1.

1 INTRODUCTION TO CLOUD COMPUTING

(A) History of Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is believed to have been invented by Joseph Carl
RobnettLicklider in the 1960s with his work on ARPANET to connect people and
data from anywhere at any time

What is Cloud?
The term Cloud refers to a Network or Internet. In other words, we can say that
Cloud is something, which is present at remote location. Cloud can provide services
over public and private networks, i.e., WAN, LAN or VPN.

What is Cloud Computing?

Cloud computing is a technology that uses the internet for storing and managing data on
remote servers and then access data via the internet. ... One such example is Google
cloud – It is a suite of public cloud services offered by Google. All the application
development run on Google hardware.

Cloud computing offers platform independency, as the software is not required to

be installed locally on the PC. Hence, the Cloud Computing is making our business
applications mobile and collaborative.
Top 10 Companies Using Cloud
 Netflix. Cloud provider: AWS. ...(amazon web service)
 Pinterest. Cloud provider: AWS. ...
 Coca-Cola. Cloud provider: AWS. ...
 Kroger. Cloud provider: Microsoft Azure. .(Microsoft's operating system for cloud
computing...)
 Gameloft. Cloud provider: AWS. ...
 Etsy. Cloud provider: Google Cloud. ...
 eBay. Cloud provider: Google Cloud. ...
 Twitter (ad platform) Cloud provider: Google Cloud.
Cloud computing enables software and data to reside on vast numbers of
servers connected over the Internet, rather than on servers at the physical
location of an individual, company, or other organization

CLOUD COMPUTING-ARCHITECTURE
The Cloud Computing architecture comprises of many cloud components, each of them are loosely
coupled. We can broadly divide the cloud architecture into two parts:
 Front End
 Back End
Each of the ends are connected through a network, usually via Internet. The following diagram
shows the graphical view of cloud computing architecture:
Basic Concepts
There are certain services and models working behind the scene making the cloud
computing feasible and accessible to end users. Following are the working models
for cloud computing:

 Deployment Models
 Service Models

Deployment Models (types)

Deployment models define the type of access to the cloud, i.e., how the cloud is
located? Cloud can have any of the four types of access: Public, Private, Hybrid,
and Community.

Public Cloud

The public cloud allows systems and services to be easily accessible to the

general public. Public cloud may be less secure because of its openness.

Private Cloud

The private cloud allows systems and services to be accessible within an

organization. It is more secured because of its private nature.

Community Cloud

The community cloud allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of

organizations.

Hybrid Cloud
The hybrid cloud is a mixture of public and private cloud, in which the critical
activities are performed using private cloud while the non-critical activities are
performed using public cloud.

Service Models (common forms)

Cloud computing is based on service models. These are categorized into three
basic service models which are -

 Infrastructure-as–a-Service (IaaS)
 Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)
 Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
Anything-as-a-Service (XaaS) is yet another service model, which includes
Network-as-a-Service, Business-as-a-Service, Identity-as-a-Service, Database-as-
a-Service or Strategy-as-a-Service.
The Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) is the most basic level of service. Each of
the service models inherit the security and management mechanism from the
underlying model, as shown in the following diagram:

Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)

IaaS provides access to fundamental resources such as physical machines, virtual

machines, virtual storage, etc.

Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)

PaaS provides the runtime environment for applications, development and

deployment tools, etc.

Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
SaaS model allows to use software applications as a service to end-users.

advantages
Cloud Computing has numerous advantages. Some of them are listed below -
 One can access applications as utilities, over the Internet.
 One can manipulate and configure the applications online at any time.
 It does not require to install a software to access or manipulate cloud
application.
 Cloud Computing offers online development and deployment tools,
programming runtime environment through PaaS model.
 Cloud resources are available over the network in a manner that provide
platform independent access to any type of clients.
 Cloud Computing offers on-demand self-service. The resources can be
used without interaction with cloud service provider.
 Cloud Computing is highly cost effective because it operates at high
efficiency with optimum utilization. It just requires an Internet connection
 Cloud Computing offers load balancing that makes it more reliable.

disadvantages
Although cloud Computing is a promising innovation with various benefits in the
world of computing, it comes with risks. Some of them are discussed below:

Security and Privacy

It is the biggest concern about cloud computing. Since data management and
infrastructure management in cloud is provided by third-party, it is always a risk to
handover the sensitive information to cloud service providers.
Although the cloud computing vendors ensure highly secured password protected
accounts, any sign of security breach may result in loss of customers and
businesses.

Lock In
It is very difficult for the customers to switch from one Cloud Service Provider
(CSP) to another. It results in dependency on a particular CSP for service.

Isolation Failure
This risk involves the failure of isolation mechanism that separates storage,
memory, and routing between the different tenants.

Management Interface Compromise

In case of public cloud provider, the customer management interfaces are
accessible through the Internet.

Insecure or Incomplete Data Deletion

It is possible that the data requested for deletion may not get deleted. It happens
because either of the following reasons
 Extra copies of data are stored but are not available at the time of deletion
 Disk that stores data of multiple tenants is destroyed.

Characteristics of Cloud Computing

There are four key characteristics of cloud computing. They are shown in the
following diagram:
On Demand Self Service
Cloud Computing allows the users to use web services and resources on demand.
One can logon to a website at any time and use them.

Broad Network Access

Since cloud computing is completely web based, it can be accessed from anywhere
and at any time.

Resource Pooling
Cloud computing allows multiple tenants to share a pool of resources. One can
share single physical instance of hardware, database and basic infrastructure.

Rapid Elasticity
It is very easy to scale the resources vertically or horizontally at any time. Scaling of
resources means the ability of resources to deal with increasing or decreasing
demand.
The resources being used by customers at any given point of time are automatically
monitored.

(B) Evolution of Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is all about renting computing services. This idea first came in the
1950s. In making cloud computing what it is today, five technologies played a vital
role. These are distributed systems and its peripherals, virtualization, web 2.0,
service orientation, and utility computing.
 Distributed Systems:
It is a composition of multiple independent systems but all of them are depicted
as a single entity to the users. The purpose of distributed systems is to share
resources and also use them effectively and efficiently. Distributed systems
possess characteristics such as scalability, concurrency, continuous availability,
heterogeneity, and independence in failures. But the main problem with this
system was that all the systems were required to be present at the same
geographical location. Thus to solve this problem, distributed computing led to
three more types of computing and they were-Mainframe computing, cluster
computing, and grid computing.

 Mainframe computing:
Mainframes which first came into existence in 1951 are highly powerful and
reliable computing machines. These are responsible for handling large data such
as massive input-output operations. Even today these are used for bulk
processing tasks such as online transactions etc. These systems have almost no
downtime with high fault tolerance. After distributed computing, these increased
the processing capabilities of the system. But these were very expensive. To
reduce this cost, cluster computing came as an alternative to mainframe
technology.

 Cluster computing:
In 1980s, cluster computing came as an alternative to mainframe computing.
Each machine in the cluster was connected to each other by a network with high
bandwidth. These were way cheaper than those mainframe systems. These were
equally capable of high computations. Also, new nodes could easily be added to
the cluster if it was required. Thus, the problem of the cost was solved to some
extent but the problem related to geographical restrictions still pertained. To solve
this, the concept of grid computing was introduced.

 Grid computing:
In 1990s, the concept of grid computing was introduced. It means that different
systems were placed at entirely different geographical locations and these all
were connected via the internet. These systems belonged to different
organizations and thus the grid consisted of heterogeneous nodes. Although it
solved some problems but new problems emerged as the distance between the
nodes increased. The main problem which was encountered was the low
availability of high bandwidth connectivity and with it other network associated
issues. Thus. cloud computing is often referred to as “Successor of grid
computing”.

 Virtualization:
It was introduced nearly 40 years back. It refers to the process of creating a
virtual layer over the hardware which allows the user to run multiple instances
simultaneously on the hardware. It is a key technology used in cloud computing.
It is the base on which major cloud computing services such as Amazon EC2,
VMware vCloud, etc work on. Hardware virtualization is still one of the most
common types of virtualization.
 Web 2.0:
It is the interface through which the cloud computing services interact with the
clients. It is because of Web 2.0 that we have interactive and dynamic web
pages. It also increases flexibility among web pages. Popular examples of web
2.0 include Google Maps, Facebook, Twitter, etc. Needless to say, social media
is possible because of this technology only. In gained major popularity in 2004.

 Service orientation:
It acts as a reference model for cloud computing. It supports low-cost, flexible,
and evolvable applications. Two important concepts were introduced in this
computing model. These were Quality of Service (QoS) which also includes the
SLA (Service Level Agreement) and Software as a Service (SaaS).

 Utility computing:
It is a computing model that defines service provisioning techniques for services
such as compute services along with other major services such as storage,
infrastructure, etc which are provisioned on a pay-per-use basis.
Thus, the above technologies contributed to the making of cloud computing.

1.2 HARDWARE,INTERNET AND SOFTWARE,VIRTUALIZATION

There are certain technologies working behind the cloud computing platforms
making cloud computing flexible, reliable, and usable.

(A)Virtualization
Virtualization is a technique, which allows to share single physical instance of an
application or resource among multiple organizations or tenants (customers). It does
this by assigning a logical name to a physical resource and providing a pointer to
that physical resource when demanded.
The Multitenant architecture offers virtual isolation among the multiple tenants.
Hence, the organizations can use and customize their application as though they
each have their instances running.

Types of Virtualization

A list of types of Virtualization is given below -How to find Nth Highest Salary in SQL

i. Hardware virtualization

ii. Server virtualization

iii. Storage virtualization
iv. Operating system virtualization
v. Data Virtualization

Virtualization Concept
Creating a virtual machine over existing operating system and hardware is referred
as Hardware Virtualization. Virtual Machines provide an environment that is logically
separated from the underlying hardware.
The machine on which the virtual machine is created is known as host
machine and virtual machine is referred as a guest machine. This virtual
machine is managed by a software or firmware, which is known as hypervisor.

Hypervisor
The hypervisor is a firmware or low-level program that acts as a Virtual Machine
Manager. There are two types of hypervisor:
Type 1 hypervisor executes on bare system. LynxSecure, RTS Hypervisor, Oracle
VM, Sun xVM Server, VirtualLogic VLX are examples of Type 1 hypervisor. The
following diagram shows the Type 1 hypervisor.
The type1 hypervisor does not have any host operating system because they are
installed on a bare system.
Type 2 hypervisor is a software interface that emulates the devices with which a
system normally interacts. Containers, KVM, Microsoft Hyper V, VMWare Fusion,
Virtual Server 2005 R2, Windows Virtual PC and VMWare workstation 6.0 are
examples of Type 2 hypervisor. The following diagram shows the Type 2
hypervisor.
Types of Hardware Virtualization
Here are the three types of hardware virtualization:

 Full Virtualization
 Emulation Virtualization
 Paravirtualization

Full Virtualization
In full virtualization, the underlying hardware is completely simulated. Guest
software does not require any modification to run.
Emulation Virtualization
In Emulation, the virtual machine simulates the hardware and hence becomes
independent of it. In this, the guest operating system does not require modification.

Paravirtualization
In Paravirtualization, the hardware is not simulated. The guest software run their
own isolated domains.

VMware vSphere is highly developed infrastructure that offers a management

infrastructure framework for virtualization. It virtualizes the system, storage and
networking hardware.
 (B) HARDWARE.
A cloud network is made up of a variety of physical hardware that can be located at multiple
geographical locations. The hardware includes networking equipment, like switches,
routers, firewalls, and load balancers, storage arrays, backup devices, and servers.

(C) SOFTWARE
 Software-as-a-Service (Saas): Salesforce.
 Infrastructure-as-a-Service (Saas): DigitalOcean.
 Platform-as-a-Service (Saas): AWS.
 File Sharing + Data Storage: Dropbox.
 Big Data Analysis: Civis Analytics.
 Data Governance: Carbonite.
 Cybersecurity: Forcepoint.

(D) INTERNET
 Dropbox, Facebook, Gmail. Cloud can be used for storage of files. ...
 Banking, Financial Services. Consumers store financial information to cloud
computing serviced providers. ...
 Health Care. ...
 Education. ...
 Government. ...
 Big data Analytics. ...
 Communication. ...
 Business Process.

1.3 CLOUD SERVICE ATTRIBUTES

7 Critical Cloud Service Attributes
 Reliability. Business-critical services are just that: critical! ...
 Availability. Availability is related to reliability. ...
 Scalability. ...
 Security. ...
 Quality of Service (QoS) ...
 Service-Level Agreements (SLA) ...
 Support.

(A) CLOUD PLATFORMS ACCESSED

Cloud services are infrastructure, platforms, or software that are hosted by third-party
providers and made available to users through the internet. ... Users can access cloud
services with nothing more than a computer, operating system, and internet
connectivity or virtual private network (VPN
(B) CLOUD HOSTING

Cloud hosting is the procurement of computing resources from a cloud

computing provider or facility to host data, services and/or solutions.

Cloud hosting is an Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) cloud delivery

model that provides a suite of remote/virtual services. These are
delivered on an on-demand basis and hosted on top of a cloud computing
infrastructure.

(C) INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SUPPORT

Cloud Computing Technologies

A list of cloud computing technologies are given below -

o Virtualization

o Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)

o Grid Computing

o Utility Computing

Virtualization
Virtualization is the process of creating a virtual environment to run multiple
applications and operating systems on the same server. The virtual environment can
be anything, such as a single instance or a combination of many operating systems,
storage devices, network application servers, and other environments.

Types of Virtualization

A list of types of Virtualization is given below -How to find Nth Highest Salary in SQL

vi. Hardware virtualization

vii. Server virtualization
viii. Storage virtualization
ix. Operating system virtualization
x. Data Virtualization

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) allows organizations to access on-
demand cloud-based computing solutions according to the change of business
needs. It can work without or with cloud computing. The advantages of using SOA is
that it is easy to maintain, platform independent, and highly scalable.

Service Provider and Service consumer are the two major roles within SOA.

Applications of Service-Oriented Architecture

There are the following applications of Service-Oriented Architecture -

o It is used in the healthcare industry.

o It is used to create many mobile applications and games.
o In the air force, SOA infrastructure is used to deploy situational awareness systems.

The service-oriented architecture is shown below:

Grid Computing
Grid computing is also known as distributed computing. It is a processor
architecture that combines various different computing resources from multiple
locations to achieve a common goal. In grid computing, the grid is connected by
parallel nodes to form a computer cluster. These computer clusters are in different
sizes and can run on any operating system.
Grid computing contains the following three types of machines -

1. Control Node: It is a group of server which administrates the whole network.

2. Provider: It is a computer which contributes its resources in the network resource
pool.
3. User: It is a computer which uses the resources on the network.

Mainly, grid computing is used in the ATMs, back-end

infrastructures, and marketing research.

Utility Computing
Utility computing is the most trending IT service model. It provides on-demand
computing resources (computation, storage, and programming services via API) and
infrastructure based on the pay per use method. It minimizes the associated costs
and maximizes the efficient use of resources. The advantage of utility computing is
that it reduced the IT cost, provides greater flexibility, and easier to manage.

Large organizations such as Google and Amazon established their own utility

services for computing storage and application.
1.4 CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOUD COMPUTING

There are basically 5 essential characteristics of Cloud Computing .

1. On-demand self-services:
The Cloud computing services does not require any human
administrators, user themselves are able to provision, monitor and
manage computing resources as needed.
2. Broad network access:
The Computing services are generally provided over standard networks
and heterogeneous devices.
3. Rapid elasticity:
The Computing services should have IT resources that are able to scale
out and in quickly and on as needed basis. Whenever the user require
services it is provided to him and it is scale out as soon as its requirement
gets over.
4. Resource pooling:
The IT resource (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and
services) present are shared across multiple applications and occupant in
an uncommitted manner. Multiple clients are provided service from a
same physical resource.
5. Measured service:
The resource utilization is tracked for each application and occupant, it
will provide both the user and the resource provider with an account of
what has been used. This is done for various reasons like monitoring
billing and effective use of resource.

1.5 WEB SERVICES

A web service is a software system that supports interoperable machine-to-machine
interaction over a network
Cloud services are the servers that store the data, security and other infrastructure
pieces needed to allow Web services to provide unique value as Web-accessible
 Amazon provides a web service that provides prices for products sold online via
amazon.com. ... Web services use something known as SOAP (Simple Object Access
Protocol) for sending the XML data between applications. The data is sent over normal
HTTP.
Google.com is a well-known web search engine. Google has made a web service
available that allows developers to interface with their search engine within their own
applications.

Type of Web Service

There are mainly two types of web services.

1. SOAP web services.

2. RESTful web services.

SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol)

SOAP is known as a transport-independent messaging protocol. SOAP is based

on transferring XML data as SOAP Messages. Each message has something
which is known as an XML document. Only the structure of the XML document
follows a specific pattern, but not the content. The best part of Web services and
SOAP is that its all sent via HTTP, which is the standard web protocol.

RESTful web services.

RESTful Web Services are basically REST Architecture based Web

Services. In REST Architecture everything is a resource. RESTful web
services are light weight, highly scalable and maintainable and are very
commonly used to create APIs for web-based applications.