Consumer

Chemistry
Quarter IV– Module 1: MEDICINE: ITS PROPERTIES,
MAJOR CLASSIFICATIONS AND USES
Consumer Chemistry – Grade 9
Self-Learning Module
First Edition, 2020

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Introductory Message

This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions,
directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand
each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you
step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
At the end of each module, you need to answer the test to self-check your
learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will
be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they
can best help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any
part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and
tests. Read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering
the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.

2
 Explore

This Self- Learning Module (SLM), was designed and written with you in
mind. It is here to help you understand about medicines. The scope of this SLM
permits it to be used in varied learning situations.
The Self- Learning Module is divided into four lessons namely:
● Lesson 1 – Medicine and its Brief History
● Lesson 2- Major Classification of Medicines
● Lesson 3 – Properties of Medicines
● Lesson 4- Impacts of Medicines to Human’s health, Industry and to the
Environment

After going through this module, you are expected to:

Describe the properties of medicine and its major classification;
Specifically it aims to:
1. Define medicine and trace its brief history;
2. Identify the major classification of medicines;
3. Describe the properties of medicines;
4. Design a science brochure pertaining to the properties of medicine and its
major classification; and
5. Recognize the impact of medicines to one’s health, industry and to the
environment
Learn

How are you today? We hope you are doing fine. However, if you
are not doing well, what will you do or what will your parents do? Will you visit a
doctor if you do not feel well? If so, after the doctor’s check-up, what will he/she
prescribe you for your sickness?
In this lesson, you will try to find and understand through simple
activities what medicine is and its brief history.
Activity 1: 4 Pics, 1 Word!
Directions: Analyze the pictures below and guess what particular word fits with
the theme of the pictures shown. Then answer the questions that follow.

(Linggas n.d)

Guide Questions:
1. What do the pictures show?
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Are we allowed to take them anytime? How important are they in our lives?
______________________________________________________________________________
 What is Medicine?

Medicine is a compound or a substance, such as a drug, that is used in

treating diseases. It is taken intravenously, orally or through spray and drops. It is
a science that focuses on keeping people healthy and healing the sick. It is widely
used by people – newborns, infants, toddlers, teenager, and adults. When one is in
pain, injured or suffers any discomfort, medicine is given, but of course with
doctor’s prescription. This can be administered intravenously with injections
directly into the blood stream through the veins or be taken orally and pass
through the stomach, intestines and livers before entering the bloodstream. Many
sprays and drops pass the digestive and liver but must first pass through cells
before reaching the blood.

History of Medicine
In prehistoric or early human, society’s medicine, magic and religion
portrayed a vital part. Its history was founded on the drawings, paintings, remains
and tools used of early humans. Ancient humans thought death and illness as a
natural phenomenon. Common sickness like cough, cold, fever and constipation
were accepted as part of existence and treated with herbal medicines available.
Some serious illness, however tagged as a result of spell cast upon the victim by
some enemy, demons or the creation of an offended God. “The treatment’s goal…”
was to entice the wandering spirit back to its rightful home.
“Over time, people gained logic and reasoning. Through conducting
numerous trial and errors, they found that some plants used as food and
medicines were dangerous. This is how folk medicine or domestic medicine, which
is based mostly on the use of plant products, or herbs, began and continued.
●According to an anthropologist, prehistoric people used herbal
medicines in treating illnesses.
●The medicine men during this time were called witch doctors or
shamans. Their job was to make their tribe healthy and in order to
perform it they used plants as medicines, and cast spells and charms.

● The oldest prescription is from Sumerian and the oldest medical

writing is from Babylonian. Mental diseases were well-known at the
period and most people believed that single deity was to blame.
●According to Herodotus Egyptians were known as “the healthiest of
all men, next to the Libyans due to their dry climate and notable
public health system.
● One of the oldest medical systems in the world is found in China.
They use acupuncture and herbal medicine.

●Hippocrates was an ancient Greek doctor known as the Father of

medicine and made thorough observations of his patients.
●Galen was another ancient doctor of Pergamum who studied about
human body works.
●The first scientist who accomplished exceptional scientific
dissections of human cadavers was Herophilus, a Greek physician
and anatomist.
● A royal physician under Seleucus/ Nicator of Syria was
Erasistratus who was also a Greek anatomist.

● During this time, many excellent hospitals were founded. The

human body was considered sacred at the time, and dissection was
prohibited.
● The Islamic civilization made major contribution to the fields of:
anatomy, ophthalmology, pharmacology, pharmacy, physiology and
surgery.
● Transmission of medical knowledge from the Middle East was
another significant part of Renaissance medicine.

●The medical thermometer was invented by an Italian named

Santorio.
●Antoine van Leeuwenhock studied microorganisms, but had no idea
they were responsible for the diseases.
● Edward Jenner was an English Physician who pioneered the
development of the world’s first vaccine against infectious disease.
●Louis Pasteur created a way of sterilizing liquids such as milk and
wine. He also developed a vaccine for anthrax and immunized a young
boy bitten by a rabid dog.
●Robert Koch was the first person to discover the bacteria that causes
tuberculosis and cholera.
●X-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen and were used with
stethoscopes. The doctors knew that proper handwashing and
medical instruments kill germs.

● Insulin was first used in treating patient.

● Alexander Fleming discovered Penicillin. However, it was not
commonly used until 1940.
● The first artificial kidney and dialysis machine was invented by
Willem Kolf.
●The laser was invented.
●The first heart and kidney transplant was done in this period.
● Infectious diseases are controlled through vaccines.
● The deaths from heart diseases and stroke are reduced.
●Family planning is practiced for healthier mothers and babies.
Learn
Could you still remember when was the use of medicines came into
practice? And the personalities who became famous out of their contributions on
this matter?
Activity 2: Complete Me!
Directions: As a sort of review, I want you to complete the thought of the paragraph
inside the box by filling out the blanks with the correct word/s or name/s of
persons mentioned in the previous lesson about the History of Medicine.

As being mentioned in the previous lesson, medicine and health products

are defined as chemical compounds or preparations for addressing health problems
and improve quality of lives. They form an indispensable compounds of health
systems in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease and in alleviating
disability and functional deficiency.
Drugs can be categorized in many ways. Generally, drugs are classified
according to:
1. Therapeutic classification
2. Pharmacologic classification
3. Chemical classification
4. Amalgamated classification
5. Legal classification
 Therapeutic Classification is a type of categorization
of drugs from a medical perspective and categorizes
them by the pathology they are used or intended to
treat.

Here are some common drugs under therapeutic classifications:

●Analgesics are medicines known for their use as pain relievers. A
medication that gives remedy from pain without losing consciousness or
being asleep. The two most common groups of painkillers are nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) and opioids (narcotics), but there are
many others.
●Antibiotics, also known as antibacterial are medications that destroy or
slow down the growth of bacteria.
●Antipyretic is a substance that reduces fever. The common antipyretics
are ibuprofen, aspirin--used primarily as analgesics but have antipyretic
properties.
●Antacids are class of drugs used for conditions caused by the acid that
is produced by the stomach to relieve indigestion and heartburn or acid
reflux. Common type of antacids that are available with the following
ingredients: aluminum hydroxide, magnesium carbonate, magnesium
hydroxide, etc.
Another major classification of drugs which is
based on mechanism of action is
Pharmacologic classification. Pharmacologic
classification describes a drug’s properties in a
specific way. This is necessary when
determining treatment. This includes only those
drugs that have the same or similar mechanism
of action but may differ in dosages, time action
profile and availability.
Under this are:
● Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors which are commonly
prescribed to cure illnesses such as heart problems, high blood pressure,
prevents kidney damaged associated with high blood pressure and diabetes.
They help relax the veins and arteries to lower blood pressure and hinder an
enzyme in the body from producing a substance that narrows the blood
vessels. Losartan is the most common example for this.
●Beta blocker is a class of drugs that work by blocking the action of
adrenaline, a hormone that is also called as epinephrine. By blocking the
effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the heart, they slow the
heartbeat and relieve stress on the heart. Beta blockers are used to treat
abnormal heart rhythms.
The third is Chemical classification, a classification of drug that is categorized
from
their chemical perspective and structure.

Some of the common classes of drugs under this are:

●β-lactam antibiotics-these antibiotics contain a beta-lactam ring in their
molecular structure. Most of these antibiotics work by inhibiting cell wall
biosynthesis in the bacterial organism. These are the most widely used
group of antibiotics. Derivatives of Penicillin are examples the exaples.
●Alcohol- one of the most widely abused substances throughout the
world. It is a central nervous system depressant. It causes severe long-term
damage to the liver. Alcohol creates feelings of pleasure and lowers
inhibitions.

The fourth classification is Amalgamated

classification, this class of medicine is formed
by
combining the three classifications or principles
(Therapeutic, Pharmacologic and Chemical
classifications) mentioned above. Such drugs that
belong to this class were made to meet practical
needs. The class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) is one such
example. This reduces pain, decreases fever, prevents blood clots and in higher
doses decreases inflammation.
Lastly is the Legal classification or the
Controlled Drugs. These drugs have high
potential for addiction and abuse. This
classification was set under Republic Act No.9165
or The Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of
2002, to safeguard the physical and mental well-
being of the people particularly the youth, from the harmful effects of dangerous
drugs. Some of the common drugs under this class are:
●Ecstasy or a “party drug” is an illegal. It is a synthetic drug classified as
a stimulant with potentially hallucinogenic properties that are made of the
following:
*cocaine *amphetamine *rat poison.
*heroin *caffeine *LSD (Lysergic-acid diethylamide
●Methadone is used as a way of controlling addiction and lowers craving.
It is a heavily regulated drug due to its side-effects when consumed in large
doses.
 ●Methamphetamine or “shabu” is used as stimulants. This was used for
the soldiers to endure in their battle during world war. From that on, the
abuse of methamphetamine became epidemic.

Activity 3: Med- Time

Directions: Identify the classification of each medicine. Write your answer in a
separate sheet of paper.

Substance/Medicine Description Classification

reduces pain, fever, and

1. Aspirin inflammation

helps open-up veins and

2. Beta blocker arteries to improve blood
flow
central Nervous System
3. Alcohol depressant and an
inhibitor
4. Antipyretic reduces fever

5. Methadone a way to curb addiction

and reduces craving
 Learn

Activity 4: List Me
Directions: List down all the medicines or drugs that you are familiar with or
available at home. Are they soluble? What are their physical and chemical
properties?
Let’s make your time more inspiring by getting to know more about the Properties of
Medicine or Drug
What are the Drug's Physicochemical Properties?
⮚ The influence of various physical and chemical (physicochemical) features of
the chemical substance on the bio molecular that it interacts with is related
to the ability of a chemical compound to create a
pharmacological/therapeutic action.
● Physical Characteristics
Drug action is caused by a physical characteristic of the drug
● Chemical Properties
Extracellularly, the drug responds through basic chemical processes
such as neutralization, chelation, and oxidation, among others.
What are the Various Physico-Chemical Properties?
✔ Solubility
✔ Hydrogen Bonding
✔ Ionization of Drug
✔ Surface Activity
✔ Protein Binding
❖ Solubility
⮚ Defined as the concentration of the dissolved solute in equilibrium with the
solid solute at a particular temperature.
• It is affected by the type of the solute and solvent, as well as temperature,
pH, and pressure.
• The atoms and molecules of all organic substances are held together by
various types of bonds (e.g., hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole, ionic, etc.)
● These forces are involved in solubility since it is the
solvent-solvent, solute-solute interactions that governs solubility
Importance of Solubility
 ⮚ A pharmacist must understand the idea of solubility since it dictates the
production of liquid dosage forms, and the drug must be in solution before
it can be absorbed by the body to induce biological activity.
• To interact with receptors, the drug must be in solution form.
❖ Hydrogen Bond
⮚ A dipole-dipole interaction between a hydrogen atom in a polar bond such
as N-H, O-H, or F-H and an electronegative atom such as O, N, or F.
• In a covalent link, dipoles are caused by unequal electron sharing between
atoms. Dotted lines represent weak links. HN-H......O, O-H......O, O-H......O,
O-H......O, O-H......O, O-H......O,
• Only water dissolves the chemicals that can form hydrogen bonds.
Classified into 2 types:
1) Intermolecular hydrogen bonding
⮚ Because it happens between two or more molecules of the same or different
substance, the boiling point and molecular weight of the compound rise,
requiring more energy to separate the molecules for vaporization.
2) Intramolecular Hydrogen bonding
⮚ H-bonding happens when two atoms in the same molecule form a
bond.
● Chelation is a sort of bonding that occurs commonly in organic
molecules.
• H-bond can sometimes form six or five-member rings.
• Salicylic acid has a lower boiling point because of this. o-nitrophenol
C O H H C O OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH
❖ Ionization of Drug
⮚ either weak acids or basic and can exist in either ionised or unionised state.
• Ionization = Protonation or deprotonation resulting in charged molecules.
• It is determined by its pKa and pH.
• The rate of drug absorption is proportional to the drug's concentration in
absorbable form, but not to the drug's concentration at the absorption site.
• Ionization form imparts good water solubility to the drug which is required
of binding of drug and receptor interaction
• Unionized form helps the drug to cross the cell membrane.
• Eg; Barbituric acid is inactive since it is strong acid. Barbituric acid, on the
other hand, has a CNS effect when it is 5,5 disubstituted.
Importance of Ionization of drug
⮚ Weak acid at acid pH: because it is uncharged, it dissolves more
lipids and flows more easily through biological membranes. RCOOH =
RCOO- + H+
 ⮚ Weak base at alkaline pH: because it is uncharged, it is more lipid
soluble and passes through biological membranes more easily. RNH2
+ H+ = RNH+
❖ Surface Activity
⮚ Is a substance that, at very low concentrations, can reduce the surface
tension of water.
• Surface active agents influence drug absorption, which is influenced by:
1. Surfactant's chemical composition
2. It has a high concentration
3. Its impact on the production of micelles and biological membranes.
• When you're in a lower conc. Because amphiphilicity reduces surface
tension and improves absorption, the rate of absorption was increased.
• In higher concentrations The rate of absorption was slowed by the addition
of surfactant.
Applications
1.Hexylresorcinol's antihelmintic properties
2. Cationic quaternary ammonium compounds have bactericidal activity.
3.Aliphatic alcohols have bactericidal activity.
4. Phenol and cresol have antimicrobial properties.
5. The micellar solubilization action of bile salt solutions of approximately
physiological concentration considerably increases the dissolving rate of
weakly water soluble medicines like grasiofulvin and hexestrol.
❖ Protein binding
⮚ The reversible binding of a protein to a non-specific and non-functional
location on a body protein that has no biological effect.
Drug + protein Complex of protein and drug
• Depending on whether the medicine is a weak, strong, or neutral acid, base,
or neutral, it can bind to single or numerous blood proteins (sereum
albumin, acid-gycoprotien or lipoproteins).
Albumin, which makes up more than half of blood proteins, is the most
important protein involved in drug binding.
 LEARN

Activity 5: What’s our label?

Product Information
Directions: Read the sample label to answer the following questions in a separate
sheet of paper. Only include the information provided in the label.

1. Name of product:
2. What is the purpose of the drug?
3. What is the recommended dose?
4. What are the ingredients?
5. How do you use the product?
6. What are the side effects?
 7. Are there any warnings? What are they?
8. What should you do if something goes wrong?
9. What is the use-by date?
10. How should the drug be stored?
Have you taken medicine before? How did it work to make you better? Does
the doctor know the right medicine for your sickness?
One medicine could be a pink liquid, another could be a mist, yet another
could be a blue pill, and yet another could come in a yellow tube. However, they all
have the same goal: to make you feel better when you're unwell. Living creatures in
the modern world suffer from a variety of ailments as a result of their lifestyle
choices. Medicine is now the chosen first aid for all diseases. Medicine has been
used since prehistoric times and continues to be used today. In the medical field, it
is an ancient concept of development. Medicines are said to have the ability to
regulate diseases and devote themselves to the health and well-being of patients.
This lesson focuses on medicine and its impact to human’s health,
environment and industry.
Human’s Health
The risks of medicines are the chances that something unwanted or
unexpected could happen to you when you use them. Here are some tips from the
Food and Drug Administration and some of its public health partners to help you
weigh the risks and benefits when you make decisions about the medicines you
use.
1. Talk with Health Care Professionals
2. Know Your Medicines- Prescription and Over-the-Counter
3. Read the Label and Follow Directions
4. Avoid Interactions
5. Monitor Your Medicines' Effects--And the Effects of Other Products That You
Use
6. Weighing the Risks, Making the Choice
Industry
Improved access to medicines is likely to contribute not only to the
well-being of families and individuals but also to the economic growth and
development in all societies. It has been widely advocated that pharmaceutical
multinational enterprises (MNEs) can play an important role to address this
problem, as they develop and supply a significant proportion of the drugs imported
by low- and middle-income countries.
ENVIRONMENT AND INDUSTRY
One major environmental contaminant is manufactured pharmaceuticals –
things like cold medicines, antidepressants and painkillers. These medications are
consumed and metabolized by humans to treat a variety of diseases. However,
traces of the drug are left behind and are consequently sent down the drain in the
form of bodily waste.
Treatment plants use aeration, settlement, chlorination and digestion to get
rid of potential pollutants. However, these processes do not entirely remove
pharmaceuticals, and leftover contaminants are released into waterways where
they can end up in various ecologically sensitive places such as:
1. Drinking Water
Up to 5 percent of pharmaceutical elements are not removed by wastewater
treatment and have been found in drinking water reservoirs. Given the amount of
water we drink, compounded pharmaceuticals in drinking water likely pose a
threat to human health.
2. Ecosystems
Water discharged from treatment plants can reach aquatic environments like
rivers, lakes and oceans. The organisms living in and around these ecosystems are
sensitive to the unnatural chemicals in pharmaceuticals and experience profound
effects.
Today, there’s a drug to fix just about anything, and environmentalists are
worried about the effects of a growing pharmaceutical industry. However, there are
plenty of eco-friendly options to treat an array of ailments. Some health problem
needs require something more powerful than a home remedy. Switching to a
homeopathic doctor who encourages natural healing and prescribes natural
medications is the best, greenest option

ENGAGE

Activity 6: My Personal Medicine

Personal Medicine is an activity someone does because it helps them feel
better or increases their “wellness”. Personal Medicine can be things like: medicine
prescribed by a doctor, over-the-counter pills, vitamins, herbal remedies. Personal
Medicine is about medicine you take that helps you feel good about yourself and
your life. Personal Medicine has an active ingredient – the thing that makes it work
for you.
Directions: This worksheet is intended to help you identify your Personal Medicine
and how it helps. Copy and fill in the table in a separate sheet of paper. An example
is done for you.
Personal Medicine Active Ingredient How does it help?
(Generic Name)
Ex. Ibuprofen Propionic Acid Reduce pain and swelling
in the body.
 Finally, from your list above, cite 1 (one) most common active
ingredient in your medicine and list down its effect in your body. Write your
answer in a separate sheet of paper.

Apply
Activity 7: DESIGN ME
Directions: Design a science brochure pertaining to the properties of
medicine and its major classification
Science Brochure Rubrics

CATEGORY 4 3 2 1
Attractiveness The brochure has The brochure has The brochure has The brochure's
exceptionally
& Organization attractive attractive well-organized formatting and
formatting and information. organization of
formatting and well-organized material are confusing
well-organized information. to the reader.
information.
Content - All facts in the 99-90% of the 89-80% of the Fewer than 80% of the
Accuracy brochure are facts in the facts in the facts in the brochure
accurate. brochure are brochure are are accurate.
accurate. accurate.
Sources Careful and Careful and Careful and Sources are not
accurate records accurate records accurate records documented accurately
are kept to are kept to are kept to or are not kept on
document the document the document the many facts and
source of 95-100% source of 94-85% source of 84-75% graphics.
of the facts and of the facts and of the facts and
graphics in the graphics in the graphics in the
brochure. brochure. brochure.
Spelling & No spelling errors No more than 1 No more than 3 Several spelling errors
Proofreading remain after one spelling error spelling errors in the brochure.
person other than remains after one remain after one
the typist reads person other than person other than
and corrects the the typist reads the typist reads
brochure. and corrects the and corrects the
brochure. brochure.

Points Earned:
Possible Points: 16

Assess

n which groups had health

promoon been most
successful?
(a) Lower socio-economic
groups in developing
counes
(b) Privileged people in
developed counes
(c) Indigenous populaons in
developed countries
(d) Middle socio-economic
groups in developing countrie
Directions: Read each statement carefully. Write the letter of the best answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. A health regulatory agency that is responsible for safeguarding public health &
safety. Protecting the public health through the enforcement of its standards.
a. Department of Health (DOH)
b. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
c. Department of Science and Technology (DOST)
d. Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) 
2. Which of the following properties of medicine depends on its pKa & pH?
a. Hydrogen Bonding c. Surface Activity
b. Ionization of Drug d. Protein Binding
3. He first developed the world’s first vaccine against violent infectious disease.
a. Louis Pasteur c. Antoine van Leeuwenhock
b. Edward Jenner d. Alexander Fleming
4. Why is Hippocrates considered the “Father of Medicine”?
a. He conducted a research at the Museum of Alexandria.
b. He was the personal physician to the Rome’s Emperors for decades.
c. He is the first scientist to perform exceptional scientific dissections of
human cadavers.
 d. He described in a scientific manner, many ailments and their cure
after series of detailed observation.
5. The following are ways to lower the risks and obtain the full benefits of
medicines except
a. Talk with Health Care Professionals
b. Read the label and follow directions
c. Weighing the risks and making the correct choice
d. Ignore the side effects and interactions of medicine
6. Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, the best way to fight against the disease is to
use?
a. Aspirin c. antipyretic
b. Alcohol d. beta blocker
7. If you have a question about your care, what's the best thing you can do?
a. Research it on the Internet.
b. Ignore it and trust everything will work out.
c. Speak up and ask your health care provider.
d. Ask a friend or family member to find the answer.
8. Which of the following is a special dipole-dipole interaction between the hydrogen
atom in a polar bond such as N-H, O-H or F-H & electronegative atom O, N, F
atom?
a. Surfactant c. Hydrogen bonding
b. Protein Bonding d. Ionization of Drug
9. A form of alternative medicine of the Chinese in which needles are inserted to
the body.
a. cupping c. moxibustion
b. acupressure d. acupuncture
10. If paracetamol is good for curing fever, what classification of medicine does it
belong?
a. Legal Classification c. Therapeutic Classification
b. Chemical Classification d. Pharmacologic Classification
11. Why is it important to classify medicines?
a. All of these
b. To ensure safe use of it
c. To achieve the utmost benefit of it.
d. To formulate treatment plans based on chemically similar drugs.
12. What classification of medicine is categorized by the pathology they used or
intended to treat?
a. Legal Classification c. Therapeutic Classification
b. Chemical Classification d. Pharmacologic Classification
13. All of the following are properties of medicine EXCEPT?
a. Protein Bonding c. Covalent Bonding
b. Surface Activity d. Hydrogen Bonding
14. What is health literacy?
a. All of the above
 b. A patient who can evaluate the effects of medication
c. A patient who understands the instruction about medications
d. A patient who is aware of the alternative treatments that might be
considered
15. Through this activity, the adverse effect of COVID-19 to people in the
community is markedly reduce?
a. treated b. isolated c. vaccination d. none of these

Reflect
Now that you are done with all the tasks given to you while learning. I
want you to accomplish the self-reflection questions below. Write your
answer in a separate sheet of paper.
Answer Key
References
Lerchenfeldt, S. and Rosenfeld, G., n.d. BRS pharmacology.
James Longrig, Greek Rational Medicine: Philosophy and Medicine from Alcmaeon to the
Alexandrians (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 1993)
Hanson MJ, Callahan D, eds. The Goals of Medicine: The Forgotten Issues in Health Care
Reform. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press; 1999; ix
Kushubu Patel, 2018. Before you continue to Google Search. [online] Google.com. Available
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