ZNOTES.

ORG

UPDATED TO 2020-22 SYLLABUS

CAIE IGCSE
MATHS (0580)
SUMMARIZED NOTES ON THE SYLLABUS
CAIE IGCSE MATHS (0580)

1. Number
Natural numbers:
used for counting purposes
all possible rational &irrational numbers
A∩B is shaded A∪ B ‎is shaded
Integer: a whole number ‎⊂ ‎‘is a subset of’
Prime numbers:
divisible only by itself and one
1 is not a prime number
Rational numbers: can be written as a fraction
Irrational numbers: cannot be written as a fraction e.g. π
Cube numbers: made from multiplying a rational number
to itself twice. ξ = {a, b, c, d, e} A’ is shaded
Reciprocals: A number made by raising a rational number b∈X
to -1, or 1 over that number
of elements in A
1.2. HCF and LCM
∈ = …is an element of…
Highest Common Factor and Lowest Common Multiple:
∈
/ = …is not an element of…
A′ = compliment of set A
Ø or   = empty set
ξ = Universal set
A ∪ B = union of A and B
A ∩ B = intersection of A and B
A ⊆ B = A is a subset of B
HCF = product of common factors of x and y A ⊂ B = A is a proper subset of B
LCM = product of all items in Venn diagram A ⊆ B = A is not a subset of B
A⊄B = A is not a proper subset of B

1.4. Indices
Standard form:

104 = 10000
103 = 1000
Prime Factorization: finding which prime numbers 102 = 100
multiply together to make the original number 101 = 10
100 = 1
1.3. Sets 10−1 = 0.1
10−2 = 0.01
Definition of sets e.g. 10−3 = 0.001
A = {x: x is a natural number} 10−4 = 0.0001
B = {(x, y ): y = mx + c} 10−5 = 0.00001
C = {x: a ≤ x ≤ b} Limits of accuracy:
D = {a, b, c, …}
The degree of rounding of a number
Set representations: E.g. 2.1 to 1 d.p 2.05 ≤ x < 2.15
Finding limits when adding/multiplying: add/multiply
respective
limits of values
Finding maximum value possible when
dividing/subtracting: max
value divided by/minus min
value
A∩B is shaded A∪ B ‎is shaded Finding minimum value possible when
dividing/subtracting: min
value divided by/minus max
‎⊂ ‎‘is a subset of’ value

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Units of distance: km or m
1.5. Ratio & Proportion
Units of time: hr or sec
Ratio: used to describe a fraction 5
e.g. 3 : 1 km/hr × = m/sec
18
​

Foreign exchange: money changed from one currency to

another
using proportion 18
m/sec × = km/hr
E.g. Convert $22.50 to Dinars 5
​

$1 : 0.30KD
$22.50 : 6.75KD
Map scales: using proportion to work out map scales 2. Algebra & Graphs
1km = 1000m
1m = 100cm 2.1. Factorisation
1cm = 10mm
Direct variation: y is proportional to x Common factors:
y∝x 3x2 + 6x
y = kx 3x(x + 2)
Inverse variation: y is inversely proportional to x Difference of two squares:
1
y∝ ​
25 − x2
x
k (5 + x)(5 − x)
y= ​

x Group factorization:

1.6. Percentages 4d + ac + ad + 4c

Percentage: 4 (d + c) + a(c + d)
Convenient way of expressing fractions
Percent means per 100 (4 + a)(c + d)
Percentage increase or decrease:
Trinomial:
Actual Change
P ercentage increase =  × 100 x2 + 14x + 24
Original Amount
​

Simple interest:
x2 + 12x + 2x + 24

PRT x (x + 12) + 2 (x + 12)

I=
100
​

(x + 2)(x + 12)
Where, P= P rincipal, T = Rate Of  Interest, and
T = T ime 2.2. Quadratic Factorization
Compound interest:
General equation:
R n
A = P (1 + ) ax2 + bx + c = 0
100
​

Solve quadratics by:

Where, P= P rincipal, T = Rate Of  Interest, and Trinomial factorization
T = T ime Quadratic formula

1.7. Speed, Distance & Time −b ± b2 − 4ac

x=
​

2a
​

Distance When question says, “give your answer to two decimal

Speed =
Time
​

places”,
use formula!
Total Distance Derivation of the Quadratic Formula is the same as saying
Average Speed = “Make
x the subject in ax2 + bx + c = 0”
Total Time
​

Units of speed: km/hr or m/s ax2 + bx + c = 0

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Factorize a out Where a = 1, b = −1, c = −6

Plug the numbers in the Quadratic Formula:
a (x2 + x) + c = 0
b
−b ± b2 − 4ac
​

a
x=
​

2a
​

Complete the Square

Therefore:
b 2
a ((x + ) − 2 ) + c = 0
b2
2
2a 4a − (−1) ± (−1) − 4 (1) (−6)
​ ​

x=
​

2 (1)
​

2 2
a (x + ) −
b b
+c=0 x1 = 3
2a 4a
​ ​

b 2 b2 − 4ac x2 = −2
a (x + ) =
​

2a 4a
​ ​

- Complete the Square

e.g. x2 + 10x + 5 = 0
b 2 b2 − 4ac
(x + ) = (WARNING! Coefficient of x2 Must be 1 for this to work)
2a 4a2
​ ​

x2 + 10x + 5 = 0
b b2 − 4ac
x+ =±
2a 4a2 (x + 5)2 − 52 + 5 = 0
​ ​ ​

b ± b2 − 4ac (x + 5)2 − 20 = 0
x+ =
​

2a 4a2
​ ​

(x + 5)2 = 20
​

Note: 4a2 is a square number

x + 5 = ± 20
± b2 − 4ac
​

b
x+ =
​

2a 2a x = −5 ± 20
​ ​

−b ± b2 − 4ac Answer is:

x=
​

2a
​

x1 = −5 + 20, x2 = −5 − 20
Standardized form:
​ ​ ​ ​

y = ax2 +bx + c
Complete Square form: 2.3. Reciprocal Graphs (Hyperbola)
y = (x + a)2 +b
(Where axis of symmetry is x =
Standardized Form:
−a)
y = xa
To find turning point of quadratic equation, complete
​

the
square, then the turning point is: (−a,   b) If a is Positive: If a is Negative:
Ways to solve Quadratic equation: The Line will be in the The Line will be in the
Graphing Method
1st&3rd Quadrant 2nd&4th Quadrant
Factorizing
Quadratic Formula
Complete the Square png)

- Graphing Method – Graph the equation, 2.4. Cubic Equation

see where the it touches the x-axis
- Factorizing Standardized Form:
e.g. x2 − x − 6 = 0 y =ax3 +bx2 +cx + d
Properties:
x2 − x − 6 = 0
Highest Exponent of x is 3
(x − 3) (x + 2) = 0 Has a maximum of 2 turning points

Turning points are points after which a graph changes its

x1 = 3
gradient’s sign, therefore changing direction between up or
​

x2 = −2 down
 
​

- Quadratic Formula
e.g. x2 − x − 6 = 0

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Using differentiation
dy
dx gives you the gradient of the
curve at any point in
​

terms of x
dy
When y = xn , dx ​ = nxn−1
Stationary/ turning point: dy
dx ​ =0
′
1st Derivative =
dy
dx2 = f (x)​

′′
nd d y
2 Derivative =
dx 2 = f (x) ​

To determine if stationary point is maximum or

minimum:
2.5. Exponential Graphs Use 2nd derivative
2
d y
Maximum point: dx2 ​ <0
d2 y
Minimum point: dx2 ​ >0
Use gradients around the point
Input x values slightly above and below
stationary
point and calculate gradient

2.7. Simultaneous Equations

Can be solved either by substitution or elimination
Generally solved by substitution as follows:
Step 1: obtain an equation in one unknown and solve
this
equation
Step 2: substitute the results from step 1 into linear
equation
to find the other unknown
The points of intersection of two graphs are given by the
solution of their simultaneous equations

2.8. Inequalities
Standardized form: Solve like equations
y = a (b)x Multiplying or dividing by negative ⇒ switch sign
Properties:
y
a is the y -intercept −3 ≥ −7
​

Asymptotes are lines that a curve approaches, but y ≤ −7 × −3

never touches
because the curve continues to infinity,
in this case the y-axis y ≤ 21
b is the rate of growth
When 0 < b < 1, the graph will go downwards from When two inequalities present, split into two
left to
right
x < 3x − 1 < 2x + 7

2.6. Gradient of a Curve x < 3x − 1 3x − 1 < 2x + 7

x > 12 x<8
By drawing tangents
​

In a straight line, gradient is constant 1

Curves have varying gradients throughout the graph. <x<8
2
​

To find the
gradient at a point:
1. Draw the graph
2. Draw a tangent at the point in the graph, ensuring it 2.9. Linear Programming
only touches the graph at that point (Use a ruler)
3. Find the gradient of the tangent For strict inequalities (<, >) use broken line
For non-strict inequalities (≤, ≥) use solid line
Steps to solve:
Interpret y = mx + c
Draw straight line graphs
Shade
Solve

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From B to C: Uniform deceleration / retardation

Area under a graph = distance travelled.

Gradient = acceleration.
If the acceleration is negative, it is called deceleration or
retardation. (moving body is slowing down.)
2.10. Sequences
2.13. Functions
Linear sequences: Find common difference e.g. 3, then
multiply
by n and work out what needs to be added Function notation:
Quadratic sequences: f : x → 2x − 1
Format: an2 + bn + c Function f such that x maps onto 2x − 1
Composite function: Given two functions f (x)
and g (x),
the composite function of f and g
is the function which
maps x onto
f (g (x))
Work out the values and then place into formula to f (2)
work out nth
term formula Substitute x = 2 and solve for f (x)
Geometric progression: sequence where term has been f g(x)
multiplied
by a constant to form next term Substitute x = g (x)
−1
f (x)
nth term of  G.P .  = ar(n−1) Let y = f (x) and make x the subject

a = 1st term r = common difference

3. Geometry
2.11. Distance-Time Graphs
3.1. Similarity
Similarity can be worked out by the AAA (Angle – Angle –
Angle)
rule.
AAA (Angle – Angle – Angle) rule: All the corresponding
angles
of the triangles must be equal.
From O to A: Uniform speed
From B to C: Uniform speed (return journey)
From A to B: Stationery (speed = 0)

3.2. Congruence
Gradient  =  speed SSS (Side – Side – Side) rule: All the three sides of the
triangles must be equal
2.12. Speed-Time Graphs

From O to A: Uniform speed

From A to B: Constant speed (acceleration = 0) RHS (Right angle – Hypotenuse – Side) rule :

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There must two right-angled triangles Rectangle:

The length of the hypotenuses must be the same A parallelogram with all sides
One of the corresponding sides of each triangle must be equal
the same
opposite angles equal
SAS (Side – Angle – Side) rule:

There must be an angle and a side present diagonals bisect each other
The angle of the adjacent sides must be equal
The two sides of the triangle must be equal Trapezium:

One pair of sides parallel

ASA (Angle – Side – Angle) rule: The sides adjacent to the Kite:
equal
angles must be of the same length.
Two pairs of adjacent sides
equal

diagonals are perpendicular

to each other

3.5. Construction
3.3. Triangles
Constructing triangles:

3.4. Quadrilaterals
Rectangle:

Opposite sides parallel/equal

3.6. Symmetry
all angles 90°
Line of symmetry: Divides a two-dimensional shape into
diagonals bisect each other two congruent (identical) shapes
Plane of symmetry: Divides a three-dimensional shape
Parallelogram: into two congruent solid shapes
Opposite sides parallel/equal
 
opposite angles equal The number of times shape fits its outline during a
complete revolution is called the order of rotational
diagonals bisect each other symmetry
Rhombus:
 

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Number of Lines of Rotational Symmetry

Shape
Symmetry Order
Square 4 4
Rectangle 2 2
Parallelogram 0 2
Rhombus 2 2
Trapezium 0 1
Kite 1 1 Alternate angles
Equilateral
3 3
triangle
Regular
6 6
hexagon

Properties of circles:
Equal chords are equidistant from the centre
The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through
the centre
Tangents from an external point are equal in length

3.7. Polygons
Sum of angles at a point = 360∘
Angles on a straight line =  180∘ Co-interior angles add up t0 180°
Sum of angles in a triangle = 180∘
For regular polygon
∘
External angles = 360n​

∘
Internal angles =180∘ − 360
n ​

For irregular polygon:

Sum of exterior angles = 360∘
Sum of interior angles= 180(n − 2)
Vertically opposite angles are equal

Exterior angle=sum of interior opposite ∠

Corresponding angles are equal

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3.8. Circle Theorem 4.3. Units

Volume:

Angle at center = twice

Angle subtended by same arc at
angle on circumference
circumference are equal

Angles in semicircleare 90°

Opposite angles in a cyclic
quadrilateral = 180°

Mass:

Tangents from one point

are equal. ‎∠‎between
tangent and radius is 90° Alternate segment theorem

4. Mensuration
4.1. Area
Parallelogram = b × h

OR

ab sin θ Capacity:
1
Triangle= 2b×h
​

Trapezium= 12 (a + b) h
​

Circle= πr 2
Sector= πr 2 × 360
θ
​

4.2. Volume and Surface Area

Cuboid
Surf ace area = 2lw + 2hl + 2hw
V olume = hlw
Cylinder
Curved surf ace area = 2πrh
V olume = πr2 h
Cone
Connecting volume and capacity:
Curved surf ace area = πrl
1ml = 1cm3
V olume = 13 (πr2 h)
1kl = 1m3
​

Sphere Mass
Density = Volume
Surf ace area = 4πr2
​

V olume = 43 πr3
5. Coordinate Geometry
​

Hemisphere
Surf ace area = 2πr2
V olume = 23 πr3 ​

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e.g. The bearing of B from A is 050°

5.1. Graphs
Gradient of a Straight Line:
y2 − y1
Gradient =
​ ​

x2 − x1
​

​ ​

Equation of Line:
6.2. Pythagoras Theorem
y = mx + c
To find hypotenuse
Find the gradient, m a2 + b2 = c2
Find the y -intercept, c

Midpoint of Graph:

x1 + x2 y1 + y2
( ,  )
​ ​ ​ ​

2 2
​ ​

To find one of the shorter sides

Length between two points: a2 = c2 − b2
b2 = c2 − a2
(x1 − x2 )2 + (y1 − y2 )2
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Angle of elevation:
Angle above the horizontal line
5.2. Sketching Graphs

Angle of depression:
Angle below the horizontal line.
f(x) = 1‎ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2

f(x) = x3‎ f(x) = 1/x f(x) = 1/x2 Area of a triangle:  12 ab sin c

​

6.3. Ratios
6. Trigonometry
Right angled triangles:
6.1. Bearings sin x = opposite
hypotenuse → SOH
​

adjacent
The bearing of a point B from another point A is: cos x = hypotenuse → CAH
​

An angle measured from the north at A.

In a clockwise direction.
Written as three-figure number (i.e. from 000° to
360°)

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opposite
tan x = adjacent → TOA

Goes to infinity at 90°, 270°, 450°, …

Has x-intercepts at multiples of 180°

6.5. Sine & Cosine Rules

Sine rule:

a b c
6.4. Graphs of simple trigonometric sin a
​=
sin b
=​

sin c
​

functions Cosine rule

∘ To find the angle given 3 sides
sin (x) = sin (180 − x)
b2 + c2 − a2
cos a =
2bc
​

To find side given angle and two sides

a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos a

7. Vectors & Transformations

7.1. Vectors
Vector quantity has both magnitude and direction
E.g. Vectors a and b represented by the line segments,
can be
added using ‘parallelogram rule’ or ‘nose-to-tail

∘
cos (x) = cos (360 − x)

method’
Multiplication by a scalar:
Scalar quantity: has a
magnitude but no direction
The negative sign reverses the direction of the vector
Column vector:

Sine and cosine shifted by 90°

Sine has x-intercepts at multiples 180°, and cosine at (90°
+
multiples of 180°)
∘
tan (x) = tan (180 + x) Top number = horizontal component
Bottom number = vertical component

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Parallel vectors:
Vectors are parallel if they have the same direction
In general, the vector k ( ab ) is
parallel to ( ab )
​ ​

Modulus of a vector:
In general, if x = ( m
n ),
∣x∣ =
​ (m2 + n2 ​

7.2. Transformation
Reflection (M):
When describing a reflection, the position of the
mirror line is essential
Rotation (R):
The centre, angle and direction of rotation are needed
to describe a rotation
A clockwise rotation is negative, and an anticlockwise The OR Rule:
rotation is positive For exclusive events A and B
Translation (T): P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)

Independent events:

Two events are independent if occurrence of one is

unaffected by
occurrence of other
The AND Rule:
P(A and B) = P(A) × P(B)

When describing a translation, it is necessary to give

the
translation vector
8.3. Conditional Probability
Enlargement (E):
To describe an enlargement, state the scale factor, K Probability of an event (A), given that another (B) has
and the
centre of enlargement already
occurred

length of image Symbol : P (A∣B)

Scale f actor =
length of object
​

Area of  image = K 2 ×  area of  object

If K > 0, both object and image lie on same side of the
centre of
enlargement
If K < 0, object and image lie on opposite side of the
centre of
enlargement

8. Probability
Probability is the study of chance, or the likelihood of an
event
happening

number of favourable outcomes
P (event) =
total number of outcomes
​

If probability = 0, event is impossible

If probability =1, event is certain to happen Calculate using Venn diagram:
All probabilities lie between 0 and 1
Construct the Venn diagram, using sample space of both
events
8.2. Events P(A|B) = P(A ∩ B) / P(B)

Exclusive events: Calculate using tree diagrams:

Two events are exclusive if they cannot occur at the same

time

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The middle value - when the data has been written in

ascending
or descending order
Odd no. of values 5+1
2 = 3rd value
​

6+1
Even no. of values 2 = 3.5th value
​

(add two values divide by 2)

Mode:
Construct tree diagram. Most frequently occurring value
Write the outcomes of the first event Range:
Connect both the second and first events outcome Difference between highest and lowest values
Write probability on top of each event’s line Estimated mean of grouped data:
Multiply probabilities on the lines to the required Work out midpoints of each group and multiply by
outcome frequency
Note: The probabilities reduce with each step if objects Divide by number of values
are
replaced
9.3. Cumulative Frequency
Calculate using two-way tables:
Column and row headers are the sample space of the
Cumulative frequency is the total frequency up to a given
two events
point
Fill in each cell with the correct number of outcomes
Inter-quartile range = upper quartile −
Take the required number from the table and divide
by the sum of
all values in the row/column of the lower quartile
condition provided.
Remember: P(A|B) and P(B|A) are not the
same

9. Statistics
9.1. Histograms

9.4. Box-and-whisker plots

Construction
Find median and two quartiles
Draw three lines of equal width along these values
Complete the boxes
Draw ‘whiskers’ extending from the box to the
 
maximum and
minimum values.
Histogram: Displays frequency of continuous or grouped Draw two more lines at the ends
discrete data in the form of bars
Bars are joined together and may be of varying width
Frequency of the data is represented by the area of the
bar and not
the height
When class intervals are different, area of the bar
represents the
frequency, not the height
Frequency density plotted on y-axis,
not frequency
Class width = Interval
Frequency density = Height

F requency = Class width × F requency density Interpretation:

Median, quartiles and extreme values can be found by
reading on
the scale of y-axis
9.2. Averages Short boxes mean low IQR and vice versa (2), (3)
Long whiskers mean a lot of extreme values and vice
Mean versa (1)
Difference in position of boxes represents if data in
Sum of values
one set is
overall higher or lower than another data
number of values
​

set. (3) and (4)

Median:

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Variation in lengths of different sections and position

of
median show how evenly the data is spread,
compared to other
data sets (1)

9.7. Pictograms
Data is represented in pictures
9.5. Pie Charts
A key is given to represent the value of a picture.
Sectors represent data, and these sectors form a circle.

Angle of a sector: E.g.

= 5 people
Number of an item ∘
θ =    × 360
Total number of items
​

Favorite Fast Food of 100 Children

9.8. Scatter Diagrams

Displays the correlation between two sets of data
May have positive, negative or no correlation

∘
Sum of angles in a pie chart is 360

Line of best fit drawn through points that has an equal

9.6. Stem and Leaf diagrams number of
points on each side to show the trend

Stem-and-Leaf diagram is a quick way of summarizing a

range of data.
There is a column known as the stem, contains which
contains unique
elements of data formed by removing
last digits of the data.
Keys are used in this diagram

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