THECOACH

THE OFFICIAL AFL LEVEL 1 COACHING MANUAL

› PLANNING
› TACTICS
› SKILLS
› DRILLS
› FITNESS
› UMPIRING

THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO COACHING

 THECOACH
THE OFFICIAL AFL LEVEL 1 COACHING MANUAL

Chief Broadcasting and Commercial Content and Editorial Assistance:

Officer: Gillon McLachlan Ray Allsopp, Rod Austin, Neil Barras,
General Manager National Peter Hanlon, David Parkin,
and International Development: Kevin Sheehan, Lisa Sutherland
David Matthews (Nutrition), Lawrie Woodman.
Managing Director – AFL Publishing: Designer: Jarrod Witcombe
Geoff Slattery Photography: AFL Photos
Editorial Manager: Peter Di Sisto Printed by: PMP Print
CONTENTS

5 INTRODUCTION
by David Parkin
7 CHAPTER 1
The Role of the Coach
13 CHAPTER 2
Basic Skills of Football
21 CHAPTER 3
Planning
33 CHAPTER 4
The Training Session
41 CHAPTER 5
Team Play and Tactics
49 CHAPTER 6
Fitness for Football
57 CHAPTER 7
Nutrition
61 CHAPTER 8
Prevention and
Management of Injuries
71 CHAPTER 9
Umpiring
76 AFL Coaches’
Code of Conduct
78 Further Reading
79 Notes

4
INTRODUCTION

By DAVID PARKIN

T wo of the most commonly asked questions of a person

playing football at any level are, “Who is your coach?”,
and “What is he like?” If the second question elicits a
positive response there is a reasonable chance that the
player concerned is enjoying his football. In all football levels
the degree of enjoyment/satisfaction is the major determinant
of whether people continue their football careers.
The coach, more than an administrator, parent or player, can directly influence
the quality of the football environment at whatever level the game is played.
The coach can influence dramatically, not only a player’s football experience and
development, but all the other elements in his life as well.
For this reason I’m committed to coach education and believe our coaching
courses to be the most appropriate vehicle for setting, communicating and
maintaining the relevant standards.
Many might argue that the committed coach will seek out the required
knowledge anyway. He’ll talk to and watch other coaches, read texts, watch videos
and attend workshops. There is little doubt that this type of self-directed learning is
very valuable.
But what it lacks though are the unquestionable educative benefits of learning in
a group setting where participants are encouraged to question, criticise and share
experiences. The Level 1 Coaching Course provides such a forum. During the
course you will be exposed to a core of football knowledge and ultimately be better
equipped to coach.
This manual, produced by the AFL, offers further reinforcement of the principles
to be outlined during the course. The aim of the Level 1 Coaching Manual is to
improve the standard of coaching throughout Australia, and to provide coaches with
a manual to refer to long after the course has finished.
Use the book well, refer to it during the year and enjoy the challenge of coaching.

David Parkin is a Level 3 coach and an AFL Coaching Ambassador.

INFLUENTIAL: The coach affects the level of

a player’s development on and off the field.
5
THE COACH

6
CHAPTER 1
THE ROLE OF
THE COACH

T he coach of an Australian Football club holds a dynamic and vital position

within that football club. Coaches represent players, officials and supporters as
the figurehead of the club.
The coaches must be leaders. Continually analysing, studying, planning and
assessing the game as it develops, while being aware of the capabilities of their team.
Coaches must strive to bring out the best result possible for the group of players
under their direction, and develop the team as both a group and as individuals.
The game’s emphasis on running and possession football has developed to
an extent that, at every level of football, players are aware of the need to be very
fit, skilled and versatile. Players are expected to be able to adopt attacking and
defensive roles regardless of the positions they play. It is the coach’s responsibility
to ensure the development of these attributes to a level equivalent to the age and
ability of members of the team.
The increased importance of tactics to maintain possession and restrict the
opposition has placed even greater emphasis on the coach’s role in creating a
successful team.
The coach must be able to communicate well with the team and create the
correct environment for footballers to perform at their optimum level.
Off the field the coach is also responsible for developing a culture that highlights
the values and ethical behaviour that the club would be proud to project. Coaches
are significant role models in the lives of many players. Hence coaches need to be
continually aware of their standard of behaviour and their adherence to the AFL
Coaches’ Code of Conduct.

ROLE OF
THE COACH
■ Understand the important role
of the coach.
■ Examine the different styles
of coaching.
■ Recognise some basic
principles involved in coaching.
LEADING FROM THE FRONT:
The coach is crucial to the ■ Identify the personal qualities
success of a club. West Coast of successful coaches.
Eagles’ John Worsfold has ■ Establish a code of behaviour
developed into a leader who for your coaching year.
brings out the best in his players.
7
THE COACH

ROLE During the year the coach may be called upon to fill a variety of roles.
These can include:
OF THE 1. Communicator possessing the ability to provide clear instructions
COACH and feedback as well as the ability to listen to others.

2. Leader guiding decision making in terms of planning and organising

COACHES HAVE MANY training, match-day events and team morale.
DIVERSE ROLES WHICH
CAN VARY IN IMPORTANCE 3. Manager assisting others by effectively controlling the affairs of the
ACCORDING TO THE AGE club to compliment the underlying philosophy/objectives of the club.
GROUP OF THE TEAM. 4. Philosopher consistently demonstrating a set of shared values, beliefs
and principles that provide direction and a purpose for the conduct of
the coaching program.

5. Psychologist dealing with various personalities and the mental

aspects of maximising performance.
6. Public Relations representing the club by promoting goodwill.

7. Selector involved in the planning of the selection process and the

choosing of the best or most suitable team to represent the club.

8. Sports Trainer possessing a basic knowledge of conducting safe

practices, injury prevention and the rehabilitation of the injured player.

9. Student continually seeking to upgrade his knowledge of the game or

the coaching process.

10. Teaching effectively imparting information to individuals and

ensuring that football skills and team tactics are improved.

APPLICATION
1. What are your strengths and what are the areas that need improving in
each of the above?
2. Consider how you might enhance each of the above areas for your
development as a coach.

8
 CHAPTER 1 – THE ROLE OF THE COACH

COACHING Authoritarian Coach

STYLES Strong disciplinarian.

Well organised.
Good team spirit when winning.
IN A STUDY OF MORE THAN
Dissension when losing.
500 COACHES, FIVE DISTINCT
CATEGORIES OF COACHING May be feared or disliked.
STYLES WERE IDENTIFIED.
Business-like Coach
There is, however, no one perfect Intelligent, logical approach.
style that leads to success. Well planned and organised.
Most coaches possess certain Up to date with new techniques.
characteristics of each coaching Expects 100 per cent effort all the time.
type but should be aware of the May set goals too high for some team members.
advantages and disadvantages of
the various coaching styles. Nice Guy Coach
If coaches are able to identify
Well liked.
some of their shortcomings they
Players sometimes take advantage of the coach’s co-operative nature.
are in a position to improve.
Gets on well with the players of similar temperament.

Intense Coach
Emphasises winning.
High anxiety often transmitted to players.

Easy-going Coach
Very casual.
Gives impression of not taking the
game seriously. FOOTBALLERS
May not be prepared to drive the team CAN BE
at training. SUBDIVIDED
Well liked but may seem to be INTO FOUR MAIN
inadequate in some situations. CATEGORIES
ACCORDING
APPLICATION TO THEIR SIZE
1. Consider each of the coaching AND AGE.
styles and their characteristics in
the light of your personality and 1. Pre Club (AFL Auskick)
the age and ability of your team. Up to 10 years
2. Junior Player (AFL Auskick
2. Consider when you would use
Rules) 10-12 years
that style and those characteristics.
3. Youth Player 13-18 years
4. Senior Player

It is imperative that your

coaching style and philosophy
take into account the age and
ability of your team.

9
THE COACH

COACHING And plan:

PRINCIPLES 1. SET GROUND RULES

Outline to your players your expectations on all aspects of training including:
• training days
FUNDAMENTALS DO APPLY TO
• dress required for training
COACHING, IRRESPECTIVE OF • start times
THE AGE GROUP AND LEVEL • policy for late or non arrival
OF COMPETITION. A policy should also be adopted on recommended behaviour off the field.

The coaching principles that follow 2. DEVELOP CLUB SPIRIT

should form the foundation of your Encourage togetherness both on and off the ground.
coaching style. It is important to promote a family club, therefore attendance at club functions
can be beneficial in team building.
START WITH YOURSELF Attempt to mix socially with all members of the football club.
On the ground, highlight ‘team play’ efforts rather than individual efforts. A
Be organised
team-lifting effort such as a goal scored from a good passage of play should be
The good coach is well organised, is
strongly emphasised.
enthusiastic and establishes with
his attitude the correct work ethic 3. RESPECT THE INDIVIDUAL
within the team. Training sessions A coach working with a large group of footballers must understand that each player is
and match-day arrangements are unique in terms of temperament and personality and will exhibit varying behaviour.
organised well in advance. The coach Players must be treated as individuals. Ensure all players are recognised and
must be well presented, look the part treated equally.
and be in control at all times.
4. JUNIOR CLUB INVOLVEMENT
Be yourself The senior club coach must show a keen interest in junior teams and their training
program. Junior club coaches should be consulted at the beginning of the year and
Don’t be over concerned by other
at regular intervals during the season. Encourage similar coaching and training
coaches or parents. Remember it’s
methods for all teams. The coach might look for opportunities to mentor younger
your team and you have the ultimate or assistant coaches.
responsibility for their performance.
5. FUNDAMENTALS
Use assistants The basic skills of football must be continually taught and practised. A coach must
Surround yourself with competent reinforce the basic possession and disposal skills. A team plan is of no value if
people you can work with. Take players are unable to kick, mark, handball or perform other basic skills.
time to appoint your assistant
coach, team manager, runner 6. TEAM PLAN
and chairman of selectors. You The coach must formulate a team plan. This plan is comprised of:
Basics – that is, specific rules for forwards, backs, centreline and on-ball players
must be comfortable with these
Tactics – these are the plays that vary from game to game depending on the
appointments and will often rely on
weather, ground conditions, the opposition and the players at your disposal.
their advice during the year. Team Rules – that is, specific rules that all players will adhere to all over the
Ensure each has a clear job ground. e.g. protect the ball carrier.
description outlining their role and
responsibility. Communicate with 7. PLAYER RESPONSIBILITY
your assistants regularly and listen Encourage more experienced players to take on extra responsibilities at training
to their opinions and suggestions. and on match-day. Generate involvement and support for your role by seeking
their opinion on opposition teams and your game plan.

10
 CHAPTER 1 – THE ROLE OF THE COACH

JUNIOR 8. COMMUNICATION
The well prepared coach provides continual feedback to the team and individuals
COACH within the team.
CODE OF All players need feedback. The coach must avoid the tendency to talk to the
better players and ignore low achievers.
BEHAVIOUR Good communication is the essence of successful coaching. The coach must be
able to deliver a message and at the same time listen to players.

BE REASONABLE IN YOUR 9. PLAYER DISCIPLINE

DEMANDS ON PLAYERS’ TIME, Problems will occur during the course of a football year. Whether it be a late arrival
ENERGY AND ENTHUSIASM. for a vital game or disregard for club property, it is advisable to be
AVOID ‘OVER-PLAYING’ THE well prepared.
TALENTED PLAYERS. AVERAGE A set of guidelines must be established early in the season to deal with a player
PLAYERS NEED AND DESERVE breaching the rules.
It is preferable to allow player input into the rules, making them ‘the team’s rules’
EQUAL TIME.
rather than simply dictated by the coach.
If an infringement does occur listen to the player’s explanation, explain that team
Remember that children participate rules have been broken and take action immediately.
for fun and enjoyment. This procedure should be firmly implemented.
Ensure that equipment and
facilities meet safety standards and 10. KNOW AND CARE FOR THE GAME
are appropriate to the age and ability The serious coach will have a genuine love for the game of football.
of the players. The successful coach will be a student of the game striving to learn from other
Develop team respect for the ability coaches, relevant football texts and videos as well as coach education courses.
of opponents as well as the judgment Experience teaches us how to improve. If approached openly and enthusiastically,
of umpires. coaching as a profession offers great fulfilment and personal satisfaction.
Follow the advice of a qualified
11. PLANNING
sports trainer when determining
Planning is the key to successful coaching. A yearly plan is essential for coaches if
when an injured player is ready to they wish to optimise the development of their players. The coach must evaluate
recommence training or competition. the team’s current standing and plan the coaching year, and individual sessions, to
Keep yourself informed and updated achieve optimal benefit.
on sound coaching principles.
Create opportunities to teach 12. SAFETY
sportsmanship as well as the skills of It is the responsibility of the coach to provide an environment that does not expose
the game. the footballer to potential injury.
Ensure your players understand To be effective in this area the coach must be aware of appropriate warm-up
their responsibilities and the need to activities, protective equipment, the importance of fluid replacement, adequate
dietary intake, rest and recovery, as well as safe playing and training facilities.
participate according to the rules.
Demonstrate appropriate
13. GOAL SETTING
behaviour in your conduct both Goals may be set by the coach and players together for individuals and the team.
on and off the ground. These must be realistic, flexible and achievable.
Team and individual goals should be assessed regularly.

HOW DO YOU WANT TO BE REMEMBERED

AS A COACH?

11
THE COACH

12
CHAPTER 2
BASIC SKILLS

A ustralian Football is often described as one of the most skilful games in

the world.
With about 550,000 registered players across the country, the game continues to
grow and attract spectator support. Spectacular high marks, long kicking, running
and tackling are all features of the game.
How does a young player advance from the uncertain beginner stage to the
highly skilled efficient movement of the elite footballer?
The learning of basic skills enables the player to participate in the game. The
game includes many components such as decision making, fitness, team plans and
communication. However, the learning of basic skills underpins the enjoyment
factor in the game.
Like all training, the process of learning skills is a long-term process. Skilled
movements such as kicking, marking and handball only come about through
correct teaching and practice.
The coach who understands the factors that affect learning is in a position to
teach skills to all age groups.

BASIC SKILLS
OF FOOTBALL
■ Understand the process
of skill learning in football.
■ Know the basic concepts
in teaching a skill.
■ Be able to identify and
BASIC SKILLS: rectify skill problems
Western Bulldog Daniel Cross in footballers.
helps out a young player.
13
THE COACH

DEVELOPING PHASES OF SKILL LEARNING

SKILLS In general, footballers pass through three stages of skill learning:

1. Early Stage
YOUNG PLAYERS PASS THROUGH
VARIOUS STAGES FROM FIRST Where large numbers of errors occur as the player attempts to perform the skill.
LEARNING A SKILL TO MASTERING The coach needs to provide demonstrations, verbal instructions and positive
IT. THE LENGTH OF TIME THIS corrective feedback to encourage the player.
TAKES WILL DEPEND ON THE
INDIVIDUAL PLAYER AND THE 2. Intermediate Stage
QUALITY OF COACHING. Where the footballer has achieved a basic level of competence and can start to
perform the skill at a faster rate and practise it in an appropriately structured
Factors to be considered include: competitive situation. The coach is required to have the player practise with
■ The ability of the coach to
opposition and in game like situations.
teach or demonstrate the skill.
■ The skills must flow from
3. Advanced Stage
simple to complex.
■ Some players will learn When the skill becomes automatic the player is able to perform the skill under
at a faster rate. pressure without consciously thinking about it. The coach extends the players by
working on advanced skills and team plays and players are encouraged to evaluate
their own performances.

UNDER PRESSURE:
Advanced players, like
Geelong’s Josh Hunt, can
dispose the ball without
thinking about it.

14
 CHAPTER 2 – BASICS SKILLS

INDIVIDUAL THE SKILLS OF AUSTRALIAN FOOTBALL

Individual skills in Australian Football can be classified under three
SKILLS general headings:

SKILL CAN BE CATEGORISED DISPOSAL POSSESSION CHECKING

AS AN INDIVIDUAL SKILL OR SKILLS SKILLS SKILLS
TEAM SKILL.
Kicking Marking Tackling
Once the player has learnt the Handball Bouncing Bumping
basic individual skills they should Picking Up Shepherding
be further developed into game-like Evasion Smothering
■ Baulk Spoiling
situations at training. The player
■ Side step
is then required to make decisions
■ Spin
about what to do with the ball, when
to do it and how to execute the skill
under pressure. However, it is vital
that the basic skills of the game
are taught correctly. The effective
coach must break the skill down into
simple manageable segments before
progressing to more advanced skills.

DISPOSALS:
Skills need to be broken
down into simple
manageable segments
before progressing to
advanced skills, as
demonstrated by Sydney
Swan Nick Davis.
15
THE COACH

TEACHING 1. How to introduce a skill

FOOTBALL Players must understand the need to learn and practice skills. As a coach it is
essential to highlight the importance of why a skill needs to be practiced. Using
SKILLS video from match day, or after consultation with the player, the coach can establish
with a player the reasons why certain skills need to be practised.
TRAINING SHOULD BE BASED
ON THE NOTION THAT PERFECT 2. Know the key points to emphasise
PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT. To create an effective learning situation the coach must take into account the
following points:
The coach is responsible for
a) Minimise the number of teaching points. Don’t confuse the player with a long
conducting practices that
list of instructions – keep it simple.
achieve the objectives for the
practice session. Likewise, when teaching an advanced skill eg. kicking for goal on the run, break
the skill down into simple manageable stages.
In preparing a skill teaching episode b) Ensure the skill is being performed correctly as practise makes permanent.
within the training session, and During a training session a coach should spend time observing and analysing
effective coach should: various aspects of the session. Not only should the coach observe the general
■ Know how to introduce a skill, performance of the team, he must also analyse the specific performance of
■ Know the key points to emphasise,
individual players within the group. The coach must also possess a good
■ Recognise skill errors, and
understanding of the skills of the game.
■ Know how to rectify skill faults.
c) Finally, communicate with the player using as many senses as possible. In
teaching skills a coach can communicate:
• by showing/demonstrating or by asking the player to see their own movement.
• by providing instructions or by asking the player to listen to the sounds
associated with their movement.
• by asking the player to feel the movement.

S for SHOW
(or Demonstrate)
Name the skill.
Demonstrate the whole skill.
Give your teaching points
(no more than three points).
Ask if there are any questions.

P
Demonstrate the skill
for PRACTICE once again.
Send the players out to
practice immediately.

Use only small groups.

I for INSTRUCT
(or Correct Errors)
Stand back and observe
each performer.
Offer advice.
Keep repeating the key points
about the skill.

R for REWARD Praise players for good

efforts.

16
 CHAPTER 2 – BASICS SKILLS

3. Recognising skill errors

An important part of skill teaching is to determine whether correction is necessary.
One procedure in identifying skill error is as follows?
a) Watch the player carefully over a period of time.
b) Compare the player’s performance with a model of correct performance.
c) Identify where there is a difference between the player’s performance and the
desired performance.
d) If possible video the player to confirm these observations.
e) Identify under what conditions the problem occurs.
f) Measure the extent of the problem.
g) Determine whether the problem needs refining that is, is the problem restricting
the player’s development.
h) Determine whether the problems is only a reflection of the player’s
individual style.
i) If there are multiple causes of the problem decide on what error to correct first.

Repetition with corrective feedback, praise for effort and encouragement enables
learning to occur.

4. Rectifying skill faults

There are broad techniques that coaches should use to remedy problems in the
performance of a skill:
a) Rebuild the skill.
When the performance deviates markedly from the desired model.
b) Renovate the skill.
When the performance only partially deviates from the desired model.
Correct the component that is causing the error or the one component that
is easiest to correct.

17
THE COACH

FIXING KICKING – Ball Guidance

Problem: Using two hands to slam the ball onto the kicking foot.
ERRORS Remedy: Using the one-handed technique – the ball is held in the palm
and fingers of one hand underneath its bottom end. Other hand
SKILL ERRORS DO OCCUR. is placed behind back.
Problem: Using both hands to guide the ball onto the kicking foot.
Often skill errors occur in a game Remedy:
situation because of a decrease in the 1. Walk 2–3 steps, drop ball onto a mark on the ground.
amount of time allowed to perform 2. Repeat, bringing kicking foot through.
or the need to perform the skill 3. Repeat with one finger of opposite hand on the side of the ball.
in a smaller space. Individualised 4. With one hand behind the back, use the one hand drop.
coaching can rectify many of these
5. Hold the ball with two hands, walk through the kick, guide the ball down with
problems. Some common skill errors
one hand.
and suggested remedies follow. In all
instances it is preferable to break the
KICKING – Goal Kicking
skill down into its simplest form to
Problem: Inconsistency.
ensure the skill can be performed at
Remedy:
the basic level.
1. Focus on a target behind the goals.
2. Begin a short distance from the goals (about 5m) and increase as the kick
improves.
3. At all times, player’s optimum power should be used. (Optimum power is the
power at which player kicks comfortably).

MARKING – Overhead Marking

Problem: Incorrect positioning of fingers and thumbs.
Remedy:
1. Mime mark (stress fingers spread and correct position of thumbs behind
MARKING: Match conditions can make the ball).
it harder to execute a skill correctly 2. Player grabs ball from coach’s hand held above player’s head.
when under pressure. 3. Throw ball from hand to hand.
4. Throw in air and catch; bounce off a wall.
5. Increase frequency of catches and introduce opposition.
6. Run, jump and mark. Adjust your hands as the ball approaches.

HANDBALL
Problem: Repetition – Repeated handball can cause pain to the hands.
Remedy: Both hands can be used to minimise the pain of hitting the ball. Use
the platform hand to help propel the ball. Develop movement with the
platform hand before the ball is hit.
Problem: Throwing the ball in the air/dropping platform hand before hitting the ball.
Remedy:
1. Stabilise platform hand on table, fence or partner’s back.
2. ‘Fist into Hand’. Player grabs punching fist with platform hand after punching
the ball.

18
 CHAPTER 2 – BASICS SKILLS

BOUNCING – Ball Guidance

Problem: Ball not returning.
Remedy:
1. Show player what part of the ball must hit the ground.
2. Player holds hands over top end of the ball and bounces.
3. Bounce in stationary position – begin down on one knee to minimise distance.
Progress to walking.
4. Introduce time trials and opposition.

TACKLING
Problem: Bad tackling can give away free kicks.
Remedy:
1. Begin with the opponent stationary and the tackler walking in.
2. Have the tackler jogging in.
3. Extend this further to both the tackler and the opponent moving.
Problem: Loose tackling relieves pressure on opponents.
Remedy:
1. Focus on your opponent’s hips rather than the ball to prepare
to tackle.
2. Keep your head down relatively low and tucked into your own shoulder, thus
avoiding being struck by an accidental elbow.
3. If at all possible, pin at least one of your opponent’s arms which makes it very
difficult for him to dispose of the ball legally.

SMOTHERING
Problem: Ineffective smothering through incorrect technique.
Remedy:
TACKLING: Loose tackling relieves 1. The hands are brought from hip level, close together.
pressure on opponents while bad 2. The arms and the hands are extended at about 45 degrees over the
tackling can give away free kicks. kicking boot.
3. The person smothering must keep his eyes on the ball at all times.

SPOILING
Problem: Infringing while attempting to spoil.
Remedy:
1. Practise spoiling without infringing on opponent.
2. Have players calling for ball from spoil.
3. Direct spoil to these players.

BUMP
Problem: Bumping incorrectly giving away a free kick.
Remedy:
1. Lean towards the opponent pushing hard from the foot.
2. The arm is bent with the elbow tucked into the side.
3. Make contact with the shoulder and upper arm – preferably when an opponent
is settled on one foot, ie: so that he is easier to unbalance.
4. The bumping player should keep his feet on the ground at all times. Only bump
when an opponent does not have the ball. If he does have the ball apply a tackle.

19
THE COACH

20
CHAPTER 3
PLANNING
PHASES OF A YEARLY PLAN

I n order to be successful in coaching, the coach must be well prepared and

plan ahead. The importance of planning cannot be underestimated. A team’s
training schedule should be organised and planned to ensure goals are achieved.
The planning process therefore should be an organised, methodical and scientific
procedure that assists the players and coach to achieve predetermined standards.
To determine the success of the yearly plan it is essential that a thorough
evaluation is completed by the coach, assistant coaches and players. An evaluation
at the end of each phase of the yearly plan enables the coach to modify the plan for
the upcoming phase. At the end of the year an evaluation will enable the coach to
make modifications to the plan for the next year.

MASTER PLAN
■ Understand the importance
of adopting a yearly
coaching plan.
■ Recognise the various
phases of the yearly plan
and how they relate to the
training program.
■ Be able to plan and
PLAN AHEAD: organise the training
Kangaroos coach Dean session and a set
Laidley studies his notes match-day procedure.
during a break in play.
21
THE COACH

PHASES OF A 1. Transition Phase (October–November)

YEARLY PLAN This eight to 10-week period follows the intense competitive season.
The aim during this time should be to maintain physical conditioning and
facilitate recovery.
A YEARLY TRAINING PROGRAM
The following principles apply to the transition phase.
HAS TO BE SIMPLE AND
FLEXIBLE. ALL COACHES SHOULD i) Maintain a general level of fitness around 50 per cent to 60 per cent of the
HAVE A YEARLY PLAN DIVIDING competition phase.
THE TRAINING YEAR INTO ii) Change the training venue and alter the type of training.
SMALL PHASES. iii) Analyse past performance and construct a yearly plan for the new season.
During this period players should stay active to maintain endurance fitness and
Each of these phases will have
control body weight.
specific training objectives.
This enables the coach to work Off-season recreational activities are useful.
within manageable segments. It This period is the most suitable time for overcoming weaknesses in body
helps him ensure his team achieves structure, conditioning and skill.
the best possible performance at a Weight training programs, speed work and skill development can be carried out.
set time.
The yearly plan is generally 2. Preparation Phase (December–March)
divided into three main phases of During this time the footballer’s general physical preparation and skills can
training: be developed.
1. Transition Phase (Off-Season) The early phase is a period of high volume training, which must be increased at
2. Preparation Phase (Pre-Season)
a gradual rate.
3. Competition Phase (In-Season)
Volume continues to increase progressively until the middle of the preparation
Football is seasonal, with a phase when intensity is gradually increased as volume decreases.
competition period of about six During the later stages of this phase increasing emphasis should be placed on
months, which normally follows skill and strategy practice.
a three or four-month preparation The following principles apply:
period. This leaves a transition i) Provide a high volume of training at 30 per cent to 40 per cent intensity.
period of two or three months. ii) Aim to develop endurance, strength and speed as the foundation of the
season ahead.
iii) Progressively increase the workload devoted to improving individual and
team skills.

22
 CHAPTER 3 – PLANNING

NOTE 3. Competition Phase (April–September)

During the competition phase coaches should emphasise skill practice and the
development of team plays, while working to maintain fitness levels which were
ALL COACHES SHOULD ADOPT
AN ANNUAL TRAINING PROGRAM. developed in the preparation phase.
The typical football week is characterised by Sunday being a free day, Monday
A planned and systematic approach training relatively light, with a high volume, high intensity workout on Tuesday,
to training is crucial to the on-field with reduced training leading up to the Saturday match-day.
success of the team. Before the Principles to apply include:
planning of any phase of a new i) Maintenance and improvement in level of conditioning.
season, a thorough evaluation of ii) Develop and practise team plays and tactics.
the previous season must be iii) Reduction in the volume and intensity of training before the finals.
conducted. Individual player and Coaching efficiency is heavily dependent on how well the coach is organised and
team performance assessment how effectively the training plan is structured.
should be carried out by the coach.
This should include all aspects
of team fitness, skills, match
performances, nutrition, lifestyles
and relationships between coaching
staff and off-field personnel.

CONDITIONING:
Coaches should
gradually increase
intensity of training
to have the team
prepared for match
conditions by the start
of the season.
23
THE COACH

THE WEEKLY The effective coach must monitor the players’ performances and tailor the

PLAN volume and intensity of training to have the team at a peak before
each match.
Most senior clubs organise two or three training sessions per week with rest
JUST AS THE FOOTBALL YEAR
days between sessions. A complete rest day or a light training session becomes
CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THREE
MAIN PHASES (TRANSITION, an important consideration during the normal rigours of a football season. This
PREPARATION AND COMPETITION), ‘hard-easy’ approach to the planning of a weekly training program is a sound
SO TOO CAN THESE PHASES BE principle to follow. It allows players to progressively adapt to greater levels of
FURTHER SUBDIVIDED. work without suffering undue fatigue.

Training progresses in cycles of Sunday • Recovery-rehabilitation or light run

activity usually considered to be of Monday • Cross training-swim, jog, light skills
a seven-day duration. Tuesday • 90–100 minutes intensive and competitive
The format of these cycles will Wednesday Rest or specialist training
•
depend on the number of training Thursday 60–75 minutes – skills and team plays
•
sessions held each week.
Friday • Rest
In planning the typical competitive
Saturday • Game
week the coach should take into
account both the volume and
intensity of the training. The coach
must allow for the physical nature of
the game and the limitations of his
players in coping with heavy training
loads without adequate rest.
Overtraining is a real problem
and can lead to a sudden drop in
performance. The coach must be
able to evaluate all these factors in
planning the weekly program.

BE AWARE
The following training
variations should be kept
in mind:
■ Senior or older players

require less intensity of

training.
■ Avoidance of injuries during

training is an important
consideration.
■ Training is boosted mid

year and tapers off 2–3

weeks before the finals.

24
 CHAPTER 3 – PLANNING

TRAINING When planning a training session the following considerations should be noted:

SESSION 1. Venue
Various venues can be used during the football year, particularly in the pre-season
THE TRAINING SESSION IS THE period. In addition to their home ground, coaches should seek alternative venues
BASIC BUILDING BLOCK OF ranging from an athletics track or swimming pool, to a well grassed hilly surface,
COACHING. indoor gymnasium or basketball court.
If carefully selected, these venues can greatly improve the general standard of
At training, football skills are training.
learned, conditioning and fitness
levels are achieved and team 2. Equipment
confidence is developed. The well-prepared coach will have a variety of equipment on hand
In football, the training session will at training.
contain various drills set between a This can include:
warm-up at the beginning and a cool • Footballs, pump
down at the end. To decide on what • Cones, witches hats
drills are suitable for a particular • Whistle, stop watch
session the coach must first evaluate • Handball target
• Tackle bags, ruck bags
the team performance and then plan
• Portable goal posts
for optimal practice time.
• Training jumpers and an adequate supply of water for players
Goals should be established before during and after training
each segment of a training session.
This will ensure individual and team 3. Outline of the training session
deficiencies and strengths will be Many coaches now provide the players with an outline of the training session
focused on. before training. Players can be informed on the overall aims of the session in
Players should be educated to addition to the approximate length and intensity of the practice.
analyse their own performance
and set personal goals for training 4. Be specific
Training must be specific to the demands of the game. With running training, the
so that they attend training with a
distance covered, the intensity of the running and the number of repetitions must
purpose in mind.
be appropriate to the match and the various playing positions.
It is essential that running work be supplemented with activities using
footballs. This is particularly important during mid-season when the amount of
daylight is limited.
The game demands that decision-making skills and implementation of the style
of play and team plan be part of the training program. The effective coach will
incorporate these components with the idea of practice as you play and play as you
practice, highlighting the importance of specificity within the training session.

5. Quality not quantity

In general terms the emphasis should be on a quality non-stop training session
rather than one of low volume and long duration.

25
THE COACH

TRAINING PLAN
The following training plan from the AFCA Coaches’ Diary can be used to record details for each session:

TRAINING PLAN – IN SEASON

Date__________________ Venue_______________________________________
Attendance__________________________
Conditions____________________________________________________________________________
Aim of Session________________________________________________________________________

SESSION OUTLINE (Brief description)

(Include drills, diagrams and time schedule)
1. Warm-up
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. Skills/decision making/style of play/team plan section
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. Warm-down
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

REMINDERS
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
INJURED PLAYERS – REHABILITATION
Name Injury Program
_______________________ ____________________ ___________________________
_______________________ ____________________ ___________________________
_______________________ ____________________ ___________________________
_______________________ ____________________ ___________________________
SESSION EVALUATION
_______________________________________________________

26
 CHAPTER 3 – PLANNING

THE TRAINING FORMAT OF A TRAINING SESSION

SESSION – IN 1. Warm-up
SEASON This consists of two parts:
1. General warm-up involving running and ‘loosening up’ exercises.
The primary objective during 2. Specific warm-up to include dynamic stretching and flexibility exercises.
the playing season is to maintain Skill exercises should also be included – for example handball, marking and
the current level of match fitness short kicking.
of every player. In addition, it There are no time limits to the average length of the warm-up. An adequate
is important to develop individual warm-up must ensure the players’ muscles are prepared for action and the players
and team skills through a good themselves are ‘tuned in’ ready to perform to their optimum. Generally 10–15
selection of drills.
minutes is adequate for this activity.

2. Skills Section
Following the warm-up the coach usually instructs the players on the individual
skills or team strategies to be practised during the session.
Skill practice should occupy 40–50 minutes of the session. It has two
general components:
i) revision of previously acquired skills or strategies and;
ii) introduction of a new skill or strategy.
Drills will be performed involving single players or groups of players
working together.
Specific skills eg. kicking, marking, handball, shepherding, tackling may
be emphasised.
Training drills that emphasise team plays are also practised. These can include
kick off practice, specialised ruck work or forward plays.
Drills must be realistic and complement the game situation. Functional training
is the key to success on match-day. A ‘game-centered’ component in the training
session allows the players to practice decision making and aids in the development
of strategically thinking players. See Chapter Four for more details. Conditioning
or fitness work may follow the skill activities. When the loss of daylight affects skill
practice a coach may conclude training with 10-15 minutes of fitness work.
OBJECTIVE
3. Warm-Down
After a strenuous training session, players should be given a cool-down
EVALUATION PLANNING period of 5-10 minutes to allow the body to gradually return to its
resting state.
A slow jog followed by mild stretching exercises can
be used.

4. Post-Training Evaluation
The training session should be evaluated immediately after it has
RECORDING
MODIFICATION concluded. The coach and his assistants should readily assess the
effectiveness of the session and the performance of individual players. The
information gained will be valuable in planning future training activities and
in the selection of the team for the forthcoming match.
IMPLEMENTATION

27
THE COACH

Pre-Match Meeting (about one hour before match)

MATCH-DAY In this meeting the coach must reinforce team tactics decided earlier in the week
and practised at training. Little new information should be given. This brief
Match-day is an opportunity for
meeting should aim to:
the coaching staff and players to
demonstrate their skills, their style of • Eliminate all confusion and distraction.
play and their team plan. • Calm anxious players.
• Unite all players in the sense of belonging to a team.
The final two hours leading up to • Clearly spell out the team plan for the game with reference to the ground
a match is a critical planning and condition and opposition team.
management time for the coach.
This time is important for team General Warm-up and Stretching (about 30min before)
bonding, reinforcing the team plan Players should start preparing physically for the game with the pre-match
and giving individual players warm-up. They should commence their own personal preparation with individual
specific instructions. stretching and ball handling. Following this, there is a general team warm-up of
four to five minutes to be conducted by the fitness adviser.
It is the culmination of the previous
During the warm-up period the build-up should be gradual. The coach must
week’s preparation.
maintain a calm approach and use this time to individually talk to players giving
final instructions and reassuring them with positive words of encouragement.
At the end of the group warm-up allow time for individual preparation.
All players react differently before a match and therefore should be given the
opportunity to have a few minutes to themselves.

Pre-Match Address (about 10min before)

Finally, just before going out on the ground the coach should address the
team as one.
The final instructions should provide a concise summary of the team
WARM-UP: plan with reference to the key areas of that plan.
Players should begin preparing Concentrate on gaining the early initiative and working hard against the
physically for the game 30
opposition. Look no further than the first quarter. Given the stress of the
minutes before it starts.
pre-match situation, footballers can absorb a limited number of instructions,
therefore the message should be brief.

On-Ground Warm-up (about 5min before)

Many coaches ignore the final few minutes before the start of a match.
However, the on ground warm-up provides a great opportunity for players to
‘acclimatise’ to the ground and prevailing weather conditions.
A short, sharp skills warm-up should be organised.
This can be followed by a general kicking session, especially important
for forwards.
Team leaders can be given responsibilities in this situation with the captain giving
a last minute reminder to fellow team members.

The Match
Full concentration is required during the course of the game. A well organised
coach will be prepared to meet all contingencies and deal with them in a quick and
efficient manner.

28
 CHAPTER 3 – PLANNING

On The Bench
Select the personnel you require to sit with you in the coach’s box to observe the
game. Try to avoid interference or distraction from outside influences.

Use of Assistants
An assistant coach or injured player can be used to note down key plays as they
occur. These can be useful for the quarter-time address.

Team Runner
Use the runner to relay messages and to positively reinforce passages of team play.
The runner can also provide feedback from the players to the coach.

Quarter-Time Break
The quarter-time break should be used productively to allow players to rest and
seek medical attention if required. Feedback should be given to the team and
individual players on the adherence to the style of play the team has adopted
and/or the team plan. If statistics are kept relating to these points they should be
provided. The coach can seek out individual players for special instruction. Speak
briefly to the team, commenting on the general pattern of play with emphasis
on your attacking and defensive play. Look toward the next quarter of the game
highlighting the type of team play required.

Half-Time Interval
The half-time interval allows players to rest and give the coach and match committee
time to assess the team’s performance, examine the statistical information and make
adjustments to the team line-up. Provide similar feedback as at quarter-time.
The coach should spend time talking positively to individual players suggesting
ways they can improve.
If the team is playing below its ability, it should be told so. The coach can be
critical of the team performance but should avoid individual criticism.
MATCH-DAY In the half-time address the coach can review the first-half performance and
PROCEDURE suggest ways of improving the team effort in the next quarter.
All players have varying
preparations on match-day. Post-Match
As a general rule the following Immediately after the game, briefly sit the players down and provide some general
format is widely used: feedback on the team’s performance.
12.30pm approx Players should be evaluated according to their adherence to the style of play
Arrive at ground and/or the team plan. This enables the coach to be specific about the feedback and
1.00pm enables the players to focus on their team performance.
Pre-match meeting Be positive outlining the good features of the game. You might ask the players
1.30pm ‘What did we do well?’ Followed by ‘What can we improve on?’
General warm-up and stretching Listen carefully to the players’ responses. They will provide valuable information
1.50pm on the team’s performance.
Pre-match address
The coach, in consultation with the match committee, is then able to plan
1.55pm
training for the week ahead.
On ground warm-up
Injured players should be treated and given appropriate attention before leaving
2.00pm
Game commences the ground.

29
THE COACH

MATCH REPORT
Round ___________ vs ______________________ Date _________________
Played at _______________________ Conditions ________________________

Team line-up quarter by quarter:

1st 2nd
B _______________________________________ B _______________________________________
HB _____________________________________ HB _____________________________________
C _______________________________________ C _______________________________________

HF _____________________________________ HF _____________________________________
F _______________________________________ F _______________________________________
RUCK _________________________________ RUCK _________________________________
I/C______________________________________ I/C______________________________________

3rd 4th
B _______________________________________ B _______________________________________
HB _____________________________________ HB _____________________________________
C _______________________________________ C _______________________________________

HF _____________________________________ HF _____________________________________
F _______________________________________ F _______________________________________
RUCK _________________________________ RUCK _________________________________
I/C______________________________________ I/C______________________________________

Scores: Team: Team:

Q1 Q2 Q3 FINAL Q1 Q2 Q3 FINAL

Goals:

30
 CHAPTER 3 – PLANNING

THE PLAYERS
Name Rating
____________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________

Key points:

Summary:
31
THE COACH

32
CHAPTER 4
THE TRAINING
SESSION

T he training session is the basic building block of coaching. In order to conduct

a meaningful and successful training session the football coach should follow
the four stages of planning outlined below:

1. SET THE OVERALL GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

Decide how this practice fits into the overall picture of training. Each training
session should be organised and seen as part of a series.

2. SET SPECIFIC GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

Decide which individual and team skills or energy systems will be developed
in the session.
Training must reflect the game situation and be designed to improve team
strengths and eliminate weaknesses.

3. BUILD IN THE PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE

TRAINING SESSIONS
Successful training will result if the coach is aware of the following principles
of effective training.

4. DESIGN THE TRAINING SESSION

Be prepared. Make sure you know every element of what’s to come before
you begin.

WELL DRILLED
■ Understand the principles
of effective training.
■ Assist in the design
and organisation of a
training session.
■ Examine the various
types of skill drills and
CLOSE WATCH: Melbourne provide details on
coach Neale Daniher puts the their implementation.
Demons through their paces.
33
THE COACH

PRINCIPLES 1. Plan, yet be flexible

Time spent in organising the training session will make the problem of controlling
OF EFFECTIVE the group and the sequence of activities much easier. If a planned activity is not
TRAINING working or circumstances have changed (eg weather or reduced numbers) be
prepared to adjust the activity to make it work.
THE COACH NEEDS TO BE AWARE 2. Give clear, concise instructions
OF THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES TO Be clear in your instructions. To stop an activity use one clear word “stop” or a
ENSURE EFFECTIVE TRAINING. whistle. Before speaking make sure all the group is in, and in front of you, so that
you can see all the players. Keep instructions to a minimum by emphasising the
Awareness makes it possible for main coaching points. Learning and motivation improves when the player knows
coaches to formulate training what is expected.
programs and sessions that have a
positive impact on both the team 3. Demonstrations improve the accuracy of instructions
and the individual. When providing a demonstration, group the players in a single file, square, semi-
In becoming aware of the principles circle or a circle. Be conscious of the best viewing angles for the players to observe the
of effective training, coaches are demonstration. Repeat the demonstration a number of times before sending the players
able to design their training with back to practice.
appropriate consideration to the
standard of the team. 4. Give positive feedback
Observe your players during each of the activities, moving to individuals or groups that
may need assistance. Emphasise and reward good performance and encourage the effort
that is made to achieve the task.
5. Provide variety
Maintain interest by using various venues, warm-ups, drills, skill practices and modified
games and guest coaches.
6. Encourage enjoyment
Training sessions should be fun, enjoyable and demanding. Players should look forward
to coming to training through the content of the session as well as your passion and
enthusiasm for the session.

COMMUNICATE:
Coaches should
speak with and listen
to as many players as
possible at training.
34
 CHAPTER 4 – THE TRAINING SESSION

7. Create progression
Learning improves if you plan for progressive skill development. Moving from simple to
more complex skills facilitates this improvement.
8. Record progress
Certain training activities allow measurement that assesses progress. This assessment
often enhances motivation to continually strive for skill improvement.
9. Allow for individual differences
Allow for different learning rates by being patient with the players who are progressing
at a different rate than other players. Players will be at different stages of learning.
Grouping players according to different skill levels or using more skilled players to assist
less skilled players facilitates the learning process.
10. Keep all players active
Maximise training time by keeping all players active and involved, being conscious of
appropriate work-to-rest ratios. A skilful coach can judge when to stop an activity and
move onto the next activity. Stop the activity when you are sure of what you are going
to say and next activity is set up.
11. Communicate
Make every effort to speak with and listen to as many players as possible on training
nights. Communicate with players about their football as well their school/university
life, their social life, work issues or family matters.

35
THE COACH

HOW TO Often coaches waste valuable time and become frustrated at their lack of success

INTRODUCE A when introducing a drill for the first time.

A simple procedure to follows is set out below:
NEW DRILL
1. Have all the equipment ready.
DRILLS ARE THE LIFE BLOOD It may seem self-explanatory but it is an important part of running a successful
OF THE TRAINING SESSION AND coaching session. Coaches must be able to move players quickly from one drill
ULTIMATELY REFLECT IN THE to the other. A new drill can quickly lose its appeal, regardless of its value, if the
TEAM’S ON-FIELD PERFORMANCE. appropriate preparation doesn’t appear to have been made.
A long list of drills and activities
have been used over the years at 2. Rehearse selected players to go through the drill before
all levels of football. It is not the the whole team is involved.
intention of this section to specify If certain players within the group have an understanding of the drill then they will
some of these drills, but it is quickly be able to explain to other players what needs to be done. Communication
certainly worthwhile pointing out among players builds a sense of team.
some of the fundamentals of
training drills.
3. Explain the aim of the drill.
By explaining the aim of the drill players will be able to see for themselves the
inherent value of performing every part of the drill with enthusiasm. It will also
serve as a guide to the type of skills the coach believes the team needs to work on.

TYPES OF DRILLS 4. Selected players to walk through the drill.

Drills can be categorised Similar to point two, players can observe for themselves the drill being performed
under three main headings: avoiding confusion, which can quickly ruin a drill.

1. Individual Skill 5. Give the drill a name.

Drills: This saves the coach having to remind players of the drill each time it is to be used.
These involve the basic If players are aware of the name of the drill the team can immediately move on to
skills and incorporate it. A continuous training session is of enormous value.
practice in kicking,
marking, handball, etc.
2. Parts of the Game
Drills:
Drills in this category refer
to certain parts of the game
and include centre bounce
practice and centring the
ball from
the forward pocket.
3. Whole Team
Pattern Drills:
These include activities that
practise an overall system of
play. For example, moving
the ball down the centre
corridor.

36
 CHAPTER 4 – THE TRAINING SESSION

6. When the whole group is ready, begin by performing the

drill slowly.
A new drill should be eased into so that players can gain confidence in the way it
operates, and concentrate more on the skills they are trying to develop than the
actual machinations of the training drill.

7. Gradually increase the tempo and degree of difficulty

There are several ways to lift the pace:
• adding more footballs or,
• having fewer players at each marker.
It is important to add variety to drills so that players believe they are continuing to
gain value out of it. By adding more footballs you add to the pace at which the drill
is performed, and players learn to quickly dispose of the ball.
Having fewer players at the marker means that players have less time to be not
participating in the drill, thus alleviating problems of boredom/cooling down.
Players must concentrate at all times which also replicates a match situation
more closely.
As the players become more confident and drills are known, the players often do
not need the markers or explanations before performing a drill.

PROPER DIRECTION:
Explain drills to players
so they can understand
the inherent value of
the exercise.
37
THE COACH

SKILL DRILLS Smothering drills

THE SELECTION OF DRILLS
SUITABLE FOR YOUR TEAM
REQUIRES A GREAT DEAL OF B C
THOUGHT AND PLANNING. A
Drills should develop the running
and possession skills so important in
football today and at the same time
prepare players for realistic
1. Group Smothering
match conditions.
Skill drills should progress Players B, C and D are positioned one
from simple to complex. When step away from the point of contact.
introducing a skill drill begin with Player A kicks the ball. All three players
a basic drill gradually building up attempt to smother the ball as a group.
the degree of difficulty. Repetition Players rotate after three attempts.
is the key to learning. As the players
become familiar with the drill and D
your expectations, the skill drill
will run efficiently with maximum
involvement.
The following is an example of
a drill that has been developed
from its simplest form into a realistic
skill activity.

A 2. Smother with Kicker

Stationary
Player B stands one pace to the side of
Player A.
As Player A is about to kick, Player B
moves to smother the ball.
Players rotate after five kicks.

38
 CHAPTER 4 – THE TRAINING SESSION

3. Handball/Kick/Smother
Player B handballs 10m to Player A.
Player A kicks flat out.
Player C moves in to smother, timing
the action.
Start from one step away to moving three
or four paces.
C Rotate positions.

A C

PLAN AHEAD
Planning is essential before
a training session. Drills must be
developed and built up from the B
simple to the complex. Of greater
importance is that drills must 4. Smother with Kicker Moving
be meaningful and highlight Player A runs to pick up the ball and kicks
your game plan. Weaknesses to Player C when level with the marker.
can be overcome and a team Player B attempts to smother the kick.
plan developed with the correct Players rotate after five attempts.
selection and execution of skill
drills at training.

39
THE COACH

40
CHAPTER 5
TEAM PLAY AND
TACTICS

F ootball has had rapid change over the past 10 years. The rules of the game are
continually being updated. In recent times we have witnessed the introduction
of the four-man interchange, the order-off rule, out of bounds on the full, time
wasting infringements and the 50m penalty.
Players too, have become more versatile with fitness and skill levels at an all-time
high. Advances in the coaching area have seen an increased emphasis on tactics as
coaches strive to gain an incisive edge over their opposition.
Before the start of a new season, a coach should analyse the previous season,
setting down the team’s strengths and weaknesses. Potential recruits can then
be approached to fill shortcomings in the team and develop the game plan.

FORM
FOUNDATION
■ Understand the various styles
of play to assist the coach in
developing a game plan.
■ Recognise the importance
of the basics of football
as a foundation of teamwork.
■ Recognise various set plays
TALKING TACTICS: that can be used on the
Bulldogs players reaffirm their football field.
gameplan before the start of a match.
41
THE COACH

GAME PLAN Game plans can include one or more of the following example:

GAME PLAN REFERS TO A 1. Long kicking to key forwards

RECOGNISABLE/PREDICTABLE A team with high marking, mobile forwards will maximise scoring opportunities by
STANDARD OF PLAY ADOPTED BY moving the ball quickly out of the centre, kicking long into the forward line.
THE COACH THAT SUITS HIS/HER
FOOTBALL PHILOSOPHY. 2. Running, possession game
The coach of a small to medium-sized team will adopt a running game, with short
A game plan is simply a plan for passing and handball to maintain possession.
a match consisting of a few major
parts. A good generic game plan 3. Defensive game
is based on a direct flowing game, A team with a strongly disciplined backline working together can move the ball
focused on player movement and forward into attack.
control of the ball in both offence
and defence.

Generally, a coach will commence

with a game plan that best suits the
players at the coach’s disposal and
maximises the team’s strengths.

42
 CHAPTER 5 – TEAM PLAY AND TACTICS

THE TEAM BASICS

PLAN Every coach should have his own set of basic rules.
Listed below are a few examples of these team basics:
■ Play in front.
A TEAM PLAN IS SIMPLY A ■ Guard the mark.
GAME PLAN FOR A MATCH. ■ Punch from behind.

■ Centre the ball from the forward pockets.

It consists of two parts:
BASICS A coach should clearly outline a collection of basic rules to be followed by
■ Rules that do not change. his team.
This is particularly important for coaches of junior and youth teams. Not only
TACTICS
should these basics be clearly explained they should also be reinforced both at
■ These can vary from week to

week depending upon a variety of training and on match-day.

factors. eg. the opposition, ground Basics form the foundation of the team plan.
size and condition, weather and
players available TACTICS
for selection. The implementation of set plays on the football ground generally revolves
■ Set plays are a part of a team’s around ‘dead ball’ or ‘stoppage’ situations, eg. out of bounds, centre bounce
tactics to win the football or and after a behind has been scored.
maintain control of the football
around ‘dead ball’ situations.

43
THE COACH

1. Team Set-Ups
Traditionally football has been played with five lines of three players plus three
players running on the ball.
The increased versatility of footballers today combined with the importance of
the midfield area has lead to a move away from the more established line-ups.
One such variation is the five-man forward line. This formation allows extra
space for a key forward while relocating an extra player in the mid-field area.

BACK LINE

FORWARD LINE

44
 CHAPTER 5 – TEAM PLAY AND TACTICS

KNOW WHY! 2. Centre Bounce

Few can argue the importance of winning the ball at the centre bounce and taking
it out of the centre square.
TEAM PLANS AND TACTICS ARE Quick movement of the ball from the centre assists the forwards by leaving them
A VITAL PART OF MODERN DAY ‘one out’ against an opponent.
FOOTBALL. HOWEVER, A WELL Examples of centre bounce formations are:
PREPARED COACH: i) ‘Best Players In’
Given the importance of the bounce in the centre circle, the most aggressive ball
1. Ensures that all players players should be involved in the contest.
understand and believe in This may mean leaving a skilful rover out of the square for the centre bounce.
what is required. ii) ‘Man Up’
Every play is carefully explained An alternative approach is to have your players ‘man up’ the opposition at the
and all possible variations centre bounce. As illustrated, they should be instructed to stand between the
fully discussed. opposition and the ball. This tactic is often used as a defensive measure when
2. Understands that all plays the opposition has scored two or three quick goals.
must be practised and
rehearsed carefully.
3. Avoids major tactical switches
during a match that will only add
confusion to the team.
4. Realises that junior players
should be taught skills, with
tactics becoming important as
age increases and standard of
competition improves.
5. Provides feedback preferably
based on statistical evidence
to the team and to individuals
relating to adherence to the
team plan and the style of play.
A good coach leaves
nothing to chance and takes
time and effort to develop a
team plan and tactics to help
players become a strong unit
on the ground.
The coach communicates
the plan to the players so they
can implement them with
confidence.
This enables the coach to
move towards the main objective
– to coach the best team in
the competition.

45
THE COACH

3. Kick Outs
Traditionally the full-back delivered the ball long out of the danger zone, directing it
towards a high-marking ruckman.
Today, with the emphasis on possession football, kick-out strategies are
employed in an effort to maintain possession or restrict the opposition when they
have the ball.

Defence
With the opposition kicking out, two main forms of defence are possible.
i) Man on Man.
In its simplest form each player picks up an opponent and follows him closely
to prevent a lead or an easy mark.
ii) Zone Defence.
The zone defence, based on a tactic employed in basketball, involves crowding
an area to restrict movement into an open space.
The seven-man defence as illustrated, shows players evenly distributed in ‘open
spaces’ in an attempt to restrict opposition leading into these areas.

FP FF FP

HFF HFF

W W
C

46
 CHAPTER 5 – TEAM PLAY AND TACTICS

Offence
Kicking out from full-back becomes an important consideration simply because
you are in possession of the ball.
(i) All players must have a role to play and be fully aware of their responsibility.
(ii) The ground and weather conditions, along with the age and standard of the
competition, will determine the tactics adopted.
(iii) The player kicking off must be able to read the situation and select the
best option.
(iv) Ultimately this will depend on the tactics of the opposition and whether they
adopt a zone defence or play man on man.
(v) A simple kick-out strategy to combat a zone defence involves ‘flooding a
zone’.
(vi) Players are directed to one area to outnumber the opposition, thereby
improving their chance of maintaining possession.
(vii) Kick-out drills, whether offensive or defensive, require a great deal of
practise and rehearsal.
(viii) Pre-season period is the time to introduce and develop your team’s kick-out
strategies.
(ix) They can be further refined and expanded during normal in-season training.

47
THE COACH

48
CHAPTER 6
FITNESS FOR
FOOTBALL

T he fitness demands of Australian Football have changed dramatically over the

past 10 to 15 years as the nature of the game has changed.
The intensity of the game, with its emphasis on running, play on at all costs and
the free interchange of players, has necessitated that greater consideration be given
to the physical conditioning of the players.
Footballers today may cover more than 15km per game, performing many short
high intensity sprint efforts over distances of between 5m to 30m. Apart from
running the player must also perform various physical activities such as kicking,
marking, handballing, tackling, bumping and jumping.
These actions and the running nature of the game demand players develop a
number of important fitness attributes.
The following section will assist the coach in planning and implementing a
complete fitness program for the team.

STEP AHEAD: St Kilda players partake

in running drills, which help form a base
fitness required for today’s style of game.
49
THE COACH

COMPONENTS There are five guiding principles that a coach should follow in developing a fitness
program. These ‘training pinciples’ are:
OF FITNESS
1. Progressive Overload
Success in physical conditioning For gains to occur in any component of fitness the player must be subjected
will largely depend on how the basic to gradually increasing training loads. As the player’s body adapts, progressive
components of fitness can be fitted overload can be applied by monitoring the following variables:
into the training program and finding a) Frequency of training – number of training sessions per week.
the most effective way of improving b) Duration of a training session – the length of time given to each
each component. session (volume).
To participate in football a player c) Intensity of training – the effort put into the session.
must reach an adequate level in
each of the following components 2. Specificity
of fitness: All fitness training must be specific to the demands of the game. With running
■ Speed training, the intensity, the distance covered and the number of repetitions must be
■ Agility specific to the playing requirements. The demands of the various playing positions
■ Endurance should also be considered.
■ Flexibility

■ Strength
3. Regularity
However, fitness is specific to each Match fitness cannot be achieved overnight. Each component of fitness must be
game and a coach must determine: developed by the regular scheduling of training sessions.
a) whether the players meet the
general demands of the game; and 4. Variation
b) the specific demands of the Variety can help maintain a player’s interest in training.
playing position. By varying the training venue or by applying different training methods, a coach
The specific demands of the can ensure his players are enthusiastic and willing to improve.
various playing positions require
that one or more of these fitness 5. Individual Differences
components needs to be developed A training program must cater for individual needs and preferences.
for successful performance. Some players respond to hard training better than others.
For example, a ruck-rover is Others may require longer periods to recover from a heavy
required to cover a greater distance training session or game. This is particularly true for older
in a game than a set position player players. Coaches should recognise these differences and
and consequently needs to develop a either reduce the training load or
greater capacity for endurance in lengthen the recovery period.
his preparation.
The development of any fitness
program should ideally be individually
structured and designed to correct
a player’s deficiency in any one of

SS
the fitness components. However,
E
ITN
in practice, coaches usually have to
contend with mass training involving F
large numbers of players. The task of
catering to individual needs becomes
a difficult one. Various tests can be
used to help determine player levels
of fitness in each of the components
of fitness. These are discussed later 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
in this section. WEEKS
INCREASE IN VOLUME OF TRAINING
50
 CHAPTER 6 – FITNESS FOR FOOTBALL

BUILD ON 1. Endurance

BASICS This fitness component is commonly referred to as stamina and in football it is the
ability to run or keep on the move for the duration of the game.
TODAY’S FOOTBALL PLACES A
2. Speed
NUMBER OF PHYSICAL DEMANDS
ON THE PLAYERS. Speed refers to how fast the player can move in a straight line. This characteristic is
important for gaining and retaining possession, through leading, running at a loose
Players require a basic level of ball or breaking clear of an opponent.
fitness composed of endurance,
speed, agility, flexibility and 3. Agility
strength. The player must build on Agility is closely related to speed and refers to the ability to change direction
this basic level to develop a fitness quickly. Players need to be able to twist and turn, get up from the ground and
level specific to football. accelerate away from an opponent.

4. Flexibility
PLANNING This component refers to the range of movement at various joints within the body.
THE TRAINING Improved flexibility will assist speed and agility and prevent injury to muscles,
tendons and ligaments.
PROGRAM
1. TRANSITION PERIOD
(October–November) 5. Strength
Players should be discouraged from Strength is the capacity to exert force maximally.
taking a complete break from all It is demonstrated in football when a player breaks a tackle, jumps for a mark or
physical activity. crashes through a pack.
They should keep active, To withstand the physical demands of football, all components of fitness must be
participating in activities which are developed into the footballer’s fitness program. The following section outlines the
low intensity and moderate volume development of these components of fitness in more detail.
with fitness levels around 50-60 per
cent of maximum during this period.
2. PREPARATION PERIOD
(December–March)
A solid functional fitness base
should be established with the
emphasis on endurance and
strength. High volume, low intensity.
After a base has been established
speed and power activities should
gradually be incorporated with
endurance activities decreasing.
Skill activities should be the focus
of the training.
3. COMPETITION PERIOD
(April–September)
Training during this period should
be appropriate to football. Activities
should be selected to maintain
pre-season fitness and develop
individual and team skills.

51
THE COACH

ENDURANCE Continuous Running

Running over relatively long distances at a steady pace.
THE BASIC FITNESS Initially three training runs per week can be scheduled, with players running up
REQUIREMENT OF FOOTBALL to 8km per session.
IS AN ABILITY TO RUN AND
KEEP ON THE MOVE FOR THE Fartlek Running
DURATION OF THE GAME. Varied bursts of faster running throughout a session of continuous running.
eg. Sample fartlek session
This is primarily dependent upon Distance – 8km
the efficiency of a player’s heart and A series of varied bursts of speed from 10 to 200m interspersed with
respiratory systems. periods of jogging and walking
Endurance is a prerequisite for
all playing positions and should Longer, Slower Interval Running
therefore, during early pre-season A series of repeated running efforts at a specific speed and over a specified distance
preparation, constitute a major is alternated with periods of recovery. Interval training is usually worked on a work
element of the fitness program. to rest ratio of 1:1 or 1:2. A work to rest ratio of 1:2 indicates the recovery period
The development of endurance is is twice the work period. A 10-second sprint would therefore have a 20-second
best achieved through a progressive recovery period.
application of the following A typical longer, slower interval running session would be:
activities. A period of eight weeks ■ warm-up jog 1–2km with stretching exercises

has been selected as an example of ■ 5 x 100m in 16–18sec with 60sec recovery

a pre-season program. ■ Jog 400m

■ 4 x 200m in 36sec – walk – jog recovery of 120sec

■ Jog 400m

■ 3 x 300m in 60sec – walk – jog recovery of 180sec

■ Jog 1km to warm-down with stretching exercise

Shorter, Faster Interval Running

As the season approaches and the players’ endurance level improves, the workload
needs to be more specific.
A shorter and faster running schedule is introduced. The intensity of effort can
be increased while the distance of the run is reduced.
A typical session would be:
■ warm-up 1-2km with stretching exercise

Week Activity ■ 5 x 100m in 16sec with slow jog recovery (50m) and walk recovery (50m)

■ 5 x 75m in 10-13sec with walk-jog recovery of 40sec

1 Continuous ■ Jog 400m

running ■ 5 x 50m in 7-9sec with walk-jog recovery of 30sec

Shorter, faster interval training leads into the preparation stage of the pre-season.
2–3 Fartlek running
Testing for Endurance
4–5 Longer, slower ■ 20m shuttle run

interval running ■ 15min run for distance

■ 1600m time trial

6–8 Shorter, faster

interval running

52
 CHAPTER 6 – FITNESS FOR FOOTBALL

SPEED 1. Technique Training

The principles of basic speed technique include:
IN FOOTBALL, SPEED REFERS TO ■ run on toes

HOW FAST THE PLAYER CAN MOVE ■ high knee lift

IN A STRAIGHT LINE. ■ slight lean forward

■ use arms to drive forward

A player must be able to continually ■ take longer strides

chase opponents, lead for the ■ run in a straight line

ball and accelerate away from the

opposition at a fast speed for 2. Acceleration Sprints
four quarters. A 150m run through may be split into three sections:
The development of speed is best ■ the first 50m to gradually build up speed

achieved by the following activities: ■ the middle 50m to maximum speed and

■ the final 50m to gradual deceleration

3. Reaction Drills
This type of speed training involves the player reacting as quickly as possible to
a call from the coach and to accelerate from a standing position, running on the
spot or while striding out in a run through.

Testing for Speed

■ 10/20/40m sprint

SPEED DEMON:
Players need to
be fit to continually
chase opponents,
lead for the ball
and accelerate away
from opponents.
53
THE COACH

AGILITY Agility
A coach can develop a simple agility run involving short sprints and sharp turns
IN FOOTBALL, AGILITY IS around a set of markers.
THE ABILITY TO CHANGE Degree of difficulty
DIRECTION QUICKLY. The degree of difficulty can be varied according to the age and ability level of
An agile player is able to get up off the team.
the ground, recover and balance or
baulk or get around an opponent in Flexibility
a confined space. Flexibility exercises will:
1) Maximise the muscle range of motion.
2) Prevent injuries to muscles, tendons and ligaments.
FLEXIBILITY 3) Improve speed and agility.
Flexibility is best developed through STATIC STRETCHING
FLEXIBILITY REFERS TO THE Other sports’ specific methods include:
RANGE OF THE MOVEMENT ■ P.N.F.
POSSIBLE AT VARIOUS JOINTS.
■ Ballistic – moving or dynamic stretching.

The more supple or flexible the Stretching must be strictly supervised and should be preceded by large muscle
joint, then the greater the range group warm-up activities eg. jogging or easy striding.
over which the muscles surrounding Testing for flexibility:
that joint can operate and thus work ■ Sit and reach.
more efficiently.

STAY FLEXIBLE:
Exercises designed for
flexibility will improve
the range of motion for
muscles and joints vital
for playing football.

54
 CHAPTER 6 – FITNESS FOR FOOTBALL

STRENGTH– Strength Building

POWER Basic strength building methods include:

■ Body weight exercises – players use their body weight for resistance, eg. press

ups, squats
IN FOOTBALL STRENGTH IS
■ Partner exercises – players use a partner for resistance by either adopting
IMPORTANT TO THE PLAYER
PARTICULARLY IN THE MUSCLES various wrestling holds and working in opposition to a partner or by having the
OF HIS LEGS, SHOULDERS, partner as a dead weight.
HANDS AND ABDOMEN. ■ Free weights – dumbbells and barbells are used to perform a variety of

resistance exercises.
Strength is the ability to exert
■ Fixed apparatus – eg. Universal, Nautilus stations.
maximum muscle tension (force)
■ Circuit training – a series of exercises performed in quick succession.
for a short period of time. Strength
is important in football but power,
of which strength is an ingredient, Testing for Power
is even more essential. ■ Vertical jump.

Power is best witnessed in a ■ Standing long jump.

game when a player leaps for a

mark, crashes through a pack,
breaks a tackle or takes off
quickly from different starting
positions. Power is simply a
combination of speed and strength.

LIFT YOUR GAME:

Weight training helps
improve and build
strength and power.

55
THE COACH

56
CHAPTER 7
NUTRITION

T he value of good nutrition is well-recognised and appreciated by

footballers at all levels of the game. Coaches can help make individual
players aware of the impact certain types of food have on preparation, fuelling
and recovery from training and games.
There are basic guidelines for players to follow before and after a game to
improve their performance and enable a quick recovery from competition.
A balanced diet improves performance in both the short- and long-term.
This chapter outlines general healthy eating concepts and the value to be
obtained from specific types of food in preparing for a training session or
game. It all adds up to a winning diet for Australian Football.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT:

A balanced diet is important
for optimal performance.
Adelaide captain Mark Riccuito
replenishes his fluids.
57
THE COACH

NUTRITION A Winning Diet for Football

Footballers don‘t always select a well-balanced diet. Players should be
encouraged to eat a variety of foods according to the Australian Guide to
THE IMPORTANCE OF GOOD Healthy Eating.
NUTRITION AND THE EFFECT
IT HAS ON PERFORMANCE Carbohydrates
FOR AUSTRALIAN FOOTBALL Footballers need plenty of fuel for sustained energy levels during training and
IS WIDELY ACCEPTED. games. The ideal fuel source for the muscles and brain is carbohydrates.
PLAYERS HAVE SPECIFIC Running low on carbohydrates can cause fatigue. Foods containing
NEEDS FOR PREPARATION, carbohydrates include:
FUELLING AND RECOVERY. ■ Wholegrain breads.

■ Cereals and grain products (eg. oats, wheat, rice, pasta).

■ Fruit.

■ Dairy foods.

■ Potatoes and legumes.

Carbohydrates not used immediately are stored in the liver and muscle as
glycogen, which is the form of energy called upon during exercise.

Protein
Protein is important for footballers to build, maintain and repair muscle.
Foods that contain protein include:
■ Lean meats and poultry.

■ Fish and seafood.

■ Eggs.

■ Low fat milk, cheese and yoghurt.

■ Legumes and nuts.

Fats
Too much fat in the diet can result in low energy levels and body fat gain. Fat
takes a lot longer to digest than carbohydrate and is not a great energy source
for football. We all need a little bit of fat in our diets and most of this should
come from unsaturated fats rather than saturated varieties.

Sources of ‘healthy’ unsaturated fats include:

■ Olive and canola oils.

■ Margarines.

■ Fish and seafood.

■ Nuts.

■ Avocados.

Foods high in saturated fat are:

■ Butter.

■ Cream.

■ Mayonnaise and creamy dressings.

■ Fatty meat and poultry.

■ Full cream cheeses.

■ Deep fried foods.

■ Processed meats.

58
 CHAPTER 7 – NUTRITION

AUSTRALIAN GUIDE TO HEALTHY EATING

ENJOY A VARIETY OF FOODS EVERY DAY

VEGETABLES,
VEGUMES

FRUIT

MILK,
YOGURT,
CHEESE

BREAD, CEREALS,
RICE, PASTA,
NOODLES

LEARN MEAT, FISH,

POULTRY, EGGS,
NUTS, LEGUMES

CHOOSE THESE
DRINK PLENTY SOMETIMES OR
OF WATER IN SMALL AMOUNTS

COPYRIGHT COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA REPRODUCED BY PERMISSION.

59
THE COACH

RIGHT FOODS, The ideal training diet

RIGHT TIME To achieve maximum energy levels the footballer needs a well balanced diet, with
the right proportions of carbohydrates, protein and fat. Ideally the training diet for
a footballer should contain:
“Nutrition is
essential for optimal 55-60 per cent of energy from carbohydrates;
15-20 per cent from protein, and
recovery. Food 20-25 per cent from fat.
and fluid is best
consumed as soon The Pre-Game Meal
Elite footballers often have a particular food or meal they prefer pre-game, and it
as possible after is important for individuals to determine what works best for them. There are a
exercise – intake number of guidelines that players should keep in mind.
should begin within ■ The pre-game meal should include carbohydrates as the preferred energy source.

■ It should usually be eaten at least two hours before the game, depending on
15-30 minutes.” individual tolerance and preference.
■ The meal should include a large drink - aim for 500ml.

RAPID RECOVERY ■ Foods that are not too high in fat or fibre are often better tolerated.

The following foods and fluids Suggested pre-game foods include:

are good choices for post-game ■ Breakfast cereal with low-fat milk and fruit.

recovery: ■ Low-fat fruit smoothie.

■ Water. ■ Bread, toast or crumpets with suitable toppings

■ Sports drink. (jam, honey, baked beans, spaghetti).

■ Liquid nutrition supplements. ■ Pasta with tomato-based low-fat sauce.

■ Fresh fruit. ■ Liquid nutrition supplements are useful if a player has lost their

■ Sandwiches. appetite or is feeling nervous.

■ Low-fat muffins.

■ Fruit bread. RECOVERY

■ Grain and fruit-based bars. Foods and fluids consumed after the game have an important effect on the
rate of recovery. Fluid and carbohydrates are the priority for immediate
recovery. Studies show that in the 15 minutes after the game a player has the
opportunity to restore muscle glycogen at a much faster rate than normal.
Including protein in the post-game snack or meal also provides benefits for
muscle recovery.

Fluid Replacement
Water makes up about 60 per cent of the total body weight and major
reductions in this volume can seriously interrupt normal bodily functions
and, therefore, impair performance. Players should maintain an adequate fluid
intake before, during and after games and training sessions to help prevent
dehydration. Players should be encouraged to replace fluids over a period of
time and not in one ‘drinking bout’. Some individuals can lose as much as four
to five litres of water over a two-hour training session or game.

60
 CHAPTER 7 – NUTRITION

Dehydration can lead to serious problems, so parents, coaches and players

55-60% Carbohydrates should be aware of the following:
15-20% Protein
■ Thirst is a poor indicator of fluid loss – players should not wait until they are
20-25% Fat thirsty to drink.
■ Players should drink about 500ml in the 30-60 minutes before activity.
■ During activity, players should consume at least 200ml every 10-15 minutes,
according to individual needs.
■ During the hours following activity, players should aim to drink 1.5
times the amount of fluid lost during exercise. Monitoring body weight pre-
and post-exercise can provide an indication of individual losses
(1kg = 1 litre).
■ Take care also not to over-drink – consuming too much water can lead to a
condition called hyponatremia, which can cause a range of symptoms and
potential health problems.

Water is a great choice, however commercial sports drinks contain

carbohydrates and electrolytes to promote optimal hydration and performance,
particularly for players who are heavy sweaters.

EXERCISE IN THE HEAT

In warmer weather, the risk of dehydration increases and extra precautions
should be taken to reduce the risk of heat injury.
■ Arrange training sessions in the cooler parts of the day.

■ Suitable clothing should be worn.

■ If the temperature or humidity is too high, cancel training.

■ Keep a close watch on the heavier and less-fit players.

■ During training and games, fluids should be readily available and players

encouraged to consume regularly.

Further information and resources:

Sports Dietitians Australia – sportsdietitians.com
Sports Medicine Australia – sma.org.au

61
THE COACH

62
CHAPTER 8
PREVENTION &
MANAGEMENT
OF INJURIES

T he role of the football coach covers a vast range of responsibilities. One

of the most important roles of the coach is to provide an environment that
does not predispose the player to any unnecessary injury.
An effective coach must be concerned with the prevention, immediate care
and rehabilitation of injuries.
Coaches must be aware of warm-up routines, and methods used to prepare
the body for competition. They should also ensure that all players have the
appropriate gear, such as mouthguards, available to avoid injury.
Players must be taught the correct way to perform the body contact skills of
the game, and how to protect themselves from serious injury.
Any player who is injured during a game must have their injury dealt with
immediately and in a professional manner. It is important that experts make a
diagnosis, and if there is any doubt about the seriousness of a player’s injury
then he should be kept off the ground.
A coach must ensure that a player has the correct rehabilitation from
injury before returning. It is important that communication occurs between
player, coach and a medical expert before a decision is made regarding a
player’s return.

SMART
SUPPORT
■ Prevent injuries to
your players.
■ Implement immediate care
RESTING UP: Injured or resting for any injuries your players
players must closely follow might suffer.
instructions from coaches and club ■ Be supportive of your players
medical and fitness staff to ensure during rehabilitation.
they recover properly.
63
THE COACH

INJURY BE PREPARED

PREVENTION (i) Warm-up, Stretching and Cool-Downs

Warm-up
ONE OF THE MOST FRUSTRATING
Warm-up is a vital part of any competition or strenuous exercise session.
ASPECTS OF FOOTBALL FOR THE
PLAYER IS BEING INJURED. It results in improved flexibility as well as preparing the mind, the heart, the
muscles and the joints for participation, thus reducing the likelihood of injury.
The problem is that with good The warm-up should involve 5-10 minutes of general activity before the stretching
training and good coaching, session. A good indication of a sound warm-up is a light sweat.
injuries still occur.
The golden rule for all injuries is Stretching
‘prevention is better than cure’. Stretching is another vital factor in the prevention of injury. Without stretching,
muscles lose their flexibility and may fail to respond when being used, and injury
could be the result:
Stretching rules
1. Warm-up before stretching.
2. Stretch before and after exercise.
3. Stretch alternative muscle groups.
4. Stretch gently and slowly.
5. Never bounce or stretch rapidly.
6. Stretch to the point of tension or discomfort, never pain. Hold for at least
15–20sec.
7. Do not hold your breath when stretching; breathing should be slow and easy.

Cool-Downs
Cool-downs are also important, because they prevent pooling of the blood in the
limbs, which could lead to fainting or dizziness, and improves the recovery of the
heart, muscles and other tissues after exercise.
An effective cool-down consists of a gradual reduction in activity levels for 5–10
minutes followed by a comprehensive stretching program.

(ii) Fitness
Injuries can occur at any time during a game or training session.
However, studies have shown that they are more common when a player is
fatigued. This means that an adequate level of fitness is of the utmost importance in
preventing injuries.

64
 CHAPTER 8 – PREVENTION & MANAGEMENT OF INJURIES

(iii) Obey the Rules

RULE Many of the rules of sport are specifically designed to create a safe playing
MODIFICATIONS environment. All players should be encouraged to learn and observe both the
Modification of rules have written and unwritten rules of the game. Players should be continuously reminded
been highly effective in of the importance of good sportsmanship and fair play.
preventing injuries.
Changes to normal playing (iv) Playing Areas and Facilities
rules have been introduced for Padding of goal posts, maintenance and condition of the playing surface and
beginners in football programs an adequate distance between the boundary line and fences and spectators are
to promote skill development, important injury-reducing measures that should be made at club level.
increase participation rates and
to provide a safer playing (v) Protective Devices
environment. Unlike many other contact sports, football has evolved as a game played with a
Some of these modifications minimum of protective equipment.
include: A mouthguard, however, is essential for all players. Mouthguards are a must for
■ Smaller playing field. both training and games.
■ Fewer players. In addition to protecting the teeth and the gums, mouthguards reduce the
■ No tackling. incidence and severity of concussion, lessen the risk of a fracture of the jaw and
■ The use of smaller footballs. protect the lips and cheeks from lacerations.
■ No ruck, ruck-rover or rover,

thus easing the congestion in

general play.
■ No kicking the ball off

the ground.
■ When the ball is kicked out

of bounds a kick is awarded

to the nearest opponent.
The authors overwhelmingly
supported modification in
football, stating ‘the decrease
in injuries conclusively
demonstrates the value of
rule modifications as an
injury control measure in
Australian Football’.
For a full breakdown
and explanation of NAB AFL
Auskick Rules see the NAB
AFL Auskick manual.

65
THE COACH

(vi) Environmental Conditions

HEPATITIS B Fluid Replacement
Hepatitis B can be spread by Players who are unfit or overweight are more susceptible to heat illness. Coaches
contact with infected blood, should be familiar with the symptoms of heat stress such as cramps, headaches,
saliva and perspiration. dizziness and uncharacteristic lack of co-ordination.
Preventing the transmission Regular intake of fluid reduces the risk of heat illness and enables better
of this disease is the maintenance of physical and mental performance. Fluid replacement is very
responsibility of all players, important and coaches should be aware of the following points.
coaches and officials.
• Thirst is a poor indicator of fluid replacement.
Observing the following
• Therefore drink before you are thirsty.
measures will greatly reduce
the risk of transmitting • Plain water is the best fluid replacement.
Hepatitis B.
The following quantities of water are advisable:
■ Immediately report and treat

all cuts and abrasions. • 45 minutes before event: one or two glasses of water.
■ Maintain a strict level of
• During event: one glass of water every 15 minutes.
personal hygiene. • After event: water should be consumed regularly to replace fluid loss
■ Ensure the change rooms, (amounts will depend on the weather conditions).
showers and toilets are
clean. Cold weather
■ Encourage players and Cold weather can have life-threatening consequences. However, it commonly
officials to be vaccinated causes injuries by cooling warm muscles.
against Hepatitis B. Long breaks will cause the body to cool-down, thus players should be
■ Discourage the sharing of
encouraged to wear adequate warm clothing such as tracksuits. Coaches should
towels and drink containers.
plan training sessions to avoid long breaks. Another warm-up period may need to
■ Treat all blood-contaminated
be considered if long rest periods cannot be avoided.
clothing, towels, etc as
potentially dangerous and
discard immediately.

66
 CHAPTER 8 – PREVENTION & MANAGEMENT OF INJURIES

(vii) Manage Existing Injuries Properly

UNDERSTAND Returning to play too early after injury can make the player susceptible to
INJURY further injury. The coach should ensure that the risk of recurrence of injury is
PREVENTION reduced. Protective strapping and the concentration on muscle stretching and a
The coach must share in the strengthening exercise routine before play will assist in preventing a recurrence of
responsibilities associated the injury.
with the protection and
management of football (viii) Illness
injuries. This role is to ensure • Illness and participation.
continued liaison between the During times of illness the player’s body is particularly vulnerable, with the risk of
training staff and the coach damage to tissues or organs being very high. Thus, when ill or feverish, the player
regarding the care and welfare should not participate.
of the players.
Coaches and players must (ix) Balanced Competitions
take responsibility and be It is important to keep the competitions balanced in order to reduce injuries.
up to date with the latest Consideration should be given to age, size, sex, strength and skill of the players
methods of injury prevention.
when organising competitions.
Access to appropriately
qualified health professionals
is important, including (x) Common Sense
qualified sports trainers, Common sense tells us that it is far better to prevent injuries than it is to
sports physiotherapists and treat them.
sports physicians.
Injuries will occur.
However, the effective
coach will take measures to
ensure these are kept to a
minimum and players are fully
recovered before resuming full
competition.

67
THE COACH

FIRST UNCONSCIOUS PLAYER

If the player is unconscious it is a life threatening situation and the DRABC of
AID FOR first aid should be used by an accredited sports trainer.
INJURIES
D
DANGER
IN MANAGING AN INJURY THE Check for danger to:
MAIN AIM IS TO DO NO ■ You.
FURTHER DAMAGE. ■ The injured player.

■ Others.
When an injury occurs there are
many decisions to be made. The
R
RESPONSE
most important of these for the
Ask the injured player:
coach is whether the player should
■ Can you hear me?
continue to play or not. Coaches
■ Open your eyes.
should always err on the side of
■ What is your name?
caution as resuming play may cause
further damage to an injury.

A
AIRWAY
■ Make sure the airway is clear.

B
BREATHING
■ Check if the player is breathing by observing

chest movements and/or air passing in or out

of the mouth.
■ If not, an accredited sports trainer or a

trained first aider should begin Expired Air

Resuscitation (EAR).

C
CIRCULATION
■ Check the pulse beside the Adam’s apple.

If the pulse is absent, an accredited sports

trainer or trained first aider should commence
Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR).
■ EAR and CPR should be maintained until

respiration and circulation are normal and/or

until professional help arrives.
■ Stop any bleeding by placing firm pressure

over the injury site.

68
 CHAPTER 8 – PREVENTION & MANAGEMENT OF INJURIES

CONSCIOUS PLAYER
WITH ALL INJURIES IT IS IMPORTANT TO HAVE A SET PROCEDURE TO FOLLOW. The following S.T.O.P. procedure
allows the coach to assess the severity of the injury and determine whether the player should continue or not:

STOP TALK OBSERVE P REVENT

STOP the player TALK to the injured OBSERVE while PREVENT further
from participating player. talking to the player. injury three options
or moving. What happened? General
STOP the game How did it happen? Is player distressed?
if necessary. What did you feel? Is the player lying in
Where does it hurt? an unusual position/
Does it hurt anywhere posture?
else? Injury Site
Have you injured this Is there any swelling?
part before? Is there any deformity?
Is there any difference
when compared to the
other side/limb?
Is there tenderness
when touched?
Does it hurt to move
the injured part?

DON’T PANIC... PROVIDE A FEW WORDS IF THE ANSWER TO ANY OF THE ABOVE QUESTIONS
STAY COOL OF ENCOURAGEMENT IS YES, SEEK AN SMA ACCREDITED SPORTS
TRAINER OR QUALIFIED FIRST AID SUPPORT

1. SEVERE INJURY 2. LESS SEVERE 3. MINOR INJURY

Suspected head, Soft tissue injuries Bumps and bruises
facial, spinal, chest, such as sprains, which do not impair
abdominal injuries, strains and performance.
fractures or major muscle bruises.
bleeding.

GET HELP RICER REGIME PLAY ON

GET HELP RICER REGIME PLAY ON

Get professional The first 48 hours are A few words of
help... don’t move vital in the effective encouragement
the player. management of soft will help.
■ Keep onlookers ■ Monitor any such
tissue injuries.
away. ■ Rest. injuries.
■ Comfort the player
■ Ice. ■ Minor injuries
until professional should also be
■ Compression.
help arrives.
■ Elevation. managed using the
■ Immobilise and
support. ■ Referral. RICER regime.

69
THE COACH

SOFT TISSUE RICER with no HARM

INJURY HOW WHY

MANAGEMENT
A LARGE MAJORITY OF
R REST
Place the player in a
comfortable position,
Activity will promote bleeding
by increasing blood flow.

INJURIES IN FOOTBALL preferably lying down.

ARE SOFT TISSUE INJURIES. The injured part
should be immobilised
and supported.
The first 48 hours are vital in the

I
effective management of any soft ICE Ice Reduces:
tissue injury. Injuries managed The conventional methods are: ■ Swelling.
effectively during this period will ■ Crushed ice in a wet towel
■ Pain.
reduce the time spent on plastic bag. ■ Muscle spasm.
■ Immersion in icy water.
the sidelines. ■ Secondary damage to the
■ Commercial cold packs
The immediate management injured area.
wrapped in wet towel.
should follow the RICER regime.
■ Cold water from the tap is
This regime should be used for all better than nothing.
ligament sprains, muscle strains Apply for 20 minutes every
and muscle bruises (corks, etc) in two hours for the first 48 hours.
fact in any bumps or bruises that
occur in football. CAUTION:
■ Do not apply ice directly to
skin as ice burns can occur.
■ Do not apply ice to people
who are sensitive to cold
or who have circulatory
problems.
■ Children have a lower
AVOID HARM tolerance to ice.
Remember, with injuries
of this kind, you should
avoid the HARM factors C COMPRESSION
■ Apply a firm wide elastic
bandage over a large area
Compression:
■ Reduces bleeding and
covering the injured part, as swelling.
H Heat ■ increases
well as above and below the ■ Provides support for the
bleeding. injured part. injured part.
A Alcohol ■ increases

E
swelling. ELEVATION
R Running ■ or exercising ■ Raise injured area above Elevation:
too soon can the level of the heart at all ■ Reduces bleeding and swelling.

make the possible times.

injury worse.
M Massage ■ in the irst
48–72 hours R REFERRAL
■ Refer to a suitable qualified
professional such as a
Early referral for a definitive
diagnosis to ascertain the
increases
doctor or physiotherapist for exact nature of the injury and
swelling and
diagnosis and ongoing care. to gain expert advice on the
bleeding. rehabilitation program required.

70
 CHAPTER 8 – PREVENTION & MANAGEMENT OF INJURIES

MAINTAINING INJURY RECORDS

Coaches should ensure all facts concerning an injury are properly recorded. The form used on this page from the
AFCA Coaches’ Diary has been designed in conjunction with Dr Terry Nolan from the Royal Children’s Hospital
in Melbourne and can be used to detail all aspects of injuries to your players.

INJURY REPORT SHEET

MATCH OR TRAINING: ______________________________________ DATE: ____________________

ID NUMBER (Give each form a unique identifying number): _____________________________

Ground condition at time of injury: Very Hard _________ Firm _________ Soft:_________

Weather condition at time of injury: Fine ________ Light Rain ________ Heavy Rain________

ACTIVITY OF PLAYER JUST Before INJURY EVENT

(eg. going up for a mark, diving tackle)

WHAT WENT WRONG THAT LED TO THE INJURY?

(eg. slipped on muddy ground while turning)

WHAT ACTUALLY CAUSED THE INJURY?

(eg. pushed in back, fell onto outstretched arm)

NATURE OF INJURY BODY PART AFFECTED

(eg. sprain, fracture, bruise) (eg. Right Knee)

WAS ANY PROTECTIVE GEAR BEING WORN? WAS THE INJURY

(eg. strapping to knee, ankle, mouthguard) New injury:
Re-injury:
Date of previous injury:
REFERRED TO: FURTHER COMMENTS
TREATMENT RECEIVED (describe)

Name of person filling out form: _______________________________________________________

Title: _____________________________ Signature: _________________________________________

71
THE COACH

72
CHAPTER 9
UMPIRING

U mpiring Australian Football is a challenging and exciting sporting activity

which can, and does, provide a great deal of self satisfaction and enjoyment.
Good umpiring enhances the game as a spectacle and contributes to the
enjoyment of players, officials and spectators. Poor umpiring detracts from the
game and invariably results in dissatisfaction and frustration for players, officials
and spectators. It is in the best interests of the game and the participants for us
all to promote and enhance the image of umpiring as an attractive sporting career.
In this way, it will be possible to attract good people to umpiring and encourage
them to stay.
The coach has an important role in this regard. A coach is the most influential
role model for the players and the coach’s behaviour towards umpires will be
reflected in the players’ behaviour.

WITHIN THE LAW

The successful coaches of
the future will be those who
educate players to develop
their individual and team
skills in accordance with
the laws.
The coach is the role
model for team members on
match-day. The coach sets
the example through words
and actions.
It is important that coaches
and umpires develop a
responsible and professional
ROLE MODELS: A coach’s behaviour approach for the benefit of
toward umpires will be reflected the game.
in the players’ behaviour.
73
THE COACH

YOU AND 1. KNOWLEDGE OF THE LAWS

Do you read the law book?
Yes No

THE Do you encourage your players to read the

______________________

UMPIRES law book?

______________________
Are you familiar with the ‘spirit of
the laws’?
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING
ASSESSMENT THAT WILL PROVIDE ______________________
A GUIDE AS TO YOUR BEHAVIOUR Do you discuss the ‘spirit of the laws’ with
TOWARDS UMPIRES your players?
______________________
Do you invite umpires to training to assist
in developing a better understanding of
the laws?
______________________
Do you raise your concerns with the
umpires’ adviser?
______________________
Do you actively teach and encourage
players to play within the laws?
______________________

2. AT THE MATCH

Are umpires made welcome by

your club?
______________________
Do you seek input as to how your club
looks after umpires?
______________________
Does your club appoint someone to look
after umpires?
______________________
Does your club provide escorts for
the umpires leaving the ground at half
time and after the match?
______________________
Do you welcome the umpires when they
visit your rooms before the match?

______________________

74
 CHAPTER 9 – UMPIRING

YOUR ANSWERS TO THESE 3. DURING THE MATCH Yes No

QUESTIONS WILL GIVE YOU AN
INDICATION OF HOW YOU BEHAVE Do you shout at the umpires? ______________________
TOWARD UMPIRES.
Do you shout comments about decisions
As a coach you are an influential in earshot of your players or the umpires?
role model and your players will ______________________
more often than not emulate Do you refer to the umpires when you
your behaviour. address your players?
______________________
You may wish to consider your Do you refer to the umpires so as
responses to these questions in they can hear during your address
light of the AFL Coaches’ Code to the players?
of Conduct. Do your responses ______________________
align with the major thrust of the Do you permit your players to dispute
Coaches’ Code? decisions or back-chat umpires?

You may wish to make changes to ______________________

your attitude towards umpires and 4. AFTER THE MATCH
make changes to your behaviour.
Does your club look after the umpires
after the match?

______________________
Do you discuss the match with
the umpires?
______________________

Do you tend to ignore the umpires

after the match? ______________________

Do you encourage your players to

talk to the umpires socially? ______________________

75
THE COACH

THE SPIRIT CONTEST FOR THE BALL

GENERAL PLAY

OF THE “The player whose sole objective is to contest the ball shall be permitted to do so.”
■ A player may be fairly met by use of the hip, shoulder, chest, arms, open hand or

LAWS be pushed or bumped in the chest or side or may be shepherded.

■ Solid but legal bumps are permitted.

IN AN EFFORT TO ACHIEVE DIVING ON THE BALL

CONSISTENCY IN DECISION “The ball shall be kept in motion.”
MAKING THERE IS AN EMPHASIS ■ Where a player elects to dive on the ball, or when on the ground elects to drag

PLACED ON UNDERSTANDING the ball underneath his or her body and is correctly tackled, the player is to be
THE ‘SPIRIT OF THE LAWS’ penalised for holding the ball if he or she fails to immediately knock the ball
(I.E. THE PHILOSOPHIES clear or correctly dispose of it.
UNDERLYING THE LAWS) AND
OFFICIATING ACCORDING TO MARKING CONTESTS
THE SPIRIT OF THE LAWS. “The player whose sole objective is to contest a mark shall be permitted to do so.”
■ Where there is incidental contact in a marking contest when the ball is the sole

It is the spirit and intention objective (eyes on the ball) – play-on will result.
of the laws to ensure that a ■ When a player leaps early, the attempt must be realistic (i.e. able to touch

match is played in a fair manner the ball).

and to protect players from
sustaining injury. TACKLING
All breaches of the laws A player in possession of the ball and tackled illegally will be awarded a free kick.
shall be penalised.
NO PRIOR OPPORTUNITY
– REASONABLE TIME
“The player who has possession of the ball and is tackled correctly by an opponent
shall be given a reasonable time to kick or handball the ball or attempt to kick or
handball the ball.”
■ If the tackle pins the ball – a field bounce will result.

■ If a correct tackle or bump causes the player with the ball to lose possession

– play-on will result.

PRIOR OPPORTUNITY
– IMMEDIATE DISPOSAL
“The player who has possession of the ball and has had an opportunity to dispose
of it and is then tackled correctly by an opponent must immediately kick or
handball the ball.”
■ If a correct tackle pins the ball or causes the player with the ball to lose

possession – a free kick will result.

■ If a bump or knock to the arm causes the player with the ball to lose possession

– play on will result.

76
 CHAPTER 9 – UMPIRING

RUCK CONTESTS
“The player whose sole objective is to contest the ruck shall be permitted to do so.”
■ Where there is incidental contact in a ruck contest when the ball is the sole

objective (eyes on the ball) – play-on will result.

ADVANTAGE PLAYS
“The ball shall be kept in motion by permitting the team offended against to take
advantage, provided play is continuous.”
Advantage can only apply to a free kick. It cannot apply to a mark.
A guide as to whether play is continuous is that the outcome of the play would
have been the same had the whistle not been blown.
To implement this well, umpires need to be alert for possible advantage plays in
the following circumstances:
■ When the ball is loose.

■ When the team offended against has possession of the ball.

50M PENALTY
“After a mark or free kick has been awarded, a 50m penalty will be awarded
against the opposing team who unduly delays the play or abuses an umpire.”

77
THE COACH

THE AFL A ustralian Football coaches (and officials who appoint them) are becoming
increasingly aware that, as members of the wider community and the sports
COACHES’ industry, they have legal and ethical obligations to present themselves in public in

CODE OF
accordance with acceptable standards of behaviour.
Recognition of this fact by the AFL and affiliated bodies is shown in many ways

CONDUCT
including the requirement for coaches to be accredited and a focus on safety, legal and
behavioural information in coaches’ courses and seminars.
It is important to maintain standards among Australian football coaches for the
integrity of the sport and the general good of coaches. The AFL Coaches’ Code of
Conduct is an outline of acceptable behaviours. The code is not intended to be lengthy,
or detailed and does not remove the requirement for coaches to exercise judgement.
However, it does stand as a model for leagues, clubs and schools to expect that basic
standards of behaviour are maintained. By accepting the Code, coaches are signifying
commitment to supporting minimum standards of good coaching and the concepts of
responsibility, competence and propriety within coaching.
The AFL Coaches’ Code of Conduct has been in existence and included in coaching
manuals for many years. Study of the Code is an integral part of AFL coach accreditation
courses and coaches are required to sign their agreement to comply with the Code as
part of the accreditation process. Increasingly, clubs and leagues are reinforcing codes of
behaviour for coaches and other participants at local level as part of a drive to improve
the quality of club environments. There is an expectation that all Australian football
coaches are aware of their responsibilities under the AFL Coaches’ Code of Conduct
and act accordingly.

ANDREW DEMETRIOU – AFL Chief Executive Officer

THE AFL COACHES’

CODE OF CONDUCT
I understand that as an integral component of my accreditation, I must maintain
a standard of behaviour and conduct in the best interests of the game and the
players/staff in my care.
In representing myself in an honest manner, and without bringing the coaching
profession or the Game into disrepute, I will endeavour to uphold the following to the
best of my ability:
1. I will respect the rights, dignity and worth of all individuals within the context
of my involvement in Australian Football, including refraining from any
discriminatory practices on the basis of race, religion, ethnic background,
sexuality, gender or special ability/disability.
2. I will abide by and teach the AFL Laws of the Game and the Rules of my Club and
League/Association.
3. I will be reasonable in the demands I make on the time commitments of the
players in my care, having due consideration for their health and well-being.

78
 CHAPTER 9 – UMPIRING

4. I will be supportive at all times and I will refrain from any form of personal
abuse or unnecessary physical contact with the players in my care.
5. I will have due consideration for varying maturity and ability levels of my
players when designing practice schedules, practice activities and involvement
in competition.
6. I will avoid overplaying the talented players aiming to maximise participation
and enjoyment for all players regardless of ability. Where I am responsible for
players in the five to 12-year-old age group, I will strive to ensure that all players
gain equal playing time.
7. I will stress and monitor safety always.
8. In recognising the significance of injury and sickness, I will seek and
follow the physician’s advice concerning the return of injured or ill players
to training.
9. I will endeavour to keep informed regarding sound principles of coaching and
skill development, and of factors relating to the welfare of my players.
10. I will at all times display and teach appropriate sporting behaviour, ensuring that
players understand and practise fair play.
11. I will display and foster respect for umpires, opponents, coaches, administrators,
other officials, parents and spectators.
12. I will ensure that developing players are involved in a positive environment
where skill learning and development as priorities are not overshadowed by a
desire to win.
13. I reject the use of performance enhancing substances in sport and will abide
by the guidelines set forth in the AFL DRUG POLICY.

I agree to the following terms:

1. I agree to abide by the AFL Coaches’ Code of Conduct.
2. I acknowledge that the AFL, or a body affiliated with the AFL, may take disciplinary
action against me if I breach the code of conduct. I understand that the AFL, or
a body affiliated with the AFL, is required to implement a complaints handling
procedure in accordance with the principles of natural justice, in the event of an
allegation against me).
3. I acknowledge that disciplinary action against me may include de-registration from
the AFL National Coaching Accreditation Scheme.

Note: This Coaches’ Code of Conduct is to be signed and conformed to as part of the
accreditation requirements of the AFL. Coaches should be aware that, in addition to this
Code, they may be obliged to sign a further Code of Conduct/Ethics with their Club and/
or League.

79
THE COACH

FURTHER Chapter 1 – Role of the Coach

Douge, B. Coaching Qualities Of Successful Coaches: A Checklist.

READING
Sports Coach 10 (4) p31-35 1987.
Stewart, A. What It Takes: A personal best approach to success, Melbourne 2003.
AFL Coaches’ Code of Conduct, AFL Melbourne.
Ball, S. A Season of Achievement, AFL, Melbourne, 2006.
Chapter 2 – Basic Skills of Football
McLeod, A., Jaques, T. Australian Football: Steps to Success, Human Kinetics 2006.
Beginning Coaching – Level 1 Coach’s Manual Fourth edition, Australian Sports
Commission, Canberra 2006.
Coaching Children, Australian Coaching Council, Canberra 1992.
NAB AFL Auskick Manual, AFL, Melbourne 2006.
Great Skills, Great Players (DVD), AFL, Melbourne 2002.
Chapter 3 – Planning
Woodman, L., Pyke, F. Periodisation of Australian Football Training,
Sports Coach 14 (2) p32-39 1991.
Pyke, F. (Editor) Better Coaching, Australian Sports Commission, Canberra 2001.
AFCA Coaches Diary, Football Victoria Development, Melbourne.
Chapter 4 – The Training Session
Wheadon, D. Drills and Skills, Longman Cheshire, Melbourne 1991.
AFL Sport Education, AFL, Melbourne 2003.
NAB AFL Auskick Manual, AFL, Melbourne 2006.
Chapter 5 – Team Play and Tactics
Wheadon D. Tactics In Modern Football, Longman Cheshire, Melbourne 1991.
Mitchell, B. & O’Sullivan, D. How to Play Your Position, Pan Macmillan Australia
Pty Ltd, Sydney 1998.
Russell, D. How to play Australian Football, GSP Books, Melbourne 2005.
Chapter 6 – Fitness for Football
Parkin, D., Smith, R., Schokman P. Premiership Football, Hargreen Publishing
Company, Melbourne 1987.
Chapter 7 – Nutrition
Garden, L. Footy Food, Intoprint, Melbourne 1993.
Burke, L. The Complete Guide to Food for Sports Performance, Allen and Unwin 1992.
Chapter 8 – Prevention and Management of Injuries
Safety Guidelines for Children in Sport and Recreation, Sports Medicine Australia,
Canberra 1997.
Preventing Australian Football Injuries: Facts and Safety Tips for Australian Football,
Sport and Recreation Victoria, Melbourne 1998.
Burdon, P., Gore, C., Spence, P. Avoiding Heat Stress: Lessons from a Cricket Coach,
Sports Coach 16 (3) p34-38 1993.
Chapter 9 – Umpiring
Laws of Australian Football, AFL, Melbourne 2007.
Laws of the Game Interpretations 2007 (DVD), AFL, Melbourne 2007.
General
AFL Youth Coaching Manual, AFL, Melbourne 2004.
Website
There is information about all aspects of coaching in the ‘Coaching’ section,
80 under ‘Game Development’, on the AFL website afl.com.au
Notes
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Australian Government

The AFL gratefully acknowledges the support of the

Australian Government for AFL Game Development Programs,
through the Australian Sports Commission.