h

Desibe tine o[enatinarni e VDlvecdn

intetin9 ype dtal vplelev wi

Blokdagat
Ceve
Tnteqala detetov
Voltaa
clock
Pulse
generator
generat ov pulse
geneyator

9ate

Trme ba4e
start sto
Gcncrator
Gate

Main
9ate

Readout
Countcr

The basic blockdiagram of a tybical integsating tybe

digital voftmeder (ovM)
1s
a bove iaqram The
unknoon voltage Ts applicd to t he ajI|P of
slarts to
the integrator, an ofp voltaqe (E)
is clctermine
of the ofp voltaqe
Tise The slope is
+he Valne of 1/p voltage (E;)
This voftagt
6y
by
and when Eo
Yeaches a

fed a level deiector

level, the detectoy Sends
Cextain reference
to the
gate
bulse qenerator 9ate
a buse
lorking principle Similar to the
detector is a clevice
The
TChe Cevel
The ofp voltage fom
voltage Combayator. 1he fixed'
S Comoarec oith
inteqrator (Eo) Sowrce and
an
inteinal Yeerence
volt
voCt age
aqe oof
eaches a certain Teferernce level
wnen
when
Eb
the cletecto prOcluces a n ofp pwlse
eviclent that greatev the value Of Ilp
Voltage
Sharper wi Se the slojoe of the olp
Ethe
and quicker the oJp Voltage
Voltage Eo
wiCC cach itt 7efevence level
of the Cevel detector ofens the
TRe op pnlte
peymitting nlses fsom
geneyation gate
oulse clock
oscillatov to pass
frequency
a fined gencatvr
thisrocluees
thvoug the pnlse wid
widih
amplibude
o4 ined
anolp 1pnlte YeceiveS TAe olp pntee,
t
foT
foY Cvery Joulse
thab of E;
to that
to
polariby obbotite
hoe the
am plitde Seed
*s bace o
feed 6ace
Gas
has a geater
T Ip 04 9ntegmaby

1b List ont the advantages of diqitoal voltmeter over

6they voftmetev.

and resoluti on
igher accnracy
No parallax
3Geatey speed
human eTOTS
4 Reduced
5 Compoa ti6i y with other diqital enipment
procesting and Tecoring
for nvther
E p l a i n 4he ooking amp hypr DVM
i based the
The prini ble of Ramp type DvM on

MeasuYe ment of time it take foY a n tar

the leve t
to
Tamp Yoltage tv e from ov
Cevel of
0 9p voltage or cdecveace fom the
he p Noltage to Zevo This 9nlerval time Inter va
with an e lecboniC time
measnred1

COnteY 4 the content it dplayed a a

mmbeY of digit on electr onie 9ndicating

tubes

l p combar atoy
Ranging &&
Attenuator

oscillator Gate
Contt

Ramp
enerat0

GYOund
Comparatoy
Diqital
Ye adoukt

Sample
Tate
Mtivibtu
Ramp lype Dvh
At the star of the Ymeasuring Cycle a amb
votage is imtiatecl', this voltage Can 6e tVe
going o Ve goiy The -ve goiny vamp 1

ContimnOnsly Comayed witht he nnknoon

Tp vol tage
 At the instant iAat the ramp vollage equal: the
CoinCidence Crcnitor
wn kmown vollage , a a
pulse which Opens
Com paYaboy, generates a

gate TAe Tamp voltage Contimues to clecreas e n d

time wtiCit fina y
with veache ov 2
CompaYato v generates an olp olse oh
o iic
chh

closes the gate

The
Th e sample rate multivióratDY cletermines

he Tate at whi ch the meacwYing Cycle s a r e

The sample nate civcnit provides
9nitiated
ramp 9enerato0
the
an intiating pulte
for
the
stavt a t its ment amp voltage At
to d
is generatt
time a reiet pnlte
9ame
ame
Ohichreturm a l the DLU's to their zevos tate.
the dilay momen tarily from
Temoving
Sndicato7 tubes
hat PSD qt looA and' coil
a
Snstrumet
20
R A PMMC

Tesittance of 1kn .
Caleulate the requive d
inrument
Convert tCe
value to
shwnt etitancee A 2 FSp= 1A
) fip = l0om
ammetes
into an
Lm 1kn Tm LoouA

esh Rm

00x1D
) - Ym
m

Im
IxDS
Rsh 001

m
loo kto

Rsh blO0L
 (3
what is he principle of harmonic dictortior)
analyer ?Enplain it operation with the hel1 of
fwnctiona 6lock ciaqram?
A harmonic dicbytion measuYet the
analyzer
total hav monic Content n a wOveform
Due to the non-Ci meay behaviour of the circwit
elemen CTTansitbov) inhoduce the hamoniC
of the fwnclamcntal lahstortion) fsequenty in
olp ooveform anc he Tesnctant clistortant
calle d harmonic dithorion.

Harmonic distorti on Can 6e measured accnrate ly

sin harmonic distvYtion analyter, generalLy

called' afistvrti on analyer
the
Function of analyzer: Measuring
clistrtion
1he
Cntent dickorti on cthe of p differt from
f
active
waveform ofIlP) 9ntroduce d 6y the
or) pastive devices
The total harmonic distortion (THD) is

given &y:
D o + Dg4 D + )
here D

m'" harmonic
D n l i s t o r t i on i n
1he f u n d a m e n t a l
6 Ampitmde 04
nt hasmoniC
Amplicle a
Bn meas Ye harmoni
hamonic c

metho di measuve
There are Sever a l Sinqle harmom7
Single
hamor c

by e1ther by
a
Canseel
cCis torhon on ype
Cke funeamental Swppretti
vesonance tupe
Employing a
weinricq e method

Biclaed T-Nwmethod'
 Enplan the woYkin9 0f Cabaci tanee -voltn eter
Measnr e and analyze he 0 capaci'tance vollage

time CC- t) of specia Semicondluc tor

ai Caxacitance /s
Devices [ike:
PN unction cliocles

sc hotty cdiodec

MIS clevices
PET
cdevices
Charge d coupled
Sueh devi ces
teited' using high
charactevis tcs of
frequency Signal of 10okH2 -1MHT
the
cv Or c t corveCated wit
the resuCts
parameter of aloove

tance- voltage oanalysev:

0f Capaci
Fe abures
tesd devi ces yptcally
to Small
Sensiti ve

lookH2 large Geaky oY fovward' bjascd

&
& At
Can be meatwr ed
cevices b t v 20mE
with RNs value
5m
Signa voltage case,Dual
Staiycase Dual
De Staiv ,

TYPe o4 Swpply vøltage: SiadCare

meading pev (ec .

vate 1 to lOoo
leasuremen t
6
on tyade off
optimisattion of peccs esofui
CorYelaion 0 tranemittion line lorsec

Sengitivity: for Capaci tance O.3 cf

for ime 0 1ms
t a p l a i n the wovking of power analyser with o nta

ciagsam
need to
Sany clevice ismot working properly,
Check the 7p pouoer Suppy to it Cine
The Ac Cine
Connectcd' to rlp clevice may mot 6e clean steady
Sinsoidal with Contant amplitude

powwer an Ac powtr incs are

Connec ted' to
clne to appliancer
9nterferen ce
power linc
21hicker
content
characteristics a hamonic
related to interfertnce.

There are diffeent Stan dardt - allo wwable

Cevel of inteiferen ce.
clue to
9nterferente
TEC LDOO 3 standard elecical' appliance
1EC Looo 3-2 Standayd ' Hamonic Conlennt

TEC
looo 3 - 3 Standayd' Geker s ve

power line and appliance

ave perfect, then
9
no psoblem

9 n practical, load Connectect Lo Ac line e jpoweY

Conti6wles to the Joowe r
disti6tion Both
pro6lems

is mecessoary t6 ENalnaté the conses

fo ponev

rolems
the canie

t is meesary to evaluate
 ntea nrat cketevflosn 4he operationn of
hetcoclyne ye waue analy 7
An Ordi naiy Ove analy 1(V Cannot be vied fo1
measn Cmen in the ee Yange and ahove MHa Targ
Hcnce special type of wave analyser worbing on
he prin iple o hetevodyne ave wied Thete
Thete
"
Wave
analytti aTe known at Heferocly nt oave
anolyteri

O 18M Ha
30M

n
Sonal attenuatov Mixtr
wtund
amplisier amplidie
30-48M H
Tocal
Cry stal
ostillator
OScllato

fvequeny Cvequency
ange tuning
O-b00MHA

Metev Aclive
amplifierL filtey
Melt Detecto Section
Calbrated
1n volts2dB

Bandiwidth
Meler 7ange

T h e BandwidG is contsolled 6y an acbive filter

and can e selectect at 200, 1000 2 3000 H
 cetermine
5a Eplain how Lissajous /igures are msecl to
iow
he choaY acteristics of anknown 9nput.slioo
to Cs-imate Snpwt the patlern is circle

) ECGpse i parabola

areformed by ohen two S%ne

1SS ajoa patterns
Koaves are applied Simltanconuly to the vertical
deflecting plates CRO 1he
and hoviZontal
can be obtoincd fom 2 avdio
wo sine waves

in s cate a sinc oave

OSci(latovs. o6viouty
Sueeps a sine ve 9lp signal

Liss ajons figure Vertical deflection

sinlo
vo ltage eu-5ma

O: 30330

9 C 10

2
Derive an enpiession fo electvostatic oleflects on
Sensitiv1ty of CRO

mm mass o e

Va =
Nelocity of e as it Comes owt of
gunm|s
aAccelerating voltage CPD bf anode d
Cathode)
e charqe 0 e , c

hen m eVa

2e Va

tleebie ield' behween Y-plaler Va/y volis|m

forte on e eva
d

Force onn e mx accelevaton

ay eva
Cd
md

D+yt
eVa Ia
eva
mo mvd

D
md

D
La Ta
d Va