Diaz 1

Jorge Diaz

Professor McCann

English 1302.203

7 March 2022

Annotated Bibliography

Alanen, Julia. “Custom or Crime? (Part I of IV) Catalysts and Consequences of Forced

Marriages.” American Journal of Family Law, vol. 29, no. 4, 2016, pp. 227-242.

ProQuest, https://tamiu.idm.oclc.org/login?consequences/docview/1773809454/se-

2?accountid=7081

Alanen relates to other research on forced marriages as she provides her audience with

causes, or catalysts, of forced marriages. Alanen also helps further research on forced marriages

as she talks about multiple consequences that victims of forced marriages go through, and marks

that the mentioned events leave on people.

In her article, Alanen analyzes forced marriages and talks about the causes and

consequences for those who get involved with them. For instance, some of the causes for forced

marriages that Alanen mentions in her article are parents’ desire to control their offspring’s

sexuality, behavior, and who they marry. Alanen also discusses some methods in which forced

marriages can occur. For example, “bridenapping,” a way of forcing a girl to marry someone by

kidnapping her, and “shotgun marriages,” which is a way of forcing a woman to marry someone

through threats to kill them, are ways of forced marriages that Alanen discussed in her article

Buunk, Abraham P. “My Parents Know Best: No Mating With Members From Other Ethnic

Groups.” Interpersona, vol. 9, no. 1, 2015, pp. 100-113. ProQuest,

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https://tamiu.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/my-

parents-know-best-no-mating-with-members-other/docview/1695721734/se-2

Buunk’s article can be used for further research on forced marriages because he offers an

opposing view to many articles who are against forced marriages. To do this, Bunk uses people’s

opinion on forced, or arranged, marriages, and if they still follow their parent’s preferences,

suggestions, or ideals when looking for a partner.

In the article, “My Parents Know Best: No Mating with Members From Other Ethnic

Groups,” Buunk talks about the results of a study on several views on arranged marriages of

people from different ethnic groups. During his study, Buunk used 107 Dutch people, 69

Moroccans, and 69 Turkishs who were between the ages of 15 and 25. After his research, Buunk

concluded that mostly young males who had a Turkish and Moroccan background supported

forced marriages, or followed their parent’s ideals when becoming someone’s partner. During his

study, Buunk also noticed that women and girls opposed forced marriages greatly, deducing that

they did not hold to their parent’s values as much as young males did.

Duggi, Deeoti B., and Shanmukh V. Kamble. “Relationship satisfaction and attachment of

couples in arranged marriage and love marriage.” Indian Journal of Health and

Wellbeing, vol. 6, no. 2, 2015, pp. 174-176. ProQuest,

https://tamiu.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-

journals/relatioship-satisfaction-attachment-couples/docview/1679425957/se-

2?accountid=7081

Through their article, Duggi and Kamble help people do further research on forced marriages as

they provide their audience with differences between couples in a love marriage, which is the
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typical marriage, and arranged, or forced, marriage. This is useful, because it provides readers

with an analysis that is not only based on visible parts of arranged marriages, but that is also

based on what people that are victims of them experience.

In their article, Duggi and Kamble talk about the differences, specially based on anxiety

and avoidance, that are present in arranged and love marriages. In order to do this, Duggi and

Kamble used the “Baseline Survey for Couples,” which was used to examine the satisfaction

partners were feeling in their marriages, and the ECR scale, which was used to study the

avoidance and attachment anxiety that couples and in the two kinds of mentioned marriages

experience. Once they were done with their results, Duggi and Kamble concluded that couples

from arranged marriages have shown less relationship satisfaction, meaning that they were not

feeling good while being someone else's spouse. This means that Duggi and Kamble also noticed

that people in a love marriage were more satisfied with their relationships than other kinds of

people.

Epstein, Robert, Mayuri Pandit, and Mansi Thakar. “How Love Emerges in Arranged Marriages:

Two Cross-cultural Studies.” Journal of Comparative Family Studies, vol. 44, no. 3,

2013, pp. 341-XI. ProQuest,

https://tamiu.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/how-

love-emerges-arranged-marriages-two-cross/docview/1432136053/se-2?accountid=7081.

Epstein, Pandit and Thakar all lead and help further research based on forced marriages

occur, as they not only offer an opposing view to many different articles that refer to forced

marriages as something evil, but also offer their audience a fresh perspective on something that

they might consider that lacks benefits.

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To start, Epstein, Pandit and Thakar reunited 30 individuals who were married, and

whose situations before getting married differ from one another. For example, one of the 30

individuals who were reunited for this interview only knew their spouse for one day before

marrying them, and still reported an increase of affection throughout their marriage. In

conclusion, the average of initial love reported among the individuals who participated in Epstein

and his partners’ activity is 3.9 out of 10, where 1 is low level of love and 10 is a high level of

love. However, at the end of their activity, Epstein and colleagues recorded an estimate of 8.5

love average found on people who were a part of forced marriage.

Kazemi Mohammadi, Leza. The Levels of Satisfaction Between Love and Arranged Marriages:

A Comparative Study, Texas Woman’s University, Ann Arbor, 2019. ProQuest,

https://tamiu.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-

theses/levels-satisfaction-between-love-arranged/docview/2515098330/se-

2?acccountid=7081.

Kazemi’s article helps people conduct further research on forced, or arranged, marriages

because it helps them see the “good” side of arranged marriages. Even though that sounds like

something simple to do, Kazemi’s article is important for research because not a lot of articles

offer an opposing view to the classical dislike towards forced marriages.

In basic words, in his article, Kazemi intends to compare arranged marriages and love

marriages. To give more context, Kazemi also discusses what love marriages and arranged

marriages are, and how each of them can differ. For example, Kazemi describes love marriages

as free marriages, but refers to arranged marriages as third parties marriages. Once that was

explained, Kazemi proceeds to discuss the aspects of the study on marriages he was going to
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realize. To be more specific, Kazemi was going to compare arranged and love marriages based

on factors such as intimacy, marital satisfaction, commitment, and passion.

Landau, Elizabeth M. “Custom or Crime?: Part II of IV: Legal Remedies for Forced Marriage

Victims and Survivors 1.” American Journal of Family Law, vol. 30, no. 1, 2016, pp. 46-

57. ProQuest, https://tamiu.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-

journals/custom-crime-part-ii-iv-legal-remedies-forced/docview/1776408012/se-

2?accountid=7081

Landau’s article, “Custom or Crime?: Part II of IV: Legal Remedies for Forced Marriage

Victims and Survivors 1,” is important for research conducted on forced marriages because it

talks about many different inhumane things that are done to someone who is a part of a forced

marriage. This article is also important for research, because it gives readers answers to a

perspective that many people might have: is forced marriage a crime or custom?

In her article, Landau compares and tries to see forced marriage as both a custom and

crime. Landau did that in order to try and defend both sides of this controversy, and create a

bigger audience. On the custom side, Landau says that marrying who people want is not to be

considered a crime. On the crime side, Landau says that a lot of practices that happen during

forced marriages are what makes them illegal. In order to fix this complicated issue, while trying

to be unbiased and give everyone an equal standing, many governments of the United States

started creating laws meant to defend the rights of those who participate in forced marriages. Out

of those states, Landau mentioned the most “popular,” or “controversial” ones, such as Maryland

and Minnesota.
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Pridmore, Saxby, and Garry Walter. “Suicide and Forced Marriage.” The Malaysian Journal of

Medical Sciences, vol. 20, no. 2, 2013, pp. 47-51. ProQuest,

https://tamiu.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-

journals/suicide-forced-marriage/docview/1506900766/se-2?accountid=7081

Through their research article, Pridmore and Walter open doors for more research based

on forced marriages to be done by analyzing what seems to be one of the many negative impacts

of forced marriages on people.

Based on Pridmore and Walter’s article, some of the most common causes for suicide are

mental illnesses. Nevertheless, Walter and Pridmore argue that forced marriages also have a

strong impact on people’s stability, thus increasing the number of suicides even more. To prove

their claim, Walter and Pridmore implement many cases of people who had been part of one or

many forced marriages, and ended up committing suicide because of that. For example, one case

included in this article was Miss Chao’s case. Miss Chao was a Chinese citizen who was forced

to marry Wu Feng-lin of Kantzuyuan. After not being able to deal with her own life, Miss Chao

committed suicide, and even though many people may say that her suicide was not related to her

marital status, Miss Chao left clues behind that indicated the opposite. At the end of their article,

Pridmore and Walter concluded that forced marriage leads to suicide, because it can affect

someone’s health, liberty, fortune, and reputations.

Sarich, Jody, Michele Olivier, and Kevin Bales. “Forced Marriage, Slavery, and Plural Legal

Systems: An African Example.” Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 38, no. 2, 2016, pp. 450-

476,542-544. ProQuest,
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https://tamiu.idm.oclc/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/forced-

marriage-doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2016.0030

In their article, Sarich, Olivier, and Bales talk about forced marriage being a form of

slavery. And even though the opinion of the article might be highly popular, seeing forced

marriage as slavery further promotes research as it gives its audience a better perspective of how

violent a forced marriage might be.

All in all, Sarich, Bales, and Olivier all discuss and compare forced marriage to slavery.

To do this, the three mentioned authors start their article by giving context on what slavery is,

and how it has been fought against in places like Africa. They then continue to express how

enslavement continues among many people, specially women, in different shapes, such as forced

marriages. These authors then proceed to talk about the different international laws that have

been created in order to try to abolish all kinds of slavery, such as forced marriage, and describe

legality as a moveable target when related to this topic. More than forced marriages, Sarich,

Bales and Olivier also talk about child marriage in their article, and clarify that even though it is

a “minor” form of forced marriages, it is still as unmoral as any other shape of forced marriage.

Steiner, Susan, and Charles M. Becker. “How marriages based on bride capture differ: Evidence

from Kyrgyzstan.” Demographic Research, vol. 41, 2019, pp. 579-592,579A-579B.

ProQuest, https://tamiu.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-

journals/how-marriages-doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2019.41.20.

In the article, “How marriages based on bride capture differ: Evidence from Kyrgyzstan,”

there are many aspects of forced marriage that are discussed. Even though the content of the

article itself is important, it is significant for its audience to understand that this article promotes
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further research based on forced marriages. For instance, some of the clearest ways in which this

article promotes research is through the use of examples of how forced marriages happen, which

shows people that they happen way more often of what they think they do.

Through their article, Becker, Susan, and Steiner aim to explore and understand how

victims of bride capturing marriages differ from those that are involved in arranged or love

marriages. In order to do this, the three mentioned authors used a survey that was meant to

indicate the similarities people shared among all three kinds of marriages. Once their studying, or

experiment, was over, Becker, Susan and Steiner noticed that “couples in marriages resulting

from bride capture are less assortatively matched on personality traits than other couples,”

meaning that they have little to nothing in common.

“2.5 million more child marriages due to COVID-19 pandemic.” The Lancet, vol. 396, no.

10257, 2020, pp. 1059. ProQuest,

https://tamiu.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/2-

doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32112-7.

This article is useful for research because it explains some of the reasons why child

marriage, which is to be considered a form of forced marriage, has grown and is expected to

grow in future years.

In this article, an “ancient,” or old, issue is connected with new social demographic issues

such as COVID-19 and poverty. In fact, in the article, “2.5 million more child marriages due to

COVID-19 pandemic,” it is expressed that COVID-19 and poverty are two reasons that go hand

by hand when it comes to child marriages, a form of forced marriages. To illustrate, the COVID-

19 pandemic has increase poorness around the world, and what do poor people, most commonly
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from the Eastern Hemisphere, try to do to fix their situations? According to the article, some

families are now selling or forcing their offspring to marry someone in order to get try to get a

more stable economic floor.