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    Hasbullah Rahim
    Psychology is the scientific study of behaviors and mental processes. Psychologists aim to describe, explain, predict, and control behaviors. There are six main approaches: biological, cognitive, behavioral, psychoanalytic, humanistic, and cross-cultural. Historical approaches include structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt, and behaviorism. Psychologists work in clinical, academic, industrial, and school settings. Areas of specialization include social, personality, developmental, experimental, biological, cognitive, and psychometrics research.

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    Module 1

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    Hasbullah Rahim
    640 views21 pages
    Psychology is the scientific study of behaviors and mental processes. Psychologists aim to describe, explain, predict, and control behaviors. There are six main approaches: biological, cognitive, behavioral, psychoanalytic, humanistic, and cross-cultural. Historical approaches include structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt, and behaviorism. Psychologists work in clinical, academic, industrial, and school settings. Areas of specialization include social, personality, developmental, experimental, biological, cognitive, and psychometrics research.

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    Psychology is the scientific study of behaviors and mental processes. Psychologists aim to describe, explain, predict, and control behaviors. There are six main approaches: biological, cognitive, behavioral, psychoanalytic, humanistic, and cross-cultural. Historical approaches include structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt, and behaviorism. Psychologists work in clinical, academic, industrial, and school settings. Areas of specialization include social, personality, developmental, experimental, biological, cognitive, and psychometrics research.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    640 views21 pages

    Module 1

    Uploaded by

    Hasbullah Rahim
    Psychology is the scientific study of behaviors and mental processes. Psychologists aim to describe, explain, predict, and control behaviors. There are six main approaches: biological, cognitive, behavioral, psychoanalytic, humanistic, and cross-cultural. Historical approaches include structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt, and behaviorism. Psychologists work in clinical, academic, industrial, and school settings. Areas of specialization include social, personality, developmental, experimental, biological, cognitive, and psychometrics research.

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    of 21

    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik

    Module 1: Discovering Psychology

    Module 1

    Discovering Psychology
    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 1: Discovering Psychology

    DEFINITION OF PSYCHOLOGY

    • What do psychologists study?


    – Psychology - the systematic, scientific study of
    behaviors and mental processes
    • Behaviors - refers to observable actions or responses in both
    humans and animals
    • Mental processes - not directly observable, refer to a wide
    range of complex mental processes, such as thinking,
    imagining, studying, and dreaming
    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 1: Discovering Psychology

    GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY

    – Describe - first goal of psychology is to describe


    the different ways that organisms behave
    – Explain - second goal of psychology is to explain
    the cause of behavior
    – Predict - third goal of psychology is to predict how
    organisms will behave in certain situations
    – Control - the fourth goal of psychology is to control
    an organism’s behavior
    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 1: Discovering Psychology

    MORE APPROACHES, MORE ANSWERS

    • How do psychologists answer questions?


    – Approaches (6) to understanding behavior include:
    • Biological
    • Cognitive
    • Behavioral
    • Psychoanalytic
    • Humanistic
    • Cross cultural
    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 1: Discovering Psychology

    MORE APPROACHES, MORE ANSWERS (CONT.)

    • Biological approach
    – focuses on how our genes, hormones, and
    nervous system interact with our environments to
    influence learning, personality, memory,
    motivation, emotions, and coping techniques
    • Cognitive approach
    – examines how we process, store, and use
    information and how this information influences,
    what we attend to, perceive, learn, remember,
    believe, and feel
    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 1: Discovering Psychology

    MORE APPROACHES, MORE ANSWERS (CONT.)

    • Behavioral approach
    – studies how organisms learn new behaviors or
    modify existing ones, depending on whether
    events in their environments reward or punish
    these behaviors
    • Psychoanalytic approach
    – stresses the influence of unconscious fears,
    desires, and motivations on thoughts, behaviors,
    and the development of personality traits and
    psychological problems later in life
    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 1: Discovering Psychology

    MORE APPROACHES, MORE ANSWERS (CONT.)

    • Humanistic approach
    – emphasizes that each individual has great
    freedom in directing his or her future, a large
    capacity for personal growth, a considerable
    amount of intrinsic worth, and enormous potential
    for self-fulfillment
    • Cross-cultural approach
    – examines the influence of cultural and ethnic
    similarities and differences on psychological and
    social functioning of a culture’s members
    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 1: Discovering Psychology

    HISTORICAL APPROACHES

    • How did psychology begin?


    – Structuralism: Elements of the Mind
    – Functionalism: Functions of the Mind
    – Gestalt Approach: Sensations versus Perceptions
    – Behaviorism: Observable Behaviors
    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 1: Discovering Psychology

    Mental Health History


    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 1: Discovering Psychology

    HISTORICAL APPROACHES

    • Structuralism
    – was the study of the most
    basic elements, primarily
    sensations and
    perceptions, that make
    up our conscious mental
    experiences
    – Wilhelm Wundt

    p12 Wilhelm Wundt


    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 1: Discovering Psychology

    HISTORICAL APPROACHES

    • Functionalism
    – which was the study of
    the function rather than
    the structure of
    consciousness, was
    interested in how our
    minds adapt to our
    changing environment

    p12 William James


    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 1: Discovering Psychology

    HISTORICAL APPROACHES

    • Gestalt Approach
    – emphasized that
    perception is more than
    the sum of its parts and
    studied how sensations
    are assembled into
    meaningful perceptual
    experiences

    p13 Max Werheimer


    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 1: Discovering Psychology

    HISTORICAL APPROACHES

    • Behaviorism
    – emphasized the
    objective, scientific
    analysis of observable
    behaviors

    p13 John B. Watson


    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 1: Discovering Psychology

    CAREERS IN PSYCHOLOGY

    • Psychologist versus Psychiatrist


    – Psychologists have completed four to five years of
    postgraduate education and have obtained a
    Ph.D., PsyD., or Ed.D in psychology
    – Clinical Psychologists have a Ph.D., PsyD., or
    Ed.D., have specialized in a clinical subarea, and
    have spent an additional year in a supervised
    therapy setting to gain experience in diagnosing
    and treating a wide range of abnormal behaviors
    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 1: Discovering Psychology

    CAREERS IN PSYCHOLOGY

    • Psychologist versus Psychiatrist


    – Counseling Psychologists provide many of the
    same services as Clinical Psychologists, but
    usually work with different problems such as those
    involving marriage, family, or career counseling
    – Psychiatrists are medical doctors (M.D.s) who
    have spent several years in clinical training, which
    includes diagnosing possible physical and
    neurological causes of abnormal behaviors and
    treating these behaviors, often with prescription
    drugs
    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 1: Discovering Psychology

    CAREERS IN PSYCHOLOGY

    • Many Career Settings


    – 49% of psychologists work as clinical or counseling
    psychologists in either private practice or therapy settings
    – 28% of psychologists work in academic settings of universities
    and colleges
    – 13% of psychologists work in a variety of other kinds of jobs
    and career settings
    – 6% of psychologists work in industrial settings
    – 4% of psychologists work in secondary schools and other
    settings
    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 1: Discovering Psychology

    RESEARCH AREAS

    • Areas of Specialization
    – Social and Personality
    – Developmental
    – Experimental
    – Biological
    – Cognitive
    – Psychometrics
    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 1: Discovering Psychology

    RESEARCH AREAS (CONT.)

    • Areas of Specialization
    – Social psychology
    • involves the study of social interactions,
    stereotypes, prejudices, attitudes,conformity,
    group behaviors, and aggression
    – Personality psychology
    • involves the study of personality development,
    personality change, assessment, and abnormal
    behaviors
    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 1: Discovering Psychology

    RESEARCH AREAS (CONT.)

    • Areas of Specialization
    – Developmental psychology
    • examines moral, social, emotional, and
    cognitive development throughout a person’s
    entire life
    – Experimental psychology
    • includes areas of sensation, perception,
    learning, human performance, motivation, and
    emotion
    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 1: Discovering Psychology

    RESEARCH AREAS (CONT.)

    • Areas of Specialization
    – Biological psychology
    • or psychobiology involves research on the
    physical and chemical changes that occur
    during stress, learning, and emotions, as well
    as how our genetic makeup, brain, and nervous
    system interact with our environments and
    influence our behaviors
    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 1: Discovering Psychology

    RESEARCH AREAS (CONT.)

    • Areas of Specialization
    – Cognitive psychology
    • involves how we process, store, and retrieve
    information and how cognitive processes
    influence our behaviors
    – Psychometrics
    • focuses on the measurement of people’s
    abilities, skills, intelligence, personality, and
    abnormal behaviors

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