Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ORIENTAL MINDORO

8 SCIENCE
Quarter IV – Module 3
Week 3

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ORIENTAL MINDORO
Name: _______________________________Date:_________________________
Grade & Section: ____________________ Score: ________________________

Science 8
Fourth Quarter
Week 3

Lesson 1: Genesis of Genetics

MELC: Predict phenotypic expressions of traits following simple patterns
of inheritance. (S8LT-IVf-18)

KEY CONCEPT:

We always wonder how we acquired our physical features from our parents.
Even some resemble very closely to either their father or mother. Others don’t look like
their parents. All these things is explained by heredity. It is a process by which parents
transfer traits to their offspring. Alongside heredity is variation. All organisms vary. For
instance, we have different species of banana- from lakatan to saba. Variation, refers
to the diversity of characteristics in a specific group of organism. Both heredity and
variation are studied in a branch of biology known as genetics.

Before the establishment of science of genetics, there were many non-scientific

beliefs about the nature of heredity. For instance, the traits acquired by an organism
are a combination of the traits from the parents. So by saying that tall father and a
short mother will come up with a medium one. But how can one explain the existence
of tall offspring from tall and short parents?

It was until in the 1860’s when Gregor Mendel an

Austrian monk in Brunn, Austria(now part of the Czech
Republic) pioneered the study on patterns of
inheritance. He used pea plants for his study. He carefully
cross bred these plants and observed seven major
characteristics including seed color, seed shape, flower
position, flower color, pod shape, pod color and stem length.
Data collection and organization were done under Gregor Mendel
controlled conditions. His work was considered as (Photo Credit: public one of
domain/ Wikimedia
the most important work in biology. He is regarded as Commons)
the
Father of Genetics.

After careful organization and analysis of data, Mendel found out trends how
traits from parent plants were acquired by the succeeding generations of pea plants.
Let’s take the case of flower color in pea plants. When he cross-pollinated purple and
white flowered pea plants, and noticed that the characteristic of having white flower in
pea plants did not occur in the first generation of pea plants. To test further the validity
of his experiment, he cross-pollinated plants of the first generation. After several
months, he noticed that white flowers reappeared in the second generation of plants.
The same results were true when he studied other characteristics of pea plants.
Likewise, the second generation followed a distinct ratio of results-3:1. Therefore, for

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every purple-flowered pea plants in the second generation there was a white flowered
one.

The following diagram shows the observations of Mendel on flower color

in pea plants.

https:// i. imgur.com/WjAejQd.gif

Based from the results of his experiment, Mendel was able to formulate three
principles that explain how traits are transferred from parents to offspring.

1. Principle of Dominance and Recessiveness

We notice that specific traits always come in pairs. These pairs
are called alleles. For instance, there are tall and short plants,
purple and white flowered plants as well as round and wrinkled
seeds. But an organism only acquires one of these pair of traits.
Aside from this, we can also observe that the two contrasting traits,
one seems to dominate the other in a population. Based from these
assumptions, Mendel was able to formulate the principle of
dominance and recessiveness. This states that factors (Mendel
refers to traits) can be dominant or recessive. Dominant traits are
those that prevent the expression of recessive traits in a
generation. These are also the traits that are highly observable in a
population. Recessive traits, on the other hand, are those that can
be expressed in the absence of a dominant trait.

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https://www. Scienceabc.com/ wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Pea-plant-
dominant-and-recessive

2. Principle of Segregation
Mendel noticed that the seven characteristics that he
studied on pea plants, always one parental trait (the
recessive one) is not expressed in the first generation of
offspring but reappears in the second generation. Because
of this observation, he was able to come up with the principle
of segregation. This states that the pairs of traits or alleles
segregate during gamete formation. This principle was later
proven through advancements in cell and molecular biology.

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3. Principle of Independent Assortment

The principle of independent assortment of traits states that

each pair of alleles separates independently of the other pairs
during gamete formation. This means that traits are transmitted to
offspring independently of one another.
M e n d e l

1866. However, biologist of that time paid little attention to them.

Nobody tried to repeat Mendel’s experiments or to apply the
techniques he used to study the different traits in other organisms.
For many years, Mendel’s results remained unnoticed. However,
these results were Karl Correns, Hugu de Vries and Erich
Tschermark von Seysenegg. Only men did the scientific world
come to know and benefit from Mendel’s findings.

This rediscovery marked the beginning of the analytical study

of heredity. It also gave birth to genetics as a new science, founded
on Mendel’s findings. Genetics also includes the study of genes
and chromosomes and their properties and behavior in cells,
individuals and the population.

ACTIVITIES
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ACTIVITY 1: Who am I?

Procedure:
1. Examine some of your observable characteristics.
2. Identify your traits that are similar to your parents.
3. Fill in the table below to show the traits that you and your
parents possess. Put a check (√) if the trait is present.

Observable Traits Father Mother You

1. Earlobes
a. Free earlobes
b. Attached earlobes
2. Tongue
a. Tongue roller
b. Non-tongue roller
3. Hand
a. Right handed
b. Left handed
4. Hair
a. Naturally curly hair
b. Straight hair
5. Dimples
a. Dimples present
b. No- dimples

Answer the following questions:

1. What traits do you and your father have in common?
Answer: ___________________________________________________

2. In what way are you similar with your mother? Father?

Answer: ____________________________________________________

3. What traits do you share with both of your parents?

Answer: ____________________________________________________

4. Do you show traits not common to your parents?

Answer: ___________________________________________________

5. Suppose you get married and have a child whose traits are totally
different from yours and your spouse. How will you explain this?
Answer: _____________________________________________________

ACTIVITY 2: GENETXT
Procedure:
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SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ORIENTAL MINDORO
To decode the terms, write the letter of the alphabet that comes after each letter on the
boxes below. The definition that follows might be a great help. Underlined letters need
not be replaced.

1. GDQDDHSX
the passing of traits from parents to offspring

2. FDMDSHBS
branch of science that deals with the study of heredity

LDNCDK
3. Father of genetics

ODA
4. plant used by Mendel in his experiment in heredity

ZKKDKLD
5. pair of genes

ACTIVITY 3: Show me the Pattern!

Directions: Arrange the process of Mendel’s experiment on pea

plants. Write numbers 1-5 in the space provided before each
statement.

Lesson 2: Monohybrid Cross

MELC: Predict phenotypic expressions of traits following simple patterns of
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inheritance. (S8LT-IVf-18)

KEY CONCEPT:

With Mendel’s experiment results on patterns of inheritance in pea plants, we can

predict the characteristics of the offspring based from the parents’ observable traits.
Geneticists have devised tools in predicting the probability of traits in an offspring.
Before letting you perform testcross on single traits, you should be able to have a
background of the following genetic terms:

1. Allele-one of the two or more forms of gene. For instance, in height, we have
tall and short alleles. They are represented by letters of the English alphabet. The
simple rule that we should remember on representing alleles is that dominant alleles
are represented by uppercase letters while recessive alleles with lower case letters.
Below are examples.
a. Tallness (T) is dominant over shortness (t).
b. Yellow colored (Y) seeds are dominant over greens (y).

Traits are expressed by a pair of alleles. This follows the fact that chromosomes,
genetic structures found in the cell’s nucleus, occur in pairs. Traits can be a
combination of two dominant alleles, two recessive alleles or a combination of both.
Below are the terms that describe such combinations:
a. Homozygous- refers to a pair of identical alleles (dominant or recessive)
for a particular trait. It is also known as purebred. Homozygous trait are designated by
two uppercase or lowercase letters. Below are examples of homozygous traits.
Tallness (T) is dominant over shortness (t).
TT means homozygous tall or pure tall.
Tt means homozygous short or pure short.

b. Heterozygous- refers to a pair of different alleles. This means that a

heterozygous trait contains a dominant (uppercase) and recessive (lowercase) allele. It
is a hybrid or a by-product of crossing two pure breeds. The following shows examples
of heterozygous traits.
Tt means heterozygous tall.
Yy means heterozygous yellow.

2. Genotype- refers to the basic genetic makeup for one or more characteristics
of an organism. A genotype is represented by pairs of alleles in shorthand form (letters
of the English alphabet).

3. Phenotype- refers to the observable external appearance of an organism.

These are always expressed in words unlike its shorthand genotype. The following
shows how a genotype differs from phenotype.

Tallness (T) is dominant over shortness (t).

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Phenotype Genotype
Pure tall or homozygous tall TT
Hybrid tall or heterozygous tall Tt
Pure short tt

Rules for Monohybrid Cross

Monohybrid cross refers to predicting the characteristics of offspring based

from a single trait. One important tool in solving problems involving monohybrid
cross is the Punnett square. It is a diagram used to predict the outcome of a
particular testcross or breeding experiment. This was devised by Reginal
Punnett, a British geneticist. The following are the rules for predicting outcomes
of a monohybrid cross. Let’s analyze each step by using the following word
problem on monohybrid cross.

ProcedureIn pea plants, being tall is dominant over short ones. Suppose
Illustration
1. Determine the dominant and Dominant trait-with
that a heterozygous tall pea plant is cross pollinated another
tallness (T) pea
plant, what is the probability of having a short pea plant?
recessive alleles in the problem. Recessive trait- shortness (t)
2. Determine the genotype of both Heterozygous pea plant – Tt
parents to be test crossed. Heterozygous tall pea plant - Tt
3. Draw a Punnett square. ♂
♀

4. Segregate the alleles in each ♂ T t

genotype. This follows the ♀
principle of segregation by
Mendel. Alleles of male parent T
must be written on the upper
columns of the Punnett square. t
Female alleles must be written
along the rows.

5. Write the product of testcross ♂ T t

along the intersection of the male ♀
and female gametes.
T TT Tt

t Tt tt

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6. Determine the phenotypic and Genotypic ratio is 1 TT: 2 Tt: 1 tt
genotypic ratio of the testcross. Phenotypic ratio is 3 tall: 1 short
7. State the final answer to the The probability of having short
word problem. This can be offspring is 25%.
expressed in percent form.

ACTIVITIES

ACTIVITY 1: Tossing Coins!

Materials: 2 coins, a piece of paper and a pencil or pen

Directions:
1. On a piece of paper, make a chart similar to what is
shown below.
2. Toss the coins together. If a head-head combination
appears, mark column 1; if head-tail, mark column
2; and if tail-tail mark column 3.
3. Make 50 tosses of the coins. Get the total number of
times each combination appears. Calculate
percentage of the appearance of each combination. To
compute the percentage.

Total/50(100%)

HEAD-
HEAD-TAIL(Hh) TAIL-TAIL(hh)
HEAD(HH)
TOTAL
PERCENTAGE
RATIO OF
COMBINATION

Guide Questions:

1. What is the ratio of a head-head, head-tail and tail-tail

combination if you make 50 tosses?
Answer: ____________________________________________

2. If you toss the same coins 100, 000 times, would you get
approximately the same ratio?
Answer: ____________________________________________

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3. Let the head (H) represent a dominant gene and the tail (h), a
recessive gene. Compare the ratio obtained in this activity with one
obtained by Mendel in his monohybrid F2 generation peas. Are they
approximately similar?
Answer: ____________________________________________

ACTIVITY 2: Sponge Bob meets the Real World

Objective:
At the end of this activity, you should be able to identify the genotype
and phenotype of a given organism.

Directions: Use the information for SpongeBob’s traits to write the

phenotype (physical appearance) and genotype for each item.

Characteristics Dominant Gene Recessive Gene

Body Shape Squarepants ( S) Roundpants (r)
Body Color Yellow (Y) Blue (y)
Eye Shape Round (R) Oval (r)
Nose Style Long (L) Stubby (l)

A. Use the information in the chart to write the phenotype (physical

appearance) for each item.
Example: Ll- long nose

1. LL- ___________________________ 5.Rr- ___________________

2. yy- ___________________________ 6. ll- ___________________
3. Ss- ___________________________ 7. ss- __________________
4. RR- ___________________________ 8. Yy- __________________

B. Use the information in the chart to write the genotypes for each
trait below.

1. Yellow body- YY, Yy 5. Roundpants-_________

2. Oval eyes-___________ 6. Long nose-___________
3. Stubby nose-_________ 7. Round eyes-__________
4. Squarepants-_________ 8. Blue body-___________

C. Determine the genotypes for each using the information in the

chart.

1. Heterozygous round eyes-______ 3. Homozygous long nose- ______

2. Purebred squarepants-________ 4. Hybrid yellow body-_____

D. One of SpongeBob’s cousins, SpongeBillyBob, recently met a cute

squarepants gal, SpongeGerdy, at a local dance and fell in love.
Use your knowledge of genetics to answer the questions below.

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1. If SpongeGerdy’s father is a heterozygous squarepants and her
mother is a roundpants, what is her genotype?
Complete the Punnett square to show the possible genotypes
that would result to help you determine SpongeGerdy’s
genotype.
♂
♀

What is SpongeGerdy’s genotype? ______________

2. SpongeBillyBob is heterozygous for his squarepants shape.

What is his genotype? ________
3. Complete the Punnett square to show the possibilities that
would result if BillyBob and Gerdy had children.

♂
♀

4. List the possible genotypes and phenotypes for the kids.

5. What is the probability of kids with squarepants? ________%
6. What is the probability of kids with roundpants? _________%

ACTIVITY 3: Mystery Cases

Objective:
At the end of this activity, you should be able to solve the given problems
by using a Punnett square.

Procedure:
Solve the following problems:
1. A TT (tall) plant is crossed with a tt (short) plant. What is the
percentage of the offspring will be tall?
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♂
♀

Tall offspring = ______________%

2. A heterozygous round seeded plant (Rr) is crossed with a

homozygous round seeded plant (RR). What percentage of
the offspring will be homozygous (RR)?
♂
♀

Homozygous round seeded plants (RR) = ______________%

3. In pea plants, purple flowers (P) are dominant to white

flowers p). Two plants, both heterozygous for the gene that controls flower
color are crossed. What percentage of their offspring will have purple
flowers?

♂
♀

Purple flowers = ______________%

ACTIVITY 4: Comparing Genotypic and Phenotypic Ratios for a

Typical Mendelian Trait

Objective:
At the end of this activity, you should be able to solve for the
phenotypic and genotypic ratios of any given cross.

Procedure:

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Let D = dominant allele and d = recessive allele, while DD=
homozygous dominant, Dd = heterozygous dominant and dd =
homozygous recessive genotypes, respectively. For each type of
cross, determine the genotypic and phenotypic ratios,
respectively. The first cross was already done for you.

Cross Genotypic Ratio Phenotypic Ratio

1. DD x DD 100% DD 100% dominant
2. DD x Dd
3. DD x dd
4. Dd x Dd
5. Dd x dd
6. dd x dd

This table summarizes the genotypic and phenotypic ratios

of typical Mendelian traits. Knowing the Mendelian genotypic and phenotypic ratios
can make solving genetic problems easier.

Lesson 2: Dihybrid Cross

MELC: Predict phenotypic expressions of traits following simple patterns of
inheritance. (S8LT-IVf-18)

KEY CONCEPT:

Inheritance of traits does not only include single traits. There are
instances where two traits can be directly observed in an organism. Mendel,
for instance, noticed that seeds have two distinguishing traits – its color and
shape. Based from these traits, we can draw possible combinations of these
traits as follows: round yellow, round green, wrinkled yellow and wrinkled
green seeds. In these cases, we use dihybrid cross. It involves prediction of
outcomes of crossing two traits. The rules for monohybrid cross also apply
for dihybrid only with some modifications.

Rules for Dihybrid Cross

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The following are the rules that apply in performing dihybrid

crosses. We’ll use the following word problem in identifying the step-by-step

In pea plants, round yellow seeds are dominant over wrinkled green
seeds. If a pea plant with homozygous alleles for yellow seeds and is
heterozygous smooth is cross pollinated with a pea plant that has wrinkled
green seeds, what is the probability of having round yellow seeds?

procedure in performing dihybrid crosses.

1. Identify the dominant and recessive traits in the word problem.

Dominant traits: Round (R) and Yellow (Y)
Recessive traits: Wrinkled (r) and Green (y)

2. Determine the genotype of each parent.

Genotype of parent 1: Homozygous yellow and heterozygous round
(YYRr)
Genotype of parent 2: Wrinkled and green- (yyrr)

3. Identify the possible alleles for testcross. Use the FOIL method (stands
for first, outer, inner and last) in determining the possible alleles for
testcross. This is parallel with Mendel’s principle of independent assortment.
Possible alleles of parent 1 Possible alleles of parent 2

YY x Rr yy x rr

YR Yr YR Yr yr yr yr yr

ACTIVITIES

ACTIVITY 1: Filling Up the Punnet Square

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Objectives:
At the end of this activity, you should be able to use a
Punnett square when solving for dihybrid crosses.
Procedure:
1. Given the cross AaBb x AaBb, copy and fill up the Punnett
square below. Base your answers to the given
questions on the completed diagram.
♂
♀

Answer the following questions:

1. What are the male gametes? ___________________ female

gametes? ________________________
2. What proportion of the offspring will have the following
phenotype: AB? ______ Ab? _________ aB? ________ and
ab?___________
3. How many kind of genotypes will the offspring have? _________
4. What is the probability that an individual will have a genotype
of AAbb? ___________ AaBb? ____________ Aabb? __________
AABB? ____________

ACTIVITY 2: Dihybrid Cross

Directions: Analyze the following dihybrid crosses and answer the

questions that follow.
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References

Books

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ORIENTAL MINDORO
Abad, May C, et. al. Teaching Guide in Science – Biology. Lipa City, Batangas,
Philippines: United Eferza Academic Publications, Co., 2010
Campo, Pia C, et. al. Science – Grade 8 Learner’s Material. First ed. Pasig,
Philippines: Department of Education, 2013
Gerona, Zonia M, et. al. Science and Technology 8. Second ed. Quezon City,
Philippines: Abiva Publishing House, Inc., 2020

Electronic Resources

Gregor Mendel. (Photo Credit: public domain/ Wikimedia Commons)

https:// i. imgur.com/WjAejQd.gif

https://www. Scienceabc.com/ wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Pea-

plant-dominant-and-recessive

https://study.com/academy/leson/monohybrid-dihybrid-cross- activities.html

https://www.liveworksheets.com/rl1435469cx

https://www.scribd.com/doc/92006913/Lesson-Plan-Dihybrid-Cross

Prepared by:

RIZEL M. GARCIA
Teacher II
Kaligtasan NHS

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