraph thought.
each other. force used by the Gecko.

4 or more
Neatness and erasures are 1-3 erasures
legible committed, more are evident, 1-3 The paragraph is neat and
handwriting than 5 words are words are not words are legible.
are evident not clearly clearly written.
written.

8
 Deepen

There are three common applications of intermolecular forces.

One is surface tension. This is the force as a thin film on the surface of a liquid that
can support light objects. Only liquids have surface tension. Dust gathers on water
surfaces and insects can walk on them because of surface tension. To break the
surface tension of water, soap is used so that water can remove the dirt from clothing
or other surfaces.

Capillary action is the ability of a liquid to climb up a small tube against gravity
without any force applied. This is the reason why a blanket placed in a basin with
little amount of water soon soaks up because water molecules climbed through the
fibers of the blanket that served as tubes. The same force works when a nurse or a
medical worker uses a small tube to get from you a blood sample for testing. As soon
as the tube touches the skin where there is blood, the attraction of the blood towards
the molecules of the tube happens almost instantly. This shows that they “like” each
other very much because the intermolecular force between them is strong.

Viscosity is the resistance to flow. There is resistance because the molecules of the
viscous or sticky substance are attracted among themselves and are also attracted
toward the molecules of the flowing medium which could be a tube, wood etc. The
viscosity of a substance has something to do with intermolecular force, that is,
between the substance and the material through which flowing or climbing happens.

Assessment 2: Choose one process in nature, (photosynthesis, water cycle,

digestion, etc.) and explain the role or contribution of intermolecular force in at least
one part of the process.

The following rubrics in the next page will be used to rate your output.

9
 Poor 1 Fair 3 points Good 5 points
Indicators point

Process is
Process chosen Process not
mentioned and is Process is part of the
is mentioned mentioned
explained. title.
Role of IMF in more
Role of IMF in one
than 1 part of the
Role of IMF is part of the chosen
Role of IMF process or in the whole
not clear. process is partly
process is fully
explained.
explained.
4-6 sentences are
2-3 sentences are evidently sequenced
Organization of No clear flow of
not related to the logically in relation to
Paragraph thought.
question. the role of IMF in the
process.
4 or more
Neatness and erasures are 1-3 erasures are
legible committed, more evident, 1-3 words The paragraph is neat
handwriting are than 5 words are are not clearly and words are legible.
evident not clearly written.
written.

10
 Gauge

Assessment 3

Multiple Choice Test. Choose the correct answer, and write the letter of your choice
on a SEPARATE sheet of paper.
1. What intermolecular attraction is characterized by the attraction between
the oppositely charged poles of a polar molecule?
A. Dipole-dipole force C. Hydrogen bonding
B. Dispersion forces D. Ionic bond

2. Which one of the following substances can be melted without breaking

chemical bonds?
A. Diamond C. Salt
B. Limestone D. Sulfur

3. What kind of force is broken when solid turns to liquid?

A. covalent bond C. Ionic bond
B. hydrogen bonding D. London dispersion Forces

4. The boiling point of water is about 200°C higher than the boiling points of
hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen selenide. One may explain this apparent
anomaly by which of the following?
A. Water has the lowest molecular weight.
B. Water is less polar than hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen selenide.
C. The water molecule is lighter than the other two molecules.
D. The intermolecular attractive forces are much greater in water than in
the two compounds.

5. Which of the following BEST describes all the intermolecular forces exhibited
by a pure sample of CH3Cl?
A. Covalent C. dipole-dipole
B. Dispersion D. hydrogen bonding

6. What term applies when a liquid can be drawn up a tube without external
force being applied?
A. Adhesion C. Capillary action
B. Cohesion D. surface tension

7. Which of the following requires the lowest melting point?

A. CaF2 B. LiCl C. MgF2 D. NaCl

8. Since polar covalent bond is stronger than nonpolar covalent bond, what is
expected of the boiling and melting points of a polar molecule. These should
be _________.
A. higher C. lower
B. the same D. can not be determined

11
9. Which element has the highest electronegativity?
A. Fluorine B. Helium C. Hydrogen D. oxygen

10. What is the property of water that allows it to stick to other substance?
A. Adhesion B. Density C. Specific heat D. Surface tension

11. Which of the following illustrates the concept “like dissolves like”?
A. CCl4 is soluble in water
B. I2 is more soluble in CCl4 than in water
C. NaCl is more soluble in CCl 4 than in water
D. CuSO4 is more soluble in CCl4 than in water

12. A liquid placed in a capillary tube shows a lower meniscus. What type of
forces creates lower meniscus?
A. Adhesive force only
B. Both cohesive and adhesive force
C. Cohesive force only
D. Neither cohesive nor adhesive force

13. Which of the following is TRUE about surface tension? It is _____

A. found on the surface of solids.
B. lessened by oil and soap.
C. harmful to insects that lay eggs in water.
D. increased as the fluid is heated.

14. Which of the following is NOT a kind of intermolecular force?

A. covalent bonding C. Dispersion
B. dipole-dipole D. hydrogen bonding

15. Which of the following is the CORRECT ORDER of increasing attractive

strength of intermolecular forces?
A. dipole-dipole interaction, hydrogen bonding, London dispersion forces,
B. hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interaction, London dispersion forces
C. hydrogen bonding, London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interaction
D. London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interaction, hydrogen bonding

12
References
Hermosa, Marie Franchesika S. The Intermolecular Forces of Attraction. (2018,
March 12). Retrieved July 26, 2020 from
https://chesquations.wordpress.com/2018/03/12/the-intermolecular-
forces-of-attraction

Intermolecular Forces. (2019, Feb 14). Retrieved July 22, 2020 from http://open
tax.org.book

Intermolecular Forces. (2020, May 25). Retrieved July 22, 2020 from https://chem.
libre texts.org/Courses/Oregon_Institute_of_Technology
Lewis & Clark College. Scientists Prove How Geckos Stick, Unlock Secrets To Making
Artificial Gecko Glue. (2002, Aug. 28) Retrieved July 23, 2020 from
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2002/08/020828063412.htm

Physical properties and Intermolecular Forces. n.d. Retrieved July23. 2020 from
https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-chemistry-flexbook2.0/
section/9.20

Shouse, Ben. How Geckos Stick on der Waals. (2002, July 25). Retrieved July 23,
2020 from https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2002/08/how-geckos-
stick-der-waals

13
Answer Key
Activity 1 Floating Metal

Q1: The paper clips floated due to surface tension.

Q2: The paper clips soon sink due to gravity and due to

movements that disturb the water surface.

Activity 2 Reptile at Work

Assessment 1 - Rubrics is provided.

Assessment 2 Role of IMF in Life Processes

Rubrics as provided for this.

Assessment 3 Multiple Choice

1. C 11. A
2. A 12. B
3. A 13. A
4. A 14. A
5. B 15. D
6. B
7. D
8. A
9. C
10. B

14