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Jesus Saves Integrated School Foundation, Inc. Mabuco, Hermosa, Bataan General Mathematics Introduction To Function

The document discusses relations and functions. It defines a relation as a set of ordered pairs and a function as a relation where each input is paired with exactly one output. It presents examples of relations that are and are not functions. The vertical line test is introduced as a way to determine if a relation is a function by checking if a vertical line can cut the graph in more than one point. Domain is defined as the set of all inputs, and range as the set of all outputs. An example illustrates how to determine the domain and range of a relation.

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113 views6 pages

Jesus Saves Integrated School Foundation, Inc. Mabuco, Hermosa, Bataan General Mathematics Introduction To Function

The document discusses relations and functions. It defines a relation as a set of ordered pairs and a function as a relation where each input is paired with exactly one output. It presents examples of relations that are and are not functions. The vertical line test is introduced as a way to determine if a relation is a function by checking if a vertical line can cut the graph in more than one point. Domain is defined as the set of all inputs, and range as the set of all outputs. An example illustrates how to determine the domain and range of a relation.

Uploaded by

Nick Guevarra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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JESUS SAVES INTEGRATED SCHOOL FOUNDATION, INC.

MABUCO, HERMOSA, BATAAN


GENERAL MATHEMATICS
MODULE 1
Introduction To Function

Relation

A relation is any set of ordered-pair numbers.

The following diagram shows some examples of relations and functions. Scroll down the page for
more examples and solutions on how to determine if a relation is a function.

Suppose the weights of four students are shown in the following table.
Student 1 2 3 4
Weight 120 100 150 130

The pairing of the student number and his corresponding weight is a relation and can be written as a
set of ordered-pair numbers.
W = {(1, 120), (2, 100), (3, 150), (4, 130)}

The set of all first elements is called the domain of the relation.


The domain of W = {1, 2, 3, 4}

The set of second elements is called the range of the relation.


The range of W = {120, 100, 150, 130}

Function

A function is a relation in which no two ordered pairs have the same first element.

A function associates each element in its domain with one and only one element in its range.

Example:
Determine whether the following are functions
a) A = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5)}
b) B = {(1, 3), (0, 3), (2, 1), (4, 2)}
c) C = {(1, 6), (2, 5), (1, 9), (4, 3)}

Solution:
a) A = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5)} is a function because all the first elements are different.

b) B = {(1, 3), (0, 3), (2, 1), (4, 2)} is a function because all the first elements are different. (The
second element does not need to be unique)

c) C = {(1, 6), (2, 5), (1, 9), (4, 3)} is not a function because the first element, 1, is repeated.

A function can be identified from a graph. If any vertical line drawn through the graph cuts the graph
at more than one point, then the relation is not a function. This is called the vertical line test.

Determining Whether A Relation Is A Function

Understanding relations (defined as a set of inputs and corresponding outputs) is an important step to
learning what makes a function. A function is a specific relation, and determining whether a relation is
a function is a skill necessary for knowing what we can graph. Determining whether a relation is a
function involves making sure that for every input there is only one output.

How To Determine If A Relation Is A Function?

A function is a correspondence between a first set, called the domain, and a second set, called the
range, such that each member of the domain corresponds to exactly one member of the range.
The graph of a function f is a drawing hat represents all the input-output pairs, (x, f(x)). In cases
where the function is given by an equation, the graph of a function is the graph of the equation y =
f(x).

Vertical Line Test

The vertical line test is a method that is used to determine whether a given relation is a function or
not. The approach is rather simple. Draw a vertical line cutting through the graph of the relation, and
then observe the points of intersection.
Why does this work?

The vertical line test supports the definition of a function. That is, every xx-value of a function must be
paired to a single yy-value. If we think of a vertical line as an infinite set of xx-values, then
intersecting the graph of a relation at exactly one point by a vertical line implies that a single xx-
value is only paired to a unique value of yy.
In contrary, if the vertical line intersects the graph more than once this suggests that a single xx-
value is being associated with more than one value of yy. This condition causes the relation to be
“disqualified” or not considered as a function.
So here’s the deal!

If a vertical line intersects the graph in all places at exactly one point, then the relation is a function.

Here are some examples of relations that are also functions because they pass the vertical line test.

Cutting or Hitting the Graph at Exactly One Point

Graph of the line f(x)=x+1


Graph of the quadratic function (parabola)  f(x)=x2−2

Graph of the cubic function f (x)=x3

If a vertical line intersects the graph in some places at more than one point, then the relation
is NOT a function.
Here are some examples of relations that are NOT functions because they fail the vertical line test.

Cutting or Hitting the Graph in More Than One Point

Graph of the “sideway” parabola  x=y2


Graph of the circle x2+y2=9

Graph of the relation x=y3−y+2


Let us also look at the definition of Domain and Range of a function.

Domain It is a collection of the first values in the ordered pair (Set of all input (x) values).
Range It is a collection of the second values in the ordered pair (Set of all output (y) values).

Example:

In the relation, {(-2, 3), {4, 5), (6, -5), (-2, 3)},

The domain is {-2, 4, 6} and range is {-5, 3, 5}.

Note: Don’t consider duplicates while writing the domain and range and also write it in increasing
order.

Activity 1

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