Divergence Theorem Examples

Gauss' divergence theorem relates triple integrals and surface integrals.

GAUSS' DIVERGENCE THEOREM

Let F be a vector field. Let W be a closed surface, and let e be the region inside of W . Then:

( ( F † . A œ ( ( ( divaFb .Z
W e

EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate ( ( a$B i  #C jb † . A, where W is the sphere B#  C#  D # œ *.

W

SOLUTION We could parameterize the surface and evaluate the surface integral, but it is much faster to
use the divergence theorem. Since:

diva$B i  #C jb œ a$Bb  a#C b  a! b œ &

` ` `
`B `C `D

the divergence theorem gives:

( ( a$B i  #C jb † . A œ ( ( ( & .Z œ & ‚ athe volume of the sphereb œ ")!1 è

W e

EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate ( ( ˆC # D i  C $ j  BD k‰ † . A, where W is the boundary of the cube defined by

W
" Ÿ B Ÿ ", " Ÿ C Ÿ ", and ! Ÿ D Ÿ #.
SOLUTION Since:

divˆC # D i  C $ j  BD k‰ œ ˆC D ‰  ˆC ‰  aBD b œ $C#  B

` # ` $ `
`B `C `D

the divergence theorem gives:

( ( ˆC D i  C j  BD k‰ † . A œ ( ( ( ˆ$C  B‰ .Z
# $ #
W e

œ ( ( ( ˆ$C #  B‰ .B .C .D
# " "

! " "

"
œ #( 'C # .C œ ) è
"
EXAMPLE 3 Let e be the region in ‘$ bounded by the paraboloid D œ B#  C # and the plane D œ ",
and let W be the boundary of the region e. Evaluate ( ( ˆC i  Bj  D # k‰ † . A.
W

SOLUTION Here is a sketch of the region in question:

z
z=1 (1, 1)

2
z=r

Since:

divˆC i  Bj  D # k‰ œ aC b  aB b  ˆD ‰ œ #D
` ` ` #
`B `C `D

the divergence theorem gives:

( ( D k † . A œ ( ( ( #D .Z
#
W e

It is easiest to set up the triple integral in cylindrical coordinates:

#1 " "
( ( ( #D .Z œ ( ( ( #D < .D .< . )
e ! ! <#

"
œ #1 ( ’D # <“
"
.<
! Dœ<#

œ #1( ˆ<  <& ‰ .<

"

œ #1 Œ   œ
" " #1
è
# ' $

In general, you should probably use the divergence theorem whenever you wish to evaluate a vector
surface integral over a closed surface.
The divergence theorem can also be used to evaluate triple integrals by turning them into surface
integrals. This depends on finding a vector field whose divergence is equal to the given function.

EXAMPLE 4 Find a vector field F whose divergence is the given function 0 aBb.
(a) 0 aBb œ " (b) 0 aBb œ B# C (c) 0 aBb œ ÈB#  D #
SOLUTION The formula for the divergence is:

divaFb œ f † F œ
`JB `JC `JD
 
`B `C `D

We get to choose JB , JC , and JD , so there are several possible vector fields with a given divergence.
(This is similar to the freedom enjoyed when finding a vector field with a given rotation.)
(a) F œ Bi works, as does F œ C j, F œ D k, and so forth.
" $ " # #
(b) Three possible solutions are F œ B C i, Fœ B C j, and F œ B# CD k.
$ #
(c) It is difficult to integrate ÈB#  D # with respect to B or D , but we can integrate with respect to C
to get F œ C ÈB#  D # j. è

EXAMPLE 5 Let e be the region defined by B#  C #  D # Ÿ ". Use the divergence theorem to
evaluate ( ( ( D # .Z .
e

SOLUTION Let W be the unit sphere B#  C #  D # œ ". By the divergence theorem:

( ( ( D .Z œ ( ( F † . A
#
e W

" $
where F is any vector field whose divergence is D # . One possible choice is F œ D k:
$

( ( ( D .Z œ ( (
# " $
D k † .A
e W $

All that remains is to compute the surface integral ( (

" $
D k † . A.
W $
We have parameterized the sphere many times by now:
z

>œ) B œ cos ? cos >

< œ cos ? so C œ cos ? sin >
r
D œ sin ? D œ sin ?
1 1
! Ÿ > Ÿ #1 and  Ÿ?Ÿ
# #
This gives:
â â â â
â i k â â â
â â â â
j i j k
â `B â â â
. A œ â `> â â â .> .?
`C `D
â â â â
.> .? œ  cos ? sin > cos ? cos > !
â `B `D â â sin ? cos > sin ? sin > cos ? â
`> `>

â `? â â â
`C
`? `?

œ ˆ cos# ? cos >ß cos# ? sin >ß cos ? sin ?‰ .> .?

so:

asin ?b$ cos ? sin ? .? .>

" #1 1Î#
(( ( (
" $
D k † . A œ
W $ $ ! 1Î#

#1 1Î#
œ ( sin% ? cos ? .?
$ 1Î#
1Î#
” sin ?•
#1 " &
œ
$ & 1Î#

%1
œ è
"&

Of course, in the last example it would have been faster to simply compute the triple integral. In reality,
the divergence theorem is only used to compute triple integrals that would otherwise be difficult to set
up:

EXAMPLE 6 Let W be the surface obtained by rotating the curve

< œ cos ? 1 1
 Ÿ?Ÿ
D œ sin #? # #

around the D -axis:

Use the divergence theorem to find the volume of the region inside of W .
SOLUTION We wish to evaluate the integral ( ( ( .Z , where e is the region inside of W . By the
e
divergence theorem:

( ( ( .Z œ ( ( F † . A
e W

where F is any vector field whose divergence is ". Because of the cylindrical symmetry, Bi and C j are
poor choices for F. We therefore let F œ D k:

( ( ( .Z œ ( ( D k † . A
e W

All that remains is to evaluate the surface integral ( ( D k † . A.

W
We were essentially given the parameterization of the surface:
z

>œ) B œ cos ? cos >

< œ cos ? so C œ cos ? sin >
r
D œ sin #? D œ sin #?
1 1
! Ÿ > Ÿ #1 and  Ÿ?Ÿ
# #

Thus:
â â â â
â i k â â â
â â â â
j i j k
â `D â â â
. A œ â `B â â â .> .?
`C
â `> â â â
.> .? œ  cos ? sin > cos ? cos > !
â `B `D â â sin ? cos > sin ? sin > # cos #? â
`> `>

â `? â â â
`C
`? `?

œ a# cos ? cos #? cos >ß # cos ? cos #? sin >ß cos ? sin ?b .> .?

so:

asin #?b cos ? sin ? .? .>

#1 1Î#
( ( D k † .A œ ( (
W ! 1Î#

1Î#
œ #1 ( sin #? cos ? sin ? .?
1Î#

1Î#
œ #1 ” a%?  sin %?b•
"
(according to my calculator)
"' 1Î#

1#
œ è
#