CREDITS

The Software
Programming by Tim
Adrian Scotney
Neil D. Coxhead
3D World Design Amanda Roberts
3D G raphics Martin Calvert
Kevin Ayre
Graphics Jacqueline Govicr
Angus Fieldhouse
Trevor Slater
Drew Northcott
Original Music John Broomhall
Sound Programming Andrew Parton
Game Design Mike Brunton
Kristian Ramsey-Jones
Tim
World Database D esign Kristian Ramsey-Jones
Graeme Davis
Quality Assurance Pete Woods
Andrew Luckett
Nick Stokes
Philip Mcdonnell
Software Evaluation Scott Johnson
Project Managers Leo Fouhy
Steve Hurley
Publishers Paul Hibbard
Pete Moreland
Special thanks to the Pi lots of233 OCU RAF Witte ring- Home of the Harrie r.
CREDITS
The Manual
Manual Written by Alkis Alkiviades
Kristian Ramsey-Jones
Jonathan Falconer
Mike Brunton
Design & Typesetting Joanna Smith
Sarah Kerr
Sarah Warburton
Packaging Design Joanna Smith
Illustrations Blue Chip
Graphics Brushworks
Photographs Aerospace Publishing Ltd
British Aerospace
Harrier Technical Illustration Quadrant Picture Library/
Flight International
With grateful thanks to British Aerospace Public Relations Dept.
CONTENTS
SIMULAT ION OVERVIEW ....................8 Realistic ......................................................................45
Introduction ........................................................................8 Game Type .......................................................................45
Game Overview.................................................................8 Training.......................................................................45
This Manual .........................................................................9 Single ...........................................................................45
Sorting the Materials.........................................................9 Day ..............................................................................46
Campaign ...................................................................46
World: World Map .........................................................46
SECTION I Hong Kong ................................................................46
INSTANT FLIGHT ................................ 12 Falklands .....................................................................46
Nordkapp...................................................................46
Vertical Landing Summary (simple flight model) ...... 16
Fly: Combat Monitor ......................................................47
Short Take-off Summary ............................................... 16
Quit: Exit Sign ..................................................................47
THE FIRST MISSION ........................... 18 Briefing: Papers ................................................................47
Th e Controller ......................................................... 19
THE BRIEFING SCREEN ..................... 48
The Selector.............................................................. 19
Continuing A Campaign .................................................49
Flying the Harrier ............................................................27
Campaign Status: Clipboard..........................................49
Short Take-off...........................................................28
New Campaigns...............................................................50
Briefing Session ................................................................50
SECTION 2 Review Orders ................................................................50
Map on Screen: View the Campaign Map ..................52
THE READY ROOM ..............................38 Arming ...............................................................................52
Pilot Roster: Keyboard .................................................. 39 Decline Mission................................................................ 52
Select Pilot .................................................................39 Fly ......................................................................................S2
On Campaign/On Operations ..............................40
Available .....................................................................40 ARMING THE HARRIER ......................54
Game Type: Large Screen .............................................40 The Arming Screen .........................................................55
Enemy Ground T roops ...........................................41 Arrow Buttons Left/Right ......................................56
Enemy Pilots ..............................................................41 Unload ........................................................................56
Flight Model ......................................................................42 Load.............................................................................56
Simplified .......................................................•............43 Info .............................................................................. 57
Easy..............................................................................43 Default Load ..............................................................57
Realistic (the Flight Simulator) ..............................43 Jump to Armament Type .......................................57
Landings .............................................................................44 Internal Fuel Load ....................................................57
No Crashes ...............................................................44
Easy..............................................................................44 FLIGHT CONTROLS ........................... 58
Realistic ......................................................................44 The Flight Controllers ................................................... 59
Weapons ...........................................................................45 Short Take-Off (ST0) .................................................... 60
Easy..............................................................................45 The Three Flight Models ...............................................61
Moderate....................................................................45 Simplified Model .......................................................61
 Easy Model .................................................................6 I Weapons Control Summary .................................87
Realistic (the Flight Simulator) ..............................62 Harrier Weapons Summary .........................................88
Vectoring in Forward Flight (VIFFing) ........................62 Key to Harrier Weapons Summary ............................89
Vertical Take-Off.............................................................63 Harrier Weapon Effectiveness Against
Hovering ............................................................................64 Common Targets ............................................................90
Flying Backwards .............................................................65 Key to Weapons Effect.iveness Against
Vertical Landing ...............................................................65 Common Targets ............................................................91
Simple Flight Model .................................................65
Easy/Realistic Flight Model .....................................66
THE COCKPIT DISPLAYS ...................92
Autopilot ....................................................................94
HEAD-UP DISPLAYS ............................68 Landing Gear .............................................................94
General HUD Indicators ...............................................69 HUD Mode ................................................................94
Heading Scale ............................................................70 Brakes Air/Wheel ....................................................94
Airspeed .....................................................................70 A irspeed .....................................................................94
Angle of Attack .........................................................70 A ltitude .......................................................................94
Altitude lndicator .....................................................70 Fuel ..............................................................................94
Vertical Velocity Indicator .....................................70 T hr ust% RPM ...........................................................95
Flight Path lndicator .................................................70 JPT ...............................................................................95
Pitch Lines..................................................................70 N ozzle A ngle .............................................................95
Specific Function H UDs .................................................7 1 N ozzle Keys ..............................................................95
V/STOL HUD ...........................................................7 1 Damage Systems lndicator.....................................95
Side Slip lndicator.....................................................71 A uto Defence............................................................95
R value ........................................................................72 Chaff............................................................................95
J value ..........................................................................72 Flares ...........................................................................96
N value .......................................................................72 ECM ............................................................................96
Flight Path lndicator.................................................72 Cockpit Warning Lights .................................................96
NAV HUD ........................................................................73 The Multi-Function Displays .........................................96
Inertial Navigation System (INS) Ordnanace/Equipment Display .............................96
Direction Indicator ..................................................73 Mission Briefing Reminder ........................................97
M value .......................................................................73 Tactical Compass .....................................................97
g value .........................................................................73 Moving Map Display.................................................97
Air/Ground Attack HUD Modes.................................74 Tracking Camera View ...........................................97
Cannons .....................................................................74
Rockets .......................................................................76
CAMERA AND VIEW CONTROLS ....98
Air-to-A ir Guided Missile.......................................77 Cockpit Views ..................................................................99
Air-to-Ground Laser-Guided Missiles .................78 Function Key ........................................................... 100
Tactical Views ......................................................... 100
Air-to-Ground Radar-Guided Missiles ................79
Free-Flying Camera View s ................................... 100
Laser-Guided Bombs ...............................................80
Retarded, Cluster, Anti-Runway and MISSING DEBRIEFING ...................... 102
Free-fall Bo mbs .........................................................82
D ay End Intelligence/Report Screens ....................... 104
Firi ng W eapons in Salvoes .....................................84 D ay Operations End ..................................................... I 04
Reconnaissance Camera .........................................85 Medals and Promotions ............................................... 104
Stores Empty H UD..................................................86 Campaign End ................................................................ 104
Night Vision Goggles/FUR .....................................86
HARRIER WEAPONS AND Game Menus .................................................................. 145
SUPPLIES ............................................. I 06 Quit Menu ............................................................... 146
Cannons .......................................................................... 107 Configuration Menu .............................................. 146
Gameplay Menu ............................................................. 146
Air-to-Air Guided Missiles.......................................... I 08
Air-to-Ground Guided M issiles ................................. 109
Rockets ............................................................................ I 12 SECTION 3
Laser-Guided Bombs .................................................... 112
Retarded Bombs............................................................ I 14 HARRIER AIR AND GROUND
Free-Fall Bombs ............................................................. 11 S ATTACKS ............................................. 150
Cluster Bombs ............................................................... 117 Air-to-Ground Missiles ................................................ IS I
Anti-Runway Weapons ................................................ I 19 'Fire-and-Forget' ..................................................... IS I
Fuel-Air Munitions ........................................................ 120 Laser Guided Bombs ............................................. IS I
Other Supplies ............................................................... 121 Retarded Bombs .................................................... 152
Free-Fall Bombs ..................................................... 153
MISSION TYPES ................................. 122 Reconnaissance ...................................................... 154
Air-to-Ground Missions .............................................. 123 Air-to-Air Combat ....................................................... 154
Deep Strike M issions ............................................ 124 Surprise! ................................................................... I 54
Ground Support Misslons .................................... 124 Exchanging Missiles ................................................ I SS
Iron Hand AA A and SAM Suppression ........... 125 Dogfights ......................................................................... I 56
lnterdiction .............................................................. 125 Get On His Tail! .................................................... 156
Air-to-Air Missions ....................................................... 126 Go Faster! Climb Higher! .................................... 156
Air Intercept Missions .......................................... 126 Escape Manoeuvres ............................................... 156
Combat Air Patrol (CAP) .................................... 126 "VIFFing" (Vectoring in Forward Flight) ........... 158
BARCAP .................................................................. 127 Enemy Surface-to-Air M issile Systems (SAMs) ...... 159
Reconnaissance Missions ............................................. 127 Medium/Long Range SAMs .................................. 159
Evading Radar-Guided SAMs ............................... 161
THE CAMPAIGNS .............................. 127
Infra Red Homing SAMs ....................................... 161
Hong Kong ..................................................................... 129
Evading SAMs .......................................................... 162
The Falkland lslands ...................................................... 133
Nordkapp........................................................................ 137
SECTION 4
HARRIER KEY GUIDE ........................ 140
Engine Power and Nozzle Controls ......................... 141 THE HARRIERS .................................. 169
The Keyboard Flight Controller................................ 141 The GR Mk.7.................................................................. 169
General Flight Controls ............................................... 142 Specification ............................................................ 169
Displays ........................................................................... 143 The Pegasus Engine ............................................... 170
Weapon Controls ......................................................... 143 Inside the Cockpit ................................................. 171
Defence Controls ......................................................... 144 Avionics .................................................................... 172
Camera and View Controls........................................ 144 Electronic Countermeasures .............................. 173
Cockpit Views ........................................................ 144 N ight Operations ................................................... 173
Tactical Views ......................................................... 144 W eapons and Stores............................................. 174
Free-Flying Camera Views ................................... 145 Reaction Control System ..................................... 175
Game Controls ...................................................... 145 Landing Performance ............................................ 176
Structure .................................................................. 176
 The W ing and LERX ............................................. 176 THE US MARINE CORPS
Electrical Systems .................................................. 176 HARRIERS ............................................ 206
GTS/APU ................................................................. 177
The AV-SA ..............................................................207
Fibre Optic Technology ....................................... 177
The Development of Harrier
Systems .................................................................... 177
Combat Tactics ......................................................208
Fuel System ............................................................. 178
The AV-8B Harrier 11 ............................................208
Pressurisation and Ai r Conditioning ................. 178
The Squadrons .......................................................209
Oxygen System ...................................................... 179
USMC Harrier Operation ................................... 210
Anti-g System.......................................................... 179
Combat Operations .............................................. 210
Hydraulic System ................................................... 179
Escape System ........................................................ 179 THE FALKLANDS WAR .................... 2 12
The AV-SB ...................................................................... 180 Royal Navy Sea Harrier FRSls ............................214
AV-SB Harrier II Specification ............................ 181 Royal Air Force Harrier GR3s ........................... 214
The Sea Harrier FRSI ................................................... 182 Combat Tactics ......................................................215
Sea Harrier FRSI Specification ............................ 183 Combat Air Patrols (CAP) ..................................216
Power Plant ............................................................. 184 Ground-Attack Missions ...................................... 216
Cockpit..................................................................... 184
Avionics .................................................................... 184 HARRIER PILOT TRAINING ............ 218
Electronic Countermeasures .............................. 185 Conversion Training: Basic Squadron ............... 219
Weapons and Stores .................................................... 185 Conversion Training: Advanced Squadron ......220
Conversion Training: Operational Phase ......... 221
OPERATING FROM DISPERSED 'Pairs leader' ..........................................................221
SITES .................................................... 186
The Conventional Airfield ................................... 187
THE HONG KONG CAMPAIGN ...... 222
The Concept of Dispersed Operation ............. 188 Intelligence Files ............................................................223
Chinese Aircralt .....................................................223
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
THE FALKLANDS CAMPAIGN ........ 230
HARRIER ............................................ .. 192
Intelligence Report .......................................................23 I
Early Military V/STOL Alrcralt ........................... 193
Argentine Aircralt ................................................. 23 I
British Developments ........................................... 194
Argentine Tanks and APCs ................................. 236
The Flat-Risers ....................................................... 195
The jet-Engines ....................................................... 195 THE NORDKAPP CAMPAIGN ......... 238
lilt Engines .............................................................. 196 Intelligence Files ............................................................239
The P. 1127 .............................................................. 198 Russian Aircralt ......................................................239
Flying Prototypes ................................................... 200 Russian Tanks, APCs .............................................246
The Kestrel .............................................................20 I Russian AA & SAMs ..............................................251
The Harrier in Production ................................... 202
The GR Mk.5 ..........................................................204 INTELLIGENCE FILE .........................254
The GR Mk.7 ..........................................................204 UK and US Aircralt ......................................................255
The Night Attack Harrier II ................................205 Allied Ships ..................................................................... 264

GLOSSARY .......................................... 266

~ SIMULATION OVERVIEW

Introduction

Harrier Jump Jet is an incomparable flight simulation. It allows you Lo experience the Ha rrier's unique
combat capability: ·ground loitering' behind the front line ready to perform a series of short. sharp sorties
and then returning to pre-set ' hides'. Execute short or vertical take-offs and la ndings, hover or, if
necessary, fly backwards to confuse e nemy pilots! Get to grips with special combat manoeuvres, arm your
Harrie r from the vast a rray of well-documented weapons and de lve into the complexities of o ne of the
most detailed I lead-Up Display modes ever seen in a flight simulation.
Harrier .!11mp .let uses Micro Prose's innovative Gouraud Graphic System LO produce 3-D game worlds
where you a rc able to fly thro ugh accurately-contoured valleys and around massive mountain ranges.
From single missio n training sorties to the full-blown campaign games, prepare to jump into the most
a uthentic cockpit ever seen in a flight simula tor. Harrier Jump Jet is produced with the assistance of real
Harrier pilots and it's the nearest you'IJ get to piloting the real Harrie r short of joining the Air Force!

Game Overview

Harrier Jump Jet is a simulatio n of the US Marine Corps A V-88, and the RA F's Harrier GR.7. Your first
decision will be which Air Force to join a nd then which of the three nash point areas of conflict you want
to ny in. You arc advised. even if you are a flight sim veteran. to complete several training missions in
order to get to know the Harrier' unique capabilities in short take-off and vertical landing. Even for
computer pilots it may take some time to come to terms with an aircraft that comes to a complete stop in
the air!
Once you feel confident of all fl ying controls of Harrier Jump Jet, try to get to grips with the weapons and
stores that can be carried a nd their particular function, the different mission types a nd the accurate H UD
modes available in the simulatio n. You may feel overawed by the sheer detail of this part o f the game but
remembe r, you arc probably experie ncing the same bewilde rment tha t a rookie Harrie r pilot feels when
he starts his training.
This Manual

The manual is organized to help you learn the simulation quickly and get into the air without delay.
In Section One, there is an lnstantt Flight summary and a First Mission Guide to take you through a
complete training sortie.
Section Two includes all the simulation details: cockpit and flight controls, HUDs, mission types, Views,
Keys, Weapons available, Campaign details and Maps. This section can be used as reference when you
want to consult more detailed aspects of Harrier Jump Jet control systems.
Section Three can be consulted if you want to improve air combat, ground attack or missile evasion tech-
niques. Experienced MicroProse pimots will be familiar with most of the information but are advised to
pay particular attention to the unique Harrier dogfighting manoeuvres made possible by VIFFing.
The final part of the manual, Section Four provides background detail including a complete guide to the
Harrier, a history of its development and a reference section of some of the numerous weapons, aircraft,
tanks, guns and missiles found in the simulation.
In addition, throughout the manual, a combat pilot will appear with important tips and advice. If you do
not want to be bothered with reading the complete manual and wish to 'flick through', it's recommended
you pay particular attention to any page on which the combat pilot appears.

Sorting the Materials

Contents
Your Harrier Jump Jet package contains this Manual, a Technical Supplement (including a pull-out Key
Guide), three game world Maps and a set of disks to run the simulation.
Installation and Loading
The Technical Supplement gives specific instructions for loading and/or installing the simulation for your
specific computer.
HARRIER JUMP JET •
 SECTION

INSTANT FLIGHT

An RAF G R. 7 takes off from a tree-lined road

This section is intended for those who want to jump into the Harrier and fl y around the combat worlds as
quickly as possible. This is often the best way to 'learn' a flight simulation.
We suggest you try the l nstant Flight method, then attempt the First Mission Guide before undertaking
any campaign-based sorties.
 SECTION

HARRIER JUMP JET 1~·

1. lnstall and Load the Simulation
R efer to the Harrier Jump Jet Technical Supplement for your particular make of computer.
2. Copy Pro tection
After the initial screen graphics, you will be asked a manual-related question. Type in the correct answer
from the indicated page reference.
3. Log o nto the Pilot Roster.
Type in your name and select your choice of Air Force. Press Return.
5. The Key G uide
We recommend you have the Key Guide open close to your keyboard to help you find all the necessary
keys. Re member that the Escape Key will Pause the simuJation and give you plenty of time to look at the
manual.
6. Consult the Manual.
Skim through the Cockpit and Flight Controls, Views and H ead-Up Display chapters in Section Two of
this manual.
7. The Ready Room Screen
Move your controller arrow cursor across the screen and you will see various ' ho t-spot' legends.
8. Instant Flying A ction
To jump into the Harrier cockpit, simply move your controller arrow cursor over the 'Fly' legend in the
top left-hand screen and select.
9. Sho rt Take-Off
SHORT TAK E-OFF (ST,O ) Press Shjf1f Plus +
After 3 seconds (at 90 kts) tap the
© Open Square Brackets Key once.r
You will rise up in the air
R aise Gear ( Key G). Flaps will
auto adj ust.
Set nozzles to 0° by pressing Shift
Close Square Brackets Key ]
Press Minus Key - to reduce engine
thrust to approximately 85% (the R
value on the lower left of the HUD)
Remember to use the pause key (Escape) in order to freeze the action and consult sections of the manual.
Pay particular attention to the two Multi-Function Displays (MFD). These show a great deal of valuable
information. You can cycle through the different modes by pressing Key Z (left-hand MFD) , Key X
(right-hand MFD).
10. Turn o n the Autopilot (Key A).
You will be put on the correct course to a waypoint.
Look at the lNS marker below the central tick mark at the top of the HUD. This shows the bearing to a
waypoint. ff you decide to fly the Harrier yourself, keep this bar centred on the tick mark and you will
head for a target/waypoiot.
If you get lost, select Autopilot again.
11. Using the Manual and the Pause Key:
• Examine all external Views.
• Look at the three main HUD (Head Up Display) modes. Press the TAB Key to cycle through them
and leave on A/G HUD mode.
• Experin1ent with weapons selection. Cycle through the right-hand Multi-Function Display (Key X)
until you see the weapons select diagram. Press Return to select a weapon. Look at the different
HUDs for each weapon selected.
• Look at the weapons section in the manual and become familiar with their names and functions.
• If you are attacked, try some basic Air Combat manoeuvres including VIFFing. Try out Auto
Defence (Key D).
• Fly around your area of conflict. Attack any targets you encounter.
• Try a vertical landing.
 SECT I ON

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

Vertical Landing
VERTICAL LANDING (VL)
Summary
(simple flight model)

Press keyboard Key 0 to imple me nt A uto

Hover. This will also drop gear and flaps.
When you come to a stop (no forward speed).
press Key Minus - to reduce power.
®

Short Take-off Summary

Press Shift/ Plus +

A t 90 kts tap Open Square Brackets Key [ once.
You will rise up in the air
R aise Landing Gear (Key G)
Set nozzles to 0° by pressing Shif1/Close Square Brackets ].
Press Minus Key· to reduce engine thrust to approximately 85%.

Don'l be afraid to make mistakes.

Instant Flight will give you a navour of the simulation but you need not complete a mission. The First
Mission Guide (see the next section) will take you through a complete sortie in Training mode.
 SECTION

~~· HARRIER JUMP JET

A
PAGE
S ECTION

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

THE FIRST MISSION _......illll
-------~
This deta iled guide will he lp you thro ugh your first Harrier Jump Jet missio n. This is a Tra ining Mission
and you will fly the Simple Harrier Flight Mode l.
If you are new to flight simulatio ns, you are advised to comple te this mission carefully to give you a 'feel'
for the H arrier controls. Take time to consult the maps and diagrams in the manual and pay particular
a tte ntio n to the de tailed H ead-Up Display modes.
If you ar e a n experienced flight sim player and want to jump into the aircraft as soon as possible, turn to
the Instant Flight section.

The Controller
Dive
Harrier Jump Jet can be controlled using a combina tio n of
keyboard, mouse or a joystick. For flying it is recomme nded
yo u use a joystick and for menu selection it is recommended
yo u use the mo use
pointer. Flight control
is not possible with a KEYBOARD
mo use. In this m anual, CONTROLLER
which is applicable to
all computer syste ms, Bank
the three control Right
Dive
devices will be referred
to as the Controller.

The Selector
A t va rious times
d uring the gam e you
will be asked to select
JOYSTICK CONTROLLER from a series of
optio ns, fire cannons
or missiles. Once again you may use any one of three devices:
keys on the keyboard, left-hand mo use button or joystick fire
button. In this ma nual these will be referred to as the Selector. Bank
Left
 SECT I ON

HARRIER JUMP JET ·. ~

After the opening sequences, the simulation will put you into the Ready Room. This is the central base
for all training nights and missions.

Fly

Quit
Game
Type

Mission
Briefing
World

Ro seer

The Ready Room

Move your Controller. You will notice an arrow cursor moving around the room and, as it passes specific
areas in the room, it acquires a different pop-up legend below it.
Move the arrow cursor to the keyboard and the Roster legend wiU appear. Press your selector.
You wi II various pilot roster slots.
Highlight a slot.
Press the Delete/Backspace Key to clear the slot if a name is already there and type in your own choice of
name.
Press Return.
You will then be prompted for your choice of Air Force.
Select US Marine Corps. (USMAC-AV-88)
Press your selector and you will return to the Ready Room.
Move the arrow cursor over lhe largest monitor. The legend Gametype will appear below it.
Select Gametype.

The Gametype Screen

This screen allows you to set au difficulty levels, training/campaign modes and simple/easy and realistic
night modes.
The choices are already set up but take time to check that they are correct. To alter settings click on the
green tabs (cycle through).
For this First Mission guide you should have the following set up:
Enemy Troops: Green Landings: No Crash
Enemy Pilots: Green Weapons: Easy
Flight Model: Simplified Game Type: Training
 HARRIER JUMP JET ~
Whe n you have made (or checked) your choices, select Done and you will return to the Ready Room.
Next. move the arrow cursor and select the World Map (bottom left).
You will sec a clo e up of the map with the three areas of connict highlighted.
The Hong Kong Campaign should aJread y be selected. Move your arrow cursor over the highlighted box.
You will be given a brief summary of the conflict.
Select Exit to leave the World Map and you will re turn to the Ready Room.
You can, a t thi stage, choose lnstant Flight by moving lhe a rrow cursor over the top-left monitor in the
Ready Room (see previous section). But, in this First Mission guide, it is recommended you study lhe
Mission Briefing and Arming Screens.
Select Briefing a nd you will enter Mission Briefing.

Fly

Decline

Orders
Map

Arming

The Mission Briefing Screen

In the same manne r that you investigated lhe Ready Room, you can move your arrow cursor around to
highlight various accessible areas in the Mission Briefing Screen.
If you click on the docume nts on the left-hand side of the creen. you will see de tails of the Training
Mission Orde rs indicating:
Type Of Mission
Mission Callsign
Take-Off Time
T ake-Off Base Name and Grid Refe rence
Landing Ba e Name a nd Grid Refere nce
Primary T a rget and Grid Refere nce (if applicable)
Secondary Targe t a nd Grid Refe re nce (if applicable)
The Distance Roll-in Points arc set from targets (Whe n you will have to switch to Air/Ground attack
H UD mode).
Clicking on the Next button with your selector will allow you to view the next sheet. This shows:
The pre-set weapons carried for tha t particula r mission.
Day/Twilight/Night mission summary.
Wind Stre ngth and Direction
Expected Enemy Activity.
 SECTION

H A R R I ER JU M P JE T .·~~
A Harrie r ground attack mission has eight waypoints shown on your HUD information:

'°' WAYPOINT3
® WAYPOINTS
>e;/ Primary Targe t

' onda<y Taegel

® Initial Point Two

(begin run-i11 to
'°'
IOI
Initial Point One
~un-in lo largel)~--
second ta rget)

FRONT LINE ®
® .,
7
WAYPOINT1
Mission Ingress
~::::;--....................
WAYPOINT6
Mission Egress (turn towards base)
WA YPOINT 7
• '°' (into e ne my territory)
WA YPOINTO
>e;/ T ake-Off Base
Lamding Base

The Primary Targe t in this first mission will be an Ammunition Dump.

The ideal weapon against this is a Paveway laser-guided bomb (GBU-16).
T he Seconda ry Tar get in this first mission wiU be a static Truck Forma tion.
T he ideal weapon against this ta rget is the Rockeye II Cluste r Bomb.
You will be given the above weapons in a default load which will al o include 25mm Cannon (GAU-l2U)
a nd two Sidewinders (AIM-9$) for air comba t.
Select Exit to re-ente r the Mission Briefimg Screen.
Now select the Map to access a close-up view of a large scale map of the combat area. Click on the ne xt
waypoint icon to see the flight paths and waypoints.
R ed crosses a re enemy ground installa tions Green crosses are frie ndly objects
Yellow crosses are assigned ta rgets Blue crosses are friendly bases
The info rma tion is repeated in your cockpit Multi-Function Display (MFD). You will also be a ble to

•
track your flight path by using the combat maps in your H arrier Jump Jet package.

PAGE
14
 SECTION

~·:·HARRIER JUMP JET

Exit the Map screen.
If you wish to change your default weapons or look at details of the missiles, bombs and rockets you must
select the Arming Screen.
Select the.Arming Screen (the pistol on the seat).
You will enter the Arming Section of Harrier Jump Jet. This will show a top-down view of your chosen
aircraft (USMC A Y-8B).
Select Change Payload.

Default load
Fuel load

Drag Factor
and Weight

Weapons
Selection Arrow
Buttons

Armament
Type
The AV-88 Arming Screen

In the top right an inset box shows the default load that you have been assigned for your training mission.
This includes details of type of ordnance, amount of fuel, cannon and the individual weights of each item.
At the base of the box you are given a total drag factor and a combined take-off weight.
Jn this mission you will accept the pre-defin ed weapons load but in future missions, you may wish to
change your payload so it's worthwhile taking time to look through the Arming Scree n.
Arrow Buttons Left/Right
To view a complete selection of available weapons and supplies click on the left or right arrow buttons. A
picture of the selected weapon is shown in a picture box on the lower right of the screen.
 SECT ION

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

Unload
To unload any chosen weapon/store. select Unload then move the cursor over the Harrie r wings.
Twin yellow boxe will appear to detail which weapons/supplies you wish to unload. Harrier ordnance is
always fitted in pairs on each wing so in effect you need only highlight the lower wing.
When you have decided which weapon you wish to unload. ma ke sure the yellow boxes are highlighting
the weapon on the wing, then press the selector.
The weapon will be removed from the pylon.
Load
To load weapons/stores, highlight and select Load, then choose a weapon using the arrow buttons. Once
you have chosen your ordnance, move the cursor ove r the H arrier wing.
If the weapon is appropriate to the selected pylon then a yellow box (or boxes) will a ppear in the correct
spaces. C lick with your selector and it will be added to your payload.
Info
Select the Info box to see information about your chosen armament. Select again to close the box.
Default Load
Select Default to reset your pre-defined payload.
Jump to A rmament Type
You may jump to an armament type, to save having to cycle through all the weapons available, by
selecting one of the codes in the lowest section of the arming box. The codes arc:
AA Air-to-Air Missile RO Rockets
AS Air-to-Surface Missile GU Guns/Cannons
BO Bombs OT Othe r (Reconnaissance Pod, ECM etc.)
The default fuel load is shown in a box in the top left hand corner of the Arming Screen.
You may, if you wish, add extra fuel but remembe r that the heavie r the fu el load. the less ordnance you
can carry on your H arrier and the longer your take-off run.
Select OK whe n you have finished looking at the Arming Screen a nd you will be returned to the Mission
Briefing Screen.
You are now ready to fl y your first mission!
Flying the Harrier

To fly the Harrier (remember you chose to fly with the USMC A V-8B), simply select Fly in the Mission
Briefing Screen.
You will now be transferred to the cockpit of your Harrier.
The Harrier will be standing on its take-off area.

Heading

Forward
Altitude
Velocity - - - -

Thrust Valve
% RPM N ozzle Angle

Thrust% RPM

HUD Mode
Indicators Nozzle Angle

left MFD Right MFD

landing Gear

The Harrier cockpit in short take-off mode

You will now perform one of the unique Harrier manoeuvres: a short take-off.
 Short Take-Off
SHORT TAKE-OFF (STO)
Press Shift/ Plus+
Watch the numbers at the top
© left of the H U D increase. This

c=:s& @
is your forward speed .

-~ ~
Wh e n the speed r eaches
a pproxima te ly 90 knots (this

-;;~------CD ta kes abo ut 3 seco nds) tap

Ope n Square Bracke ts Key [

"" ~
o nce. Thi s m oves your je t
nozzles down to an angle of
55 °. Y o u will beg in to rise.
Look at Lhe increasing numbers
o n the top-right o f the H UD .
This is your he ight in feet.
After 2-3 seconds you must move your nozzles back to 0° (po inting backwards). Press S hiftJClose Square
Brackets] o nce.
Yo u will now be in conventio nal wing borne Oig ht.
R ai e your landing gear (Key G). Flaps wiJJ auto activate.
Climb to 1000 feet.
Reduce thrust ( RPM) to a cruise setting of 85%.
Set the Autopilo t by pressing Key A.
Press ESC Key to pau e the simulation.
This will give you an opportunity to study the cockpit displays.
Look at the HU D mode indicator lights on the extreme right of the cockpit.
The red light marked V/STOL will be lit. After take-off you sho uld switch to NA V mode.
Press ESC to unpause the game.
Press the TAB Key until the NAV indicator lights up.
Notice tha t the Head Up Display supedmposed on the fro nt screen cha nges with each press. (For more
de tails consult the HUD chapte r in this manual).
You are now in Navigation mode. use thjs HUD when flying to and from the target.
You will notice a small block marker has lined up with the inverted tick mark on the middle of the HUD
heading cale. This shows the direction of the first waypoint (Mission Ingress).

Heading to Rrst Waypoint

_ _ _ _ Waypoint
Number

Distance to First
Waypoint in Miles

Nav HUD
Mode
Auto Defence

Moving Map
Autopilot Display
Warning Light

Tlte llarrier Cockpit in Nav HUD Mode

 S E C TI O N

HARRIER JUMP JET ·-··

Look at the three sets of figures on the lower right of the HUD. These indicate:
top- First Waypoint
middle- Distance to Fir t Waypoint
bottom- Time in seconds to First Waypoint
Set A uto Defence (Key D). This will auto dispense Chaff/Flare defenses to confu e enemy missiles.
Take time to get used to all the views available in Harrier Jump Jet. Press function keys Fl to F6 for all-
round views out of the cockpit. Press function key F8 lhen investigate the out-of-cockpit 'floating camera'
views PgUp/PgDn/Insert/Dcletc. Press F3 to return to cockpit front view.

F1 F2 F3 F4 FS

F6

Press TAB to change HUD mode from NAY to NG (Air/Ground attack mode).
Now, you must select the correct ordnance for your Primary Target (Ammunition Dump).
Press the Return Key until you have chosen Paveway G BU-16s (shown as a Pv16 on the HUD).
When you pass the Initial Point (Waypoint Two) to the Primary Target, Autopilot will turn you for Lbe
run-in to the target (Waypoint Three).
 Laser Designator
Seeker 'X' Shape

Air/Ground
Attack HUD
Mode
Weapons
Selection Display

Weapon
Selected

You will be above 1,000 feet and within 5 miles of the target.
You wiJJ see an X shape moving across the HUD.
Fly until you see waypoint 3. Then press Shift/Backspace to designate the waypoint as a target. The Track
Carn (in right MFD) will show a picture of the target, the name of the target, its bearing and range.
The X shape will merge with a diamond shape and lock-on the target. Once you see this you may fire at
will. A message wiJJ appear in the HUD if you are successful.
Remember that if you wish to 'unlock' a target press ALT/L.
You will now head for the second InitiaJ Point (Waypoint Four).
Your Secondary Target is a truck formation. Your desired weapon is the Rockeye 11 cluster bomb.
Repeat the above procedure for weapon selection.
Select with the Return Key until you see 'rock' on the HUD.
 SECT I ON

HARRIER JUMP JET ~·

Whe n you have comple ted the above. Pause the simulation (ESC Key) to look a t the left-ha nd MFD.
This can also be cycled by pressing Key Z but we have chosen to keep this MFD on Tactical Compass
Display setting. As you progress in difficulty levels, the importance of this display will become apparent
but for the purposes of this guide be aware that a circle is a waypoint/target and a diamond a locked-on
target. You will always be at the central cross and travel up the screen. The compass headings wiU rotate
when you change direction.
Press ESC to re ume the mission.
Whe n you have passed the second Initial Point (Waypoint Four) you will begin the run-in to your
Secondary Target {the truck formation).
Make sure your HUD mode is set to NG (Air/Ground Attack Mode).

Small Bar Drops

Towards Nose
Indicator

Auto Bombing
Mode

Tactical
Compass

+Marks Your_-1•
Harrier Position

You will sec a long vertical line across the H U D. In Simple Weapons Mode press Shift/Backspace to
designate the ta rget. A na rrow horizontal line will descend towards the Nose indicator. Keep your finger
pressed on the Selector as you approach the targe t and the Rockeye will auto drop on ta rget.
 SECTION

,. HARRIER JUMP JET

After bombing your Secondary Target you will
receive a message on your HUD. Remember that in any
Training Flight you
Your Autopilot will take you to your Mission can re-supply your
Egress Point (Waypoint Six). Harrier by prtSSing
keys Alt/R. This will
On your way to the Mission Egress Point you fill the aircraft's fuel
may meet enemy aircraft. tanks and add extra
weapons. U~ Re-
Select Sidewinders (A IM-9S) with the Return
supply for sightseeing
Key.
and target practice
A circle (boresight) will appear scaraning the area only.
ahead of you for aircraft targets. By pressing Key Similarly, you may
M you may ' uncage' the seeker and it will rotate. switch to Training
mode at any time
Turn off Autopilot (Key A)
during play by pm.sing
keys Alt/T; a useful
function if things get
confusing or you want
to go sightseeing.
Needless to say you will
not rrcel11e any
~ardslpromOllons for
that particular mission.
 SECTION

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

Look a t the Tactical Compass Display ( left-h and MFD) to see details of e nemy aircraft. ground objects
a nd missiles.

W eapon Type

White dots -
Aircraft
Green dots -
Ground objects
Red dots -
Missiles

Tactical
Compass Scale

The Tactical Compass can be scaJed up xl.x2 x4. x8. xl6 by pressing Key 6 or Key 5, or down with Shift 6
a nd Shift 5.
You are in easy weapons mode. Press Backspace to cycle through available targets. The Track Cam in the
left MFD shows aircraft na me, bearing and ra nge. A circle with a dia mond in it shows a locked ta rget.
If you manage to lock-on an aircraft fire your Sidewinde r with your selector.
If you want to ' unlock' a ta rget (perhaps it's faster tha n you!) press ALT/L.
To re turn to base, select Autopilot again and comple te your flight path by heading for Waypoint 7.
When you can sec the runway, change yo ur HUD mode to VSTOL (Press TAB key).
Whe n you arc over the la nding site de-select autopilot, press the A uto Hover Key 0 (unavailable in
Realistic Flight Mode).
Auto Hover will slow you down to a hover
roughly over the landing site. R educe power Mission EgJ'eSS/ lngms
(Minus Key -) to descend. When you are on the waypoints an pul into
missions to make th
ground press Shift/- to stop the engine.
Hamerflig/u path
unpmlielable to enemy
tmdcen. Without
Mission lngms th
enemy could draw a
VERTICAL LANDING (VL) /inefrom aircraft
heading and guas the
location of the target
and aim defenco
amund the target.
Without Mission Egra.s
points, the enemy could
trade the location of a
Hamer base.

When you have landed you will be debriefed.

A summary of your mission will be shown in the Debriefing Room including recorded flight path, any use
of ordnance and targets hit or destroyed.
Rewards and Promotions
In the Campaign game, you will be rewarded or promoted according to the structure of your chosen Air
Force. However, there will be no rewards for training missions.
Repeat Training Missions
You are advised to perform several Training Missions until you understand the procedure of getting to
the target and delivering your payload. Do not try to fly the Realistic Harrier Flight Model until you are
familiar with the Simple and then the Easy Flight Model. The Realistic model is, in effect, the complete
flight simulator.
SICTION

HARRIER JUMP JET •

 SECTION

~ HARRIER JUMP JET

_T_H
__E__R__ o_v__R
E_A__ __o__ ___________ _~~
o_M

Fly-- - -

Quit
Game
Type

Mission
Briefing

The Ready Room

Pilot Roster: Keyboard

Select Pilot
Select the pilot you wish to ny as from the list provided. If you are a new pilot erase a highlighted slot
using the backspace/delete key and enter a name of your choice.
The pilots can be stored in various states. Dead. Retired. Missing-in-Action. POW Pilots arc unavailable
for play but can be deleted and their slots used for new pilots .

•
 S E C TI O N

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

On Campaign/On Operations
Lf a pilot is On Campaign/On Operations in the middle of a game world, he can be selected and flown but
only in his curre nt game world. The player may reset the difficulty levels for the current campaign session.

Available
The pilot is between campaigns. He can be selected and flown .
The roster also shows fuU details of the Pilot's Air Force, Rank , Score, Best Mission, Last Mission
Decorations and Aircraft Lost.
Whe n you have comple ted your selection, press the Return Key.
New pilots must the n choose their Air Force (US Marine Corps or RAF)
Whe n you have made your choices, press Return to go back to the Ready Room.

Game Type: Large Screen

If you a re starting a ne w
ga me yo u ca n use your
selector to choose be tween
various difficulty levels:
 SICT I O N

~ HARRIER JUMP JET

Enemy Ground Troops:
Choose the level of opposition that you wish your forces to face on the ground by moving your selector
and clicking on the appropriate box. The picture will change with a representation of the chosen level.
Green
Regular
Veteran
Elite

Enemy Pilots:
Choose the level of opposition that you wish your forces to face in the air by moving your selector and
clicking on the appropriate box. The picture will change with a representation of the chosen level.
Green
Regular
Veteran
Ace
SECTION

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

Flight Model:

I Simplified I

Easy

Realistic
 S E CTIO N

~ HARRIER JUMP JET

Select the type of Harrier flight model you feel confident of flying.

Simplified
A good 'fun' version to train on and very forgiving with rookie pilots.
1. Weight and Drag of fuel or weapons will not be important factors. You are able to take-off vertically
and have better manoeuvrability.
2. The effects of VIFFing are emphasized.
3. Amplified pitch and roll rate allows better dogfighting agility.
4. Auto Hover Mode available
5. The Yaw control is more effective in hover.

Easy
The next step up from Simple. A moderate level prior to tackling the Flight Simulator.
1. The weight and drag factor of on-board fuel and weapons is 50% realistic. This enables player to
perform shorter take-offs and allows better manoeuvrability.
2. VIFFing effects are slightly increased so that a player experiences a 1 g upwards acceleration and a 1 g
horizontal deceleration.
3. Pitch and roll rates are increased slightly allowing improved manoeuvrability.

Realistic (the Flight Simulator)

A real flight simulator of the USMC AV-8B or the R AF GR.7 that will react and fly like the real thing.
1. Fuel and weapons have realistic effects on performance. The Harrier must perform a rolling take-off to
get airborne and manoeuvres best when it is carrying a small weapon load.
2. VIFFing results in a massive loss of speed. Turns are increased by 0.5 g.
3. The pitch and roll rates are accurately computed.
4. Lowering the Gear will have a realistic effect.
5. Lowering the airbrake will have a realistic effect.
 SECTION

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

6. Keeping rudder on whilst moving forward at speeds below 100 kts will nip the aircraft over.
7. You may have to dump fuel (Alt/F) when attempting a vertical landing. The maximum alJowed on a
Ha rrier that has expended all of its weapons is 3.062 kgs.
8. In air-to-air combat you may have Lo 'clean up' your Harrier pylons by jeuisoning alJ air-to-ground
weapons (Alli J). This will increase your agility for dogfighting.

Landings:

Choose your landing difficulty level.

No crashes
No matter how bad your approach, or control, you will always land upright without any da mage to your
Harrier.
Any descent rate.
Any ground speed.
Any roll angle.

Easy
An option to choose if you wish to progress to Realistic Landings. Good for gelling to know the controls.
HUD and the feel of the plane in landing modes without incurring serious damage when you make an error.
D escent Rate max 2500 fpm
Ground Speed max 250 kts
Roll Angle max 45°

Realistic
Land the real H arrier by using all the available controls, dials and indicators. Not recommended for
rookie pilots!
D escent Rate max 500 fpm
Ground Speed max 200 kts
Roll Angle max 10°
 SECT I O N

~ HARRIER JUMP JET

Weapons:
You can choose the effectiveness and realism level of the weapons carried on your Harrier.

Easy
Your missiles, rockets and bombs will be effective over a wide radius, will have 100% reliability. travel
further and strike the target harder.
Laser-guided ordnance can be fired from any target approach angle. Sidewinders 'lock-on' from
anywhere in the HUD.
You can cycle through all available targets by tapping Backspace (designate) Key. Bombs are always pre-
set to 'Auto' mode.

Moderate
Weapons will lock-on realistically. Your missiles, rockets and bombs will be effective over a smaller radius
and will have slightly less than 100% reliability. Laser guided ordnance locks-on if the target approach angle
is within+/- 45°. Weapons will be slightly longer-ranged than realistic ones and strike the target a little harder.

Realistic
All weapons and supplies will behave as realistically as possible with an element of unreliability built in.
You'll have to be accurate, precise and make the most of your numerous HUD aiming modes.

Game Type:
Select the type of game you wish your chosen pilot to experience. Click with your selector to cycle
through the four options.

Training
A single training mission. By selecting this option you can attempt a sortie without worrying about
outcome. Similarly, you wilJ not receive awards or promotions if you are successful.

Single
A single sortie. One quick mission to take you into the game quickly but giving you the chance to build up
promotions/rewards for your chosen pilot. Choose this option if you wish to progress to full campaign
mode but want to sharpen up your Harrier control capabilities.

A
 SECT I O N

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

Day
A full campaign day in control of your own H arrier. T he number of sortie in a day may vary to a
maximum of eight. Perform a quick sortie as ordered, then return to your ba e site to await further
orders. There may only be enough time left to refuel, re-arm then take-off again. You will be given
updates of the status of the campaign and the effect your actions arc having in that day"s battle.

Campaign
The full Harrier Jump Jet campaign in the game world of your choice. A campaign is made up of a series
of 'days' (sec above) and can last for 10 days. You are advised to avoid the full campaign until you have
gained experience of all I tarrier controls and tactics.

World: World Map

By selecting the World Map, you will see a full screen world map. You may choose any game world but
remember that some campaigns are more difficult than others. Select one of the three Game W orld
options:

Hong Kong
The lowest level of difficulty. The campaign against the People's Republic of China in conllicl over Hong
K ong.

FaJklands
A moderate level of difficulty. The campaign against the re-equipped Argentine forces over the Falkland
Islands.

Nordkapp
The highest level of difficulty. The campaign against a new hard-line Russian Rcpubljc across the wastes
of Scandinavia's North Cape. You are not advised to attempt Nord K app al campaign level if you have
not already succeeded in one or the previous game worlds.
 SECT I O N

~ HARRIER JUMP JET

Fly: Combat Monitor
By selecting this option you can jump into your Hanier immediately without consulting mission briefing,
maps or orders. This option can be used by pilots new to Harrier Jump Jet who want to fly around the
game world as quickly as possible, or experienced pilots who want to by-pass the briefing screens.

Quit: Exit Sign

Allows you to exit from the simulation immediately. You will be returned to your computer's operating
system.

Briefing: Papers
Select this action area in order to move to the Briefing Screen. Be aware that the Briefing Screen will
change de pending on your choice of campaign and game world. If you have selected the Training Option,
you will be taken to the Field Briefing Screen.
Other Briefing Screens will reflect your position during a campaign; for example, in a ·hide', or on an
aircraft carrier. But the details accessed in these Briefing sessions will always remain the same.
SECTION

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

 S EC T IO N

~ HARRIER JUMP JET

THE BRIEFING SCREEN ....illllllll

----------------------~
Fly - -- -

Decline

Orders
Map

Arming

The Mission Briefing Screen

Continuing A Campaign
If you are continuing a campaign, you will be given a summar y of the background war scenario in your
chosen area of conflict.

Campaign Status: Clipboard

If you are in the middle of a saved campaign, you will begin the session with an Operational Status
Clipboard. This will update you on your position in the simulation. You will also receive new Orders and
Suggested Ordnance.
 SECTION

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

New Campaigns

The site for the Mission Brie fing Screen will change depending on your cho en campaign but in all cases
you can access similar functions (e.g. Arming, Map etc.) by moving the selector cursor around the screen.

Briefing Session

A n ·in-Ihe-field' Mission Briefing Screen that will vary depe nding o n the Mission/Campaign Type.

Review Orders

Jn all cases you will have the o pportunity to review your orders. D e tails shown arc:
Mission Type
One of eight H arrie r mission types. Five air-to-ground attack (D eep Strike, Ba ttlefield Interdiction.
Ground Support, Iro n Hand, Reconnaissance) and three air-to-air (Comba t Air Patrol, BARrier CAP.
Air Intercept). For more details see the Mission Types chapter in this manua l.
CaUsign
Shown as: Callsign-Flight number-Aircraft number
Take-off Time
Local Time for area of conflict
Zulu Time- military term for Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
Day
Fo r Campaigns only. The Campaign day number.
Take-off Base
Name of Base and G rid Reference given.
Landing Base
Name of Base and Grid Reference give n.
 S E C TI O N

~ HARRIER JUMP JET

Mission Summary
Air Patrol Routes listing waypoints and Grid References.
Air Intercept Routes listing waypoints and Grid References.
Primary/Secondary Ground Targets listing waypoints and Grid References.
For all ground attack targets Initial Point Offset (IP to Target distance) is also given.
By clicking on the Next button you can view page two with details of:
Total Stores Carried
Day/Night/Twilight conditions
Visibility Details
Wind Speed and Wind Bearing
Enemy Activity
The pre-set weapons appropriate for that particular mission and an estimate of your fuel needs. You can
always change these settings in the Arming Screens.

J0t WA YPOINT3
>Cl/
®' WA YPOINTS
ndary Target
Primary Target

® I nitial Point Two JOt Initial Point One

(begin run-in to
second target)
IOI ~run-in to target)--.---
FRONT LINE ®
WA YPOINTl
® .,, Mission Ingress
~==~:;i-.........................
WA YPOINT 6
Mission Egress (turn towards base) ...
~
® (into enemy territory)
WA YPOlNT O
WA YPOINT 7 ' Take-Off Base
Landing Base

Diagram ofa typical ground attack mission

 S E C TI O N

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

Map on Screen: View the Campaign Map

A large scale map of the combat area with an overlay of your flight path. waypoints, targets/patrol routes,
bases and the latest intelligence summary of enemy forces. Click on the Next Waypoint icon to see flight
path and waypoint .
Red crosse arc enemy ground installations
Green cro scs are fricndlic
Yellow crosses arc assigned targets
Blue crosses arc friendly bases

Arming

If you wish to change your default weapon load or look at details of the missiles, bombs and rockets select
this option and exit to the Arming Screen.

Decline Mission

An opportunity to decline a particular mission and return to the Ready Room. You are advised not to
decline missions except under exceptional circumsta nces because you will be penalized and your
prospects of promotion severely affected!

Fly

Select this option to jump into your H arrier and begin the mission.
 SECTION

~ HARRIER JUMP JET

Mission Egress/Ingress
waypoints are put into
missions to make the
Harrierflight path
unpredictable to enemy
trackers. Without
Mission Ingress the
enemy could draw a
line from aircraft
heading and guess the
location of the target
and concentrate
defences around the
target. Without
Mission Egress points,
the enemy could track
the location of a
Harrier base.
SECTION

HARRIER JUMP JET •

 SECTION

~· HARRIER JUMP JET

_A_R
__M
__l _N_G
___T_H
__E__H __l _E_R_________~
__A__R_R

The Arming Screen

lfK i3
~VEilAV

The RAF GR.7 arming screen

By electing Arming from any Mission Briefing screen, you will e nter the Anning Section of Harrier
Jump Jet. This shows the selected Harrier (USMC A Y-8B or RAF G R.7).
In the top right an inset box shows the default load that you have been given for that particular mission.
This includes details of type of ordnance, amount of fuel, cannon and the individual weights of each item.
At the base of the box you arc given a total drag factor and a combined take-off weight. These arc more
important if you are flying the realistic aircraft model.
Note that Harrier Jump Jet simulates USMC and RAF weapons and that certain types of ordnance are
only available to specific Harrier types.
 SECTIO N

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

Default Load

Left/Right
Arrow ----
Butto ns

The USMC A V-88 arming screen

Arrow Buttons Left/Right

T o view a complete selection of available weapons and supplies click on the left or right arrow keys with
your selector. A picture of the selected weapon is shown in a picture box on the lower right of the screen.

Unload
To unload any ordnance/stores select Unload then move the cursor over the H arrier wings. T win yellow
boxes will appear to detail which weapons/stores you wish to unload. H arrier ordnance is always loaded
on each wing so in effect you need only highlight the lower wing. When you have decided which weapon
you wish to unload, make sure the yellow boxes are highlighting the weapon on the wing then press your
sel ecto r. The weapon will be removed.

Load
To load weapons/stores, highlight and click on Load, then choose a weapon using the arrow buttons.
Once you have chosen your ordnance, move the cursor over the H arrier. I f you have space for that
weapon then yellow boxes will appear itn the appropriate spaces. Click with your sefec1or and it will be
added to your payload. Repeat the procedure for all your chosen ordnance.
 SECTION

~ HARRIER JUMP JET

Info
Select the Info box to see
information about your
se lected a rma me nt. Se lect
again to close the box.

Default Load
Select Default to re-select the
pre-defined payload.

Jump to
Armament Type
Yo u may jump to a n
armament type. to save you
having to cycle through au the
weapo ns available , by
selecting one of the codes in A pilot checks the arming ofa MK.82 Snakeye bomb on his Harrier
the lowest section of the
arming box.
The codes are:
AA Air-to-Air
AS Air-to-Surface
BO Bombs
RO Rockets
GU Guns/Cannons
OT Other (Reconnaissance Pod, ECM etc.)

Internal Fuel Load

The default fuel load is shown in a box in the top left hand corner of the Arming Screen. You may, if you
wish, add fuel (Left/Right Arrows but remember that the heavier the fuel the less ordnance you can carry
on your Harrier and the longer the take-off run.

OK
Select OK when you have completed your choice of payload and want to exit the Arming Screen.
SECTION

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

\.
 SECTIO N

• HARRIER JUMP JET

FLIGHT CONTROL S ..ollllllllll

-------~
The Flight Controllers

Dive KEYBOARD
CONTROLLER

Bank
Left
JOYSTICK CONTROLLER
 SECTION

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

Short Take-Off (STO)
To go into action at maximum weight, the realistic flight model H arrier m11s1 undertake a short take-off.
However, once weapons and fuel have been used up (or dumped} the aircraft can land vertically in any
restricted space.
Short (rolling) take-off is initiated with full flaps that activate automatically when the landing gear is
down. A normal take-off roll with engine nozzles pointed directly behind (0°) provide maximum thrust
then, at a pre-set speed (90 knots), a pre-defined nozzle angle of 55° is selected by tapping nozzle Key
Open Square Brackets [ once.
Under the effects of wing lift and jet thrust lift, the aircraft climbs into the air.
Whe n the Harrier has accelerated to no rma l flying speed, the pilot reduces the nozzle a ngle to 0° by
pressing Shift/Close Square Bracke ts ] o nce, the n ra ise the landing gear (Key G). Flaps will retract auto-
matically.
From th is point th e
SHORT TAKE-OFF (STO)
H arrier should be nown
like a co nve nti ona l
fighter.
©
Th rust can now be
reduced to 85% {Minus
- Key) allowing the Jet
Pipe T emper atu r e t o
drop and prevent the
Pegasus engi ne fr om
overheating.
STO allows a Harrier
loaded with eight tons
of weapons and fuel to
--
.c::=:--;or-4

take-off using abo ut

1000 feet or firm,
reasonably na t te rrain.
 SECTIO N

~·HARRIER JUMP JET

The Three Flight Models SHORT TAKE-OFF
SUMMARY

There are three distinct flight models in Harrier Press Shift/ Plus+ to
Jump .let. set thrust to maximum.
At 90 kts tap Open
Simplified Model Square Brackets Key [
once. Altitude will rise.
A fun version to train on and very forgiviug with
rookie pilots. After 2-3 seconds,
press Shift Close
l. Weight aud Drag of fuel or weapons will not Square Brackets Key]
be important factors. You are able to take-off to set nozzles to fF.
vertically and experience better manoeuvrability. Raise Landing Gear
2. The effects of VIFFing are emphasized. KeyG.

3. Amplified pitch and roll rate a llows better Reduce thl1ll·t to

dogfighting agility. approximately 85%
(Minus Key-).
4. Auto Hover Mode (Key 0) available
5. The Yaw control is more effective in hover.

Easy Model
A good version to train on before attempting the
Flight Simulator.
1. T he weight and drag factor of on-board fuel
and weapons is 50% realistic. This enables the player to perform shorter take-offs and allows better
manoeuvrability.
2. VIFFing effects are slightly increased so that a player experiences a 1 g upwards acceleration and a lg
horizontal deceleration.
3. Pitch and roll rates are increased slightly allowing improved manoeuvrability.
 llCTION

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

Realistic (the Flight Simulator)
A real flight simulator of the USMC A V-8B and the RAF GR.7 that will react and Oy like the real thing.
Pay particular attention to the following:
1. Fuel and weapons have realistic effects on performance. The Harrier must perform a rolling take-off to
get airborne and manoeuvres best when it is carrying a small weapon load.
2. VlFFing results in a massive loss of speed.
3. The pitch and roll rate arc accurately computed.
4. Lowering the Gear will have a realistic effect.
5. Lowering airbrakes o r flaps will have a realistic effect.
6. Keeping rudder on whilst moving forward at speeds below 100 kts will flip the aircraft over (not recom-
mended!).
7. You may have to dump fuel (Alt/F) when attempting a vertical landing. The maximum allowed on a
H arrier that has expended all of its weapons is 3,062 kgs. lf you land with weapons, remember that the
weight of the weapons is important.
8. In air-to-air combat you can 'clean up' your Harrier pylons by jettisoning a ll air-to-ground weapons
(Alt/J ). This will increase your agility for dogfighting.

Vectoring in Forward Flight (VIFFing)

In general VIFFing is used to slow down the Harrier rapidly. T his manoeuvre means that a potential
attacker o n your tail will overshoot and give you the advantage in a dogfight.
Press Shift/Open Square Brackets [.
J ct nozzles will swing to 98° a nd there will a rapid deceleration experienced by the Ha rrier.
When the attacker zooms past press Shift/Close Square Brackets l to ro ta te the jet nozzles back to 0°.
(Sec Dogfight in Sectio n 3.)
 S E CTION

~ HARRIER JUMP JET -

"Ir

Theflrst VTFFing
manoeuvn was carried out
by Lt. Col Blot of the US
Marine Corps al 5()() kts, in
level flight. He had not
tightened his shoulder
straps because he did not
anticipate any major ef/eclS
and simply pulled the j et
noules lever to the nar
stop, and (as he describes
It),
"...the airplane started
decelerating at an alarming
rate, the magnitude of
which 1 could not determine
because my nose was
pressed up against the
gunsight. 1 was now
straddling the stick, with
my right hand extended
backwards between my legs,
trying to hold on for dear
life. "

Vertical Take-Off

(Only possible in Simple Flight Model or when carrying zero payload and low level of fuel)
Press (and hold down) Open Square Bracket Key [ to select 82° nozzle angle.
Press Shift/Plus + to set thrust to maximum.
When you have risen to 100 feet, ease back on the nozzle angle press Close Square Bracket Key J gently.
The Harrier will accelerate in a forward direction without losing height W1til it achieves conventional
wing-borne flight and the nozzles are pointing backwards CJ'.
 SECTION

HARRIER JUMP JET •

Hovering

An RAF Harrier hovers between the trees towards its 'hide'

 SE C TION

~~: ~ H A R R I ER JU M P JE T
Hovering is important when performing landings in restricted spaces.
Remember to dump excess fuel (ALT/F). If all weapons have been expended you can have a maximum
load of 3,062 kgs of fuel on-board.
Use thrust Plus Key + I Minus Key - and nozzle angle Open/Close Square Brackets [ or ] to stabilize.
Use rudder Keys < or> to turn in hover.
You can attempt hovering in all flight models but in Simple Flight Model Key 0 will enable Auto Hover
(reducing thrust and nozzle angle to 82° automatically).

Flying Backwards

All Harrier flight models can fly backwards but this is very difficult and dangerous exercise for rookie
pilots in the Realistic Flight Mode l. Fly backwards to reposition your aircraft when landing. Do not
attempt to fly backwards fo r any length of time!
Take-off vertically (as above)
Press Open Square Bracket Key [ to select 82° nozzle angle.
Press Shift/Plus + to set thrust to maximum.
When you have risen to 100 feet, ease further forward on the nozzle angle Open Square Bracket Key [ to
98°.
Watch the Airspeed Indicator. When it shows a minus value, you are flying backwards!

Vertical Landing

Simple Flight Model

H UD mode to YSTOL (Press TAB key).
When you are over the landing site, press the Auto Hover Key 0 (unavailable in Realistic Flight Mode).
Auto Hover will slow you down to a hover roughly over the landing site. Use your controller to fine
adjust movement then reduce power (Minus Key -) to descend, and Shift/- to stop the engine.
 SEC TION

HARRIER JUMP JET I~

Easy/Realistic Flight Model
Jet nozzles arc used to slow down the H arrier and thrust is used to keep altitude as the aircraft stays in
hover. When in hover. wing. nose and tail reaction control jets take over control and allow the Harrier to
' translate' (move) in any desired direction .
Dump any excess fue l (ALT/J) before attempting a landing. If you have no weapons on-board tbc
maximum fuel you can carry is 3,062 kg.
Change H UD mode to V/ST OL (TAB Key)
Press Shift/Open Square Brackets L to set nozzles to 98°.
Keep the nose up 8°.
With Airbrakcs ( Key B) and reduced tbrust (Minus Key -) slow down to 20 knots.
Lower G ear (Key G). Flaps will extend automatically.
Set nozzles to 82° (hold down ] Key).
Hover over landing site/runway.
Line up nose and 0° pitch lines on HUD.
Slowly reduce power to land (Minus Key-).
Keep the Side Slip Indicator circle in the centre mark by using Rudder Keys< or>.
Landing hould be very stow.
 SECTION

• HARRIER JUMP JET

In normal flight the

Harrier ls controlled by
ailerons, rudder and an
all-moving tailplane.
However, in hover or
minimal jet flight, which
takes p/aa below nonnal
aerodynamic stalling
speed, normal controls
are not effective and the
Reaction Control System
takes over.
RCS is a system of puffer
jets which controls the
aircraft in roll, pitch and
yaw and is linked to the
Harrier's rudder pedals
and control column. This
means that, even in
hover, the pilot can fly
the Harrier like any
normal aircraft, giving
the pilot a feellng of the
continuity of control.
SI CT IO N

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

 SEC TI O N

~~,,~HARRIER JUMP JET

HEAD-UP DISPLAYS ...illll

--------~
General HUD Indicators

The Harrier cockpit has a number of HUD modes depe nding on the chosen function: take-off, landing,
navigation or weapon delivery. At first these HUDs will seem confusing and it is recommended you
follow the First Mission Tutorial carefully to introduce you to the diffe re nces in the three basic HUD
modes. You are also advised to expe rime nt with changing HUD modes as you read this chapter and to
become famiJiar with all the display indicators.
Don't worry about getting things wrong. Remember that Harrier Jump Jet is an extremely accurate simu-
lation and you will be undergoing the same learning process as that of a real pilot
The following is a list of HUD indicators that remain constant no matter the chosen mode.
,----- Flight Path Indicator

Airspeed - - - Altitude (ft)

Angle of Vertical Velocity

Attack -+--- Indicator

Pitch Lines

HUD indicators that remain constant in all modes

 HARRIER JUMP JET ~
Heading Scale
The lick mark al the centre indicates lhe direction you are lravemng in: 00° is North, 90° is East, 180° is
South and 270° is West.

Airspeed
T he horizontal speed of the Ha rrie r through the air ( in knots) is shown on the left o f the H U D.
Re me mbe r that a zero value means you are eithe r at rest or hovering and a minus value means the
aircraft is moving backwards.

Angle of Attack
The angle of airflow across the wings. The double dots mark the point of maximum lift. The top and
lowe r e nds of the scale indicate zero lift.

Altitude Indicator
A digital read out of your altitude upto 5,000ft, this is a radar altimete r showing height above ground
level. Over 5,000ft above ground le vel, this indicates the barometric altitude above sea level.

Vertical Velocity Indicator

The VY! e xte nds up or down from a centre tick mark on the right hand scale. If it is extending
downwards the aircraft is losing height, if it is moving up the aircraft is gaining height. The longe r the bar
the faster the ra te at which you are climbing or descending.

Flight Path Indicator

Usually in the middle area of the HUD, the FPI shows the direction you are flying when in wing borne
mode. Remember that this will not necessarily be the direction the nose of the aircraft is pointing in.

Pitch Lines
Pitch lines a re a lways supe rimposed on the HUD to give you an indication of the position of your
Harrie r's nose relative to the horizon. They are extre mely useful if your aircraft nose is pitched so far up
or down that the horizon is invisible. Each major line represents 10° of pitch up or down. If your aircraft is
level, pitch is 0°. If your aircraft is climbing straight up or diving straight down, the pitch is 90°.
The pitch ladde r always 'points' to the horizon. Roll is shown by the relationship of the horizon, or pitch
line, to the cockpit. ff the horizon or pitch line is perfectly horizontal, your craft is level. lf the line angles
to the left or right, your craft has rolled to the left or right.
 ~ HARRIER JUMP JET
In addition, the Harrier HUD pitch lines indicate degree of climb, or dive, by 'pulling' towards the
horizon.

Specific Function HUDs

/farrier Jump Jet has extre mely accurate H U D modes and this means that you will have lo switch modes
when performing various tasks.
Press the TAB Key to cycle through the three modes.

V/STOLHUD Angle of Attac:k

Flight Path
Indicator

Engine Thrust %

Flaps Angle
jet Nozzle
Temperature

Side Slip
Indicator

The short take-off/landing HUD

This H UD is used for all lake-offs and landings. ll includes all the general HU D details (sec above) and,
in addition, there are the following indicators:

Side Slip Indicator

A three-line scale with a circle ba cd on the centre IXlo indicate side slip.
 SEC T IO N

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

Jn Realistic Flight Mode too much side s lip in VSTOL manoeuvres (if the circle touches the outer bars)
will result in the Harrier slipping, turning over and crashing to the ground. To compensate for side slip
apply Rudder left ( Key < ) or right (Key >).

R value
E ngine thrust ( RPM) value as a percentage.

Jvalue
Jct Pipe Temperature. The temperature of the jet nozzles. Engine damage may result from overheating
so keep an eye on th is indicator (re peated on the cockpit). Remember to reduce thrust to a workable rate
(80-85%), using the Minus Key-, to prevent overheating.

N value
Shows the Nozzle Angle of the four jet nozzles on your Harrier. All four nozzles tum at the same rate.
Pressing keys Shift/Close Square Brackets ] will po int the nozzles to the rear for wing borne night.
Tapping Key [ is the nozzle key for short take-offs. This is used to rotate the nozzles to tJ1e pre-set take-
off angle (55°).
For finer control of nozzles hold down the Open Square Brackets [ Key (0° lo 98°) and Close Square
Brackets ] Key (98° to 0°). By using these keys you are able to set any required angle for your nozzle jets.

Flight Path Indicator

When in landing/take-off mode, tlle FPI will rise and faU as you lip the nose up/down. If the FPI is on tlle
horizon. the Harrier is level. Use this indicator to line-up the Harrier on a landing site to perform a short
landing.
 Sl!CTI ON

1
· • H A R R I ER JU M P JET
NAVHUD

INS Direction
Indicator

Waypolnc/Target
N umber
Mach Number

"g" Pulled by
Aircraft

The NA V H UD is used for all 11aviga1ion f unctions

Inertial Navigation System (INS) Direction Indicator

The marker on the top of the scale shows the heading you should Oy to reach the currently selected
waypoint/targel. To gel 'on-course' turn until the marker is below the middle tick on the scale.
A number below the INS Indicator shows the heading lo the next waypoint/target.
E ngaging Autopilot (Key A) will always automatically line up the INS Direction Marker.

M value
An Airspeed Indicator shown as a Mach number.

gvalue
The amount of g ' pulled' by the aircraft. When the Harrier is 'parked' this will be a value of I (the nonnaJ
pull of gravity). However, in tight turns the amount of g experienced by the pilot and plane will increase
(plus value) /decrease (minus value) dramatically and be shown on this H UD display.
A
 S EC T I ON

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

T hree sets of figures at the bottom right of the NA V HUD indicate:
Waypointffarget number
Distance to Waypointffarget (in miles)
ET A to Waypointffarget (in seconds)
By pressing Key W you can select a waypoint/target. T he Shift/ Backspace key wi ll acquire that
waypoin t/target and you wiUsee details of it in the TrackCam on the Multi Function Display.

Air/Ground Attack HUD Modes

To engage in air combat/ground attack, you must switch your H UD to attack mode by pressing the T AB
Key. T he A/G mode indicator will Light up. You will then be able to access all targeting H UD functions
by pressing the Return Key (cycle through).

Cannons
ADEN 2SIWI""
CANNON

2x 25mm ADEN cannon (RAF)

25mm ADEN Pod (RA F)

1x 25mm GAU-12U Equaliser cannon (USMC)

30mm GPU -SA pod (USMC)

 S ECTION

~ HARRIER JUMP JET

Cannon Sight

Number of
---- Rounds

The Cannon HUD

By selecting one of the above weapons you will have this HUD mode superimposed on your Harrier
screen.
Aiming
Aim at your target through the centre of the circle sight. If your target is stationary then try and get it in
your sights from a good working distance. Slow down the Harrier (use Airbrakes Key B) and 'walk' the
cannon shells towards it. If your target is moving, you must estimate its movement and fire where you
think it will be by the time the shells have travelled the necessary distance through the air.
Fire with your selector (Space Bar or Joystick fire button). The number of cannon shells you have on
board is limited and will reduce on a digital display as you fire.
 SI CT ION

HARRIER JUMP JET •

Rockets

CRV-7 (Canadian
Rockec Vehicle-7)

Rocket Sight

The Rockers HUD

Aiming
Aim al your target through the centre of the circle sight. If your target is stationary then try and get it in
your sights from the correct distance (within 4 miles), slow down the H arrier (use Airbrakes K ey 8 ) .
Fire with your selecror.
Rockets can also be fired in salvoes (sec end of section).
 SECTION

~ HARRIER JUMP JET

Ai11-to-Air Guided Missile

AIM-9S Sidewinder

Circle Sight in
'Caged' Mode

The Air-to-Air Missile Rud

Targeting
The air-to-air missile is spi.:cifically for air combat. Sidewinders have an in fra-red tracking device that will
not ' lock-on' until you are relatively close to the target. If your infra-red e mitting head loses sigh t of the
target then you will lose ' lock'. Try to keep the ' locked' target in your forward field of vision.
Aiming
An aiming circle will appear on your HUD in either 'caged' (centred) or ' uncaged' (rotating) format.
There is no 'correct' mode and you can change from one style to another by pressing Key M.
Point your aircraft towards the target. Whe n the circle is over the target and the target is within range, the
missile will lock-on. This will happe n whether the circle is 'caged' or 'uncaged '.
 SECTION

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

Air-to-Ground Laser-Guided Missiles
HELLfl'lltlE

AGM-1148 AGM-6SE
Hellfire Maverick

X-Shape
Laser
Designator
Seeker Head

Tactical
Compass
Display

Targeting
There are three possible air-to-ground laser-guided missile aiming modes (Key M cycle through).
Narrow: an X shape moves left /right the length of the HUD pitch lines.
Wide: an X shape left/right the length of the complete H UD screen.
Figure-of Eight: an X shape moves in across the HUD in an angular figure-of-eight.
 SECTION

• HARRIER JUMP JET

A iming
In moderate and realistic weapons mode, fly along the course bar on the tactical compass display. T his
bar shows the laser beam aimed towards a small square box.
Press Shift/Backspace to designate the target. The X locks-on the target. Fire when you are ready.

Ai11-to-Ground Rada11-Guided Missiles

ALARM AGM-122
Sidearm

Aiming Box

Radar guided missile HUD

 SECTION

HARRIER JUMP JET •

Targeting
A small square aiming box will appear on the HUD when you have cho en air-to-ground radar-guided
missiles.
Point the square at the ground where you think the target is. Press Backspace and. if there is a radar site
visible. the missile will lock-on automatically. Fire when in range.
The radar signal can be picked up from a long distance away. so be careful not to fire until you are within
range for your chosen mi sile.

Laser-Guided Bombs

GBU-U Paveway D

Mk 13 Paveway LGB

GBU-16 Paveway D

Delivery Height over 500 ft

Targeting
There arc three possible laser-guided bom b aiming modes accessed by pressing Key M (cycle through).
Narrow: an X shape moves le(l /right the length of the HUD pitch lines.
Wide: a n X shape left/right the le ngth of the complete HUD screen.
Figure-of Eight: an X shape moves in across the HUD in an a ngular figure-of-eight.
 SE CTION

~ HARRIER JUMP JET

A iming
In moderate and realistic weapons mode, fly along the course bar on the tactical compas display. This bar
shows lhe laser beam aimed towa1·ds a small square box. Press Shift/Backspace lo designate the target.
The X locks-on the target. Fire when you are ready.

Narrow

The 3 laser designator seeker HUD modes

W ide
figure
of Eight
SECTION

H A RRI ER JU M P JET :~'.,~

Retarded, Cluster, Anti-Runway and Free-fall Bombs

Rockeye D CBU-87B

Mk1500 lb GP
BL755 (and retarded)
HE bomb

Mk 13 lOOOlb GP
HADES (and retarded)
HE bomb

CMD-18 Mk 825001b GP
HE bomb

SNAKEYIE
Mk 82 Snakeye
DAACM retarded 5001b GP
bomb

Mk 83 lOOOlb GP
CBU-55/B
HE bomb
 SECTION

~ HARRIER JUMP JET

T here are two aiming modes for these bombs : aulo and manual (CCIP) mode accessed by pressing Key
M (cycle through).

Continuously
omputed Impact
Point

Auto Bombing
Horizontal
Marker
 S E CTION

HARRIER JUMP JET •

Aiming
In manual mode (Continuosly Computed Impact Point) a line extends from the central point FPI and
ends in a cro s showing where the bombs will strike if released al that particular moment. You must
manoeuvre the Harrie r so that the cross passes over the target then release with your selector. The
bomb ight will ta ke account of the type of bomb (free-fall or retarded) and adjust the sight line
accordingly.
Ln auto-bombing mode the H UD will change to a long line that passes from the top to the bottom of the
screen lined up with the INS waypoint/target indicator. Fly towards the target heading, stay on course and
hold down your selector. A small horizontal line will drop towards the central Flight Path Indicator. When
the H arrier has reached the correct bombing point the bombs will be automatically released.

Firing Weapons in Salvoes

Harrier .lump .let allows you to fire appropriate weapons (bombs a nd rocke ts) in salvoes. De tails are
shown in the weapons MFD display:
Keyboard I releases one weapon
Keyboard 2 releases two weapons
Keyboard 3 releases four weapons
Keyboard 4 releases all available weapons of that type.
When firing rockets in salvo remember that this is the number of weapons fired from each rocket pod.
 S ECTION

• HARRIER JUMP JET

Reconnaissance Camera

The Recon HUD

A iming
Fly at an appropriate height from 500 to 2000 ft so that the square symbol in Lhe the HUD passes through
Lhe centre of the target, then take the picture with your selector. You will receive a message across the top
of your screen to tell you if a photograph has been taken successfully.
 S EC TI O N

HARRIER JUMP JET •

Stores Empty HUD

The Stores Empty HUD

This HUD pattern will appear when you have exhausted a particular weapons pylon. Press the Return
Key to select other weapons on the Harrier. The HUD will change automatically to suit the selected
ordnance.

Night Vision Goggles/ FLIR (Key N on/off)

The Harrier has excellent night attack capabilities and the simulation will include night missions when
you will be able to use the FUR (Forward Looking Infra Red) lo spot targets and other aircraft. All the
above HUD modes will still apply. Night Vision Goggles/FUR can be turned on/o ff using Key N.
 SECTIO N

• HARRIER JUMP JET

Weapons Control Summary

Backspace Target Acquire

Shift/Backspace Designate current waypoint as target
ALT/L Break Lock
KeyM Attack!Target Mode select (depends on cunent
selected weapon type)
Space Bar Fire/Release selected weapon(s)
Return Weapons Type Select (cycle through weapons)
Keyboard 1 R elease 1 selected weapon in salvo
Keyboard 2 Release 2 selected weapons in salvo
Keyboard3 Release 3 selected weapons in salvo
Keyboard 4 Release all selected weapons in salvo
Key N Night Vision Goggles/FLIR on/off
SECTION

HARRIER JUMP JET •

Harrier Weapons Summary
Weapon User Max Max Guidance Attack Attack Technique
Range Speed System Altitude
Cannons
25mm ADEN cannons RAI- 1500m 1050 mis gun>ight Om+ anticipation firing
GAU-12 Equnli1er USMC 1500m 1097 mis gunsight Om+ anticipauon firing
25mm ADEN pod RAF 1500m 1050 mis gunsight Om+ anticipa11on finn!?
GPU-5A pod USMC 1500m 1037 mis gun>1ght Om+ anticipauon firing
Rocke ts
CRV-7 Roel.ct Pack Both 6.5km 4500km/h none Om+ anticipation firm!?
Air-to-Air Missiles
AIM-9S Sidewinder Both 8km Mach 2.5 IR homm!? 150m+ air-to-air fire and forget
Air-to-Ground Guided Missiles
A l,ARM RAF 45km Mach 3+ Radar homing 150m+ air-to-ground fire nnd forget
ACiM -122A Sidearm USMC 8km Mach 2.3 Radar homing 150 m+ air-to-ground fire :111d forget
AGM -11413 llellfirc USMC 8km Mach 0.9 !,user homing 50 m+ air-to-ground fire and forget
AGM -65E Maverick Both 20km Mach I Thermal Image 150m+ air-to-ground fire and forget
Free-foll Bo mbs
Mkl 5<Xllb ll E bomb RAf· Okm free fall none 300m+ le\ cl or dive bombing
Mkl3 IOOOlh HE bomb RAF Okm freefaU none 3<Xl m+ le' cl or di\ c bombing
Mk82·0 500lb GP slick bomb USMC Okm free fall none .'l(K)m.. i.:,cl or dive bombing
Mk83 IOOOlb GP slick bomb USMC Okm free fall none 3<Xl m+ le,·el or dl\c bombmg
Retarded Bombs
Mk 1/118 Retarded
5001b I IF homh RAF Okm retarded none 150m+ level bombing
Mk 13/ 117 Retarded
I!XKllb I JI! hom h RAF 0 km retarded none 150m+ level bomhing
Mk82-1 5fKllh Snakeye
retarded bomb USMC 0 km retarded none 150m+ level bombing
Luser-guided Bombs
Mk 13 Pavcway LGB RAF l + km glides La>cr homing 300m+ t<>S!> or level bombing
GBU-12 Paveway 115001b LGB USMC I+ km glides La;er homing 300m+ toss or level bombing
GBU-16 Paveway II IOOOlb LGB USMC l + km glides La~cr homing 300m+ t<»> or lc\cl bombing
C luster Bombs & Weapons
D ispe nsers
BL 755 clu~ter bomb RAF Okm free fall none 76m le' cl bombing
llADES RAF Okm free fall none 300m-. le,el bombing
Rockc)C II clu~ter bomb USMC' Okm free fall none 76m IC\CI bombing
SUU-65B + CBU-878 USMC' Okm free fall none 76m le\el bombing
Fue l-Air Munitions
CBU 55B FAE bomb USMC Okm free fall none 300m+ level bombing

Anti-Runwuy Weupons
CMD l!l 2CXXllb anti-runway weapon RAF Okm frcefa ll none 300m+ level bombing
SUU-65B + DAACM USMC' Okm free fall none 3(Xl m+ level homhing
Key to Harrier Weapons Summary
Weapon: the name of the weapon system.
Max Range: The maximum range at which the weapon cao be fired or launched against a target. Note
that this is not necessarily the same as the effective range for a weapon, which is often much shorter.
A 0 km range means the weapon is a free-fall or retarded bomb which must be released over the target.
Max Speed: The speed of the weapon as it reaches the target. In the case of the cannons the number given
here is the muzzle velocity.
Glides means that the weapon ' flies ' without power to the target, therefore your speed when the weapon
is released is the weapon's speed.
Free fall weapons are traditional bombs that arc down towards the ground (and hopefully the target) once
released. They have the same initial forward speed as your aircraft, so if they are dropped when you are
low there is a danger that they wilJ explode directly beneath your aircraft and cause considerable damage
to you as well as the target!
Retarded means that the weapon is a retarded bomb. These are the same bomb as the freefall type of the
same weight, but fitted with a special tail that slows the bomb down in flight. The tail either pops open in
a flat-faced cruciform shape, releases a small parachute, or inflates a balJute (Russian for 'balloon') to
slow the bomb and stabilise its fall.
Guidance System: If the weapon has a special on-board guidance system it is mentioned here. The
guidance system also has an effect on how and when the weapon may be released against a target - a
guided weapon bas to 'see' its target!
Attack Altitude: This is the recommended altitude for a typical attack with the weapon. A notation of ·75
m+' means that any height above 75 m is acceptable. You can, of course, use weapons at below the
recommended altitude, but don't be surprised if they fail to work properly: bombs, for example, need to
fall for a certain distance before they arm themselves.
Attack Techniques: This is a reference to the appropriate attack method. Where alternative techniques
are given, you will need to make a tactical choice as to which you prefer and which is safer. Toss bombing
means climbing while dropping the weapon, and gaining height in a combat zone may well expose you to
a greater volume of enemy fire.
SEC TION

HARRIER JUMP JET •

Harrier Weapon Effectiveness Against Common Targets
Weapon AJF HG RY AJG TR HY BR BG BK DP MS RD PL SP HVs LVs SS
Cannons
25mm ADEN cannons B F F B B F F B F B B c B c F D B
GAU-12 Equalizer B F F B B F F B F B B c B c F D B
25mm ADEN pod B F F B B F F B F B B c B c F D c
GPU-5Apod B F F B B F F B F B B c B c F D c
Rockets
CRV-7 Rocket Pack c F F D D F F c c D D D 0 c c c B+
Air-to-Air Missiles
A IM -9S Sidewi nder A F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
Air-t<H;round Guided M~~
ALARM F F F F F F F F F F F A+ F F F F F
AGM-122A Sidearm F F F F F F F F F F F A F F F F F
AGM-1148 Hellfire F 0 F C· 0 F F 0 B C- C- C- B D A- A D
AGM-65E Maverick F C- D c c B B c B+ c c B B B B B+ c
Free-fall Bombs
Mkl 5001b HE bomb F c 0 c B D D B D B c C- B c D D c
Mkl 3 IOOOlb HE bomb F B+ D c B+ B+ B+ A B B+ c c B+ B c c c
Mk82-0 5001b GP slick bomb F c D c B D D B D B c C- B c D D c
Mk83 I OOOlb GP slick bomb F B+ D c B+ B+ B+ A B B+ c c B+ B c c c
Retarded Bombs
Mk Ill I 8 Retarded
5001b HE bomb F F D B B F F B+ F B F C- B F C· C· B
Mk1 3/I 17 Retarded
IOOOlb HE bomb F F c B+ B+ F F A+ F B+ F c B+ F c c B+
Mk82-I 5001b Snakeyc
retarded bomb F F D B B F F B+ F B F C· B F C- C- B

Laser-guided Bombs
Mkl3 Paveway LGB F A c c B+ A- A A+ A A A A A+ B+ A A+ A+
GBU- 12 Pavewny ll 5001b LGB F A- D C- B B B+ B+ B+ B+ B+ B+ B+ c B+ B+ A-
GBU- 16 Pavcway II IOOOlb LGB F A c c B+ A· A A+ A A A A A+ B+ A A+ A+

Cluster Bombs & Weapons

Dispensers
BL 755 cluster bomb F F F B+ c F F B+ D B+ B+ B+ A C- B+ A+ A+
Rock eye 11 cluster bomb F F F B B F F B F B B+ B B C- c c c
HADES F F B+ B+ B F F B D B c C- c F D D D
SUU-658 + CBU-87B F F F B+ C· F F B D B+ B+ B+ /\ C- B A A+

Fuel-Air Munitions
CBU-55B FAE bomb F D F c D D F B+ B+ B+ B+ c A+ B B B+ B+

Anti-Runway Weapons
CMDIS 20:Xl!b anti-runway weapon F F A+ F F D c F D F F F F F F F F
SUU-658 + DAACM F D A c B F F B F B c C- c F D D D
 SECTION

~~ HARRIER JUMP JET

Key to Weapons Effectiveness Against Common Targets
Target Type Abbreviations
A/F Aircraft in flight.
HG Airbase hangar: at military airfields these are usually armoured concrete bunkers.
RY concrete airfield runway, as o pposed to te mporary air strip dirt runway.
A/G aircraft parked on a runway or dispersed o n the apron (ie not inside protected ha ngars).
TR Airfield tower. including the a ir traffic control, radar and radio faci lities.
HY A gene ral category for large civilian-built facilities, such as factories, power plants, dams, e tc.
BR Road o r railroad bridges over rivers.
BG A catch-all category for c ivili a n-s t yle buildings, including terrorist ca mps. offices. warehouses.
villages, houses and the Like.
BK Fixed army HQs and fortifications.
DP Large, logisticall y significant s tockpi les of milita ry equipment. fuel a nd ammunition.
MS Any kind of la rge missile la uncher, including both fixed s ites a nd mobile la unche rs. For example.
both SA Ms and ballistic missiles (such as Scuds) fall into this category.
RD An y t ype of rada r equipme nt , fixed or mobile, from mobile S AM radar truc ks to fixed phased-
a rray sites and Over-the-Ho rizon longe-range radars.
PL Pe tro l. Oil , Lubricants, a nd any s ite or vehicle connected with them from tanke r trucks to oil
tanks, refineries and platfom1s.
SP All t ypes of s hi ps from fri gates. destroyers and surfaced s ubmarines to merchant marine bulk
ca rrie rs a nd oil ta nke rs. Modern wea po ns a re so destructive as to ma ke disntinctions between
lightl y-armoured military vessels and civilian ships irrelevant.
HVs Main Battle Tanks and de riva tives such as am10ured recovery vehicles.
LVs Infantry Fighting Ve hicles such as the Warrior or Bradley, smaller tanks and self-pro pelled artille ry.
SS Unarmoured vehicles, trucks, jeeps, ·Hummers' ( HMMWVs) towed artille ry a nd dug-in infantry positio ns.
Results Abbreviations
The effective ness of each weapon against each target category is graded like a report card. The beller the grade, the
mo re effective the weapon. As wi ll be seen by studying the ta ble, certain weapons a re highl y specialised and
o ptimised fo r use against very specific types of target.
A+, A, A- graded weapons a re especially effective against the ta rget type, a nd have usually been designed to destroy
exactly that type of ta rgets. These a re the weapons you can rely o n to 'do the job' every time. providing you
release the m·correctly.
8+, B, B- grades mean that the weapons are of acceptable accuracy and e ffective ness against this type of target.
Using one of these, you can generally expect to destroy your ta rget.
C+, C, C- grades mean that the weapon can damage the target, but your attack needs to be very accurate. Don't. for
example, rely on C graded weapons to destroy a mission-winning ta.rget.
D grades indicates that the weapon is marginally effective. but cannot be relied upo n to do the job. It will destroy the
target if you are very ski llfu l o r very lucky - o r be tte r yet, both! .
F against a weapo n means that it is virtually useless against that type of target. Any attacks unde r these circumstances
a re a waste of time and valuable a mmunition.
llCTION

HARRIER JUMP JET •

 SECTIO N

~ HARRIER JUMP JET

THE COCKPIT DISPLAYS ........

-------~ Missile Air Intercept Jet Pipe
Warning Warning Temperature
SAM Radar-Guided Thrust%
Anti-Aircraft Artillery RPM
Warning

3 HUD
Mode
Indicators

_ __ Nozzle
Angle
Autopilot
Auto
Indicator
Defence
On/Off
Flaps
Damage
Systems

Barometric
Air/Wheel Chaff ECM
Altitude Fuel In
Brakes
Indicators Kgs
Indicator MFD MFD
Flare
 SECT I O N

HARRIER JUMP JET •

Autopilot (Key A on/off)
Press Key A to set Autopilot to take you towards waypoint/target. The Auto bullon will light up in the
cockpit. Press again to deselect.

Landing Gear (Key G up/down)

The Landing Gear Indicator shows the slate of all four landing gear on the Harrier: Nose (N). Left (L).
Right (R), and Main (M). Remember that gear motors will begin to function when you press the key and
may take a short time before completing the task.
Flap angle
The amount of Flap Extension is shown on a digital scale. Flap extension is important for all take-off and
landing functions but will auto-engage when nozzles and landing gear arc raised or lowered.

HUD Mode (TAB Key)

Cycle through the appropriate HUD modes:
V/STOL
Vertical, Short Take-Off and Landing HUD. This HUD Mode should be implemented when performing
any of these manoeuvres.
NAV
This HUD Mode should be used to perform all Navigation functions waypoint/target seeking.
A/G
This HUD Mode should be implemented in order to deploy all ordnance, perform offensive. defensive
and reconnaissance objectives. (See section on HUD Modes).

Brakes Air/Wheel (Key B on/off)

Key B will turn on Air O R Wheel Brakes depending on whether the Harrier is in the air or on the
ground. Press again to deselect.

Airspeed
A digital read-out of speed through the air in knots.

Altitude
A digital read-out of barometric (above sea level) altitude. Be aware that this will vary from H U D
altitude information.

Fuel
The amount of fuel remaining is shown in kgs.
 SEC T ION

~ HARRIER JUMP JET

Thrust %RPM
Indicates the amount of thrust from the Pegasus engine as a percentage.

JPT
Jet Pipe Temperature. The temperature of the jet nozzles. Engine damage may result from overheating
the e ngine. Keep an eye on thjs rual (re peated on the HUD). R emembe r to reduce thrust to a workable
raLe (80-85%) to prevent overheating.

Nozzle Angle (Open/Close Square Brackets [ or])

A dial sho wing Lhe Nozzle Angle of the four jet nozzles on your Harrier from 0° to 98°. ln addition ShifL/ [
sets nozzles at 98° and Shift ] sets the m to 0°.

Nozzle Keys [ (down) & ] (up).

Ta pping nozzle Key [ once gives you a take-off a ngle of 55° on the ground. ln the air this increases nozzle
angle in 1° increments to 98° max.
Key] decreases nozzle a ngle by 1° decre me nts.

Damage Systems Indicator

These indicato rs will Light up if your Harrier has sustained damage.
ENG-Engine
FUEL-Fuel SysLem
HYO-Hydraulic Systems
GR-Landing Gear
CNT-Control Systems
STR-Structural Damage
DEF-Auto-D efense Capabilities
WEAP-Weapons Systems .
A VIO-Avionics (HUD, INS, TrackCam, Moving Map Display)

Auto Defence (Key D) On/Off

The Auto D efence system will auto-fire Chaff/Flare when the need arises.

Chaff (Key C)
Chaff re ma®ng indicator. Each time you re lease a chaff cartridge against radar guided missiles, the
indjcator will reduce by l. There are a maxin1um of20 cartridges carried o n the H a rrier.
 SECTION

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

Flares (Key F)
Flares remaining indicator. Each time you release a flare cartridge against infra red guided missiles, the
indicator will reduce by I. There are a maximum of 20 cartridges carried on the Harrier.

ECM (Key E on/off)

The H arrier has full E lectronic Counter Measures (ECM ) capabilities to confuse e nemy missiles and
decrease the effectiveness of short range radar and SAMs.
This applies all the time to the RAF Zeus System o n the GR 7 but only to the A V-88 when the
AUALQ-164 ECM pod is fitted.

Cockpit Warning Lights

To the left of the HUD screen there are four warning lights:
MW-Missile warning (any missile IR/Radar-guided).
A missile is locked-on to your aircraft a nd is heading towards you. Tf you examine the Tactical Compass
you will sec a missile heading towards you.
SM-Surface-to-Air Missile warning. A SAM radar tracking device has picked up your aircraft.
Al-Air Intercept. Enemy aircraft radar is tracking your H arrier.
AA- Radar guided anti-aircraft artillery is tracking your H arrier.

The Multi-Function Displays

(Left-hand Key Z I Right-hand Key X cycle-through)

The left a nd right Multi-Function Displays (MFD s) show a selection of important information.

Ordnance/Equipment Display (Keys Z/X.)

A diagrammatic representation of weapons/offensive/defensive systems and any othe r special equipment
carried by the Harrier. This display shows, either a default load accepted by the pilot during the arming
procedure, or a custom selected load c hosen by the pilol. The diagram shows the currently selected
weapon highlighted.
To change the selected weapon press Re turn.
 SECT ION

~ HARRIER JUMP JET

Mission Briefing Reminder (Key 9 /right MFD)
This display shows a summary of the current mission details including (if applicable):
Mission Type
Primary Targe t
Secondary Target
Landing Point

Tactical Compass (Keys Z or X)

A top-down radar display showing the points of the compass with your Harrier at the centre.
Aircraft movement is always towards the top of the display and points of the compass rotate as direction
is changed.
A Line crossing the Tactical Compass - shows the laser designated path to the current waypoint/target.
A Circle A Waypoint
A Diamond A D esignated Target
White D ots Aircraft
Green Dots Ground Objects
R ed D o ts Missiles
The Tactical Compass can be scaled up xl,x2 x4, x8, xl6 by pressing Key S or Key 6 or scaled down by
pressing Shift/S or Shift/6.
Moving Map Display (Keys Z or X)
An accurate 2D map of the selected area of conflict indicatiug the position of your aircraft and its flight path.
Waypoints can be turned on and off from the Moving Map Display by pressing Key 7.

Tracking Camera View (Keys Z or X)

Shows zoom camera view of a designated target with heading (on the le ft) and distance in miles
(on the right).
SICTION

HARRIER JUMP JET ·~

 SECTION

~ HARRI ER JUMP JET

CAMER A AND VIEW CONTROLS ~

Cockpit Views

F6
 SECTION

HARRIER JUMP JET •

Function Key
Fl Left back (over the shoulde r) in-cockpit view
F2 Left side in-cockpit view
F3 Forward in-cockpit view
f4 Right ide in-cockpit view
F5 Right back (over the shoulder) in-cockpit view
F6 Up (head back) in-cockpit view

Tactical Views
F7 T actical Camera Vjew
You a re positioned be hind the Harrie r looking past it at the target being tracked on
the aircraft's HUD. This view rotates and pans to keep the Harrier and its target in
vie w.
Shirt F7 Inve rse Tactical Camera View
You are positioned be hind the H arrier's target looking past it at the Harrie r which
may only be a dot in the distance. The target may be a nothe r pla ne or a ground
ta rget. This view rota tes a nd pans to keep the rfarrie r and its ta rget in view.
F8 ' Frce-nying' Camera Vie w
Select ' Free-nying Camera (see below)

Free-Flying Camera Views

Nume ric I 'Free-flying· came ra view: cycle 'up' through simula tion object
Nume ric * 'Free-flying· camera view: cycle 'down' through simulation objects
Numeric Pg Up Rota te ·free-flying' camera up ·over· object
Nume ric Pg On Rotate •free-flying· camera down ·unde r" object
Numeric Ins Rota te ' free-flying· came ra left round object
Nume ric Del Rota te ' free-flying· came ra right round object
Numeric- Zoom out (move ' free-flying· camera away from object)
Numeric + Zoom in (move ' free-flying· came ra towa rds object)
Key Pad Pg Up Rota te ' free-flying' came ra up ·over' object
Key Pad Pg On Rota te ' free-flying' came ra down ·unde r' object
Key Pad Ins Rota te ' free-flying' came ra le ft round object
Key Pad Del Rotate ' free-nying· camera right round object
 SECTION

~ H A R R IER JU M P JE T '·

A flight of US Marine Corps Harriers on coastal patrol

SECTION

HARRI ER JUMP JET ~

 SECTION

... HARRIER JUMP JET

------- ""111 11111 1

MISSION DEBRIEFIN G ..olllllllllll

At the end of a mission a Harrier is camouflaged in its hide

 SECT I O N

HARR I E R JU M P J ET -~
Day End Intelligence /Report Screens

A summary of your particular mi ion/day will be shown in Lhe D ebriefing Room including night path.
any use of ordnance and targets hit or destroyed.

Day Operations End

If you arc engaged in a campaign you wiU receive intelligence of the effect your mission(s) have had on
the general war campaign.

Medals and Promotions

Appropriate rewards will be awarded to you depending on the air force you have cho en to fl y with.

Campaign End

Your campaign will end when, either you have helped to defeat the enemy, or your forces have been
completely overrun by the enemy.
 SECTION

.• HARRIER JUMP JET

 HARRI ER JUMP JET .•

... _... •
PAGE
' _...
 SECTION

~-,~ H A R R I ER JU M P JE T
HARRIER WEAPONS AND SUPPLIES ~

Cannons

Most Effective against:

Aircraft in flight
Aircraft on ground (not in hangar)
Airfield tower, radio/radar
Non-military buildings
Stockpiles of military equipment
Large missile launchers

'Soft targets' trucks etc.

GAU-12/U Equalizer
The General Electric 'Equalizer' has a five-barrel Gatling type cannon
with a pneumatic drive system in an under fuselage pod.
Firing rate 4,200 rounds per minute with a capacity of300 rounds.
W eight: 559 kg
Drag Factor: 0.14

ADEN 251111"1
Aden 25 mm
CANNON
Developed by Royal Ordnance the 25mm Aden has a slow rate of fire
but can be fitted in two places under the fuselage. It is pneumatically
cocked, gas operated, revolver cannon with a rate of fire of 1750 rounds
per minute. The Aden has a low recoil factor and reaches maximum
rate of fire very quickly.
Weight: 430 kg
Drag Factor: 0.12
 SE C TI O N

HARRIER JUMP JET •

25 mm ADEN podded gun
Single-barre lled ADEN gun firing 31 rounds pe r second with a capacity
of 330 rounds.
We ight: 798 kg
Drag Facto r: 0.12

G P U-SA 30 mm Gun Pod

Four-barrelled Gatling type gun with a rate of fire of 50 rounds per
second and ammunition capacity of 353 rounds.
Weight: 862 kg
Drag Factor: 0.12

Air-to-Air Guided Missiles

Most effective against:

Aircraft in the air

AIM-9S Sidewinde r
The AIM-9S is the best dogfighting missile curre ntly available. It has
the capability to hang on to twisting, turning targe ts. Combat pilots like
to use it when catching e nemy fighters from the rear. from a bove or
no eon. The Sidewinder's main weakness is its hort range.

Heat-Seeking Air-to-Air Missile

Impact Ve locity: Mach 3.5 (2600 mph)
Ra nge: 5 miles
We ight: 87 Kg
Speed: Mach 2+
Attack Altitude: 500 ft+
 SECTION

~· HARRIER JUMP JET

Seeker: All aspect infra-red
It's very easy to get
Attack Technique: Air-to-air 'fire-and-forget'. confused by the
Drag Factor: O.Ql number and type of
weapons carried by the
Harrier. We don't
expect you to team the
weapon types and their
capabilities off by
heart but bear in mind
that you can try to hit
any target with any
weapon. Eventually,
you will find out that
some weapons ore
more effective than
others. After that you
may choose to study
each weapon's capa-
bilities in the manual
and select the precise
tool for the job.

Ai..,.to-Ground Guided Missiles

AGM-122A Sidearm
Most effective against:
R adar equipment fixed/mobile.
Impact Velocity: Mach 3 (990 mis)
Drag Factor: O.Ql
A low-cost, lightweight anti-radar missile with a broad band passive
radar seeker. Weighing 91 kg it has a max firing range of 5 mjles and is
effective against SAM and gun control radar.

A
PAGE
109
Sl!CT I O N

HARRIER _ JUMP JET •

ALARM (Air Launched Anti-Radar Missile)
Most effective against
Radar equipment fixed/mobile.
One of the world 's mos t adva nced anti-radar mi siles. Like other
weapons in its class, it can follow radar signals back Lo their source: an
enemy radar set.
Before take-off the missile is programmed with a complete library of
enemy radar signatures. each of which can be assigned a priority for
attack. The pilot can the n, for example, release individual ALARMs
against specific e nemy radar in the knowledge that each missile will
only attack its own pe rsonal priority target. ALARM can be fired
without implementing the launching aircraft RW R.
The missile can be launched in direct mode towards a hostile radar
source. The missile can also be launched in indirect mode- it climbs to
40,000 feet. deploys a parachute and then waits until it detects a signaJ.
It then performs an unpowe red dive onto the target.
Impact Velocity: Mach 2.5 (1850 mph)
Range: 28 miles
Weight: 268 kg
Drag Factor: 0.02

HELLFIRE AGM-1148 Hellfire

Most effective against:
Fixed H Qs and fortifications
Stockpiles
La rge missile launche rs
Aircraft on ground
Armoured Vehicles
Weight: 46 kg
Maxim um Range: 5 miles/ 8 km
 SECTIO N

~'~;~ H A R R I ER JU M P JE T
Impact Velocity: M l.17 (870 mph/386 m/sec)
Drag Factor: 0.02
Guidance System: Semi-active laser/MMW Radar
An anti-armour weapon system. The 114A model requires the target to
be illuminated by a laser source; however, it need not be the launching
aircraft. The 114B model has a millimetre wave radar seeker and is a
true fire-and-forget weapon system.

AGM-65 Maverick E
Most effective against:
Fixed HQs and fortifications
Factories, Power plants
Road/Rail Bridges
Radar equipment fixed/mobile
Armoured Vehjcles
Le ngth: 8ft 2ins
Weight: 293 kg
R ange: L/2 to 13 miles
Warhead: 125 lb shaped charge
Seeker: Laser
Attack Altitude: 500 ft +
Impact Velocity: M 1.5
Drag Factor: 0.05
Attack Technique: Air-to-ground 'fire-and-forget'
E ssentially a weapon fo r destroying ground targets, the Maverick is
unsurpassed in its ' fire-and-forget' capabilities. Once your tracking
camera is on the right target and you get the 'lock-on' signal. fire at
once! You will then be free to seek other ground targets.
 HARRIER JUMP JET ~
Rockets

CRV-7 Rocket Launcher

Most effective against.
Factories, Power plants
Fixed HQs and fortifications
Aircraft on the ground
'Soft targets'-trucks etc.
Canadian Rocket Vehicle-7 contains 19 unguided rockets. One of the
most e ffective multi-purpose weapons available for the Harrier. The
C RV-7 has a high velocity giving three times the impact energy over
earlier rockets.
Impact Velocity: Mach 4 (2950 mph)
Range: 4 miles
Weight: 241 kg
Length : l .04m
Drag Factor: 0.03

Lasel"-Guided Bombs

Laser-guide d bo mbs use a commo n laser g uida nce and contro l

assembly with only the aerodynamic surfaces (control (ins and aerofoil
group) changed to match the particular bomb body.
Most effective in precision attacks against:
Armoured concrete bunkers
Large factories and power plants
Road/R ail Bridges
Non-military buildings
Fixed HQs and fortifications
 SECT I ON

~ HARRIER JUMP JET

Stockpiles
Missile Launchers
Radar equipment fixed/mobile
Armoured Vehicles

Mk 13 1000 lb Paveway Laser Guided Bomb

The British general purpose high explosive bomb fitted with laser
guidance system for precision bombing. T he basic bomb was developed
for the RAF from a WWII bomb design with majo r changes over-
coming kinetic heating problems resulting from low-level high speed
flight and an up to date fusing system.
D elivery Altitude: 500 ft +
Weight: 472 kg
Drag Factor: 0.06

PA GBU-12 Paveway D 5001b Laser Guided Bomb

American low drag general purpose bomb fitted with laser guidance
system for precision bombing. The laser guidance kit fitted to the bomb
aims the bomb at the target which has been illuminated by laser energy
from the delivery aircraft or a ground observer.
Length: 3.33m
D iameter: 273mm
Tailspan: 933mm
Weight: 225 kg
D elivery Altitude: 500 ft+
Drag Factor: 0.04
SECTION

H A R R I ER JU M P JE T --.~
GBU-16 Pave way 0 lOOOlb Laser Guided Bomb
US Marine Corp laser guided glide bombs work at an effective range of
2 km per 1000 metres of altitude. Attack technique is by toss (500 ft and
climb) or level bombing (2000 ft and turn away).
Paveway II was developed in the 1970s u ing advanced electronics and
an aerofoil which helped sensitivity and manoeuvrability. The system
does not require modification to the deLivery aircraft. It is dropped in
the same manner as conventional bombs.
Delivery Altitude: 500 ft +
Drag Factor: 0.05

Retarded Bombs
Retarded bombs are standard free-fall bombs but with a retarding tail
fin fitted.
Most effective in low-level non-penetrating attacks against:
Non-military buildings
Stockpiles
Airfield Tower/Control/Radar
Aircraft on Ground
Fixed H Qs and fortifications
'Soft targets·- trucks etc.

Mk.13 lOOOlb GP HE Bomb+ Type 117 Retarding Tail

RAF general purpose high-explosive bomb fitted with a retarding tail
unit for low level delivery. All 1000 lb bombs arc of medium capacity
which means that they they have an explosive filling between 40-60% of
the total bomb weight
Delivery Altitude: 250 ft+
Weight: 482 kg
Length: l.26m
Diameter: 420mm
Drag Factor: 0.06
~
 SECTION

~ HARRIER JUMP JET

Mk 1500 lb GP HE Bomb +Type 118 Retarding Tail
British general purpose high-explosive bomb fitted with a retarding tail
uni t for low level delivery. T he Mk 1 has explosive filling which is
suitable for high temperature flight conditions.
D elivery Altitude: 250 ft+
Weight: 296 kg
Length: 1.04111
Diameter: 330m
Drag Factor: 0.04

Mk 82 500 lb GP Bomb + Mk 15 'Snakeye' Retarded Tail

US low drag general purpose bomb fitted with a retarding tail unit for
low- level delivery. It is a standard design adopted by many bomb
producing countries.
D elivery Altitude: 250 ft +
Length: 2.21 m
Diameter: 273mm
Weight: 241 kg
D rag Factor: 0.03

Free-Fall Bombs

Most e ffective against general targets that have to be penetrated:

Airfield Tower/Control/Radar
Non-military buildings
Stockpiles
Road/Rail Bridges
'Soft targets'- trucks etc.
Light armoured vehicles
~
SECTION

HARRIER JUMP JET .- ~

MK 13 1000 LB BOMB Mk 13 1000 lb GP HE Bomb
RAF standard 1000 lb genera] purpose high-explosive bomb
Delivery Altitude 500 ft+ (see above).
Weight: 434 kg
Length: 1.26 m
Diameter: 420mm
Filling: RWA HE 180 kg
Drag Factor: 0.06

MK1 S00 LB BOMB Mk 1 500 lb G P HE Bomb

RAF standard 500 lb general purpose high-explosive bomb (see above).
Delivery Altitude 500 ft+
Weight: 261 kg
Length: 1.04 m
Diameter: 330mm
Filling: HE/RWA
Drag Factor: 0.04

MK82 500 LB BOMB Mk 82 500 lb G P HE Bomb

USMC standard 500 lb low drag general purpose bomb (see above).
Delivery Altitude: 500 ft +
Weight: 241 kg
Length: 2.21 m
Diametrer: 273 mm
Filling: 87 kg Tritonal, Minol or H-6
Drag Factor: 0.03
 SECTION

• HARRIER JUMP JET

Mk 83 1000 lb GP HE Bomb
USMC standard 1000 lb low drag general purpose bomb.
Delivery Altitude: 500 ft +
Weight: 447 kg
Length: 3.0m
Diameter: 350mm
Filling: 202 kg Tritonal or H-6
Drag Factor: 0.04

Cluster Bombs
A cluster bomb is a weapon that can yield a high ' kill' probability
against a wide range of small hard and soft battlefield targets while
reducing attacking aircraft losses with a very low level attack profile.
They are most effective using an area blast against:
Aircraft on Ground
Non-military buildings
Stockpiles
Large missile launchers
Radar equipment fixed/mobile

BL755
This British-made cluster bomb is made up of 147 shaped-charge
bomblets with a fragmenting warhead casing. Works with a shot-gun
type scatter for hig h effectiveness making it immune to ECM and
devastating over a large area.
Delivery Altitude: 250 ft to 3500 ft
Weight: 277 kg
Length: 2.45 m
Diameter: 419mm
Filling: 147 bomblets (each with HE shaped charge)
Drag Factor: 0.05
SECTION

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

II ' Rockeye' II Cluster Bomb
US high explosive cluster bomb containing 247 Mk 118 bomblets. Used
against almost any target at an effective range of 2 km per 1000 metres
of height. Attack technique is by toss (500 ft and climb) or level
bombing (2000 ft and tum away).
Delivery Altitude: 250 ft to 3500 ft
Weight: 222 kg
Length: 2.33m
Diameter: 335 mm
Filling: 247 bomblets (each weighing 0.6kg filled with HE)
Drag Factor: 0.04

CBU-878 CEM (Combined Effects Munition)

The American CEM is in effect the SUU-65/B T actica l Munitions
Dispenser (TMD ) with a load of 202 BLU-97/ B bomblets. These
bomblets are multi-purpose with a shaped charge warhead capable of
penetrating 177 mm of armour.
Delivery Altitude: 200 ft to 3500 ft
Weight: 430kg
Length: 2.33m
Diameter: 396mm
Filling: 202 Bomble ts
Drag Factor: 0.05

HADES Area Denial Weapon System

The British H unting Engineering A rca O Enial System was developed
as an ai r-delivered weapon fo r the attack a nd destruction of high value
fixed targets such as airfields, road, rail and river crossings, munitions
dumps and H Q sites. It contains 49 H B 876 delayed action sub
munitions, for area de nial missions. After release the sub-munjtions are
ejected and a re parachute-retarded to reduce ground impact velocity.
~GE
 SECTION

~ HARRIER JUMP JET

D elivery Altitude: 250 ft to 3500 ft
Weight: 259 kg
Length: 2.45 m
D iameter: 419 mm
Filling: 49 submunitions (HB 876)
Drag Factor: 0.05

Anti-Runway Weapons
CMD 18 20001b Anti-Runway Weapon
CMO
Cratering Munitions Dispenser.
A British design based on the JP233 cratering bomblet dispenser, it
contains 18 SG 357 cratering bomblets (each with two warheads) for
2000 LB BOMB
use against runways. On impact. the first warhead detonates and allows
the second warhead to penetrate below the runway surface. When the
second warhead explodes it produces a large rubble strewn crater.
Delivery Altitude: 200 ft to 3500 ft
Weight: 900 kg
L ength: 4.29m
Width: 656mm
D epth: 640mm
Filling: 18 SG 357 sub-munitions
Drag Factor: 0.12
 SE C T I O N

HARRIER JUMP JET I~

DAACM (in SUU-65/B)
Direct Airfield Attack Combined Munition
An airfield attack weapon developed in the US by Textron Defence. it
1n suu...,. contains 8 penetrating units (B LU-10618) and 24 Hunting Engineering
HB 876 area denial munitions. The penetrating units are released on a
parachute and fired into the runway when at an angle of 65°. The
warhead does not detonate until it is some way under the surface thus
causing severe cratering.
Delivery Altitude: 250 ft to 3500 ft
Weight.: 907 kg
Length: l.63 m
Diameter: 388 mm
Filling: 8 BLU-10618 & 24 HB-876 bomblets
Drag Factor: 0.05

Fuel-Air Munitions

Most effective again t:

Non-military buildings
Fixed HQs and fortifica tions
Stockpile
Large missile launchers

CBU-55/B Fuel Air Bomb

This US Fuel/Air Explosive takes its oxygen from the atmosphere
making it light and compact. FA Es produce a very high impulse making
them effective against 'soft targets' and as mine clearing systems. C BU-
CBU-S.!il'B 55/B contains three BLU -73/B sub munitions which are cylindrical
- - - - - - - - - - - - ' canister type bombs fitted with re tarding tail units. Al about 9 metres
from the surface it creates an aerosol type cloud of fuel and air about 18
metres in diameter. The cloud sinks to the surface and is then ignited.
This sets up a rapidly expanding wavefront a nd an overpressure of
about 22 kg/sq cm which provides the destructive effect of the weapon.
~
 S E CTIO N

• HARRIER JUMP JET

Delivery Altitude: 200 ft to 3500 ft
Weight: 250 kg
Length: Not in public domain
Diameter: Not in public domain
FiJling: 3 BLU-73/B submunitions
(each with 33 kg ethylene oxide)
Drag Factor: 0.04

Other Supplies

Reconnaissance
Recon Pod
Contains cameras and infra-red equipment.
Photo Altitude: 500 ft to 2000 ft
W eight: 404 kg
Targets: Any
Drag Factor: 0.05
The pod containd a 135 mm high resolution camera for use in visible
light and a second camera for infra-red thermal photography. Both
photographs are taken simuJtaneously under pilot control and the pilot
can view through either.

~N l'AL~-i~4
ECM
AN/ALQ-164 ECM Pod
Electronic Counter Measures Pod
Weight: 243 kg
Drag Factor: 0.04
SECTION

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

 SECT I ON

~ HARRIER JUMP JET

_______
MISSION TYPES ~
..,......

Air-to-Ground Missions

A Harrier ground attack mission has 8 waypoints shown on your HUD information:

'°' WAYPOINT 3

®' WAYPOINTS
ondary Target
)JC;/ Primary Target

® Initial Point Two

(begin run-in to
'°' WAYPOINT2
Initial Point One
IOI ~un-in to la.get)----
second target)

FRONT UNE ®
WAYPOINTl

WAYPOINT6
®;~=~~: . .:--.. . . .
Mission Egress (tum towards base)
...ii..
®
(into enemy
Mission

WA YPOINT O
territory)
Ingress

' Take-Off Base

WAYPOINT7
Landing Base
 SEC T IO N

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

The following diagrams do not show all waypoints
Deep Strike Missions

Against enemy targets well behind front

line. Primary and Secondary targets are
usually fixed enemy sites (S AMs. afrfields.
suppl y dumps, coastal defences or concen-
trat ions of enemy forces away from the
immediate battle area.

Ground Support Missions

Work with your own ground troops in a

planned manner. Thi is a stri ke mission
which choo es one target from those in the
closest front line enemy zone. Friendly
ground forces are always near so care must
be taken where bombs are dropped.
 SEC T IO N

;.;-~ H A R R I ER JU M P JE T
Iron Hand AAA & SAM
Suppression

' Iro n Hand ' is a Vietnam war term for anti-

SAM and AAA (radar gui ded) mi ssions.
Attack and destroy enemy AAA and SAM
sites in a particular area; a preparatory
sorti e fo r a major strike mission.

Interdiction

Behind enemy lines to destroy all ground

targets encountered in the area (like Deep
Stri ke mis ion but on an area basis).
 SEC T IO N

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

Air-to-Air Missions

Air Intercept Missions

As Interdiction (above) but to destroy

speci fi c high value aircraft.

Overfly Waypoint I.
Intercept and destroy fli ght of enemy
aircra ft taking off fro m enemy airbase
(Waypoint 2).
Return to base via Waypoint 3 and
Waypoi nt 4

CAP/BARCAP Missions

Fly the patro l route shown on the mission

map, fro m your base to Waypoint 1. Then
fly over Waypo int 2 to Waypoint 3. Return
to base via Waypoint 4.

Combat Air Patrol (CAP)

Destroy a number o f aircraft
(fli ght/squadron) in a g iven area or route
over enemy territory.
 SECT I ON

- ~HARRIER JUMP JET

BARCAP
In BARrier Combat Air Patrol missions
you will stay behind your own lines and
patrol over a given route or area of friendly
territory with the aim of stopping enemy
aircraft passing through.

Reconnaissance Missions

You will be given a route to overfly and

specific targets to photograph. Waypoints
are the same as those in Air-to-Ground
missions.

~-
SECTION

HARRIER JUMP JET •

TENSION MOUNTS ON
CHINESE
BORDER W:4t ~ail!! ~ssmBtr
Monday, 27 April 1996 - - - - -

China disregards UN resolution.

Allied forces on war alert.
Preparations for handing over raction in Beijing has increased
Hong Kong to the People·s its list of civil rights violations.
Republic of China in I ~7 have All promises of special
been accompanied by rioting. treatment for Hong Kong
inhabitants have been
withdrawn and all negotiations
have e nded.
/111ernatio11a/ R elations
Deteriorate
Yesterday Great Britain broke
off diplomatic relations with
Beijing after China began to
mass troops on the borders of
the ew Territories.
The Allied force. sanctioned by
lbe UN. has been assembled to
forestall any a11ack while a
diplomatic solution is being
civi l unr est and mounting worked out. The two sides
hys te ria. Ever since the Great have been facing eac h o ther
Cultural Cleansing of 1995 lhc across the border as tension
new 'hard-line' government remains high.
 •Town
X Airfield
HONGKONG • Airstrip

Zengcheng e

e..i1angcun • Xiangshui
Boluo •
Shilong
Guangzhou/Baiyun
x
x Guangz
.
•
Dongguani
Huizhoue

'
e shunde
•
Zhangmutou

•
Aongqi

•
Sha11ng
······•••
Shenzhen :······

Shiqizhen ······•..........·
:••.•:·• •••• e San Tin
••

22·
30'N
. e ShekWu Hui
:Y~ long a
LuenW0Hu1
e Ta1Po

Tuen Mun • Sek Kong

• •
Tsuen Wan
• Sha Tin
x Kai Tak
Kowloon•
e Victoria
...
eMacau ~
....... HONG KONG

··.............................................
113°30'E 114"E
 SECT I O N

• HARRIER JUMP JET

Hong Kong

April 1996
Preparations for handing over H ong K ong to the People's Republic of China are marked by rioting. civil
unrest and mounting hysteria. T he rise of a hard-line government faction in Beijing has seen increasing
civil rights violations which culminate in the Great Cultural Cleansing of 1995. Promises about special
treatment for H ong K ong arc withdrawn, negotiations cease and international relations deteriorate.
Great Britain breaks o ff diplomatic relations with China. China responds by massing troops on the
borders of the New Territories.
U N resolutions result in an allied force being sent to forestall any attack while a peaceful solution is being
worked out. For weeks the two sides face each other across the border. Tension remains high. Then the
shooting war begins.
SECTION

HARRIER JUMP JET ,...

UN TASK FORCE
SAILS FOR SOUTH
ATLANTIC
-----Thursday, 10October199~----

ARGENTINE TROOPS
REINFORCE 'FORTRESS
MALVINAS'
Determined lo wipe ou t the
memory of their defeat in 1982,
the new Argentine governmen t
has turned the islands into a
fortress using defence works
installed by th e British after
the last conflict. All UN reso-
lutions issued ordering
Argentina to hand back tbe
Falklands have been ignored. It
has now been revea led that the
is lands were re-taken by
Argentine commandos who
landed secretly, knocked out
radar and commu ni cations
installations in the Mount
Pleasant control centre and Atlantic has now succeeded in
paved the way for the landing creating an exclusion zone
of a powerful invasion force. around the islands effectively
denying reinforcements to the
The Air Campaign enemy and the air campaign
The Allied Task Force that was has begun in earnest 111
despatched t o the South advance of allied landings.
 SECTION

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

•Town
X Airfield
FALKLAND ISLANDS • Airstrip

S OUTH ATLAN IC OCEAN

CAPI!
DOLPHIN

e rneeur HAL
. While Aoak ~ Limpet
Creek
MARVILLE
BAY
s.iv8dor..
IAY
I
FOUL •
e cape House Salvador • Seal y

•
Mount Aol9lle BAY

• JERSEY
POINT RACE
P OINT
.. Hor9eshoe Bay
• Rincon Grande
House

CawBey

51 '
q,> House
30'$ Q 8AN • "'<.-."'~.,
at

.:
POKI! CAllLOS \ Teal Inlet
POINT : IAY \
Mounl
R

~
GRANTHAM
SOUND
Bluff Cove •
Mount Challenger

e x..._,
•"
.,.., 8elacletO

QLP
HAllllOUR
• Swan Inlet Mount
Fitzroy •

• "'°""~SANT
BEACH
POINT
House Pleasant l't.IASANT
Bluff Creel< • POINT
Track
Drone •
House

FOX
POINT
IOAT
POINT

CoolcJes
~
•
Wreck Gate
52' S
LIVELY
STRAWBERRY ISLAND
HILL LIVELY
fforth Arm LOW BAY SOUND
. Hom ..
• Blellker
BLEAKER
ISLAND

BULL
POINT
 SECTION

• HARRIER JUMP JET

Falkland Islands

October 1997
A night attack by Argentine commandos knocks out radar and communications installations in the
Mount Pleasant control centre followed by the landing of a powerful invasion force a few hours late r.
D etermined to wipe out the memory of their defeat in 1982, the new Argentine government soon turns
the islands into a fortress using defence works installed by the British after the previous conflict. UN reso-
lutions are issued ordering Argentina to hand back the Falklands but these are ignored. It's not long
before a strong allied force is despatched to the South Atlantic. An exclusion zone is set up around the
islands effectively denying reinforce ments to the enemy and an air campaign begins in advance of allied
la ndings.
SECTION

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

Baltic States Crushed
By Russian Invaders

Thursday, 30 July 1998 - - - - -

Shooting War Breaks Out

Over North Cape
Nordkapp 3 am. The first shots clashed with UN ships enforcing
have already been fired across the embargo at Svartnes. Shots
the wastes of Nordkapp in were fired and three Russian
Northern Europe as aircraft from vessels reported sunk in the short
the two rival air forces clashed engagement which followed.
above Norway. Events that have Pravda has lost no time in
led to this conflict have accusing the UN of 'piracy' and
succeeded each other moment by 'vio lation of Soviet territorial
moment. waters '. ' Force', it declared
The mass expulsion of western o minously, 'will be met with
diplomats last month· and the force!'
arrest of many diplomats and The clash in the air happened
foreign businessmen for alleged hours after a similar
·anti-Soviet activities· has been announcement on Radio
followed by the ruthless Moscow.
suppression of the formerly free Jt is thought by many commen-
Baltic States and the state seizure tators that the Russian forces are
of western-leased oil facilities. still scattered. and communi-
The UN sanctioned build-up of cations are still poor as the new
NA TO forces on the Russian command structure asserts itself.
borders, was partly to police the The Allied strategy must be to
trade embargo and partly to win the war quickly and deci-
coun ter Soviet tro op concen- sively thereby avoiding a war of
trations. Last week , it was attri tion.
reported that a Soviet [rigate had
 SECTIO N

HARRIER JUMP JET •

•Town
X Airfield
NORDKAPP • Airstrip

e Luoftjok

e rana e Skanetv

• Soledalen e Mortensnes

e Strimmelen ••
Vadso

7o · N~~~~~~~~~~~-1---~G_a_n_dv_ik~~~~~~+--~~~~~~~~~_,._~~~~
•••• Bugoynes •
...
.....
...... •
..
... NORWAY
Vagge
• ~s
Nord-Leirvag ..
.
. Kirkenes X
•Klrkenes
······.......····· ... ·. •
e Hesseng
. Munkelv • ••

.. • ·.. ·.
Bjomevalrf·. ••••••

Varpunleml
.. Langfjorddalen • , .
:~>
69°
.. ..··
..
30'N
... .·..
.
... ... ......,.·" • Nikel
FINLAND Petsjenga
. x

.........·· ..··' Koshka Yavr

..
.... .
x
.···..···.:
30°E 31 ' E
 SEC TION

~~ HARRIER JUMP JET

Nordkapp

North Cape, July 1998.

Hard-liners in the former Soviet mi litary stage a coup, taking over the Kremlin in March and start to
rebuild the communist superpower of the Brezhnev era. Despite world protests, the Baltic states are ruth-
lessly re-integrated into the new-style Union, and St. Petersburg is once again called Leningrad after the
brutal suppression of democratic sympathisers there. A succession of trade embargoes and UN reso-
lutions have no effect except to force the Russians to walk out of the Security Council. Fighting continues
in Central Asia and the Balkan
states, but the western half of
the Union is dominated by
military force from Moscow.
The mass expulsion of western
diplomats - a nd the arrest of
ma ny diplomats a nd foreig n
businessmen for alleged "anti-
Soviet activities" - is followed
by the state se izure of o il
facilities which had been leased
to a western co nso rtium in
1994. The UN sanctions t he
build-up of NAT O fo rces on
the Soviet borders, partly to
police the trade embargo and
partly to counter Sovie t troop
concentrations.
AsquadronofHarriersinsnowcamouflage At the start of July, a Soviet
frigat e clashes wi th UN
i11spectors enforcing the embargo a t Svartnes. The first shots are fired and three vessels are sunk in the
short engagement which followed. T he next day, Pravda accuses the UN of piracy and violating Soviet
territorial waters. The newspaper warns everyone that force will be met with force. Soviet ships fire on
salvage vessels sent in to repair a crippled UN ship, and Soviet fighters engage a NATO air patrol across
the Norwegian border. Both sides have publicly stated their reluctan ce to resort to nuclear weapons.
The Soviet forces are still scattered , and communications are still poor as the new command structure
asserts itself. The allied strategy is to win this war quickly, before it slows down into a war of attrition.
SECT I ON

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

 SEC T IO N

_.. HARRIER JUMP JET

HARRIER KEY GUIDE ~

-------~
Engine Power and Nozzle Controls

Key Plus + Throttle up

Shift/Plus+ Throttle to maximum setting
Minus Key- Throttle down
Shift/Minus - Throttle to minimum setting
Open Square Brackets [ Nozzle angle increases (towards 98°, straight down)
Close Square Brackets] Nozzle angle decreases (towards 0°, straight back)
Shift I [ Nozzle angle to 98°0
Shift I ] Nozzle angle to 0°
Key [(T ap) Nozzle Key; one tap sets nozzles to 55°, when Harrier is on ground

The Keyboard Flight Controller

numeric 8 Push forwards on stick

numeric4 Pull back on stick
numerics Centre all controls and level out (simple flight model only)
numeric6 Roll aircraft right
numeric 2 Roll aircraft left
cursor up Push forwards on stick
cursor down Pull back on stick
cursor right R oll aircraft right
cursor left R olJ aircraft left
 SECTIO N

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

Testi11g 011e ofthe first GR. 7s built

General Flight Controls

Key A Autopilot on/off toggle

K ey B Airbrakc/Wheelbrake on/off
K eyG Landing gear up/down toggle
Kcy W Select (next) Waypoint
Shift/W Select (previous) Waypoint
 S E C TION

' ·· ·~ H A R R I ER JU M P JE T
Alt/E Eject
Alli J Jettison all air-to-ground weapons/ ·clean up'
All/F Dump Fuel
Key 0 (Zero) Auto-Hover (simple flight model only)
Key < Rudder left
Key> Rudder right

Displays
TAB Key HUD Mode select (cycle through YSTOL, NA V and A/G)
KeyH HUD on/off toggle
KeyZ Left MFD screen cycle up
Shift/Z Cycle left MFD down
KeyX Right MFD screen cycle up
Shift/X Cycle right MFD down
Keyboard 6 or Key S Alter MFD tactical compass scale (lx-16x cycle through)
Shift 6 or Shift S Opposite eUect
Keyboard 7 Moving map MFD waypoints on/off
Keyboard 9 Mission briefing reminder (on right MFD)
Keyboard 8 Toggles tactical compass course bar oo/off

Weapon Controls
Backspace T arget Acquire
Shift/Backspace Designates Waypoint as a target
All/L Break lock
KeyM Attack/Scan mode select toggle/cycle (context sensitive to current weapon
type selected)
Space Bar FIRE!/Release (salvo of) selected weapon(s)
Return Weapon Type Select (cycle through weapons available)
Keyboard l Set 1 (appropriate) selected weapon in salvo
Keyboard 2 Set 2 (appropriate) selected weapons in salvo
Keyboard 3 Set 4 (appropriate) selected weapons in salvo
or release nil of weapon available, if fewer rhan 4 on board
Keyboard 4 Set all (appropriate) selected weapons on aircraft in salvo
KcyN NVG/FLIR on/off
 SE C T IO N

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

Defence Controls
KeyD Auto Defences on/off toggle
KeyE ECM on/off toggle (This applies lo Lhe RAF Zeus system. but only applies
to the AV-8B when the AN/ALQ pod is carried.)
KeyF Flare Eject (Manual)
Keye Chaff Eject (Manual)

Camera and View Controls

Cockpit Views
Function Keys
Fl Left back (over the shoulder) in-cockpit view
F2 Left side in-cockpit view
F3 Forward in-cockpit view
F4 Right side in-cockpit view
F5 Right back (over the shoulde r) in-cockpit view
F6 Up (head back) in-cockpit view

Tactical Views
Fl Tactical Camera View
You are positioned behind the Harrier looking pa t il al the target being
Lracked on the aircraft's HUD. This view rotates and pans to keep the
Harrier and its target in view.
Shift/ F7 Inverse Tactical Camera View
You are positioned behind Lhe Harrier's target looking past il al the
Harrier. The target may be another plane or a ground target. Thjs view
rotates and pans to keep the Harrier and ils target in view.
F8 'Free-flying' Camera View
Select ' Free-flying Camera (sec below)
 SE C TION

~ HARRIER JUMP JET

Free-Flying Camera Views
Numeric I 'Free-flying· camera view: cycle 'up' through simulation objects
Numeric* ·Free-flying' camera view: cycle ·down' through simulation objects
Numeric Pg Up Rotate 'free-flying' camera up ·over' object
Numeric Pg On Rotate 'free-flying' camera down 'under' object
Numeric Ins Rotate ·free-flying· camera left round object
Numeric Del Rotate 'free-flying' camera right round object
Numeric - Zoom out (move ·free-flying' camera away from object)
Numcric + Zoom in (move 'free-flying' camera towards object)
K ey Pad Pg Up Rotate 'free-flying' camera up ·over' object
Key Pad Pg On Rotate 'free-flying' camera down ·under' object
K ey Pad Ins Rotate 'free-flying' camera left round object
Key Pad Del Rotate 'free-flying' camera right round object

Game Controls
Escape Key Menu Bar and Game Pause on/off
All/A Accelerated Time mode on/off
Alt/B Boss mode (Hide game on/off)
All/G Ground Shading on/off
Alt/H H UD colour cycle
L Last H UD message repeat
All/Q Quit to DOS
All/S Sound on/off
All/R Re-supply Weapons and Fuel (Training Missions Only)
Alt/f Convert to Training Mission

Game Menus

A number of Game Menus can be accessed by pressing the Escape Key. The simulation will pause and a
menu bar appear at the top of the screen. Use your controller cursor arrow to open each menu.

Escape Key Menu Bar and Game Pause on/off

 SECTION

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

Quit Menu
End Missio n The exact purpose of this option varies according
to the game type selected by the player:
T raining and Instant Flight missions e nd automatically. as
tho ugh the player had landed safely a t base.
Single missio ns end immediate ly. The player lands safely at his base.
Single Day and Campaign missions end immediately, and the
player i assumed to have landed safely at ba c.

Hide Game Boss mode (hide game on/off)

Quit Re turn to your computer's Operating System.

Configuration Menu
Ground Shading o n/off

Sound Etrects o n/off

Flight Control Method This brings up a sub-menu, which lists the available control
methods for the Harrier.
Joystick
Keyboard
Recalibrate joystick

Change H U D Colour This brings up a sub-me nu, which lists the available colours for the H U D.

Gameplay Menu

Change to Training Mission On Instant Flight this allows the player's Harrier lo be refuelled a nd
rearmed.
On Single Missions the player's score is no t taken into account.
On Single, Day and Mission Campaigns it is as tho ugh the mission had not
take n place.

Weapon Re-supply Re-supply the Harrier with a full o riginal complement of weapons and fuel
and automatically converts the missio n to a training mission.
 SECTIO N

~ HARRI ER JUMP JET

Lighting Conditions This option applies to Training Missions and Instant Flight only.
The player can select the time of day:
Day
Night
Twilight

The following all appear as sub-menus, allowing the player to tailor the game play 'on the wing'.

Flight Model Simple

Easy
Realistic

Weapons Model Easy

Moderate
Realistic
Landings No C rashes
Easy Landings
Realistic Landings

Enemy Air Force Quality G reen

Regular
Veteran
Ace

E nemy Ground Green

Forces Quality Regular
Vete ran
E lite
SECTION

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

 SECTION

~ HARRIER JUMP JET

HARRIER AIR AND

GROUND ATTACKS

Air-to-Ground Missiles

'Fire-and-Forget' Fire-and-Forget Missile Launch

With 'fire-a nd-fo rget' against a ground target
mi ss il es s uch as th e
Maverick it's just a matter
Climb above
o f getting ' lock-on ' (indi- 500' while
cat in g a hi g h-accuracy Turn away maintaining
after firing speed and Approach
firing solutio n) and then

..,____________
,,. - - - - - . launch 200' to 500'
releasing them. These 1~ ~___ _ Lock-on Tracking altitude
missiles are e xtre me ly _.-· - ~ ----~ --- ----
effecti ve in destroying :- Missile flies
_,,..· to target
gro und -based targets so
it's wise to wait for your
best possible shot. After Target Ground Level
launch, the missile assumes
your co urse a nd s p eed
then drops for about 300 feet before its motor full y ignites and accelerates the missile. The missile's
maximum range depends on the am ount of fuel it has and its initial launch speed; the faster you are flying,
the greater the missile's range.
As a general rule do not launch a missile below 500 feet or in a power dive because it may bit the ground
before you can fly away.

Laser Guided Bombs

These are motorless missiles that glide from your plane to a target 'painted' by a laser controlled by a
ground installation.
G lide bombs travel as fast as the la unching aircraft. If you release from low altitude, they hit the target
about the same time as your plane is passing over it and the explosion will damage or destroy your plane.
To counter this problem Harrier pilots will employ the ' toss bombing' method.
 SECTION

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

T oss Bombing
Pave Tack
App roach level at about 500
Laser - Guided Toss Bombing
feet. flying at full speed. When
you arc 3 to 6 km from the
Tum away
target pitch up into a climb (30°
to 40°) and watch for 'lock-on'
o n your IJ U D . When this
)' occurs, launch th e bomb and
J Pitch up and Approach at
:\ tum away.
drop bomb 500' -1000'
' ' ....

/
-- >~ ------~------- ~- Level Bombing
You may also ' level bomb' with
!/ _ /
' ,•'
Laser
lock-on
Tracking
LG Bs. Generally, you will need

ft',.<__ -------------------------------------~~~~~ !J_e_~f!l-

- - -- - - - -- -
to attack from at least 2000 feet.
From that height you can 'lock·
ont o th e targe t from 4 km.
Target Ground level Auack at once then turn away
bu t remember to k eep your
underside facing the target. Y ou
can, if you wish, fly over the target but climb to 3000 feet to avoid the cxplo ion. Remember that you will
then be a silting duck for enemy radar and SAMs.

Retarded Bombs
These are unguided bombs fitted with special fins that slow them down very quickly. This allows the
bomb to fall behind your aircraft making lower altitude drops safer.
Level Bombing
The standard technique for retarded bombing is to fly straight over the target at low altitude and then
release the bomb on the cue Crom your HUD. If you maintain speed in your bombing run. you can safely
release the ordnance from just above 500 feet. and safely avoid the 3000 feet burst area.
Retarded bombs arc less accurate than free-fall or laser-guided bombs and will probably miss the target
from high altitude. It's also extremely difficult to hit precise targets with them although cluster bomb units
(BL755 and R ockeye) give good area coverage to compensate for drop inaccuracies.
 SEC TION

-. • HARRIER JUMP JET

Free-Fall Bombs
These are conventional bombs that arc down at high speed toward the target.
Level Bombing
This is the simplest method
of dropping free-fall bombs. Dive Bombing
The same procedure as
retarded bombing applies, Extend (open)
except that th e safe brake 8,000 feet (or higher):
bombing altitude is 3000 I
/
'\ begin dive
feet, instead of 500 feet , I

making you vulnerable to

enemy defenses.
Dive Bombing I
I
I
I
I
I

\
I
\
I I
I \
T his is a mo re accurate I I
technique for dropping I I
I I
free-fall bombs but requires I \
I \
considerable practice and I \
\
skill. I

f~_____ 3,000 feet:

\ Climb at 55" pitch
Turn away and , to 8,000 feet
To make a dive bombing retract brake
attack , start by flying low ')\ // f must release bomb ' Gentle dive
toward the target. '' at low altitude
,_,,. / / ' for maximum speed
I ' .........
Select your ordnance.
'---- -~---
Whe n you are 6 km from
the target zoom up into a '
55° climb to get to 8000 feet.
Your objective is to get to Target Begin dive Ground level Begin climb
the correct height about 2 1km from target 6km from target
km horizontal distance from
the target.
Now dive for the target. Level out, tap the air brakes and at just under 1 km from the target, push down in
a steep (80°) dive. Now, line up the target with your HUD. Keep an eye on your altitude, if you are below
3000 feet before bomb drop, pull out and try again. R elease the bomb and, if there is time, release
another bomb immediately then pull up sharp and roU away in a 90° tum. Close the airbrakes.
Climbing to a dive bombing position usually broadcasts your presence to the enemy so it's wise, once you
turn away from the target, to check for missile warnings.
~
 SECT I ON

H A R R I ER 0
JU M P JE T ~
Strafing Ground Targets Reconnaissance
If you a re on a reconnaissance
mission you should have a camera
pod loaded on your Harrier. You
can elect the Recon pod like any
ot he r o rdnance and your HUD
informatio n will cha nge to the
Tum ~ ~ ~ -- --- - - ~
away
I -- ~-- •• ••
' - - - - - - • • • • • • • •• • •• ····.Dip nose Approach at 350' • 1500'
appropriate type.
To take photographs fly the plane
•• • • • ..... • • • •••• • • • • to strafe 500' commonly used so that the target passes through
the cen tre of th e targe t box .
Wh e n this happe ns hit the Fire
Ordnance selector. You will sec a
Target Ground level
message to confirm if you have
ta ke n a photograph successfully.
Camera runs arc similar to strafing runs but in this case you can fl y level because the camera is slanted
slightly down. Re me mbe r tha t flying with air brakes exte nded slows your speed making it much easier to
line up shots.

Ail"-to-Air Combat

The Harrier has the ability to cha nge the position of its thrust nozzles to give it greate r agility in air-to-air
combat. Vectoring In Forward Flight (VIFFing) allows the aircraft to perform unique aerial manoeuvres.
By using VIFF the Harrier can decelerate very quickly forcing e ne my ai rcraft to fl y in front of it; usefuJ if
you a rc trying to out-tum someone on your tail.
The Harrier is also a supreme dogfighting aircraft by virtue of its agility, high thrust-to-weight ratio, small
mass, non-smoke e ngine, cannon, Sidewinder capability and high a ngle-of-attack night control system. It
also has excelle nt self-de fe nce capability with its radar warning syste m; chaff/flare dispensers a nd
jamming systems.

Surprise!
ln air-to-air combat, surprise is one of your most important weapons. The best me thod to ambush an
e ne my plane is lo creep up be hind it. Fighte r pilots, in general, prefer to attack from above to get a n
'ene rgy adva ntage' in a ny dogfight. lf you a re ' bounced ' by the e ne my, you must look for incoming
missiles and take the appropriate defensive action. The basic rule is that missiles travel faster than planes
and must be counte red first. Only afte r that can you think about an escape or a dogfight.

•
 SE C TION

~ HARRIER JUMP JET

Exchanging Missiles
The Early Turn
An air-to-air battl.e usually on a head-to-head pass
begins with a bead-to-bead
face-off. Be prepared to set
I
ECM or chaff the incoming.

~
Remember that if you can get
off a second missile then so can
your opponent; especially if he
carries IR missiles (expect
them on MiG-29s and Su-27s).
Radar-Homing AAMs
Most radar-guided weapons
are semi-active homers: the
launching aircraft must
continue to ' paint' you with its
radar and the missile homes
on the ' paint'. Avoid radar-
homing AAMs in the sa me
manner as SAMs (see below)
Infra Red (IR)
HomingAAMs
All IR homing AAMs are
'fire-and-forget' weapons. To
counter them, use the same
tactics as against IR SAMs
~·
(see below). Many IR homers I
1
M;G~
are usually fired at short range
du r ing a dogfight which
means you'll have to be fast
with the TR defences as soon
A Harrier executes an ·early turn' against a MiG fighter.
as you get a launch warning, Note that by position no.4 the Harrier is already closing on the MiG's tall.
then dodge away from the
missile's 45° field-of-view. H A difficult tactic to master in head-to-head duelling b111 useful especially when
you delay too long drop a flare dealing with a less experienced pilot. Novice pilots tend to close in hoping for a
and dodge, then pray! cannon shot anticipating a tum only after passing you. Wirh a good early turn you
can easily gel on the enemy's tail.
 SECTIO N

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

7
Dogfights
~'"~~'.::;.-
Get On His Tail!
MoG sees-mybehtnd~~ The basic rule in dogfighting is to get behind
and rums towards him ; ~
your opponent. On all fi ghter aircraft guns
~5
1
Harner ignores d1tficull _A and mi ssi le systems face fo rwa rds and if

:::~ss:!,~nd sf ~ you' re on his tail you can shoot and he can't.

Tf you can't get on his tail try to position his
1
p l ane in fro nt o f you to gi ve yo u th e
Harrier sees MtG reacting, ,
maximum number of firing opportunities.
reverses again 10 close scissors ' ~

4 ', 4 Go Faster! Climb Higher!

"""'"-'t /
M aintainin g hi gh er speed o r altitu de is
va luable in a d ogfigh t. An aircraft that is
4
slo wer and lower can only hope to dodge
opening scissors /
I attacks; but an aircraft that is faster or higher
~ has the opportunity to attack or retreat. Being

--·-.........'4-/~f'/
2 /
faster or higher than the enemy is termed the
·energy advantage'.
'
'".. ""-""m Escape Manoeuvres
The H arrier has its own special methods of
shaking off a pursuing plane (see below) but
,l MoG behind Hamer in classic dogfighting terms there are five
Scissors ~ 1 bu1 fllOl/lng laster basic manoeuvres to remove an enemy plane
from your tail.
T urning Inside
The easiest solution is to turn towards him (in the enemy plane's direction). In the event of you turning
faster than him, you'll eventually circle around and get on his tail. It 's quite common to see rookie pilots
engaged in a ' turn match', circling around each other. H owever, if the enemy is turning faster than you,
he'll get behind you again . I f you don't want to get toasted you must try something else immediately!
Scissors
This is more complex but begins in the same way as Turning Inside. Begin to turn towards your opponent
but, when he begins to turn with you. roll over to turn in the opposite direction. The scissors are
now open!
~
A GE
 SECTION

.~;,_... H A R R I ER JU M P JE T
When the enemy realizes you've turned away he should turn back towards you. You then simply roU back
towards him again closing the scissors.
I f your turns were quicker and tighter than his and/or you are the slower plane, he wilJ eventually pass in
front of you. This lets you in on his tail.
Rookie pilots can often be lured into a scissors even if they have a plane that turns faster. Experienced
enemy pilots may avoid this tactic by anticipating your next tum and blasting you (if they're slower) or by
pulling up and over in a Yo-Yo (if they're faster).
Immelmann Turn
This is use ful if yo u want to reverse
direction quickly. Ca rry out a half loop
upwards to reverse direction, then a half roll
- ---~- v--~
Half roll
----,, '\
\
\
to right your aircraft. I f an enemy is on your I
tail, an lmmelmann will bring you nose-to- Half loop 1
I
nose with him. Be carefu l when executing lmmelmann Turn
I
an I mmelmann; it will give you an altitude I
I
gain but at the expense of speed. I
/
/

--------- ~ __________ ,,

Split-S Turn
Almost the opposite to the lmmelmann,
yo u begin thi manoeuvre by ro lling
inverted, then pull the stick back to half-
loop downward. Many pilots choose to roll
Half roll ' \
\
\
the plane while looping. The Split-S causes I
you to lose altitude so it's o ften wise to Split-S Turn Half loop 1
reduce throttle and use air brakes to mini- r
I
malize altitude loss. B e careful using the I
Split-S into, or away from, the enemy and Reduce throttle on lower half I
to minimize altitude loss ,, /
always keep an eye on the altitude because
it 's very easy to Splil-S straight into the - -------- ~ ___ ______ ,, /

ground.
 SECTION

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

Yo-Yo Turn

/~
Yo-Yo Turn
A Y o-Y o is used
(by a MiG)
prim a ril y by higher
speed jets against slower
oppone nts. The Harrier

_:::::/_:W MiG finishes yo-yo

with diving attack
will have little chance to
use it against the fast jets
but you may see e nemy
MiGs trying it against
------ -~· - - - - - - - - -- - ~ you.
~~ - ~
I n a Yo-Yo yo u clim b
Harrier must realise 2 ' ' - - - - ....E

wh"'' h•::::'.::.,,;" ~3 \:
and roll toward th e
e nemy until he's visible
ocapo
out of th e top of your
I
canopy, the n pull over
To evade attack, at 2 the Harrier should have
half-rolled and turned in opposite direction 3
4 --.. . . . , , inlo a dive while he's
still turning. During the
dive you roll the plane to
he lp lin e up your shot
(which is o fte n take n while you are inverted}. Basically, a Yo-Yo makes a very big turn in three
dimensions. Often the best defence against a Yo-Yo is to reverse your tum and go into a Split-$.

''VIFFing'' (Vectoring in Forward

Flight)
- ~--,\ ~ The Harrie r is unique in its ability to change the direction
, vtfF 2 \ ~ of its thrust to give it greater agility in air-to-air combat.

·f
\
\
\
Thrust vectoring (rotating the thrust nozzles) can be used
I
to improve the aircraft's instantaneous tum performance.

.\ Put simply, thjs means that by rotating the thrust nozzles

during forward flight the direction of the aircraft's motion
can be changed quite radically, causing pote ntia l non-
STOVL and missile adversaries to overshoot. Much of the
development of the VIFFing tactic was carried out by the
US Marine Corps.
By pointing the exhaust nozzles downwards rela tive to the
aircraft under slow-speed, low-G conditions, VrFFing can
double the instantaneous turn performance. But at high
 SECTIO N

:'.L. HARRIER JUMP JET

speed a nd high-G its effects are minimal.
H o wever , s ince a ll th e thru s t is no w
direct ed do wnw a rd s th e a ircra ft will
decelerate far more rapidly than a conven-
tional fighter.

VIFFing can also be used to effect a vertical reversal after a

zoom climb: this is a shallow climb in which the pilot can
trade altitude for airspeed o r vice versa without causing a
loss o f mo tio n e ne rgy. If th e rear nozzles a re rota ted
downwards when the aircraft is in a near-vertical slow speed
zoom climb the effect is to ma ke the aircraft pitch forward,
pivoting about its centre of gravity (CofG) a nd quite Literally
swa pping ends to point itself back down a t its attacker. T his
can be a valua ble manoeuvre if the H arrie r is equipped with
all-aspect air-to-air missiles like the Sidewinde r.

Enemy Surface-to-Air Missile Systems (SAMs)

Medium/Long Range SAMs

Medium and long-range SAMs are controlled by radar. All types use the same 3 step process to e ngage
their ta rget.
Radar Search.
Search radar periodically scans the sky (360°) for aircraft.
SECTION

HARR I E R J U M P J ET ·I~
Radar T racking
Radar-Guided SAMs (Surface-to-Air Missiles)
When sea rch radar find s so mething, it
'hand s off' th e pros pecti ve target to a
narrow-beam fire control radar . usually
MISSiie
running on a different frequency. This finds
follows and ·1ock -on· to your aircraft. When the
radar beam
"Beam Rider•
fire control operators arc sure their beam is
Radar-Guided tracking correctly they launch a missile.
Surface-to-Air Missile
Pulse Radar (SA-2 and SA-5)
Radar Control
Aflcr the missile is launched, the ground
Missile Radar station continues tracking the plane so the
L SAM Sile J mi ss il e's course can be upd ated and
corrected. Th er e are three methods to
control the missile's course:
Beam Rider- The SAM is guided along the
Missile homes
on radar radar beam toward you.
relleclions

Semi-Active
Semi-A ctive SA Ms- The missile has a radar
Radar-Guided receiver and computer in its nose. The
,' Surface-to-Air Missile
Pulse or Doppler (SA-4,-6.-8 and ·11) tracking radar ·paints' your aircraft with a
Radar (SA-N-4 and SA·N-7) radar signal and the missile nose receiver
catches the renections. T he missile homes-
in on these rencctions until it hits the plane.
M1ss1le Radar

L SAM S11e J Command Guidance SA Ms- These missiles

use semi-active guidance but. in addition.
the firer ha a command link to the missile
to allow him to override the SAG. This
Missile homes means that if the missile loses guidance, or
on radar
reflections is o th erwise co nfused, th e gro und
Semi-Active with controll er can turn th e missile around
Command Guidance
Command
' '.
, Surface-10-Air Missile again.
link to missile

{
(SA-10 and SA-12)
Doppler Radar (SA-N-6)

Missile Radar

L SAM S11e J
 SE C TION

~ HARRIER JUMP JET

Evading Radal""Guided SAMs
Running A way
The basic method to evade radar-guided SAMs is to disappear from the radar. T he further you are from
enemy radar, the weaker the signal, so you may want to run away for a while until the signal is too weak
to see you.
Auto Defence
Your ECM jamrner is a good defence against beam
riders. Turning inside a missile

Chaff
Each chaff cartridge (you have a maximum of20 on
board on each mission) sends out small tin -foil
1 T
strips tha t reflect e ne my radar. For a minimum of
two seconds, the strips form a huge radar reflector,
blinding the missile a nd acting like a smoke screen.
To e mploy chaff you must wait until the radar-
guided missile is a few seconds away, the n fire a
cartridge (Key C) and turn away. The temporarily
blinded missile will fl y s tra ig ht into th e chaff
missing you. Beware when us ing cha ff because it I
I
may not deceive a D opple r-guided missile such as I
I
the SA-10 and SA-12 (see la ter). I
\
Manoeuvring ''
It's im portant to ma noeuvre out of the missile's
''
''
field of view because, after your d efence measure
expires, the missile will re-acquire you and continue
on a collision course!

Infra Red Homing SAMs

Short ranged SAMs are usually IR homing tha t use
a three-stage technique:
Search
2,
Here your Harrier tums so lightly the missile can't •stay with you"
and passes harmlessly off to the right This is a common tactic for
The enemy detects your aircraft, from search radar, evading IA homing missiles.
radio stations or by eyesight.
 SEC TION

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

Missile Lock-On
A Missile is a imed a t your a ircra ft. lf you are close e no ugh, the missile will sec your heat signa ture and
·tock-on'.
Missile Launch
Once ·tocked-o n ', the missile is la unched and guides itself toward you.
Some SAMs a rc sho ulde r-la unched ; carried in trucks or jeeps by infa ntrymen and fired at po int-blank
range. If the re a rc significant numbers o f ene my forces you can expect these weapons.

Evading SAMs
Turning towards a Missile
Turning Away
Firs t ge n e ra tio n IR missil es ca n b e o utm a -
----- --- .............. noe uvre d by turning tightly to wa rds them. This
turns your ho t exha ust fro m the missile's vie w.
... ...
Second gene ratio n IR home rs a re more sensitive

~2 a nd recognize all surfaces heated by a ir frictio n.

this mea ns the fro nt a nd to p o f a pl a n e w ill
appear ·ho t'.
\
\
\
\
Flares
\

' \
Flares arc small, fi ne ly tuned heat decoys. A flare
\
I lures an IR missile toward it a nd away fro m you
I
I b ut o nly during the two to three seconds it takes
I
I l o b urn . Afte r it ha s d ie d . the mi ssile wi ll
I
I continu e to see k . so th e c la s ic techn ique
I
I a d o pte d b y com ba t pilo ts is to wai t until the
I
missile is close then drop a fla re and turn away.

t. O utmanoeuvring a Missile
SAMs ca n o nly fin d the ir ta rge ts within the
acquis itio n a rc o f the ir seeke r . T he arc is 45°
ahead o f the miss il e. M ove o uts ide this a rc,
usua lly a l 90° to its flight pa th , and you evade
attack. You can a lso try turning inside a missile.
Here a Hanle< la evading 1 mlHll• ualng rrninoeuvrlng po- alone • tta llghll>r Its turning arc is greate r tha n yours causing it to
turning clrclo. A• lho H1rrlor luma, tM mlHll• lrloa to tum toward It, but cennol
lurn IH I enough. TM mlH ll• "talla behind" IM Hanle< and pa- harmleaaly to
zoo m past you. Also, try turning towa rd a missile
tho rear. a nd increase turn tightness as it comes closer.
The missile will n o t turn with you, b ut it will
.._ gradually fall behind and zoom past your tail.
PAGE
16
 SECTION

-·~ H A RR I ER JU M P JE T
If a SAM approaches you from the front, make a quick 90° turn forcing the missile to face the side of your
aircraft. Now, roll 180° and turn toward the missile ready for a turning match.
Missiles with the Doppler-guidance systems are a special danger because they will not home-in on the
chaff unless your course is perpendicular to the missile. If the missile chases you from the rear or straight
ahead, chaff will have no effect. Three SAMs have Doppler guidance systems: SA-10, SA-12 and SA-N-6.
 SECTION

H A RR I ER JU M P JE T ·· •
L Hughes angle rate bombing set (A RBS) 42. Auxiliary inlet doors 69. Composite sine-\\ ave spar web
2. Electronic warfare system antenna 43. Conditioned air 10 cockpi1 70. One-piece wingskins. upper skin
3. ARBScquipmcnt 44. Cold-air unit removable for access
4. GECScnsorsFLI R 45. Ram-air exhaust 71. Graphite-epoxy woven cloth
S. Electronic warrare system (EWS) 46. Cockpit air-systempack-heal exchanger 72. Graphite-epoxy undircct ional bond
transfonncr 47. Heat exchanger ram-air 73. Wing tank (2, 151kg)
6. FLI R processor 48. Bleed air to air-conditioning systems 74. Wing· tank end rib
7. EWS Transmitter 49. Aileron control run 75. EWS antenna
8. Upper IFF antenna 50. Forward fuel tank (480 kg) 76. EWSantenna
9. Yaw sensor vane SI. Oiltank n. RoU reaclioo-aintrol nozzle
10. Composi1e structure front fuselage 52. Centre fuel Lank (289 kg) 78. Fuel dump
11. Pitch reac11on-control nozzle 53. Aft fuel lank (480 kg) 79. Outrigger wheel shown
l2. Pitch trim ~l'\O 54. Rolls-Royce Pegasus Mk 105 11/21 in extended and
13. Pressure Bulkhead developing 21.500 lb max thrus1 reLraCted position
14. Angle of attack (AoA) transmitter SS. Dowty/Smith digital engine con1rol 80. Outrigger jack
(starboard side) system (DECS) 81. Aileron servo
IS. Cold ram-air to cockpit 56. LL.leas MkIV generator and drive unit
16. GEC Avionics video map generating S7. Lucas gas-turbine staner auxiliary
system power unit (APU)
17. ·o·
Pitch feel jack 58. Fuel transfer lines
18. Pitch spring-feel unit 59. Engine-bay venting air
19. Pilot/static equipment (j(), Hydraulics replenishment point
20. Pitot head 61. litanium zero-scarf nozzle
2L Air data computer 62. Wing with modified supcrcri1ical
22. Ferranti Fl 1075 inenial navigation set aerofoil section
23. Forward relay panel 63. Wing· ting hardpoinlS
24. Rudder pedal shaker 64. Fron1 wing auachment poinl
25. Essential CB panel (underneath)
26. Rudder pedals 65. Centre wing-attachment point
27. Rudder and elevator quadrant group 66. Rear wing-attachment poin.. t.~~~~;t1ffi~~if~
28. Svcdlow Industries windscreen and 67. Aluminium A

canopy 68. Tilanlum

29. Smiths Industries head up display (HUD)
30. Ferranti HUD video camera
31. Mild detonating cord
32. Manin· Baker type l2H mk I ejection seat
33. 'ozzle-sclector lever
34. Con1rol column stick top
35. Forma1ion·keeping light strip
36. On-board oxygen generating system
(OBOGS)
37. Throule control
38. Noscgcar shown in
retracted and extended
positions (Dowty)
39. Retraction jack
for noscgear
40. Hydraulics in
noscgcar bay
41. Increased inlet reco\·ery
(better cruise efficiency)
 SECTIO N

~ HARRIER JUMP JET

82. Flap hinge GEC avionics AD 3500. VSDU,
83. Flap slot door operating link techniques generator, SAA HS
84. Flap slo1 door computer and Aden gun
85. Flap actuator (max deaection25° 61 ") interface unit
coupled with nozzle rotation in short takc·off 107. Top avionics equipment shelf
86. Pressure refuel point housing EWS data processor.
87. Water-methanol tank (224 kg capacity) and EWS receiver
88. Water-methanol uller point 108. Flare dispensers situated behind
89. Royal Ordnance Aden 25 mm specdbrake on lower fuselage
cannon (stbd gun shown) 109. External power monitor
90. Gun pods (shown dropped llO. APU protection unit
from aircraft) 111. Standby transformer/rectifier
91. Lift improvement device foncc (LIDS) unit (TRU)
92. 300 US gal droptank (total external 112. Main TRU
fuel capacity 3.668 kg) 113. Condi1ioned-air delivery 10
93. Inboard pylon (900 kg) equipment racks
114. Elect rical distribution panel
115. Chemically milled side fuselage
panels
116. Equipment-cooling pack heal
exchanger

94. AlM 9L sidewinder air to 117. Reaction control airduct

air missile 118. Rudder cable tensioner
95. Outrigger pylon (sidewinder 119. Rudder power-control servo
only filled) 120. Generator panel
96. lntem1ediate pylon (450 kg) 121. Elevator control runs
97. Hunting BL 755 cluster 122. Elevator control servo
bomb 123. Broadband communication and
98. Outboard pylon (280 kg) nav antennas
99. Under-fuselage st rakes 124. EWS antenna
(when guns no1 filled) l25. EWS antenna
100. Spccdbrake l26. IFF antenna
101. Maingear in retracted 127. Navigation lights
position (Dowty) 128. Aft radomc
102. Fire bottle 129. Radar beacon antenna APM-202
103. Dorsal antenna 130. MAD compensator
104. Strobe position light 131. Tailplane hinge
105. Lower avionics equipment 132. Linkage rrom tailplane 10 pitch
shelf housing inverter. control nozzle
programmer. rFF trans 133. Yaw reaction-control nozzle
miller and SMP 134. Pitch reaction-comrol noule
106. Upper avionics equipment shelf 135. Bonded tailplane structure
housing mission computer, 136. Detachable composite trailing
accident data recorder. edge on tailplane
early warning transmillcr. radar 137. Aluminium alloy 3-spar !in
altimeter. CNI data convener, 138. Composite rudder
receiver and transmitters (2) for 139. Leading edge root extensions

A
SECTIO N

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

 SECTION

• HARRIER JUMP JET

THE HARRIERS ~
-------~
The GR Mk.7

An upgrade of the GR Mk.5 incorporating Forward Looking Infra Red (FU R) equipment and cockpit
modifications for Night Vision Goggle compatibility. The GR Mk.7 can Oy and deliver ordnance accu-
rately at night, in bad weather conditions and at low-level.

Specification
TYPE
Single-seat STOYL (short take-off vertical landing) tactical ground-attack fighter
POWERP LANT
One Rolls-Royce Pegasus J 1-21 (Mk 105) vectored thrust turbofan rated at 21,7501b static thrust (st)
DIMENSIONS
Wingspan: 30ft 4in (9.25m)
Overall length: 46ft 4in (14.2m)
Height: llft 8in (3.55m)
Wing area (inc LERX): 239sq ft (22.2sq m)
Wheel track: 17ft (5.18m)
Wheelbase: llft 4in (3.45m) (nosewheel to mainwheels)
WEIGHTS
Empty weight: 14,3001b (6,485kg)
Max conventional take-off (CTO) weight: 31,000lb (14,060kg)
Max vertical take-off (VTO) weight: 18,950lb (8,595kg)
Max fuel/weapon load (CTO): 17,000lb (7,710kg)
Max fuel/weapon load (YTO): 6,750lb (3,062kg)

Max vertical landing weight: 18,650lb (8,459kg)

A
 SECTION

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

PERFORMANCE
Max Mach no. a t high level: Mach 0.91
Max speed at sea le ve l: 662mph ( 1065kph/575kts)
Combat radius (air-lo-gro und missio n): 480nm (553 miles/889km)
High-level inte rcept radius
(3min combat reserves fo r VL): 627nm (722miles/ l.162km)
ARMAME NT
Two 25mm ADEN cannon with 100 rpg; two A IM-9L Sidewinde r AAMs: up to 9,200lb of e xte rnal
o rdnance (sec be low)
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Me tallics: 70%
Carbon fibre composite: 25%
Acrylic: 1.75 %
Fibreglass: 0.25 %
Othe r: 3%

The Pegasus Engine

The 24.450lb st Ro ll -Royce Pegasus Mk 105 re mains the wo rld's o nly produc tio n vecto re d thrust
turbofan a nd i unique to the Ha rrie r, pro viding both ljft and propulsive thrust fo r the RA F's e ntire Oeet
o f Ha rrie r G RS and G R7 a ircraft. Known also to the USMC as the Pegasus 11 -2 1E o r the F402-RR-
406A , the e ngine re presents a substantial improveme nt over the Mk 103 which powe red the GR5n's
predecessor the G R3. With particular regard to its re liability a nd ma inte nance: time between o ve rha uls
(TBO) is now 1,000 ho urs compared with a mere 30 ho urs in 1960 for the very fi rst Pegasus Mk 3. Thi is
a n impo rtant conside ratio n if the a ircraft is ope rating away fro m its ho me base in fo rwa rd po itions whe re
e ngineering back-up may be limited.
The Pegasus Mk 105 is also filled with a Digital Engine Control Syste m (D ECS) which mo nito rs the
pe rformance of the powe r plant at all limes, automatically adjusting the thrust settings whilst takjng into
account the aircraft's speed and a ltitude within the performance limitatio ns imposed by e ngine rpm. je t
pipe te mpe ra ture and acceleration. The DECS takes much of the pressure off the pilo t who pre vio usly
had to monito r all these functions, Oy and fight at the same time. A rapid thrust-dumping mode also
preve nts pilots fro m 'bo uncing' the aircraft on vertical landings - saving a loss of face in the crew room
afte rwards!
 SECT I ON

~ HARRIER JUMP JET

Inside the Cockpit
Representing a huge improvement over the GR3, the G R7 cockpit is roomy and less cluttered, with more
attention paid to ergonomics by the manufacturers. The pilot's Martin-Baker Type 12 ejection seat is
fitted higher in the cockpit than in the older aircraft, giving him a hjgher eyeline and a greater field of
vision through a new bulbous canopy.
The Smiths lndustries 425SUM1 head-up display (HUD) and its associated up-front control (UFC) push-
buttons below, together with the TV-type multi-purpose display (MPD ) screen on the main instrument
pan el to the pilot's le ft , offer him a numbe r of display modes which include naviga tio n, stores
management, weapons delivery, engine/fuel data and radar warning.
A GEC Avionics D igital Colour Map Unit (DCMU) viewed on a Smiths Industries MPD is on the main
instrument panel to the pilot's right. and receives computer data from the Litton AN/ASN-130 inertial
navigation system (INS) (also fitted to the USMC A Y-8B) situated beneath the pilot's feet. The right-
hand MPD also acts as a standby. or alternative, to the MPD fitted to the left-hand side of the main
instrument panel.

Target Sensor Control

Designation ---tift...J.J)lliii~,
Controller

Air-to-Ground
Weapon Release

Press To
Transmit

Emergency
Flap Retract
Gun

Air-to-Air
Weapons
Select
Nosewheel
Steering

f-/a11ds-On-Throule-And-S1ick (/-/OTAS) allows the pi/0110 co111rol all combat functions wi1ho111 removing
his hands from the stick. A
 SECTION

H A R R I ER JU M P JE T .1
...

The re a rc fewer dials in the new cockpit and are confined to conventio nal a nalogue flight instrume nts
s uc h as a ltim e t e r, a irs p eed indi ca t o r (AS I ) , a ng le-of-a tt ack ( AOA ), co mpass with
course/heading/distance e tc, a nd clock. They are situated centrally immediate ly be hind the HOTAS
(hands-on-thro ttle-and- tick) type control grip.
HOT A S a llo ws the pilo t to control virtually all the functio ns required in a combat situatio n witho ut
re moving his hand fro m the stick such as weapo ns. manoeuvre flaps, ARBS and Sidewinder selectio n.
The consoles o n e ither side of the pilo t contain (to the left) thro ttle a nd jc t nozzle actua to r lever: fuel.
exte rnal lighting (navigatio n, la nding, anti-co llis ion) and oxygen switc hes; the S AAHS (Sta bility
Augme nta tio n a nd Altitude Hold System) pane l. To the right a rc the co mmunicatio ns, cockpit e nvi-
ro nme nt a nd power supply switches.
The SAA i-iS provides a uto matic stabilisation throughout the aircraft's night e nve lope and also acts as an
a uto pilo t during take-off, landing and trans ition. with automa tic a ltitude, a ltitude and heading hold
essential during the low-speed manoeuvres crucial to the operation of STOYL aircraft.
A Ma rtin-Ba ke r Type 12 ejectio n seat is filled to the GR7. It is known as a "zero-zero" system which
means tha t a pilot can " punch o ut" from an aircraft standing on the ground - zero speed and zero altitude.
Life-suppo rt equipme nt carried in the GR7 cockpit includes full NBC warfare pro tectio n for the pilo t and
a n o n-board oxygen gene ratio n system with an oxygen/air mixture control.

Avionics
A n ECM- resis ta nt
G EC Avionics AD3500
UNHF tra n ceive r is
fi lle d to the G R7 fo r
communications plus a
Cosso r I FF 4760
transponder. The Litton
AN/ASN-130 INS and
G EC Avionics DCM U
act togethe r as a
te rrain-refe re nce navi-
gatio n system.

IN SllS

GR.7 A vio11ics Schematic

 SECTION

. ;. H A R R I ER JU M P JET
The transparent nose cone of the GR? accommodates the Hughes ASB-19(V)-2 Angle R ate Bombing
System (ARBS) which has two basic modes. As a laser spot tracker it enables the pilot to visually acquire
his target while it is being illuminate d by a ground-based laser source or a designator-eq uipped aircraft.
This mode does not need to be used in daylight attacks when contrast lock (the target's natural contrast
characteristics) can be employed. In its TV mode, the ARBS projects target angle rate data (slant angle
and range to the target) onto the HUD and the pilot follows the steering instructions to ensure an
accurate weapons delivery in a single pass.

Electronic Countermeasures
The Tracor AN/ALE-40 chaff/flare dispensers located beneath the wings in the undercarriage outrigger
fairings are activated by the Marconi 'Zeus' ECM system from twin antennae beneath the nose housing
forward he mis phere receivers. It is likely that a Philips chaff/flare dispenser mounted inside the
Sidewinder pylon will eventuaJly be titted to augment the existing equipment.
'Zeus' consists of an advanced radar-warning receiver (RWR) combined with an automatic Northrop
jammer which is capable of responding, via its computer memory of up to 1,000 known emitters, to
confuse any would-be attacker. It can also automatically trigger decoy chaff and flares to combat radar-
guided and heat-seeking missiles respectively.
lJ1 the extreme tail of the aircraft a s mall radome houses the Plessey Missile Approach Warning (MAW)
system which can automatically activate appropriate countermeasures when it detects a hostile missile
homing in. Beneath this radome in the ventral fin tajl bumper is an ECM/R ear Warning Radar (RWR)
and in each wing tip more 'Z eus' ECM antennae, plus transmitter aerials for the jamming component.

Night Operations
Although the R anier GR? is by no means an all-weather day/night aircraft, the combination of a forward
looking infra red (FUR) system and a pair of night vision goggles (NVG) for the pilot allows the aircraft
to fl y close-support missions at any time of the day or night, except in the very worst of weathe r
conditions.
FUR is a form of thermal imaging equipment which detects temperature differences in and around the
object under surveillance. Put simply, it is a heat-sensitive camera which sees shape in terms of heat
rather than reflected light. The GEC FLIR equipment is mounted in a slim. raised fairing on top of the
aircraft's nose cone but its fi eld of vision is fairly narrow, confined as it is to dead ahead, so the pilot must
have a means to intensify his peripheral vision during night operations. This is achieved by the use of a
pair of Ferranti NITE-OP (Night Imaging Through Electro Optics Package) night-vision goggles fitted to
the pilot's bone dome which are not unlike a pair of binoculars in appearance. They are basically a clever
optical device which widens his field of vision in the dark by converting any incoming (optical) light into
electrons which are then electronically enhanced and converted back to optical light (photons) as a
brighter, clearer image in the eyepieces of the goggles. This enables him to view the air and ground ahead
 SECT I ON

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

and to either side in sufficient detail so he can keep an eye open for 'bogeys' and to navigate and locate
his target. The GR7's cockpit is night-goggle-compatible (NGC) which means that instrumentation and
lighting have been modified to compensate for the effects of the pilot viewing instrumentation through
his NVGs.

Weapons and Stores

35mm Aden Gun

Installation

SRAAM AIM-9L Missiles n n n - + - -- - - + - - - + - n n n

II Il
155 Rocket Launchers - - o o o----o o o
10001b Bombs FF and RET - --+-D- I I
I DI - -Q--H_H
Mks 11 , 12, 13, 15 and 17 U U

I I I I I
BL 755 Cluster Bombs - DD- D -0-0-00
CBLS No 100 containing I I
c:::::::::J c:::::::::J
I I
c:::::::::J c:::::::::J
practice bombs: 4x3kg
retarded for free fall
--aaaa- - -aaaa
I I I I
External fuel tanks
300 US gallon ®-® ®-®
 SECTIO N

~ HARRIER JUMP JET

There are nine stations on the G R7 for the attachment of weapons and stores: four below each wing and
one centreline point beneath the fuselage, pl us two underbelly cannon pods. The precise mix of fue l and
weapons to be carried is dictated by the distance to the target, although the GR7 has about 14,500 lb of
weight available for fuel and weapons of which some 9,2001b takes the form of external stores.
The range of weapons available to rtbe GR? includes the AIM-9L all-aspect Sidewinder air-to-air missile
for self defence. Dedicated pylons are located between the inner and intermediate stations beneath each
wing, a ligned with the outrigger undercarriage fa iring fo r the carriage of two missiles. U p to six
Sidewinders can be carried by RAF GR7s.
A wide selection of stores is availa ble to the GR7 including the Hunting BL755 5821b (264kg) cl uster
bomb for use against armoured vehicles; 5401b and l ,OOOlb (245 and 454kg) high explosive bombs (Cree-
fall or with tail-mounted retarding parachute); laser-guided 1,2101b (549kg) Pave Way bomb; Matra 155
rocket pods carrying 18 x 68mm SNEB rockets for anti-shipping attacks; and two 25mm ADE N cannon
with a rate of fire of between 1,650 and 1,850 rpm. The irmer and intermediate pylons are also plumbed
fo r fuel and the fitting of drop tanks.

Reaction Control System

In normal flight, the Harrier is controlled by ailerons, rudder and an all-moving tailplane. The aileron and
tailplane are power operated and are fed by two independe nt hydraulic systems. The rudder is pilot
powered. However, in hover or minimal jet flight - which takes place below normal aerodynamic stalling
speed- normal controls are not sufficient and have to be backed up by the R eaction Control System.
 SE CTION

HARRIER JUMP JET •

The system controls the aircraft in roll, pitch and yaw and is linked to the Harrier's rudder pedals and
control column. This means that. even in hover, the pilot can ny the H arrier like any normal aircraft,
giving him important continuity of contro l.
RCS is based around the engine high-pressure compressor bleed-air fed to the shutter valves positioned
at the extre me point of the aircraft. The valves are ordinary convergent nozzles with a varying exit area
created by a swinging hulle r. T hese shutters on the Reaction Control Valves are driven by the flying
control system.

Landing Performance
The Harrier's nap/aileron/nozzle high lift syste m allows slower a pproach speeds a nd more reserve power,
leading to a greate r thrust ma rgin, less wate r consumption, reduced wear and tear on the e ngine and a
shorte r ground roll.

Structure
The H arrier is the first normal production combat aircraft to have been constructed out of a high
percentage of compo ite mate rials. Composite mate rial is used to make up the wings, forward fuselage.
stabilator. ailerons, naps, rudder and access doors creating a saving in weight of 480 pounds (217 kg).

The Wing and LERX

The Ha rrier wing is a supercritical airfoil which holds a large quantity of fuel. The wi ngs have automatic-
manoeuvring nap . drooped ailerons in a high-lift configuration and leading edge root extension (LERX)
for increased agility in night.
D eveloped by British Aero pace LERX are aerodynamic surfaces in front of the wi ng root which
increase pitch rate and lift, leading to improved tum rate a nd handling at high angles of attack. LERX
work by producing a vortex, an e nergetic tube of rotating air, along the top surface of the wing. As the
incidence angle of the wing is increased (if the aircraft is fl own in a tightening tum). the airnow over it
becomes untidy a nd disturbed. starling at the tips and moving inward. Without LERX this untidy flow
would extend across the whole wingspan, the wing would stall and the aircraft would fall out of tbe tum.
The vortex from the LE RX allows the airfl ow to re main stable, so a higher angle of incidence can be
reached, a nd a tighte r turn can be fl own.

Electrical Systems
Power is produced by a single e ngine-drive n gene rator. AC is conve rted to DC via two transforme r
rectifier units (TR U) with a battery unit which is used to start the Auxilia ry Power Unit (APU).
 S E C TI O N

• HARRIER JUMP JET

GTS/APU
A Gas Turbine Starter and Auxiliary Power Unit is located on top of the Pegasus and is used to start the
engine and provide AC electric power at times when it is not running. It may also be used as a standby
generator if the main generator fails.

Fibre Optic Technology

The Harrier is unique in its use of fibre optics (thin glass threads) to transmit light impulses instead of
electrical impulses. These optics can transmit the information of a complete set of encyclopaedias in
under 16 seconds.

Systems
The Harrier has an integrated, computer-controlled navigation and attack system. System components
are interconnected by a MIL-STD-1553B dual-redundant multiplex digital databus providing a high
integrity, high reliability data link. The central control of the mission computer gives information to the
pilot via HUD , MFD and ODU (Options D isplay Unit). The mission computer also controls the moving
map display (MMD) which is in itself controlled by an operational flight program.
Backup systems are available, in event of failure, including sub-systems with secondary control panels for
weapons and communications.
Inertial Navigational System (INS)
An automatic, self-contained dead-reckoning system. The mission computer uses information to calculate
velocity, pitch, roll and true heading which it then passes to other systems.
Current position is worked out on a continuous basis from inertial inputs and keeps to an accuracy of
level of l Nautical Mile per hour. Position can be updated using either T ACAN fixing, geographical point
recognition. or through the Moving Map D isplay.
The main unit of this system is the Ferranti F.E. 541 inertial platform used in conjunction with a HUD
developed by Specto Avionics and the Smith's Air Data Computer.
Moving Map Display
Known to the pilots as U1e 'shuiti scope', the MMD shows a map area in either track or north orientation.
The INS can be aligned wherever the ai rcraft is 'parked' by punching in latitude and longitude co-
ordinates correct to two decimal points. To ensure 100% attack accuracy, three check points are fed in
leading up to the target. When the Harrier reaches a particular check point, small errors in navigation are
corrected.
 SECTIO N

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

Stores Management System
Conlrolled through lhe UFC, MPD and HOT AS controls, this system controls the delivery of air-to-
groun d weapons, Sidewinder missiles and the two Aden guns mounted in fuselage.
Angle Rate Bombing Set (ARBS)
Pinpoints targets with laserffV contrast tracking which ena bles high-accuracy ftrst pass attacks. In effect,
once the pilot has ' locked-on· to a target using the passive non-radiating ARBS tracker. line-of-sight and
angle rate info rmation is input to the computer which takes care of steering commands on aU head-
up/head-down displays.
T he TV-contrasl tracker provides a six times magnification o f the target on the multi-function display
(MFD) and is linked to the laser spot tracker and AIM-9 seeker head as extra target identification infor-
mation.
The pilot can release weapons manually with Continuously Computed impact Point (CClP) system or
choose automatic ordnance release mode. In laser-guided attacks the target is highlighted by a laser
designator (airborne or ground based) and once the ARBS Laser Spot T racker ' locks' onto the target
steering data is output by the computer. Laser designation can spot most targets by day or njght.
Survivability
If battle damage is incurred the H arrie r incorporates many fea tures to help s urvivability including
redundant fuel and hydraulic systems, a multi-spar composite wing and mechanicaJ/Ouid control systems
which can opera te witho ut e lectric po wer. The risk o f fi re is reduced by the On -Board O xygen
G eneration System (OBOGS) which mak es the carriage of Liquid or gaseous oxygen redundant.

Fuel System
Five fuselage and two integral wing tanks give a capacity fo r 7500 pound of fuel. In addition, the Harrier
can carry four external fue l tanks on underwing pylons increasing capacity to 15,520 pounds.
The fuel system is organized in two separate sections: fuel is channelled to the centre tank and then to the
engine-driven pump and the Digita l Engine Control System (D ECS). In event of the failure of one
section, the other section will still feed the engine.
Refuelling is carried out under high pressure through a single coupling on the left forward fuselage. In-
llight refuelling is made possible by a retractable probe mounted on the left inlet.

Pressurisation and Air Conditioning

T he engine HP compressor air provides two pressurisation/air conditioning systems incorporating cold air
units. One system provides cockpit air a nd ventilates equipment in the nose. The second provides air to
the rear equipment bay.
 S E CTIO N

~ HARRIER JUMP JET

Oxygen System
T he On-Board Oxygen Generating System (OBOGS) supplies the correct breathing mixture to the pilot
when the engine is operating. The ejection seat also contains an emergency supply of breathing oxygen
which can be worked automatically of manually.

Anti-g System
The air supply system also provides the pressure for the pilot's anti-g suit, channelled with his oxygen
(and a mic/tel connector) through a seat mounted Personal Equipment Connector (PEC). This means
that the whole four-function unit can be connected and disconnected with one rapid action.

Hydraulic System
Two independent systems produce hydraulic power that can operate the flight controls in the event of
system failure. Dual engine-driven pumps provide 3000 PSI pressure to feed the system.

Escape System
The Harrier has a fully automatic Martin-Baker type 12H Mk.1 rocket-assisted ejection seat with the
zero-zero specification. This allows escape at all altitudes and speeds in the aircraft flight envelope down
to zero height/zero speed.
The Martin-Baker has small sensors to measure altitude, airspeed and deceleration after ejection. A
selector then gathers the data to adjust operation for low speed/low altitude, high speed/high altitude or
any speed/high altitude ejection. Immediately prior to ejection, the canopy is broken by a tiny detonating
cord system fired automatically by the movement of the ejection seat.
SECT I ON

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

TheAV-88
 SI CTION

~HARRIER JUMP JET

The A Y-8B 's main task is to

provide close air s upport for
ground troops but has proved to
be extremely useful in many
other tactical roles. It is used by
the United States Marine Corps
who employ the aircraft's STONL
capabilities for high sortie rates and rapid
response times. The A Y-8B, also known as
the H arrier IT , was developed by McDonnell
Douglas in collaboration with British Aerospace.

AV-88 Harrier II Specification

TYPE
Single-seat STOYL tactical ground-attack fighter
POWE RPLANT
One Rolls-Royce Pegasus F402-RR-408 (11-61) vectored thrust turbofan rated al 23,8001b st
DIMENSIONS/WEIGHTS /PERFORMANCE
As for the RAF's Harrier G R7
POTENTIAL ARMAMENT
2 161b (98kg) LAU-68, 5771b (262kg) LAU-10 and 5421b (246kg) LAU-61 rocket launchers; AGM-65
Maverick missiles; 490\b (222kg) Mk 20 bombs, 520\b (236kg) Mk 77 fire-bombs. 2701b (122kg) Mk 81
bombs, 5301b (240kg) Mk 82 bombs. 9851b (447kg) Mk 83 bombs; AIM-9L Sidewinder AAMs on
underwing pylons; and a single GAU-12/ A 25mm cannon beneath the fuselage.
 SEC TI O N

HARRIER JUMP JET •

The Sea Harrier FRS I

Harriers taking offfrom an aircraft carrier ski-jump

A lthough this manual concentrates primarily on the RAF Harrier II GR7 and the US Marine Corps AV-
88, it is useful to take a quick look at its carrier-based maritime cousin the Sea Harrier FRSI which
fought with great distinction in the South Atlantic during the Falklands conflict of 1982. It is the only
Harrier variant with a primary ai r-combat role.
Fonnulatecl by a Naval Staff Requirement for a sea-going version of the land based GR3, the Sea Harrier
was supposed to be a minimum-change version of the GR3. but it did introduce a number of design and
avionics changes (noted below) when it entered service with the Royal Navy in 1979-80. The type has
since been superseded by the much updated FRS2 version.
 SECTIO N

~ HARRIER JUMP JET

Sea Harrier FRS I Specification
TYPE
Ship borne single-seat YSTOL strike fighter
POWER PLANT
One Rolls-Royce Pegasus 104 vectored-thrust turbofan rated at 21,SOOlb st
DIMENSIONS
Overall length: 47ft 4in (J4.5m)
Wingspan: 25ft 3in (7.7m)
Overall height: 12ft 2in (3.71 m)
Wing area: 201.1 sq ft ( t8.68sq m)
WEIGHTS
Empty weight: 14,0521b (6,374kg)
Operational weight: 23,000lb (10,433kg)
Max take-off weight: 26,2001b (l 1,884kg)
Underwing load weight: 5,000lb (2,268kg)
Fuel capacity: 5.0 IOlb (2,273kg)
PERFORMANCE
Maximum speed: 642kts (736mph/l,189kmh)
Cruising speed: 485kts (898kmh)
Service ceiling: 50,000ft (15,240m)
Radius of action: 250nm (463km)
Maximum endurance: 7.3 hours with one in-night refuel
ARMAMENT
2 x 30mm ADEN cannon in under-fuselage gun pack; 2/4 A IM-9L Sidewinder AAMs; 5 x l ,OOOlb (454kg)
iron bombs (free-fall or re tarded); 5 x 600lb (272kg); 2 x BAe Sea Eagle anti-shipping missiles: 4 x Matra
115/116 68mm rocket pods; 5 APAM/Rockeye Mk 7 cluster bombs; 10 x Bofors Lepus nares
 S ICTION

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

Power plant
The Pegasus Mk 104 fitted in the Sea Harrier is a navalized version of the Mk 103 that powered the
RAF's G R3, re placing aluminium with non-corrosive magnesium and other alloys to resist corrosion
from the saline atmosphere of a carrier's deck.

Cockpit
To provide under floor space for avionics equipment and a revised cockpit layout, the cockpit floor of the
Sea Harrier was raised by l l inches. Quite coincidentally, this raising of the floor provided the pilot, who
sits on a Martin-Baker Type lOH zero-zero rocket-type ejection seat, with much improved all-round visi-
bility from the bubble canopy. The cockpit interior was redesigned to accommodate the Ferranti Blue
Fox multi-mode radar and other naval-oriented avionics.
Blue Fox is an I-band pulse-modulated radar designed for air-to-air interce ption and air-to-surface search
and strike. Fitted in the Sea Harrier's nose behind a pointed radome, it was developed from the Seaspray
search radar specifically for single-pilot aircraft and has all the necessa ry flight information (speed,
altitude, heading etc) superimposed on the TV-type daylight viewing display of the radar. Blue Fox
operates in four modes: search, attack, boresight and transponder.
A Smiths fn dustries H UD driven by a 20,000-word digital computer generates display symbology and
also acts as a flexible air-to-air and air-to-surface Weapons Aiming Computer (WAC).
The basic layout for the flying controls and instrumentation in the Sea Harrier FRSl is similar to the land-
based Harrier GR3, but with no moving map and a small radar di play added on the right-hand side of
the main panel.

Avionics
The Sea Harrier's electrical equipment differs Crom that of the land-based Harrier and its flying charac-
teristics have been improved to complement its role as strike fighter. Increased roll reaction has been
provided for dogfighting allowing a two-degree increase in nose-down pitch control.
A Ferranti self-aligning Heading and A ttitude Reference System (HARS) platform. cross-referenced to
a Decca 72 Doppler radar, performs all of the navigation and endurance functions required. lt provides
far greater accuracy than a normal INS and can be aligned on a moving deck. A UHF homing and a
GEC Avionics AD2770 TA CAN plus an I-band transponder arc also used for naviga tion. Radio
communications are handled by a Plessey PTR377 UNHF transceiver with a D403M transceiver for
standby VHF.
 SECTION

• HARRIER JUMP JET

Electronic Countermeasures
Marconi ARI 18223 radar warning receiver aerials are positioned on the fin leading edge and extreme tip
of the tailcone to warn of illumination by hostile radar. A Tracor ALE-40 chaff/flare dispenser unit was
fitted in the rear fuselage as an emergency update prior to embarking to the South Atlantic in 1982.

Weapons and Stores

The Sea Harrier FRSl's armament in its primary air-combat role is the all-aspect infra red homing AIM-
9L Sidewinder missile. The lessons learned in the Falklands led to the fitting of twin-rail Sidewinder
launchers beneath each wing.
A selection of bombs, cannon, depth charges, rocket pods and nuclear depth bombs can also be carried,
thus making the Sea Harrier an extremely versatile fleet fighter. To extend the aircraft's combat or ferry
range, a selection of drop (100 and 190 gallon) and ferry (300 gallon) tanks are available for carrying
beneath the wings.
SECTION

HARRIER JUMP JET •

 SEC T I ON

~ HARRIER JUMP JET

OPERATING FROM
DISPERSED SITES

The Conventional Airfield

A modern military airfield cannot be hidden. A pair of runways measuring over 2000 metres in length, as
well as hangars, taxi routes and hardstands, make it very visible and subsequently almost impossible to
defend in modern war without a vast outlay in defensive equipment. Even then, missile attacks will be
very difficult to neutralize and the best anti-aircraft defences will not prevent the runway from sustaining
some kind of damage. 1f aircraft on the base do survive an attack they cannot be effective until the
runway is repaired. It has been proved in the past that an entire air force can be made redundant if caught
in this manner on the ground.

Conventional Jet Fighter

Runway must be intact

Runway state unimportant

 SECTION

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

The Concept of Dispersed Operation
In a ' hot' war. the continued existence of conventional aircraft and the airfields and runways from which
they operate would be questionable. A well-placed bomb in the centre of a runway and on the Hardened
Aircraft Shelters (HAS) could quite easily stop operations indefinite ly for a squadron of multi-million
pound high performance jet aircraft.

Dispersed Operation o Supported Site

0 Pre-stocked Site

~$ /~0$~t
~ Unsupported Site

/ 0$0
Main H
Base
?arrler : ~~ o ~~
0 0
$ 0 ~
~ 0 Harriers Disperse to 3
types of site in an emergency

The coming of the Ha rrier has revolutionized traditionaJ military planning with its ability to operate away
from home base out of ro ugh forward airstrips, woodland clearings, motorways or carparks close to the
battlefront. BasicaJly, it can escape from the prying eyes of the enemy and from the in-buiJL vulnerability
of pe rma nent a irfield .
The Site
The H arrier ca n be dispersed
across a wide range of terrain. All
that is necessary arc a few
hundred feet of open gro und .
These in-the-field s ites can be
pre-stocked, o r may mere ly act as
launch platforms for H arriers
ori ginating from a m a in base
ready-fue lled a nd armed. With
H arriers. the re is little need for
ground support equipme nt.
Re-supply
Spare .I.,~
Site c:_~
--
 SECTION

~ HARRIER JUMP JET

The Main Base
Damage to the main base airfield of a Harrier squadron is not critical. A Harrier will still continue to
operate from a seemingly shattered runway. It can easily perform short take-off in the space left between
bomb craters.
Detection by an Enemy
The enemy wiJJ find it very difficult to detect a dispersed Harrier force and will have to carry out area
reconnaissance; tying up a large nwnber of aircraft. It's obvious that a dispersed Harrier force has a good
chance of remaining undetected. D ispersed sites have the added advantage of needing no ground-to-air
defences.
Operating in Undeveloped Zones
The Harrier also bas the advantage of operating in parts of the world where modern airfields are few and
far between. Most undeveloped countries rely on light air transport and have a plethora of small dirt track
airstrips that could not support modem jet fighters but are more than ideal for Harrier operations. The
Harrier is unique in its ability to operate in such situations.

Operating From Unsupported Sites

Re-supply

System of Operation
The difference between the Harrier and conventional military aircraft is clear cut. While a normal jet
fighter will fly from a distant airfield, a long way from the combat zone giving it a slower speed of
response, the Harrier fljes short-duration missions, carrying moderate loads but with the possibility of
rapid turnaround.
 SECTION

HARRIER JUMP JET 1~

The Harrier can arrive at the target a few minutes after take off, giving a tactical advantage to the ground
troops. This can be compared to the hour or so needed for other aircraft to reach a combat zone. In that
time a battle may have changed in complexion and even the weather may have changed.
Conventional aircraft often operate a 'cab-rank patrol' in anticipation of a call from ground troops with
details of a specific target. But the Harrier can perform the same function by landing close to the battle
area. The pilot can be briefed by radio and react to any target information received instantly. The
aircraft can then be nown to a supported site for weapons replenishment before returning to its ground
'cab-rank' position.

Cab -Rank On The

Ground Operation

Main Base

Supported Site

l n time of war, a typical RAF Harrier squadron's three flights would disperse to their own flying sites 'in
the field' where the flight commander would become the site commander. The site would usuaJly support
up to seven Harrier aircraft. Sites can range from woodland or forest clearings to villages, wooded
sections of motorways, farmyards and even supermarket car parks; once the glass fronts of the buildings
have been bulldozed in to provide hides inside for the aircraft. In reality, aircraft hides in the field are
invariably in wooded areas beneath overhanging trees. The site, disguised further by the use of
camouflage netting, make it virtually invisible to ground or aerial reconna issance.
For rolling take-offs a site needs a 350 metre section of metalled strip such as a straight section of road or
motorway. "Mexe" metal landing pads can also be laid surrounded by trees, with double marker boards
at each corner for the pilots to line up on for a verticaJ landing.
 SECTION

... HARRIER JUMP JET

To support a flight of Harriers in the field requires fuel and weapons, de-mineralised water for the
Harrier's thrust augmentation system, communications equipment, pillow tanks and tents, plus several
hundred personnel. Packs of spare parts for the aircraft, spare tyres and other consumables are also ke pt
at the flying site where complete engine changes can also be carried out (although this is a major
operation requiring the use of a hoist and removal of the Harrier's wing).
The three flying sites within one squadron are supported by the squadron's central logistics park located
nearby. This acts as a stockpile and distribution point for ammunition and fuel supplies.
SECTION

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

 ~ HARRIER JUMP JET

THE DEVELOPMENT
OF THE HARRIER

Early Military V/STOL Aircraft

The first country to experiment with the idea of
Early vertical
vertical take-off (VTO) was Germany. Towards takeoff
the end of World War II, the world's first true aircraft were
VTO aircraft was developed to be purely
defensive, this aircraft was the Bachem Ba 349 'Tail-Sitters'
'Natter' (Viper). The Ba 349 was a single-seat that had to
rocket-powered interceptor, armed with 24
unguided rockets, and was capable of only one
takeoff and
flight. land pointing
After a vertical launch, the Natter would climb at straight up.
37,000ft per minute to an altitude of 20 to 25,000
ft and make its attack. When the engine had
been shut down, the pilot would pull the control
stick from its mounting. and the Natter would
split into two pieces, one of which could be re-
used. The pilot descended by parachute. The
Natter never saw action, on its first manned flight
a canopy malfunction caused it to crash, killing
its pilot. The allied forces invaded Germany
before any production Natters saw service, and a
few years later surface-to-air missiles were
performing the job which the Natter had been
built for.
Germany had other YTO designs on the drawing board, but all bad one thing in common- U1ey were
rocket powered. The German designers knew that a piston engine cannot generate enough thrust to lift
an aircraft vertically.
Later, with the development of the jet engine came a new generation of vertical take-off and landing
(VTOL) aircraft, which would eventually lead to the Harrier.
The first of the jet-powered VTOL was American. In 1951, the US Navy asked both Lockheed and
Convair to produce prototypes for a possible VTOL combat aircraft. The result was two of the strangest

~
 SECT I ON

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

looking aircraft in the history of aviation, the Lockheed XFV-1 'Salmon' and the Convair XFY-1 'Pogo'.
These aircraft were powered by turboprop engines, which use jet engines linked Lo propellers to generate
thrust, and were ·tail sitters': they had to take off and land pointing straight up.
The concept was doomed from the start. To land the 'Pogo', 'Skeets' Coleman, the test pilot, had to back
the aircraft down from about lOOOft, with a helicopter calling out the altitude as he descended. This took a
considerable time, and the landing was dangerously inaccurate. To land such an aircraft on the deck of a
ship would be very difficult, if not impossible. The XFV-1 could not even manage to carry out one vertical
take off, performing all test flights with a conventional undercarriage. The US Navy lost interest and
cancelled the project in 1956.
The US Air Force learned from the mistakes of the US Navy, and worked with Ryan aircraft, to develop
the X-13 Vertijct. This little aircraft was another tail sitter, but did not actua lly 'sit' a l all, but hung from a
framework via a hook on its nose. It used a single Rolls-Royce Avo n jct engine fo r power, and to control
the Vertijet at low speed, air was bled from this e ngine to powe r little puffer jets at the wing tips. The
puffer jets would roll the aircraft when there was not enough air passing over the a ile rons to provide
roll control.
The Vertijet also had a simple thrust vectoring system (as in the modern day Harrier). The single exhaust
nozzle could be moved a ro und to help maintain stability in the hover. The Vertijet was the first jet aircraft
to take off vertically, transition to no rma l flight, transition back to the hover then land vertically. It
achieved this on 12th April 1957. Unfortunately, the aircraft was extremely difficult to control, especially
during transition from no rmal flight to hover, or vice-versa, and was too small to be of any real military
use. It was not long before the US Air Force followed the Navy and stop work on the X-13 project.
The limitations of the ' tail-sitters' (taking off facing up) were now apparent. These type of aircraft always
needed to operate al weights below their engine thrust, because they had no other way of getting airborne
and this meant that they could never match conventional aircraft in size and performance. ln addition.
they made flying a nightmare for any pilot, having to sit facing straight up, and especiaJly when trying to
land backwards.

British Developments
The British aircraft industry wanted to develop a supersonic VTOL jetliner. and Rolls-Royce started
work on developing a rig for finding out how vertical flight could be achieved by a ' flat riser': an aircraft
which takes off in the convent ional (horizontal) attitude. The result was the Ro lls- Royce 'Thrust
Measuring Rig', known popularly as the 'Flying Bedstead'.
The Bedstead was powered by two 'Nene' jet e ngines, with nozzles both exhausting thro ugh the centre of
gravity, so that the failure of one engine would not cause a n instant crash. As a low-speed control system,
it used puffer jets at the front, back, left a nd right of the aircraft to control pitch and roll, and the left and
right nozzles could be tilted to control yaw. It first flew on the 9th July 1953. R.A H arvey, the lest pilot.
told the Press after the night,
 SECTIO N

~ HARRIER JUMP JET

"The Bedstead was remarkably steady in that it
remained fiimly horizontal except when the stick
was moved. It was difficult to believe that this The 'Flying
top-heavy machine weighing over 3 tons, poised Bedstead' was
on the jet thrust, was being balanced by the four the Rolls-
air nozzles."
Royce thrust
The Flat-Risers measuring rig -
It was apparent to the aircraft industry that the one of the first
'fiat riser' concept was the most workable option
and the race was on to find the aircraft which
'Flat-Risers'
could put this concept into action. taking off in a
The next batch of VTOL prototypes used tilting conventional
engines, that is the whole engine tilts through 90 horizontal
degrees, to achieve transition from vertical to
forward flight. The first of these types was the attitude.
turboprop powered Bell XV-3, developed under
a1951 joint VS Army/Air Force contract.
The XV-3 was a difficult machine to pilot, with
no automatic stabilization system to help the
pilot in the hover, and a downwards-firing
ejector seat. It soon became clear that it was
under powered and the project was cancelled.
The concept was taken one step further with the
Boeing-Vertol VZ-2. In this design, the whole wing rotated, along with the engines. In effect, this meant
that the wing would act Like a sail, and the aircraft was vulnerable to even the gentlest of breezes. The
VZ-2 was another failure.
The British Fairey Rotodyne first flew on 6th November 1957, and used a combination of a ramjet-driven
rotor to achieve vertical flight, and two turboprops for forward flight. It was an interesting design. and
provisional orders were placed by two airlines. However, it was noisy and lumbering to control and Fairey
eventualJy stopped alJ work on the Rotodyne.

The Jet-Engines
It was apparent that, in order to achieve performance figures of comparable late 50s aircraft, VTOL
research aircraft had to be powered by jet engines. Throughout this period researchers tried to find the
best way to harness the power of a jet engine to achieve vertical flight.
 HARRIER JUMP JET ~
The Bell X-14, which first flew in 1957, was the first aircraft to use diverted thrust. The thrust from the
two jet engines was diverted downwards by a deflector plate on the wing, giving the aircraft a VfOL
capability. Puffer jets at the wing tips gave directional control. The X-14 was too small to be of practical
use, but it proved the theories which would be used later on.
The US Army/Ryan XV-5 Vertifan used the jet engine to drive three fans, mounted in each wing and the
nose. The problem with this was that the weight of these fans, and the additional drag they created, made
the aircraft difficult to control in forward flight. The aircraft was also very difficult to control in the hover,
killing three test pilots before the project was cancelled.
The 1962 Lockheed XV-4 Hummingbird used another system: ejecting engine air over the wing to
produce lift. This could not successfully achieve VfOL and unfortunately also ended up killing its test
pilot.

Lift Engines
The next development were the 'lift engines': small jet engines pointing straight down, which are used
only for vertical flight. The British Short SC.1 was a small delta-winged aircraft which used four lift
engines and one conventional engine for forward flight.
This first hovered in 1958, but suffered from the classic problem of aircraft using lift engines: the airflow
into the engines had a tendency to suck the aircraft onto the ground.
This same problem was also experienced by the French, with the Dassault Balzac in 1962. This aircraft
had eight lifting engines. and was based on a Mirage III supersonic fighter airframe. The Balzac had
another major problem: the speed at which the aircraft could transition from hover to forward flight was
critical. In a test night, the pilot attempted transition at the wrong speed and the drag of the lift engines
became excessive. The aircraft see-sawed to earth like a leaf. exploded and killed the pilot.
In West Germany, both Focke-Wulf and EWR built VTOL prototypes, the VFW-1262 and the VJ-101.
Both aircraft used a combination of lift engines and thrust engines, but used them in different ways.
The Focke-Wulf VFW-1262 used a vectored thrust engine (an engine with rotating thrust nozzles) to
allow the same engine to be used for vertical or horizontal flight. This vectored thrust engine was not
powerful enough to lift an aircraft by itself, so the VFW-1262 also employed two lift engines to achieve
vertical flight but, the VFW-1262 could not achieve true YTO, and it was also cancelled.
The EWR VJ -101 was a very dramatic looking aircraft, using 6 Rolls-Royce RB.145 engines. Two were
used as lift engines, and the other four were mounted as two pairs, in rotating pods at the wing tips. The
EWR VJ-101 first flew in l 963, and had a supersonic performance. Several problems were encountered,
however. The engines were so powerful that it wrecked anything which it landed on and melted its own
tyres! In addition to this, an effect called 'hot gas recirculation' meant that it could not achieve maximum
performance from its engines.
 SEC T IO N

~ HARRIER JUMP JET

Hot gas recirculation is an important factor in
VTOL. If the engine takes in exhaust gas, engine In 1963 the
efficiency decreases, and as efficiency decreases, EWR VJ-101
so does thrust. This problem is compounded by
the particles of dirt and grit that the hot gas may was capable
contain, which can damage the engine. The of vertical
Harrier overcame this problem by clever design
of its intakes. The VJ-101 project continued, but takeoff and
suffered a major setback when the first prototype supersonic
crashed in September 1964. The second
prototype flew in 1965 with afterburning engines,
flight, but its
only to be cancelled a few months later. engines were
West Germany did develop one successful so powerful
VTOL aircraft, the Dornier D o31 transport that they
plane, designed to support the VJ-101 in the
field. The Do31 was a ten-engined aircraft using
destroyed any
two vectoring thrust Rolls-Royce Pegasus 5 (as landing
used in the Harrier), and eight lift engines, suifaceand
arranged as two sets of four, in each wing tip.
The prototype first flew, under Pegasus power melted its own
only, on 10th February 1967, but the cancellation tyres!
of the VJ-101 had left the Do31 without a
military role, and it was deemed too expensive to
develop the aircraft as a civilian transport. The
Do31 was not officially cancelled, but the project
was inadequately funded and allowed to die.
By now, VTOL aircraft were generally seen as impractical, unreliable, difficult to fly and generally
inferior to their fixed wing counterparts and, understandably, the more conventional air forces were not
eager to exploit the tactical advantages of VTOL combat aircraft. However, in1960 an aircraft flew whkh
would change history. The prototype was called the P.1127, and it would develop into what we know
today as the H arrier.
 SE CTI O N

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

The prororype P.1127 during a rerllered hover resr.

The P.1127
The Ha rrier sto ry really begins in June 1957 at Hawker Aircraft, Kingston, E ngland. It is here that
Technical Head, Sydney Camm (designer of the WW2 Hurricane fighter) showed Chief Designer Ralph
Hooper the technical specir.cations for a new engine: the Bristol BE53.
The BE53 was a unique e ngine because it had a relatively conventio nal intake a nd combustio n chamber,
but with three ro ta teable exhaust nozzles; the front pair blowing cold fan a ir, and the rear one blowing
ho t combustio n chamber gases. This process allowed the e ngine to lift an aircraft vertically and then by
ro tating the nozzles to face backwards, the e ngine could prope l the a ircra ft forward.
Ralph Hoope r immediate ly started ske tching his ideas for a vertical/short take-off and landing aircraft
based around this e ngine, a nd the design was given the prototype designation P.11 27.
The first design was kno wn as the P.1127 H SH (H igh Speed He licopte r!). The shape of the P.1127
changed radically over those first two months on the drawing board. The first sketches were of a lhree-
seat light observa tio n aircraft , soon to develop into a two-seat armed observation a ircraft, and finally a
single-seat light strike aircraft. By then, the BE53 had become a four-no7.zle engine with the single rear
(hot) no7.zle split into two.
 S E C T IO N

_... HARRIER JUMP JET

It was clear at this early stage that some form of low speed control had to be devised, because the aircraft
would be uncontrollable at speeds below stalling speed.
Conventional aircraft controls worlk by deflecting a part of the trailing edge of the wing, tailplane or
rudder and th e airflow over this surface creates a force which makes the aircraft roll, pitch or
yaw respectively.
The P.1127 could not use this system at low speed because airflow over the control surfaces would not
generate sufficient force to control the aircraft. The system which the P.1127 used, and the Harrier still
uses today, is the reaction control system (RCS). This operates simply by blowing air out of the nose, tail
and wing tips giving full control over roll, pitch and yaw, even at zero forward speed.
Work stopped on the P.1127 at Hawker for the last two months of 1957 as the company fought to gel its
P.1129 supersonic strike aircraft approved by the UK Ministry of Defence (MoD). In the end, a
competitors design, the BAC TSR.2, was chosen to fill this contract. Hawker were disappointed at losing
this major contract, and returned to the P.1127 project. As fate would have it, the TSR.2 was cancelled in
1965, a blow from which the UK aerospace industry has never recovered. Had the P.1129 been chosen to
fill this contract, the engineers at Hawker would have been tied up working on this, and the world may
never have even seen the Harrier!
When work on the P.1127 resumed in January 1958, the last de tails of the basic design, such as the
unusual centre-line undercarriage configuration, had still to be worked out. The reason for tills configu-
ration is because the rearmost, hot engine exhaust nozzles would melt any tyres which were in their path,
so the wheels have to be placed out of the path of any jet exhaust. Tills undercarriage layout had been
used before, on heavy bombers such as the B-52. The result of using this undercarriage arrangement is
that the nose wheel carries an unusually illgh load, meaning that the aircraft does not ' rotate' on take-off,
it just rises into the air. The fact that it does not rotate was countered by giving the aircraft a nose-high
attitude when sitting on the ground. The wing was given a pronounced anhedral to minimise the length of
the outrigger wheels at the wing tips and this also assisted stability in the hover.
The RAF were consul ted at tills stage, to determine orders for production P.1127s if the aircraft flew
successfully. The R A F stated that they were not interested in the P.1127 unless it was capable of
supersonic performance, since they had a need for a supersonic interceptor, not a ground attack airplane.
Stanley Hooper visited the United States in July 1959, and went to see the VTOL Bell X-14, at NASA
Langley. It was here that John Slack, a director of the Langley facility, offered to build and test several
models of the P.1127, using funding from the USAF. Stanley accepted gratefully, knowing that NASA
had some of the finest wind tunnel facilities in the world.
In tbe last months of1959, the first UK wind tunnel test results were compiled, from RAE Farnborough,
and they proved to be extremely disappointing. The tests concluded that the P.1127 was highly unstable in
pitch in the hover, making it uncontrollable, and deadly for any test pilot. This was due to the jet
downwash blowing down on the tail plane, causing a severe nose-up pitch. Hawker were ready to end the
project . They waited to see if the USA wind tunnel tests revealed the same problem.

4
PAGE
199
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HARRIER JUMP JET ~

At NASA, Marion ' Mac' McKinney dismissed the RAE tests, and in early 1960 proved them to be
incorrect. The P.1127 was stable in the hover, and was almost stable in the transition from hover to
forward flight. He declared that 'transitions were immediately successful', but called for a more powerful
elevator to overcome pitch instability problems during the transition. The UK MoD now took an interest
in the project, and provided funding for four aircraft, covering Uie first 4 development P.1127s.
The company finished construction of the first P.1127 (serial number XP831) in July 1960, and the aircraft
was taken to Dunsfold airfield, the Hawker flight test site. In the meantime, at Bristol Aero Engines, the
BE53 had been redesigned again, now generating 5125 kg of thrust, and given the name, 'Pegasus', after
the flying horse from Greek mythology. It was fitted to the Harrier in September 1960, and all was set for
the first flight.
In March 1960, A.W. 'Bill' Bedford, chief test pilot for Hawker Aircraft, was assigned to fly the P.1127.
He had already visited NASA to examine the American VTOL prototypes, and had already flown heli-
copters as preparation.

Flying Prototypes
On 21st October 1960, 'Bill' Bedford became the first pilot to fly the P.1127. The aircraft was positioned
over a grid to stop recirculation of exhaust gases, and was tethered by ropes to stop it from drifting
around, or turning over. In the early tests, the aircraft weighed just 4,192 kg and was Umited to three
minutes fuel. The tethered tests continued until the 19th November 1960, when the aircraft flew properly
for the first time. The aircraft continued its tests in the hover for some time, at various altitudes and
weights, but did not use the wing as a source of lift until 13th March 1961, when the nozzles were pushed
back and the P.1127 flew in the conventional mode.
The second P.1127 (XP836), first flew on the 7th July 1961, using conventional take-off and landing
(CTOL). The tests proceeded, and on 12th September XP831 made the historic transition from hover to
conventional flight, and back to hover. It should be noted that, in the early tests, the pilots sat on old tech-
nology ejector seats, different to modern zero-altitude, zero-airspeed (zero-zero) seats. If the pilot wanted
to get out of the aircraft, he had to be moving along at 90 kts minimum. This meant that the only way out
of the aircraft in the hover was to climb out of the canopy.
The short take-off tests performed in October 1961 showed that a short ground run would enable the
P.1127 to get airborne with a greater load, due to the combination of jet lift and wing lift. Tests continued
without incident, then on 14th December 1961, disaster struck!
Bill was flying XP836 near Yeoviltoo, Somerset, performing high-speed tests, when the front, left nozzle
detached from the aircraft. Bill immediately slowed down, lowered the gear, and attempted to land at the
Fleet Air Arm base nearby. The aircraft became more and more uncontrollable as speed dropped off,
and began a slow roll to the right, even though Bill had the stick full left. Bill ejected safely, with the
aircraft at 30 degrees of roll, the aircraft plummeted into the ground, and was destroyed. The lesson
teamed from this crash was to manufacture the front nozzles in stainless steel, not the fibreglass, which
the prototypes had been made from.
 SECTION

~~ . H A R R I ER JU M P JE T
The first development aircraft, XP972, flew on the 5th April 1962. This too was the subject of an engine
failure but managed to, make a successful glide landing.
In May 1962, the go-ahead was given for the 'Kestrel' project; a large injection of funds to get an opera-
tional aircraft from the P.1127 design.

The Ke:i/rel introduced an emirely neiv wing inc/11ding new style weapons pylons.

The Kestrel
When the Kestrel project began at Hawker, BilJ was still night testing the XP831, and made the first
landing aboard an aircraft carrier. HMS Ark Royal, on 8th February 1963. By this time, three other
development aircraft had been built. and fitted with the Pegasus 3, capable of generating 6122kg of thrust.
The last development P.1127 (XP984) was soon retro-fitted with the Pegasus 5. rated at 7030kg. This
aircraft became the prototype for the Kestrel.
 SECT I ON

HARRIER JUMP JET _..

For the Kestrel, Hawker made several modifications to the basic P.1 127. The tailplane was drooped, to
cure the hovering stability problems and the RCS was upgraded for a better response. The aircraft was
also given a pylon on each wing for the carriage of weapons, and a reconnaissance camera was filled in
the nose. The fi nal Ke trel aircraft also had modified intakes, with blow-in auxiliary intake doors.
The Kestrel operational evaluation was funded in 1964 by the UK, Germany and the USA and took the
aircraft through a nine month evaluation to determine how best to use a V/STOL aircraft ·in the field".
The project was very successful, and only suffered one aircraft loss, when a US Army pilot attempted to
take off with brakes applied, destroying XS696 on the first day of operations. The project determined that
the best way to operate the Kestrel was in a short take-off and vertical landing (STOVL) mode.
The P.1127 (RAF) was given the go-ahead in 1965, but was subject to modifications: the inclusion of an
auxiliary power unit (APU) to allow the aircraft to start its engines without ground support, the inclusion
of an extra pylon on each wing, and two 30mm ADEN cannons under the fuselage. The airbrake was also
rigged to deploy when the gear was lowe red, to assist in stability. The Pegasus 6 rated at 8617kg was also
fitted. The first P.11 27 (RAF) Oew on the 31st August 1966, and in early 1967, Hawker received an order
for 90 P.1127 (RAF)s. These aircraft were given the in-service name ' Harrier'.

The Harrier in Production

TheGRMk.1
On the lst April 1969, 233 O perational Conversion Unit (OCU) was formed at RAF Wittering. This unit
carried o ut (and still carries out) transition of RAF pilots to the Harrier. The fi rst aircraft which 233 OCU
received were the operational version of the P.1127(RAF), the Harrier GR Mk.I . The designation 'GR.
indicates the role of the aircraft. Ground attack and Reconnaissance. T he first operational unit, No.I
Squadron was soon formed, also at Wittering, and the RAF began operational sorties with the Harrier.
The first two-seat Harrier new on the 22nd April 1969. This was known as the Harrier T Mk.2 (T being
the RAF designation for Trainer). This aircraft was fitted with a long tail 'sting' fuU of ballast. which
served as a counterbalance lo the longer nose and extra ejector seat of the T.2. To slop the Longer nose
from making the aircraft unstable in yaw, a larger fin was also fitted. The instructor would sit in the rear
seat and have an unusually good view over the head of the student pilot in the front. A re-engined version
of the T.2, known as the T.4, came into service in 1975.
In 1972, No.3 and No.4 Squadron became operational, at RAF Wildenrath, Germany. This gave the RAF
a chance to operate the Harrier from pre-prepared 'hides' in the German countryside. These types of
base are known to the RAF as ' forward operating locations' (FOLs). Working from a FOL, it was found
to take 20 minutes to re-fuel and re-arm a Harrier between sorties, and a single Harrier was able to
generate up to six sorties a day. It was also found that old FOLs could be re-activated in just three hours.
In 1977, the Harriers of No.3 and 4 Squadron moved to a position even nearer East Germany, RAF
Gutersloh,just 65 miles (about six minutes flying time) from the ' Iron Curtain '.
 SECTIO N

~ HARRIER JUMP JET

TheGRMk.3
In 1975, the RAF introduced a new variant of the The designation
Harrier, the GR.3. This aircraft was based on the GR indicates
GR.1, but with several major differences. The the role of the
main visible difference was tbe addition of a laser
rangefinder and marked target seeker (LRMTS) aircraft:
in tbe nose. This aUowed the GR.3 to measure Ground
the distance from a target to the aircraft via a
laser beam which is being fired at the target by Attack and
ground troops, or other aircraft. The Harrier can Reconnaissance.
then bomb the target with extreme accuracy, at
high speed. The other external difference was the
fitting of a radar warning receiver (RWR) on the
fin. This tells the pilot if he is being scanned by
enemy radar. Tbe GR.3 was also given a new
engine, the Pegasus 11, rated at 9750 kg thrust.
The existing GR.ls in service were soon re-fitted
with GR.3 systems, making the GR.3 the only
operational RAF variant of the H arrier until the
GR.5 arrived on the scene.
TheFRS.1
l n August 1978, the Sea H arrier FRS.l flew for
the first time. The FRS stands for ' Fighter,
Reconnaissance and Strike' (S for 'strike', as
opposed to G for 'ground attack', implies the use of nuclear weapons). Tbis aircraft was based on tbe
GR.1, but optimised for operation from aircraft carriers. The Sea Harrier entered service with the Royal
Navy Fleet Air Arm (FAA) in June 1979, and by April 1982 four FAA squadrons were flying the Sea
Harrier.
The Falklands war of 1982 proved the Harrier to be a success, a force of 28 Sea Harriers accounted for 20
confirmed and 3 probable Argentine aircraft kiUs for no loss in air-to-air combat. It sbould also be
remembered that these aircraft spent a lot of their time flying in conditions which would have stopped
conventional aircraft from operating.
 SECT I ON

HARRIER JUMP JET ~

The GR Mk.5

Afte r seve ral years of debate and po litical wrangling on whe the r to design and build a new versio n o f the
Harrie r in the UK, the decision was made to buy modified A V-8Bs (see The USMC Harrier be low).
These a ircra ft we re built iJ1 50/50 propo rtions by the US and UK, and came into service with 233 O CU in
1987 as the Harrie r GR.5.
In 1987. the nig ht attack H arrie r II fl ew for the first time. Equipped with a forward-looking infra-red
(FUR) sensor, a wide angle H UD to d isplay the FUR info rmation. a digita l moving map in the cockpit
and new cockpit displays. the night attack Ha rrie r II can strike a ta rget a t any time. in any weather. When
fl ying a t nig ht, the pilo t wears nig ht vision goggles (NYGs) which display the night la ndscape by
e nha ncing available light. The NYGs a rc set to cut off whe n the pilo t looks straight ahead, thro ugh the
HU D . The FU R displays the night landscape in shades of g reen a nd is then used to attack the ta rget.

The GR Mk.7
In 1988. the R AF a nno unced tha t it was buying the night a ttack H arrie r, as the Ha rrie r G R.7. This
brought the to ta l number of H arrie r GR.Sn in RAF service to 94. The GR.7 made its fi rst flight o n the
20th Novembe r 1989. In additio n to the night attack modifications, the GR.7 a lso features two undem ose
a nte nna for the 'Ze us· self defence syste m .
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P1127
The Harrier Family

T Mk.2/4/60 AV-8AJS

TAV8A/S FRS Mk.1 FRS Mk.51

FRS Mk.2 AV-88 EAV-88

GR Mk.5 TAV-88

GR Mk.7 AV-88+ T Mk.10

The Night Attack Harrier II

Today, as the night attack Harrier comes into service in the UK and USA, this little V/STOL aircraft will
be one of the most capable attack planes in the world, able to operate from austere forwa rd operating
locations and attack with precision in any weather, day or night.
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,.

THE us MARINE
C 0 RPS HARRIERS

The United States Marine Corps (USMC) first

became interested in the Harrier in September The US Marine
1968, when two USMC pilots were allowed to
eval uate th e Harrier at the Farnborough a ir Corps needed
show. an aircraft that
Until the advent of the Harrier, the USMC had a could operate
problem with aircraft procurement, because all
of its fundin g came from the US Navy. The
close to the
Department of Defense insisted that the Marines front line
buy Navy aircraft, to aUow them to operate from without having
aircraft carriers. The problem was that the
USMC had a desperate need for a close air to be carrier -
support (CAS) aircraft; to support its troops on based
the front Line. They chose the
Carrier-based aircraft spend too long getting to Harrier.
the front line, so an aircraft was needed that
could operate from forward airstrips. The only
USMC aircraft up to this job was the A-4
Skyhawk. Once the A-4 had disembarked from
its carrier, however, it needed a 4000ft runway
constructed o ut of a luminium planking to
operate from.
The H arrier appealed to the USMC because it
can take-off, with a useful weapons load, from a
runway of just lOOOft in length. So the USA bought a foreign aircraft to go into its front line forces, this
was, and still is, virtually unheard of. The USMC was so desperate to get the aircraft into service that it
was willing to give up 17 F-4J Phan tom Us in order to get J 2 Harriers.

The AV-SA
The first USMC Harrier flew on the 20th November 1970, and was given the US service designation ·AV-
8A' (A stands for attack, V stands for vertical take-off, 8 stands for the eighth such aircraft to be built and
A stands for the sub-type).
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The A V-8A was basically the RAF Harrier GR.1, but with some minor differences. Internal modifi-
cations consisted of the installation of American avionics, systems and ejector seat. and provision was
made for the carriage of AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles. The only major external difference between A V-8A
and GR.I was the large VHF 'blade' antenna. mounted on the top of the fuselage.
The USMC eventually took delivery of 102 single-seat AV-8A H arriers, and eight two-seat TAV-8A
Harrier Trainers. The production run of 110 aircraft was not large enough to et up a production line in
the US, so all o f the first 110 A V-8s were built at Kingston and nown to America in transport aircraft.

The Development of Harrier Combat Tactics

The USMC soon recognised the potential for air-to-air combat that vectored thrust had Lo offer, and Lt.
Col. ' Harry' Blot performed some pioneering work on the technique of vectoring in forward flight
(VIFF), known to Ha rrier pilots as 'viffing'.
The first Lime Biol viffed was al 500 kts, in level flight. He had not tightened his sho ulder straps because
he did not anticipate a ny major effects and simply pulled the jet nozzles lever to the rear stop, and (as he
describes it),
" ... the airplane started decelerating at an alarming rate, the magnitude of which I could not determine
because my nose was pressed up against the gunsight. I was now straddling the stick, with my right hand
exte nded backwards between my legs. trying to bold on for dear life."
The USMC officially accepted viffing as an effective means to dislodge a hostile fighter from the tail of a
Harrie r. The manoeuvre is carried out as follows:- the nozzles arc pulled forwards which results in a large
deceleration; the attacker is forced to overshoot. The H a rrier pilot then pushes the nozzles to face
backwards. and instantly has 100% of his thrust pointing straight back, accompanied by a rapid accel-
eration. The Harrier pilot is then in a ideal position to bring his missiles or large-calibre g uns to bear on
the attacker. This manoeuvre has surprised many an F-15 pilot, in their attempts to down USMC Harriers
in simulated air-to-air combat.
The reason that viffing is o effective is because the engine does not have to lower it RPM over any part
of the manoeuvre, whereas a conventional a ircraft would have to throttle back to make an opponent
overshoot. The effective ness of viffing on turn radius is minimal, however, since it only adds around OSg',
this means that a Harrier cannot use viffing to out-tum a dedicated dogfighter like an F-16.

The AV-88 Harrier II

On 5th November 1981, a comple te redesign of the H a rrier, the A V-8B H arrier 11, new for the first time.
Since the early 70s, McDonnell D o uglas had been working on a redesigned I larrier, using new materials
technology. The result of all this research was a new wing for the Harrie r, made o ut of carbon-fibre
composite. The new wing a lso featured e nlarged flaps, a n extra stores pylon (making a total of three per
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wing) and re-positioned outrigger wheels, to help when operating from narrow airstrips. The new wing
was flown on an A Y-8A in November 1978.
The end result of all the modifications is an airplane which can take off 3039kg heavier than an A V-8A,
carry the weapon load further, and deliver it with twice as much accuracy. In simulated air-to-air combat
with US fighter aircraft such as F-4 Phantoms, F-14 Tomcats and F-15 Eagles, the A Y-8B has achieved an
overall success rate of 2: 1.

An A V-88 of VMA-331 'Bumblebees'jTies over the desert carrying 500 lb 'Snakeye' retarded bombs.

The Squadrons
On 15 April 1971 the first US Marine Corps Harrier squadron was established within Marine Air Group
32 (MAG-32) at Beaufort, South Carolina flying the A Y-8A (the Harrier's US designation). In 1992
there were eight USMC front-line and training squadrons operating the AY-8B and A Y-8B Night Attack
version of the Harrier II:
VMA-513 "Flying Nightmares'', VMA-542 "Flying Tigers", VMA-231 "Aces", YMAT-203 "Hawks",
VMA-331 "Bumblebees", VMAT-223 "Tomcats", VMA-311 "Bulldogs", YMA-214 "Black Sheep" and
VMA-221 "Wake Island Avengers".
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Trainee USMC AV-88 pilots receive 60 hours training with VMAT-203 over a pe riod of 22 weeks for
them to achieve a combat-capable rating before they are transferred to an operational squadron to work
up lo combat-ready sta tus.
USMC AV-8Bs differ from their RAF Harrier GR7 counterparts in a number of ways, the most obvious
of which include the fitting of the more powerful Rolls-Royce Pegasus F402-RR-408 (1 1-61), a slightly
different avionics and a range of weapons opt.ions that exceed those of the RAF"s GR7.

USMC Harrier Operation

From the outset, the USMC intended to operate the A V-88 from ships as well as from airfields and
dispe rsed sites to support the Marines on the ground. However, as yet no US Navy ships have been
pe rmanently assigned to operate or transport USMC A V-8B squadrons.
The USMC uses three different types of bases, the largest of which is eithe r an aircraft carrier or an
airfield with full facilities. Next is what is known as a " facility": an airstrip 600-800ft long and closer to the
battlefront from where A V-8Bs can make short take-offs and landings. T he faci lity has rudimentary
provision for maintenance, basic navigational aids, fuel and ordnance. It is the equivalent to the RAF's
forward operating base which is known as a flying site. Closest to the battlefront is the forward site where
the A V-8Bs operate off rough ground, a strip of road or a 72ft x 72fl aluminium metal pad. An AV-88
flies fully armed and fuelled from a facility to the forward site where it waits on the ground in a "cab-
rank" arrangement until called in to attack by the forward air controller.
This practice differs somewhat from the RAF's method of operating Harriers in the field from dispersed
Clying sites, the equivalent to USMC "facilities". USMC A Y-88s are generally expected to fly in close-
support of a Marine amphibious landing, expanding a beach-head, whereas the RAF Harriers are tasked
with supporting a defensive landbattle in an area where a rapid advance by enemy forces could overrun
flying sites, hence their situation further from the battlefront than USMC forward sites.

Combat Operations
LEBANON
VMA-231 "Aces" and its AV-8As were despatched aboard USS Tarawa in April 1983 for seven months
off the coast of Lebanon to support the UN peace keeping force.
OPERATION "DESERT STO RM"
With the mounting of Operation "Desert Storm" , A Y-8Bs of the US 1st Marine Expeditionary Force
played their part in close air-support against Iraqi artillery and armour. The use of the Hughes AN/ASB-
19 ARBS in the A V-88 's nose tip enabled an accurate delivery of weapons, mainly in the form of Cluster
Bomb Units (CBUs), in dive attacks. Napalm and fuel -air explosive we re also dropped. Most sorties
were flown at high level because of Iraqi heavy Anti-Aircraft Artillery (AAA) lower down and the lack
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of high altitude Surface-to-Air Missiles (SAMs).
A V-8Bs developed a system of dropping chaff in USMC
the dive and flares on the recovery after the
attack.
Harriers fly in
VMA-311 "Bulldogs'', VMA-331 " Bumblebees"
close support
and VMA-542 "Flying Tigers" operated their of marine
AV-8Bs from the metalled runways of AJ-Jubayl amphibious
Air Base in Saudi Arabia, despite their suitability
for operations from forward strips close to the
landings, and
battlefront. USMC Rockwell OV-lOA Bronco assist in
spotter aircraft kept the battlefield under expanding
constant observation, calling in air strikes by
Mar ine AV-8Bs to destroy Iraqi artillery beach heads.
batteries along the Kuwaiti border and later to
help halt the Iraqi push at Khafji in late January.
Ten AV-8Bs of VMA-223 "Tomcats" remained
embarked aboard USS Saipan in case
amphibious operations were launched against
the Kuwaiti coast.
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_T_H
__E__F_A
__L_K __N__o_s
__L_A ___ __________ ~
'N__A_R
On 19 March 1982 a small Argentinean force
landed on the island of South Georgia, a British
dependency in the south Atlantic, ostensibly to
Argentine
dismantle a derelict whaling station. On 2 April pilots were
Argentinean military Task Groups landed on the reluctant to
long-disputed Falkland Islands, overpowered the
small Royal Marine garrison after a short fight 'mix-it' in
and declared the Falkland Islands to be a part of close combat
Argentina.
with Harriers.
The invasion had been anticipated for some time
by British intelligence and on 31 March a
They knew
decision had already been taken to assemble a that Viffing
task force capable of retaking the Falklands if made them too
necessary, and Operation "Corporate" was set in
motion. A complex military T ask Force unpredictable.
involving thousands of troops, a fleet of ships
drawn from the Royal Navy and the Merchant
Marine supported by aircraft from all three
services sailed on 5 April to a destination 8,000
miles across the world where, after a hard fight
and the loss of irreplaceable men, valuable ships
and aircraft, the Falkland Islands were finally
retaken on 14 June and the Argentine
commanders compelled to sign the surrender.
The principal air components of the British Task
Force were the Royal Navy aircraft carriers HMS Hermes, HMS Invincible and HMS Illustrious with
Sea Harrier FRSls of 800, 801 and 809 Naval Air Squadrons (NAS) embarked. RAF Harrier GR3s from
No 1 Squadron, Wittering, were earmarked to join the Task Force in the South Atlantic to reinforce the
RN's Sea Harrier FRSls in the air defence role. Fitted with long range ferry tanks and refuelling probes
the RAF's GR3s flew south on 4 May from St Mawgan to Ascension Island on a 4,600-mile 9.25 hour
almost non-stop record-breaking llight, accompanied by Handley Page Victor tankers. Here they were
flown aboard the container ship MYAtlantic Conveyor with Sea Harriers of 809 NAS and Boeing -
Vertol Chinook helicopters for the final journey south. The FRSls and GR3s were finally cross-decked
to HMS Hermes on 18 May, their home for the duration of Operation "Corporate". With the cessation
of hostilities No 1 Squadron's GR3s were land-based at Port Stanley airport from 4 July until
10 November. A
PAGE
113
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Royal Navy Sea Harrier FRS Is
During Operation ·'Corporate'', the carrier-based Sea H arrier FRSls had a fo ur-fold role: mo unting
Combat Air Patrols (CAP) to defend the Task Force fleet; anti-shipping strikes; tacticaJ reconnaissance; and
a new role of ground-attack. As the o nly member of the Harrier family with a primary air-combat role, the
FRSl was fitted with single Sidewinder launch rails beneath each wing, although a twin-rail launcher was
hastily developed during the confljcL
FRSJs were armed with a combination of AIM-9L Sidewinder AAMs; rwin 30mm ADEN cannon pods:
Hunting BL755 CBUs; FAA 2in rocket pods (for possible anti-armour and shipping attacks}; Pave Way
laser guided bombs (LGBs); l,OOOlb
(454kg) iro n bombs: Tracor A LE-40
chaff/flare dispensers mo unted in the
rear fuselage to improve self defence;
two 190 ga llon drop tanks were
carri e d 10 e xtend combat range.
Twe nty-eig ht Sea Harriers were
deployed to the Falklands and fl ew
mo r e than l , 100 CA Ps and 90
offensive support o pe ratio ns for the
loss of six aircraft, but none in combat.

Royal Air Force

Harrier GRls
Initia ll y, t aske d to fl y in an air-
defence ro le, th e RAF's H a rrie r
G R3s were hastily converted to carry
AIM-9G Sidewinde rs in support of
the R N's Sea Harrie r FRSls, but
once the latte r had firmly established
air superio rity over the Fuerza Aerea
Argentina (Argentinean Air Force)
the 10 GR3s of No 1 Squadro n were
free to ope rate e xclusive ly in theiI
normal g round-attack o r low level
r eco nn a issa nce rol e from HMS
Hermes and, late r in th e co nflict,
from the Fo rward Operating Base at
San Carlos.
Combat ready Harrier G R.3s and Sea Harrier FRS!s preparing to a11ack
Arge111ine targets in the Falklands •
PAGE
214
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Weapon fits included Hunting BL755 CBUs to attack enemy fuel dumps, parked aircraft and vehicles;
Pave Way laser-guided bombs launched against Argentinean artillery and command positions; 1,000 lb
retard bombs for cratering grass airstrips and the concrete runway at Port Stanley; FAA 2in rocket pods.
T racor ALE-40 chaff/flare dispensers were hurriedly fitted to improve their self defence. Aircraft were
also equipped with a pair of 100 gallon drop tanks to extend their combat range. The squadron lost four
GR3s during the battle to regain the Falklands, but none in combat.

....

A GR3 fires a salvo of rockets.

Combat Tactics
Both Navy and RAF pilots believe that their realistic training programmes in peacetime enabled them to
gain, and then maintain, air superiority over the Falkland Islands in 1982, despite being heavily
outnumbered. It also transpired afterwards that Argentinean pilots were reluctant to "mix it" in close
combat with Harriers and Sea Harriers, at any altitude, because they knew that VIFFing could cause the
enemy aircraft to behave in an unpredictable manner.
Due to problems with the Sea Harrier's INS, the F RSls accompanied the RAF GR3 missions from
Hermes until landfall was made to share the benefit of the latter's accurate over-sea navigation
equipment.
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Combat Air Patrols (CAP)
CAPs were flown both by Sea Harrier FRSls and Harrier GR3s from onboard the British carriers
Hermes, Illustrious and Invincible. Armed with AIM-9G and L Sidewinder AAMs the CAPs were flown
from low to medium level and at heights of up to about 38,000ft. However, the exact patrol heights were
dependent upon the prevailing weather conditions, visibility, the need to conserve valuable fuel reserves.
as well as the operating height of Argentinean aircraft.

Ground-Attack
Missions
Because of the nature of warfare,
it is on ly a foo l who adheres
ri g idly to textbook mission
profiles when circumstances are
crying out for him to be inno-
vative and modify his tactics to
suit the changed situation. This
was very much the case during
the Falklands conflict since many
of the textbook attack profiles
had been written with north-west
Europe in mind , where
encounters with enemy fighters.
high tension cables, expanses of
woodland and b uilt up a reas
would be far greater.
The following is a typical ground-
attack mission profile as flown by
Sea H a rri e r aircraft during
Operation "Corporate". It could
also quite easily have been flown
by a mix ed Sea H a rri e r and
Harrier force.
Twelve Sea Harrie rs from
Hermes were detailed to attack
the airfields a l Port Stanley and
Goose Green. Sidewinder and
cannon-armed Sea Harriers from
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Invincible were to provide top cover in case any Argentinean fighters tried to interfere. Armed with
Hunting BL755 CBUs, 1,000 lb bombs fitted with instantaneous, delayed action and radar airburst fuses,
the ground attack force took off from Hermes and ran in to the targets at 50ft. The aircraft pulled up to
150ft at a speed of between 500-600 kts to drop Lheir bombs before easing back down to ground level on
recovery, dumping chaff in a series of tight manoeuvres to brake the Jock-on from radar-guided
Fledermaus ground-to-air missiles. Once out of range of the defences, the force climbed to altitude to
return to the ship where they made a vertical recovery.
Early in the conflict, attempts to use the GR3's LRMTS (Laser Ranging and Marked Target Seeking)
equipment to designate for Sea Harriers using Pave Way LGBs was w1successful. Later attacks by GR3s
with LGBs using ground-based laser designators gave belter results.
For attacks on Port Stanley's runway, a mixed weapon load of CB Us, 1,000lb bombs and FAA 2in rocket
pods were also used, but due to the very low release height the accuracy of the bombs was poor.
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_H_A
__R_R
__l_E_R
___P_l_L_o__T___
T_R
__A_l_N G____ ~
__l_N__
Harrier flying is obviously very different from that of other more
conventional aircraft and for this reason pilot training is markedly
different and has to be more intensive.
The RAF trains its Harrier pilots to fly at No 233 Operational
Conversion Unit (OCU) at Wittering in the East Midlands where
a mixture of Harrier GR3, GRS and T4 aircraft are used in this
task. Training is not cheap: it costs the RAF somewhere in the
region of £2-3 million at 1992 prices to train a Harrier piJot, repre-
senting a huge investment in specialized aircrew.
Pilots begin their training with a three day survival course then
aeromedkal tests where they are all given tailor-made ske letal
harnesses. Initially, to acclimatise the pupil pilot to the pecu-
liarities of VSTOL flying, a six hour course on the Aerospatiale
Gazelle AHl helicopter introduces him to hovering and transition
to forward flight. Understandably , fixed-wing Oiers can find it
difficult to overcome their natural aversion to stopping an aircraft RAF Harrier pilot training costs £2-3
in mid-air and operating at heights between 50 tolOO feet. million per candidate.

A sho rt course on the Harrier T4 two-seat trainer and then the single-seat GR3 gives an introduction to
the VSTOL capabilities of the Harrier in 16 sorties totalling some seven to eight hours, before moving on
to the GRsn.
Next, there follows a two-week ground school course using interactive computer-based systems with
touch-screens to teach all of the Harrier's systems and emergency procedures. The pupil then "flies" the
GR5/7 flight simulator to put theory into practice. H ere he learns more about the type's general handling
characteristics, instrument flying and emergency procedures.

Conversion Training: Basic Squadron

Eighteen sorties of conversion training are then flown to learn the specialized take-off and landing tech-
niques peculiar to the Harrier: there are five different ways to take-off and another five different ways to
land which need mastering, in addition to learning about the differe nt surfaces a Harrier can operate from
which include tarmac, grass strips and aluminium tracking.
To appreciate just how difficult it is to master the Harrier's take-off and landing characteristics, compare
this element of training with the mere three to four sorties flown by pilots of conventional jet aircraft like
the Tornado.
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The next step in the training process is in basic navigational techniques, close and tactical formation
flying, and basic air-combat training (including VIFFing) on a one-versus-one basis. This includes tuition
in the use of air-to-air missiles and the ir handling characteristics. Once the basic conversion onto type
training is complete, the pupil pilot fully-schooled in navigational techniques and combat training,
transfers fro m the Basic or "A" Squadron to the Advanced or " B" Squadron of the OCU.

A makesifl hide. The Harrier sirs 0 11 strips of aluminium tracking.

Conversion Training: Advanced Squadron

Training on the Advanced Squadron begins with two weeks ground school on the weapons system
simulator, where the trainee can learn and practise the various weapons delivery profiles. T here then
follows live flying in a GRSn to put into practice all the various delivery profiles on ranges in the UK.
Simulated attack profiles with no weapons onboard are also flown over selected targets around the UK.
To sec just how good the pupil pilot has become, an offensive ' loose goose' aircraft is tagged onto his
Harrier lo simulate a ' bandit'. The pilot must do his utmost to lose him by manoeuvring the I tarrier.
Electro ni c Counte rmeasures (ECM ) training is und e rtake n next at the Spadeadam ra nge in
Northumberland where trainees have the opportunity to use chaff and other features of the Harrier's
ECM system against ' live' threats.
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Conversion Training: Operational Phase
Several months hard work is then put to the test when aU pupil pilots on the OCU are taken away from
the familiar environment of their home base to operate from another airfield in the UK. Detailed sortie
planning is the order of the day and flying exercises, in which the various ground and air threats which
could be encountered in an operational scenario are simulated, help to make the training as realistic as
possible for the pilots.

'Pairs Leader'
When course is complete a 'Pairs Leader' (the lead pilot of a pair of Harriers) is the standard delivered
from the OCU to an operational Harrier squadron.
Night attack, low-level flying and air-to-air refuelling techniques are taught on the squadron along with
close-air and multi-ship combat training.

A Harrier pilot performs an air-10-air refuelling manoeuver

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THE HONG KONG CAMPAIGN ~

Intelligence Files
Chinese Aircraft

'

Harbin H-5 (Hong-5) "Beagle"

D esigne r/Manufacturer: Ilyushin/Harbin Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation, China
Role: Tactical light bomber
Crew: Three
Mission weight at take-off: 21,200kg
Engines: Two Klimov VK-lA turbojets. each rated at 5.952lb st
Range: 2,400km
Ceiling: 40,350ft
Maximum speed at Oft: 432 kts
Maximum speed at 14,760ft: 487 kts
Annament: Two 23mm cannon and 3,000kg of bom bs. Some "Beagles"
may be configured for nuclear weapons delivery.
Air-to-Air Radar Q uality: poor
N otes: This Chinese-built version of the Soviet Ilyushin ll-28 which first flew in 1948 entered
production in China in 1966 as the Harbin H-5. Some 500 of the shou lder-wing twin-jet H-5
" Beagle" are believed to equip the air force of the People's Liberation Army. Variants include HJ-
5 (Hongjiao-5) two-seat operational and pilot trainer version; HZ-5 (Hongzhen-5) three-seat
tactical reconnaissance version.
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Xian H-6 (Hong-6) "Badger''

D esigne r/Manufacturer: T upolev/Xian Aircraft Company, China
Role: Medium str ategic bomber
Crew: Six
Mmion weight at take-off: 75,800kg
Engines: Two Xian Wopen-8 turbojets rated at 20,9441b st
Range: 4.300km
Ceiling: 39,370ft
Maximum cruising speed: 424 kts
Annament: (defensive) seven 23mm cannon; (offensive) up to 9,000kg of
nuclear or conventional free-fall weapons.
Notes: This unlicensed Chinese copy of the Soviet Tupolev Tu-16 "Badger,'' known as the Xian H-
6. e nte red service with the Chinese air force in 1968 and 120 are now in service. The curre nt version
is designated H -6IV o r B-60, the C hinese e quivalent of the Soviet " Badger-C/G '', with two
underwing C-ASM cruise missiles or two Chinese-copy C-601 ''Styx" air-launched anti-shipping
missiles. There is the possibility that ECM, reconnaissance and tanker variants may be developed in
the future.
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Shenyang J-5 "Fresco"

Designer/Manufacturer: Mikoyan-Gurevich/Shenyang Aircraft Company, China
Role: All-weather fighter and fighter-bomber
Crew: One
Engine: One Klimov VK-lA turbojet rated at 7,605lb st with reheat
Range: l,400km
Ceiling: 54,460ft
Maximum speed: 617kts
Armament: One 37mrn and two 23mm cannon, or three 23mm cannon;
four underwing 55mm air-to-air rocket packs; or SOOkg of
bombs under wings.
Notes: The J-5 is the Chinese license-built version of the Soviet MiG-l 7PF "Fresco-D'' single-seat
subsonic interceptor which first flew in the USSR in 1950.
Local Chinese production of the type was almost fully established by 1959 and Chinese versions of
the VK-1 engine were built at Harbin. Soviet production alone of the MiG-17 series was in the
region of 6,000 aircraft. Although hopelessly outdated and outclassed today, some 300 examples of
the J-5 are still in service with the Air Force of the People's Liberation Army, and several hundred
more with the Aviation of the People's Navy, operating in the fighter-bomber role.
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Shenyang/Tianjin J-6 Oian-6) "Fanner"

Designer/Manufacturer: Mikoyan-Gurevich/Shenyang Aircraft Company. China
Role: Day fighter. attack and tactical reconnaissance aircraft
Crew: One
Mi~ion Weight at Takeoff: 10,000kg
Engines: Two Shenyang-built Wopcn-6 or WP-6 turbojets each rated at
7.l651b st with reheat
Maximum Range: 2,200km
Ceiling: 65,190ft
Maximum Speed at 36,000ft: 831kts
Annament: Three 30mm cannon. two Harbin-built AIM-9B Sidewinder
AAMs, twin air-air rocket p acks, or four K-5M
("'Alkali"-type) AAMs
Notes: The J-6 and its variants arc the unlicensed Chinese versions of the Soviet MiG-19S/PF/R
"Farmer-CID'' fighter which first new in 1%1 and from the following year became the standard
fighter aircraft of the Air Force of the People's Liberation Army. Seven different versions are
known to have been produced and some 3,000 are believed to be still in service for air-to-air inter-
ception. battlefield interdiction. close support and tactical reconnaissance missions.
(Pie ref: Jane's World Combat Aircraft p19)
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Xian J-7 Oian-7) "Fishbed"

Desiper/Mmuladurer: Mikoyan-Gurevich/Xian Aircraft Company, China
Role: Day fighter and close-support aircraft
Crew: One
M&ioa Weight at Takeoff: 7.531kg
Engine: One Chengdu Wopen-78 turbojet rated at 13,448lb st
with reheat
Maximum Range: l,740km
Ceiling: 62,990ft
Maximum Speed at 60,oooft: l,175kts (Mach 2.05)
Annament: Two 30mm cannon, two PL-2 ("Atoll"-type) IR AAMs. two
57mm rocket pods. or two 150kg bombs
Notes: This unlicensed Chinese copy of the Soviet MiG-21F "Flshbed-C'' day fighter first Dew in
1964. Earlier versions of the J-7 suffered from short endurance and inadequate air-to-air firepower.
Major improvements in these areas plus enhanced handling characteristics were incorporated into
theJ-7 II version in the 1980s.
Typical mission profiles are CAP at 36,000ft with two AAMs and three 500-litre drop tanks; long
range interception (650km), stores as above; Hi-lo-hi interdiction (600km) out and back at 36,000ft
with three 500-litre drop tanks and two 150kg bombs; Lo-lo-lo close air-support (370km) with four
rocket pods. no drop tanks.
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Shenyang J-8 Oian-8) " Finback''

Designer/Manufacturer: Shenyang Aircraft Company, China
Role: Air superiority fighter, ground attack aircraft
Crew: One
Mission Weight at Takeom 17.BOOkg
Engines: Two Wopen-13A II turbojets each rated at 14,815lb st
with reheat
Maximum Range: 2..200km
Ceiling: 65.620ft
Maximum Level Speed: 701kts
Maximum Operating Speed: Mach22
Armament: One 23mm twin-barrel cannon. up to six PL-2B IR AAMs. PL-
4 radar-guided AAMs, PL-7 radar-homing AAMs, Type 57-2
unguided 57mm rocket pods, 90mm AS rockets, bombs .
Notes: The J-8 first flew in the late 1960s and closely resembled the Soviet Mikoyan Ye-152A
" Flipper". Some 50 examples of the J-8 I were built and an improved version incorporating uprated
engines and modem Al radar and avionics, designated J-8 II, first flew in the mid-l980s.
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Nanchang Q-5 (Qiang-5) "Fantan"

Designer/Manufacturer: Mikoyan-Gurevich/Nanchang Aircraft Manufacturing
Company, China
Role: Close air-support/ground attack
Crew: One
Mi$ion Weight at Takeoff: 12,000kg
Engines: Two Shenyang Wopen-6 turbojets each rated at 7.165lb st
with reheat
Maximum Range: 2,000k:m
Ceiling: 52,000ft
Maximum Level Speed at 36,000ft: 643kts (Mach 1.12)
Maximum Design Speed: Mach l.S
Annament: Two 23mm cannon, bombs, CBUs, unguided rocket pods,
AAMs (''AtoU"-type or Sidewinder).
Notes: Derived from the Soviet MiG-19 '·Farmer" and the unlicensed Shenyang J-6, the Q-5 first
flew in 1965. The current version is the Q-5III, some 600 of which arc in service in China, with
about 100 operating in the air defence role with the Aviation of the People's Navy. At the time of
writing two parallel upgrade programmes are nearing completion: the A-SK relates to the Q-SIII
and incorporates a Thomson-CSF nav/attack system including HUD and laser ranger, and a
SAGEM INS. The other programme, A -SM, is intended primarily for the A-5 export version of
the "Fantan".
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Intelligence Report
Argentinean Aircraft

Mirage lllEA
Weight: 8.4 tons
Main Gun: 2x 30mm DEFA 5
Crew/Pass: 1(2)/0
Mmiles: Matra R.530, AIM-9B
Engines: 13,670 lbs st
Speed: 800 kts
Weapon Load: 1.5 tons
Notes: The Mirage III series was designed in the mid-1950s as a high speed interceptor. Due to the
success achieved by Israeli pilots, the Mirage was sold to numerous Third World customers. The
delta wing allows for high straight-line speed but gives the aircraft poor manoeuvrability in combat.
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Dassault-Breguet Mirage 2000C

Designer/Manufacturer: Avions Marcel Dassault-Breguet Aviation, France
Role: Interceptor, air superiority and multi-role fighter
Crew: One
Engine: One SNECMA M53-P2 turbofan rated al 21,3851b st
with reheat
Range: 1.500km
Maximum Weight at Takeoff: 17.OOOkg (37,480lb)
Ceiling: 59,000ft
Annament: Two 30m.m cannon, two Matra Super 530 AAMs and two
MATRA 550 Magic IR AAMs (interception role)
Radar: Thomson-CSF ROM multi-mode or ROI pulse-Doppler air-to-
air radar, each with operating range of lOOkm
Notes: Similar in appearance to the earlier Mirage Ill and 5 which equipped the Fuerza Aerea
Argentina (FAA) during the F alklands war, the Mirage 2000 is in fact a high-tech fly-by-wire
successor sharing little commonality with its predecessors. Because of the aerodynamk properties of
its delta wing the Mirage 2000C is unsuited to the long-range high-speed role at low level, but more
suited to the medium/high-altitude role. engaging targets flying at higher or lower altitudes with
itsAAMs.
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I
•

Dassault-Breguet Super Etendard

Designer/manufacturer: Avions Marcel Dassault-Breguet Aviation
Role: Transonic carrier-based strike fighter
Crew: One
Engine: One SNECMA Atar 8K-50 non-afterburning turbojet
rated at ll,0251b st
Maximum Weight at Takeoff: 12,000kg
Range: 850km
Ceiling: 45,000ft
Maximum Speed at Height: approx Mach 1
Armament: Two 30mm cannon, two MATRA R550 AAMs or four
MATRA 155 68mm rocket pods; one AM39 Exocet ASM,
two AS30 ASMs
Radar: Thomson-CSF Anemone multi-mode radar
Notes: Conceived as a low-cost lightweight single engined interceptor and ground-attack aircraft,
the Etendard was further developed as the Super Etendard with improved handling, a more
powerful engine and enhanced avionics. A Super Etendard of the Armada Argentina destroyed
HMS Sheffield with an Exocet missile on 4May1982 during the FalkJands war.
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A-4P Skyhawk Bell UH- I Iroquois "Huey''

Weight: 11.0 tons Weight: 4.7 tons
Main Gun: 2x 20mm Mk.12 Main Gun: None
Crew/Pass: 1/0 Crew/Pass: 3/15
Missiles: AIM-9. AGM-Mavcrick Missiles: None
E ngines: 9300 lbs st Engines: l.400sbp
Speed: 560 kts Sec Gun: lx7.62mmMG
Weapon Load: 4.1 tons Speed: llOkts
Annour: None
The Skyhawk was used exte nsive ly by
Argentina in 1982 during the first Malvinas The Bell " Huey" is the most widely used
conflict. Using Hi-Lo-Hi flight profil es to family of he licopters in military aviation.
conserve fuel, A-4Qs were able to score The UH- 1 is a standard assault transport,
numerous hits on British warships using re lying on a single side mounted machine
unguided Mk 82 5001b bombs. gun to suppress e nemy fire in the landing
area. First used in Vietn a m . the UH-1
proved the effective ness of air mobility in
warfare.
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PUMASAJ30L
Weight: 5.9 tons Main
Gun: lx7.62mmMG
Crew/Pass: 2121
Mmiles: AM39 Exocet. AS. 15TI
Engines: 2780shp
SecGun: None
Speed: 150 kts
Annour: None
The Aerospatiale Super Puma is a
significant improvement over the older SA
330 Puma. It has increased crash worthiness
and newer fuel efficient turboshaft engines.
The M version features a stretched cabin
which can ho ld up to 25 soldiers along
with gear.
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Argentinean Tanks and APCs

u 1 11

jagdpanzer SK I 05 TAM
Weight: 17.7 tons Weight: 32.5 tons
Main Gun: SK105mm Main Gun: 105mmL7A3
Crew/Pass: 3/0 Crew/Pass: 410
Missiles: None MmUes: None
Engine: 320 hp Diesel Engine: 740 hp Diesel
Sec Gun: 2x7.62MGs SecGun: 2x7.62mmMG
Speed: 65KPH Speed: 75KPH
Armour: Light Armour: Medium
T his Austrian-made light tank is based on a The TAM (Tanque Argentino Mediano) is
low silhoue tte Saurer APC chassis and can produced in Argentin a under a West
withs tand fronta l hits from up to 20mm Germa n licens ing agr eement. It has a
ammunition. The conical turret houses a sloped turret placed well to the rear of a
laser range finder and is s imilar in Marder MICV chassis. A turret mounted
appearance to the AMX-13. There are 7.62mm MG is the vehicle's sole means of
almost 200 of these vehicles currently in a ir defense. The TAM is the main battle
service with Argentina. tank of the Argentinean armoured corps.
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AMXVCI
Weight: 16.5 tons
Main Gun: lxl2.7mmMG
Crew/Pass: 3/10
Missiles: None
Engine: 280 hp Diesel
Sec Gun: None
Speed: 65 kph
Armour: Light
The AMX-VTP bas recently been redes-
ignated AMX-VCI (Vehicul e Com b at
d'Infanterie).The VTP suffers from a lack
of amphibious capability and egress ramp.
Passengers must exit through two rear
doors. Although the VTP is still being
prod uced in Argentina, most of these
vehicles are being gradually phased out.
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T _H_ E_ N_ o_ R_D_ K_A
_ P_ P
__c_A _ _~
_ M_ P_A_ I _G_N
Intelligence Files
Russian Aircraft

MiG-23 Flogger
Weight: 17.8 tons
Main Gun: 23mm, 200 rds
MiG-21 Fishbed Crew/Pass: 1/0
Missiles: Kerry, Aphid, Apex
The Mig-21 is an adaptable design and built Engines: Two AB 27,500 lbs st
to be capable of constant upgrade. Max Speed: 729 kts
Originally in service in 1957, it is s till seen as Weapon Load: 3 tons
a major threat with its ne w e ngine and
r adar. It cannot be compared in The Hogger variable-geometry interceptor was
performance to modern aircraft but is first issued to Soviet tactical air forces in 1973.
extre m e ly dangerous at low sp eeds. Any Once there, it gradually replaced the ageing
combat above 0.9 Mach makes it very MiG-21. Although it provides the basic airframe
vulnerable. for the newer MiG-27, the Flogger is nearing
the end of its usefulness. Built in huge numbers
in the 70's. this swing-wing fighter was relatively
cheap and easy to produce. It bas high
performance capabilities carrying up to 8
AAMs at speeds over Mach 2. The radar and
missile system has a long distance detection and
engagement range than the F-16. When pitched
against modem fighters it is at its best keeping
its distance and using its missiles.

.......
'Ill"'"" ......
.. ,..,..
...
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MiG-29 Fulcrum Sukhoi SU-25 Frogfoot

Weight: 18 tons Weight 17.6 tons
Main Gun: 30mm. 150 rds Main G un: 30mm, 250 rds
Crew/P~: 1/0 Crew/P~ 110
M~iles: Kerry, A lamo. Archer ~iles: LG Bs, rockets,
Engines: two AB 18,300 lbs st Aphid. Atolls
Max Speed: 7CJ2 kts Engine: two 9,921 lbs st
Weapon Load: 4 tons Max Speed: 526 kts
Operational since 1985, the Fulcrum is Weapon Load: 4.4 tons
comparable in size to the U.S. F/A-18 Often considered the Soviet equivalent of
Hornet. The last of the great generation of the A-10, the Frogfoot entered service in
Soviet built aircraft using all the avionics 1984. Equipped with a titanium bathtub
available in the ea rly 90s. Extremely cockpit and foam filled fuel tanks. it was
manoeuvrable, its look-down. shoot-down designed with similar survivability in mind.
radar can detect and lock-on targets beyond The Su-25 is considerably faster than its US
visual range and guide the latest air-to-air counterpart.
missiles onto those targets. The Mig-29 can
also carry a huge load of ordnance for
ground attack.
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Sulchoi SU-27 Flanker

Weight: 28 tons
Main Gun: 30mm, 149 rds
Crew/Pass: 1/0
MissUes: Alamo, Aphid, MiG-27 Flogger
Archer, Amos Designer: Mikoyan-Gurevich, USSR
Engine: one AB 27,557 lbs st Role: Single-scat strike fighter
Max Speed: 726 kts Weight: 22 tons
Weapon Load: 8 tons Engine(s): One Tumansky R-29
The Soviet Flanker entered service in the turbofan; 25,353 lbs thrust
mid-19805 after a difficult developmental Range: 400 kilometres
period. It was designed to compete with US CeUing: 52,500'
F-14s and F-15s. T he Su-27 is much larger Max Speed: 925 kts
than a MiG-29 but is similarly equipped. It A rmament: One 23mm cannon,
has been configured for carrier operations 5 weapon pylons.
but is unlikely to sec much action in 2 bomb racks
that role. Radar Quality: Very poor, very
short-range pulse radar
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Sukhoi SU-24 Fencer

Designer: Sukhoi. USSR
Role: Double-scat strike fighter
and interceptor
Weight: 43.5 tons
Engine(s): Two Tumansky R-29B
Tupelov TU-95 Bear
turbofans; 50,700 lbs thrust Designer: Tupclov, USSR
Range: 300 to J,800 kilometres Role: 7-12 man reconnaissance
(varies with mission bomber
profile and load) Weight: unknown. about
Ceiling: 57.400' 145-165 tons
Max Speed: 1400 kts Engine(s): Four Kuznctsov NK-12MV
Annament: 23mm cannon, turbo props
8 weapon pylons Range: 8.250 kilometres
Radar Quality: Nil, avionics designed (7 hours endurance)
purely for air-to-ground Ceiling: 41.000'
role. Max Speed: 475 kts
Annament: Unarmed
Radar Quality: Very good long-range
pulse radar
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Kamov Ka-34 Hokum

Weight: 7.5 tons
Main Gun: 30mrn, 300 rds
Crew/Pass: 210
Ilyushin IL-76 Mainstay Missiles: SpiraJ ATOM
Rockets, SA-14 AAM
Designer: Tiyushin, USSR
Engine: two 2,200 shp
Role: 15-20 man AEW &C
Max Speed: 190 kts
Weight: About 150 tons
Weapon Load: 2.3 tons
Engine(s): Four Soloview D -30KP
turbofans; 106,000 lbs thrust By 1990, the Soviet Hokum was still in the
Range: About 6,400 kilometres testing stage. The exact role of the heli-
(7 hours endurance) copter is not yet known. Kamov (Ka) heli-
Ceiling: About 40-50,000' copters have always been produced mainly
Max Speed: 460 kts for maritime roles. It may be intended for
Annament: Possibly twin 23mm amphibious assault escort or anti-helicopter
tail cannon, combat. It has a distinctive Kamov mark of
2-4 weapon pylons contra-rotating rotors.
Radar Quality: Excellent long-range
Doppler radar
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MIL Mi-8 HIP MIL Mi-24 HIND

Weight: 11.2 tons Weight: 12 tons
Main Gun: 12.7mm Main Gun: 12.7mm
Crew/Pass: 2128 Crew/Pass: 2/8
~iles: Spiral A TGM Rockets ~iles: Spiral ATGM
Engine: two 1,700 shp Rockets, SA-7 AAM
Max Speed: 130 kts Engine: two 2,200 shp
Weapon Load: 3 tons Max Speed: 295 kts
Whe n it first appeared in 1961, the Soviet Weapon Load: 2.4 tons
Hip was a simple. quasi-military transport The Soviet Hind first appeared in 1972. It
helicopter. Afte r years of modifications, the was originally designed as a heavily-armed
Hip has evolved into one of the most wide ly assault helicopter, but has evolved into a
accepted military helicopte rs with over capable gunship. It lacks the nap-of-the-
10.000 in use. It's described as the most earth manoeuvrability of its western coun-
heavily armed assault he licopte r. terparts. Still. it carries a heavy load, and
has retained its transport capacity.
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MIL Mi-28 HAVOC

Weight: 11.4 tons
Main Gun: 30m.m, 300 rds
Crew/Pass: 210
Missiles: Spiral ATGM
Rockets, SA-14 AAM
Engine: two 2,200 shp
Max Speed: 165 kts
Weapon Load: 3 tons
Often described as the Soviet Apache, the
Havoc completed pre-production testing in
1989. A true gunship, as opposed to the
Rind 's hybrid approach, the Ha voc's
narrow silhouette and tandem seating are
much more suited to its role. Its high speed
agility has aJso been enhanced by a new
rotor structure.
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Russian Tanks, APCs

T-648 Main Battle Tank T-72MI Main Battle Tank

Weight: 42 Lons Weight: 41 tons
Main Gun: 125mm SB, 42 rds Main Gun: 125mm SB, 39 rds
Crew/Pass: 310 Crew/P~ 3/0
~iles: Songster, 2rds MiWles: None
Engine: 750 hp diesel Engine: 780 hp diesel
Sec Gun: twoMG's Sec Gun: twoMG's
Max Speed: 75 kph Max Speed: 80kph
Annour: Heavy Armour: Heavy
The original Soviet T-64's entered service in The Soviet T-72 followed shortly after the
1967, and were plagued with autoloader and T-64, entering service in 1971. The T-72
engine problems. The "B" model seems to series has had a long career, and has been
have corrected these problems since ifs still exported to many nations. Over a dozen
in production. It appears the T-64·s were sub-models have been identified to date.
the '' high-tech" option while the T-n·s This mode l feat ures enh anced turret
e mbodied the '·ba rgain-basement" armour, resulting in the nickname "Dolly
approach. Parton".
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T-80A Main Battle Tank BTR-60n0/80

Weight: 42 tons Annoured Personnel Carrier
Main Gun: 125mm SB. 42 rds Weight: 10.5 tons
Crew/Pass: 3/0 Main Gun: 14.5mm, 500 rds
Mmiles: Songster, 2 rds Crew/P~ 2/12
Engine: 980 hp turbine Mmiles: None
SecGun: twoMG"s Engine: 260 hp diesel
Max Speed: 75 kph Sec Gun: one MG
Annour: Heavy Max Speed: 80kph
T he Sovie t T -80A is thought to h ave Armour: Light
entered service in 1983. It has closer devel- The first version of this Soviet APC. the
opmental ties to the T-64 then to the T-72. BTR-60, entered service in 1960. These
It's considered to be onJy an evolutionary vehicles are rather mediocre in all respects.
design, although. the gas turbine engine is The later models did overcome a number
a radical de parture. The AT-8 Songster of flaws; and the BTR-80 {data is for this
was added to provide long range capa- vehicle) did replace the volat ile petrol
bility, as the 125mm SB's accuracy is poor. engines.
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BMP-1 Infantry Fighting Vehicle BMP-2 Infantry Fighting Vehicle

Weight: 13.9 tons Weight: 14.6 tons
Main G un: 73mm SB, 40 rds Main Gun: 30mm, 500 rds
Crew/Pass: 3/8 Crew/Pass: 3n
Missiles: Sagger, 5 rds Missiles: Spandrel, Srds
Engine: 300 hp diesel Engine: 400 hp diesel
Sec Gun: one MG Sec Gun: one MG
Max Speed: 70 kph Max Speed: 65 kph
Armour: Light Armour: Light

The Soviet BMP-1 caused quite a stir when The BMP-2 is an upgrade of the Soviet
it en te red ser vice in 1967. This revolu- BMP-1. and probably e ntered service
tionary design was the firs t to combine around 1980. It saw the poor 73mm gun
cannon, ATGM and a full infantry s quad re placed with a high-velocity 30mm auto-
under armour file capability. Its 73mm gun cannon. The commander was moved from
has poor long range accuracy, and the one- the hull to the turret. improving labour
man turret is inefficient. distribution and vision. The Sagger missile
was re placed with the longer-ranged
Spandrel.
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MT-LB Annoured Personnel BRDM-2 Reconnaissance Vehicle

Weight: 9.7 to ns Weight: 7.0 tons
Main G un: 7.62mmMG Main G un: 14.Smm, 500 rds
Crew/Pass: 2110 Crew/Pass: 213
Missiles: None Missiles: None
Engine: 240 hp diesel Engine: J40 hp petrol
Sec G un: one Sec G un: one MG
Max Speed: 62 kph Speed: 100 kph
Armour: Light Armour: Light
The Soviet MT-LB design closely followed The Soviet BRDM-2 replaced its prede-
the MT-L A rctic tractor. This accounts for cessor. the BRDM-1, in the mid-l960s. It's
its exce llent c ross-country performance. a lso used as a comma nd or an observer
Typical roles for the MT-LB include vehicle. It has become o utclassed by more
artillery prime mover. command post and mode rn vehicles. and its 14.Smm g un is
cargo carrier. Ils chassis is also the basis for outdated and inadequate.
a number of o ther vehicles.
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I 52mm SO- I 52 Self-Propelled

Heavy Artillery
Weight: 27.5 tonnes
Main Gun: 152mm gun/howitzer
Crew/Pass: 4/0
Engine: 520 hp diesel
Max. Speed: 50 kmph
Night Gunsight: White/IR Searchlight
Built on the same ch assis as the SA-4
missile carrier, this heavy artillery vehicle
started replacing towed guns in the middle
1970s. The 152mm gun has a mechanical
loader that requires minimal human
assistance. Crewmen outside the vehicle can
replenish the loader even as the gun is
firing.
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Russian AA & SAMs

SA-I 0 Grumble SAM SA-11 Gadfly SAM

Search System: Phased-array Search System: Modem
Doppler radar D oppler radar
Max Search Range: 320 kilometres Max Search Range: 200 kilometres
Guidance System: Modem Doppler Guidance System: Modem pulse radar,
radar and command backup unknown
guidance Max Firing Range: 100 kilometres
Max Firing Range: 125 kilometres Max Speed: Mach2.5
Max Speed: Mach 3 Max Altitude: 45,000'+
Mu Altitude: 70,000'+ Manoeuvrability: Good
Manoeuvrability: Fair
Medium-range, mobile, radar-homing
Long-range, fixed-site o r mobile, radar- SAM. Radar and launcher on same vehicle.
homing SAM. Radar bunker or armoured
vehicle with missile e mplacements or
armoured vehicle missile launchers.
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SA-13 Gopher SAM AA-8 "Aphid"

Short-range, vehicle mounted IR-homing Short-range air-to-air missile
SAM, radar and launcher carried on same with IR-homing.
armoured vehicle. Search range 30-60 km, Nation of
maximum range 65 km, speed Mach J.5 and Manufacture: USSR
maximum altitude 30,000 feel. Guidance: Early second
generation IR-seeker
Effective Range: 12km
Missile Speed: Mach3
Maneuverability: Excellent
Attack Technique: AU-aspect lock on, then
fire-and-forget
Nationality and
Aircraft: Soviet, most fighters
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AA-7 "Apex" (Radar) AA-10 "Alamo"

Medium-range air-to-air missile with Medium-range air-to-air missile with
semi-active radar-homing. active radar-homing.
Nation of Nation of
Manufacture: USSR Manufacture: USSR
Guidance: Semi-active Guidance: Active radar-homing
radar-homing (has its own radar
(requires radar in nose)
guidance from plane) Effective Range: 64km
Effective Range: 34km Missile Speed: Macb3+
Missile Speed: Mach 3 Maneuverability: Good
Maneuverability: Poor Attack Technique: Active radar-homing
Attack Technique: Semi-active independent of
radar-guided from launching aircraft
launching aircraft Nationality and
Nationality and Aircraft: Soviet MiG-29s and
Aircraft: Soviet and Warsaw SU-27s
Pact MiG-23s
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UK and US Aircraft

F/A-ISC Hornet
D esigned by McDonnell Douglas/ Northrop, USA, the Horne t is basically a Single-seat
fighte r/strike fighter. Weighing 18 tons and powered by two GE F404-400 turbofans giving 32,000
lbs of thrust, its range is 740 km with a service ceiling of 50,000 feet. It has a 20mm cannon and 9
weapons pylons. Maximum speed is 1050 knots.
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Panavia Tornado GRMk 4

Designer/Manufacharer: Panavia Aircraft GmbH/British Aerospace (UK), MBB
(Germany), Aeritalia ( ltaly)
Role: lnterdictor/strike/reconnaissancc
Crew: Two
Mission Weight at Takeoff: 27,215kg
Engines: Two Turbo-Union RBJ99-34R Mkl01 turbofans each rated at
16,000lb st with reheat
R ange (with heavy weapons load): 1.390km
Maximum Speed: Mach2.2
Armament: Two 27rnm cannon. wide range of underfuselage and
underwing stores and weapons including tactical nuclear,
ALARM or HARM anti-radar missiles, bombs
(including cluster. smart, retarded and fire), MW-1 munitions
dispenser, anti-airfield weapons and rocket launchers.
Radar: GEC terrain referenced navigating/terrain following radar.
Marconi EW suite, Doppler radar. RWR.
Notes: The Tornado IDS entered RAF service as the GRMkl and is the original all-weather multi-
purpose variable geometry combat aircraft and features fly-by-wire controls. In RAF service the
GRMkl achieved a high reputation for accurate attack at long range and very low level. The GRMkla
is the tactical reconnaissance version equipped with sideways-looking IR, Linescan IR surveillance,
and signal processing and video recording system. Both versions saw extensive use in the 1991 Gulf
War. The GR4 version is the mid-life update of the GRl and is expected to be superseded at the end
of the century in the low-level high-speed strike role by the single-scat Tornado 2000.
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European Fighter Aircraft (EFA)

Designer/Manufacturer: Eurofighter Jagdflugzeug GmbHJBritish Aerospace (UK),
MBB/Domier (Germany). Alenia (Italy), CASA (Spain)
Role: STOL fighter/ground attack
Crew: One
Mission Weight at Takeoff: 17,000kg Estimated (E)
Engines: Two Eurojet EJ200 turbofans rated at 20,250Jb st with reheat
Range: 550km (E)
Ceiling: 60,000ft (E)
Maximum Speed: Mach 1.8 (E)
Armament: One 27mm cannon, AIM-120 AMRAAM and short range
AIM-132 ASRAAM or Sidewinder AAMs
Air-to-Air Radar: Primary multi-mode pulse-Doppler radar capable of acquiring
eight targets simultaneously, plus velocity and single-target
search, and track-while-scan.
Notes: EPA will be configured primarily for the air defence role but with a secondary air-to-surface
attack capability and some 800 aircraft are expected to equip the air arms of Great B ritain,
Germany, Italy and Spain by the late 1990s. A full fly-by-wire flight control system and high-tech
specification make EF A a highly manoeuvrable aircraft. A large proportion of the airframe will be
made from composite materials which incorporate "stealth" characteristics.
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Boeing E-30 Sentry AEW Mk I

Designer/Manufacturer: Boeing Aerospace Company, USA
Role: Airborne Early Warning a nd Command Post
Crew: 15-17
Mission Weight at Takeoff: 147,417kg
Engines: Fo ur CFM56-2A-3 tur bofans rated at 22,000lb st each
unreheated
R ange: 1,610km (6hrs)
Maximum U nrefueUed Endurance: llhrs
Ceiling: Over 29,000ft
Maximum Speed: 460kts
Armame nt: None. Weapons pylons may be added for defence
Radar: Surveillance radar, communications, air traffic control, and
e lectro nic defences
Notes: Surveillance radar a nd antennae in a saucer-shaped rotodome mounted above the fuselage
rotates at six rpm to detect, track and identify aircraft and missiles flying at any altitude, in all
weathers over any terrain. RAF aircraft have the Joint Tactical Information Distribution System
(JTIDS) facility. The Sentry AEWl also has a maritime surveilla nce capability, can direct friendly
aircraft during air defence and strike m issions, and can locate enemy ECM. The RAF operates
seven aircraft in th is role in the UK with No 8 Squadron from its base at Waddington in
Lincolnshire.
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Lockheed C-1 lOK Hercules CMk I

Designer/Manufacturer: Lockheed Corporation, USA
Role: TacticaVstrategic military transport/tanker
Crew: 5
Mission Weight at Takeoff: 155,000lb
Engines: Four Allison T56A-15 turboprops giving 4,508eshp
Range With 3,000lb Payload: 2,950nm
Ceiling: 20,000ft
Cruising Speed: 315kts
Typical Maximum Loads: 90 passengers/64 paratroops/78 stre tchers/five
pallets/ Puma helicopter
Armament: None. Equipped with decoy flares
Notes: The RAF operates 61 Hercules CMkl and CMk3 aircraft from Lyneham in Wiltshire. The
CMk3, of which there are 30, is a stretched version of the basic design, lSft longer than the CMkl.
Nos 24 and 30 Squadrons are involved in the air-to-air tanking role, whilst Nos 47 and 70 Squadrons
are tasked with tactical support - the dropping of paratroops and supplies. The RAF's Hercules
fleet played key roles in both the Falklands war in 1982 and the Gulf War of 1991, ferrying
personnel, equipment and supplies.
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EHi Merlin HAS Mk I

Designer/Manufacturer: EHl Industries Ltd, UK/Westland (UK), Agusta (Italy)
Role: Multi-role helicopter
Crew: 2-4
Mission Weight at Takeoff': 13,530kg
Engines: Rolls-Royce Turbomeca RTM 322 turboshafts each with a
continuous rating of 1,437shp
Range: 720 miles
Cruising Speed: 160kts
Annament: Four Stingray homing torpedoes. A-S missiles
Radar: Various depending on role. e.g.: in ASW role - Ferranti
Blue Kestrel 360-degree search radar
Notes: The Merlin HAS Mk 1 is the Royal Navy version of the EHl 01 helicopter and is capable of
single-pilot operation. plus observer and acoustic systems operator. It is an extremely versatile
helicopter and its primary roles are ASW. ASV, anti-ship surveillance/tracking, amphibious oper-
ations, SAR, AEW, vertrep and ECM.

AAGE
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Westland Lynx AH Mk9 CH-SlE Super Stallion

Designer/ A conventional, long-range helicopter with
Manufacturer: Westland Helicopters, UK twin turbo-shaft engines and all-metal
Role: Multi-purpose helicopter main and tail rotors. In normal operations
Crew: 2 it can transport 38 combat equipped troops
MissionWeight or 8,391 kg of freight.
at Takeoff: 5,125kg
Engines: TwoRolls-Royce
Gem 41-2 turboshafts each
with a maximum rating
of l,120shp
Range: 630km
Ceiling: 10,600ft
Cnming
Speed: 140kts
Annament: Two 20mm cannon
n.62mrn machine gun,
rocket pods, Euromissile
HOT and AGM-114
Hellfire anti-tank ASMs
Notes: The Lynx AH Mk9 is the British
Army Air Corps equivalent of the export
Battlefield Lynx, fitted with tricycle under-
carriage, advanced technology main rotors
and exhaust diffusers, the latter to lower its
IR signature and make it less vulnerable to
heat seeking missiJes.
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US & UK Vehicles

Scorpion Ught Tank Scimitar Recon Vehicle

Excellent cross-country performance and The Scimitar provides area and suppressive
high speed make this an ideal recon vehicle. fire wh ile still maintaining penetrative
Weight 8.J tons with a crew of three and a powe r to engage opposing light vehicles.
max speed of 81 kmph the Scorpion has 76 Weight 7.8 tons with a crew of three and a
mm main gun and carries 40 rounds but is max speed of 81 kmph, it has a 30mm main
only lightly armoured. gun and carries 165 rounds but is only
lightly armoured.
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MI09SPG
Weight 24.9 tons with a crew of six and a
max speed of 56 kmph the M109 h as
an155mm main gun and carries 36 rounds
but is only lightly armoured.
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Allied Ships

"Ticonderoga" Class Guided Missile Cruisers (USA)

D isplacement: 9,590 tons
Length: 567ft
Propulsion: Four General Electric GE LM2500 gas turbines giving
88,000hp through two shafts
Speed: More than 30kts
Range: 6,000 miles @ 20kts
Complement: 358
Missiles: SLCM, SSM, SAM
Guns: Two Sin, two 20mm, four 12.7mm
Torpedoes: Six Mk32. 36 Mk46
Helicopters: Two SH-2F LAMPS I
Notes: There are 27 ships in the US Navy's '·Ticonderoga" class, the first of which was launched in
1981. USS Yorktown and Vincennes of the class saw action in the strike against Libya in 1986, the
latter also in various pre-war Gulf incidents a few years later. Ships of the class arc fitted with ESM
and ECM equipment.
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"Sheffield" Class (Type 42) Destroyer (UK)

Data for Batch 3 (Stretched) Type 42
Displacement: 4,775 tons
Length: 132m
Propulsion: Two Rolls-Royce Olympus gas turbines giving 43,000hp
Speed: More than 30kts
Range: 4,000 miles @ 18kts
Complement: 301
Missiles: Sea Dart SAMs (22)
Guns: One 4.Sin, four 20mm, two 20mm Mk7a, two 30mm Mk15
Torpedoes: Six Mk3 (two triple tubes)
Helicopter: One Lynx HAS Mk3
Notes: The four stretched (Batch 3) versions of the earlier ships in this Royal Navy class are
designed to provide area defence of a naval task force. All twelve vessels in this class are equipped
with ECM, ESM, Air Search, Surface Search radar and Sonar.
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G LO s SARY ~
A -A Air-to-Air ' Blackout Losing consciousness due to
pulling too many positive g's.
AAM Air-to-Air Missiles
Bounced To be surprised in an air
ABCCC Airborne Battlefield combat attack.
Command, Control and
Communications BVR Beyond Visual Range

ACC Air Combat Command BUFF Big Ugly Fat P'***"'r. Pilot
terminology for large bomber.
Ao A Angle of Attack
CAP Combat Air Patrol
AFCS Automatic Flight Control System
CAS Close Air Support
AFB Air Force Base
CBU Cluster Bomb Unit
AFV Armoured Fighting Vehicle
CCIP Continuously Computed Impact
AGM A ir-to-Ground Missile Point
AIM Air Intercept Missile Chaff Cartridges of tiny foil strips
dropped to confuse radar
AIR Air Inflatable Retard
guided missiles.
API Armour Piercing Incendiary
COIN Counter Insurgency
APU Auxiliary Power Unit
CRT Cathode Ray Tube
ARBS Angle Rate Bombing Set
DECS Digital Engine Control System
ASI A irspeed Indicator Monitors the performance of the
powerplant at all times.
ATF Advanced Tactical Fighter automatically adjusting the thrust
settings whilst taking into
Avionics A Harrier's electronic systems
account the aircraft's speed and
altitude within the performance
AWACS Airborne W arning And
limitations imposed by engine
Control System
rpm. jet pipe temperature and
Bank To roll left or right in the air acceleration.

BARCAP Barrier Combat Air Patrol Digital Electronic Map Unit

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DiamondX A HUD indicator in missile FRS Fighter, Reconnaissance and
mode Strike (FRS. I)

DUR Downward Looking Infra Red G The force of gravity

Doppler Radar Radar that sends out a GAU Aircraft Gun Unit
continuous beam
GBU Guided Bomb Unit
Drag Factor A measure of air resistance
caused by loading external G suit Worn by pilots to ease the
weapons stores effects of high g forces

ECCM Electronic Counter Counter GR Ground Reconnaissance (GR 7)

Measures
GP General Purpose (GP Bombs)
ECM Electronic Counter Measures
HADES Hunting Area Denial System
EFCS Electronic Flight Control System
HAS Hardened Air Shelters
EMP Electro-Magnetic Pulse HARM High-Speed Anti-Radiation
Energy Missile
Advantage Term used by combat pilots for Heading And Attitude Reference
HARS
being faster and/or higher than
System
an opponent
H eat
EWS Electronic Warfare System
Signature The heat emanating from a
(Zeus) particular aircraft that can be
FAA Fleet Air Arm (Royal Navy) detected and locked on to by
infra red missiles.
FAC Forward Air Control
HMMWV High Mobility Multi-Purpose
Fire-and- Wheeled Vehicle
Forget A self-guided missile
HOTAS Hands On Throttle And Stick
Flares Cartridges packed with (The Harrier Joystick)
magnesium that can fool heat-
HVACAP High Value Asset Combat Air
seeking missiles.
Patrol
FLIR Forward Looking Infra Red
HSD Horizontal Situation Display
FOL Forward Operating Locations
HUD Head-Up Display
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IFF A device for Identification Friend MEXE Mechanical Engineers
or Foe Experimental Establishment

llR Imaging Infra Red A 70 foot square pad made of

linked aluminium planks is used
INS Inertial Navigation System to provide a firm landing ground
and alleviate the problem of
IR Infra Red jamming
debris being ingested by the
Confusing enemy radar with
Harrier's Pegasus engine.
noise made on a radio frequency
MMD Moving Map Display
JPT Jet Pipe Temperature
MIRLS Miniature Infra Red Line Scan
Knot A nautical mile (6,076 feet)
MIA Missing in Action
LANTIRN Low-Altitude Navigation and
Targeting, Infra Red for N ight MiG Mikoyan/Gurevich a type of
Russian fighter
LAU Launcher Unit
MPD Multi-Purpose Display
LERX Leading Edge Root Extension (on
Harrier wing) MPCD Multi-Purpose Colour Display
LGB Laser-guided Bomb NITE-OP Night Imaging Through Electro
Optics Package
LIDS Lift Improvement Device
NVG Night Vision Goggles
LO Low Observables
NWDS Navigation And Weapon
LOROP Long-Range Oblique
Delivery System
Photography
OBOGS On-Board Oxygen Generating
Lock-on Radar acquire a target prior to
System
firing weapon

LPI Low Probability of Intercept

ocu Operational Conversion Unit
(Training)
Mach A measure of speed based on
OTH Over The Horizon
the speed of sound at sea level
(7S9 feet per second) Paint To highlight using search radar.

MAW Missile Approach Warning System PAVE Precision Avionics Vectoring

Equipment
MDC Miniature Detonating Cord in
canopy to break it free before PEC Personal Equipment Connector
pilot ejects.
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PFCU Powered Flight Control Unit Target
Bearing The angle made by the target
POW Prisoner of War from the front of the Harrier:
RADAR
00° is ahead, 270° is over your
Radio Detection And Ranging
left wing.
RCS Reaction Control System
TBO Time Between Overhauls
Roll Rotate the Harrier around its
Thrust RPM
longitudinal axis.
TRU Transformer Rectifier Unit
RPM Revs Per Minute (Thrust)
UFC Up Front Controls
Rudder Vertical control surface used to
turn without Bank VIFF Vectoring in Forward Flight
RWR Radar Warning Receiver VTO Vertical Take-Off
SAAHS Stability Augmentation and VVI Vertical Velocity Indicator
Attitude Hold System
WAC Weapons Aiming Computer
SAG Semi-Active Guidance
W aypoint Target locations calculated by
SAM Surface-to-Air Missile navigational computer.
SAS Stability Augmentation System Yaw Moving the aircraft around its
vertical axis
Shufti-Scope A pilots' term for the Moving
Map Display

Sortie A single mission outing

SRAM Short Range Attack Missile

StaJISpeed The minimum speed at which the

aircraft will stall.

ST O Short Take-Off

STOV/L Short Take-Off/ Vertical Landing

TACAN Tactical Air Navigation

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Notes
 '~'ll~l:x· lJ.S.J~.

virex ® flight j ackets have a proud heritage, born during the golden years o f WW2,
A when quality was #l and everyone pulled together to lead America to victory.
During the War years when quality and durability were a mailer of survival. we made
leather and sheepskin flight j ackets to keep our pilots warm and safe from the hostile skies.
WW2 leather flight j ackets had a rare combination of image and mission, like the tough
independent pilots who wore them. These fearless souls took risks, cheated death, and pushed
back the frontiers of adventure and technology. They possessed a pioneering spirit that set them
apart from the crowd, and their leather flight j ackets identified them as members o f an eli te
group of individuals.
Their j ackets were treasured and traded, stolen and envied. They kept them warm and
comfortable in the cockpit, and they looked great on the ground. They could scratch and scrape
them. roll them up under their heads for some sack time, and if they didn' t lose it in a card
game, it would last a good twenty years.
Following our nation's success, we turned our efforts to the peaceful pursuit of manufac-
turing, and today we make the finest possible garments providing the ultimate in protection,
com fort and utility. We have pledged ourselves to providing quality, durabi li ty. design and
comfort in each and every product we offer.
When you purchase a genuine A virex ® product, you can be assured that our designers and
craftsmen have made this product with your active lifestyle in mind , and men and women
around the globe continue to demand the quality only Avirex ®can provide.
A t A virex ®, we have incorporated an exceptional combination of the old and new; good
old fashioned quality and know-how. coupled with the newest, most sophisticated manufac-
turing techniques to offer uncompromising quality for today's modem world.