CENGR 3260 - HYDRAULICS

THE STABILITY OF
BODIES IN FLUIDS

ENGR. JHOREENE A. JULIAN

Instructor
Department of Civil Engineering, CLSU

CENTRAL LUZON
STATE UNIVERSITY

BUOYANCY
Because the pressure in a fluid in equilibrium increases with depth, the fluid exerts a resultant
upward force on any body wholly or partly immersed in it. This force is known as the buoyancy.
L. S.
dA
h1
dF = P2 dA - P1dA ‫ ׬‬dF = γ ‫ ׬‬dV
dF = γh2 dA - γh1 dA ‫ ׬‬dF = γ ‫ ׬‬dV
dV
dF = γ(h2- h1 )dA F = γV
h2
dF = γdV 𝐁𝐅 = 𝛄𝐕

Buoyant Force (BF) is defined as an upward force

dF(𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒) (with respect to gravity) on a body that is totally
submerged in a fluid, either a liquid or gas.
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BUOYANCY
L. S.
𝐁𝐅 = 𝛄𝐕 = 𝐖
dA
h1
Therefore, for a submerged body, the buoyancy
force of the fluid is equal to the weight of
dV displaced fluid.

h2
Archimedes’ Principle

dF(𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒) where:

γ = unit weight of the fluid
V = VD = volume displaced. Volume of
the body below the liquid surface.
W = weight of object
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BUOYANCY

If the body of height H has a constant horizontal cross-sectional area such as vertical
cylinders, blocks, etc.

L. S. 𝐬𝐩.𝐠𝐫.𝐨𝐟 𝐛𝐨𝐝𝐲 𝛄𝐛𝐨𝐝𝐲

𝐃 = 𝐬𝐩.𝐠𝐫.𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐢𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐝 H = 𝛄 H
H 𝐥𝐢𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐝

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BUOYANCY

If the body is of uniform vertical cross-sectional area A, the area submerged As is:

As

L. S. 𝐬𝐩.𝐠𝐫.𝐨𝐟 𝐛𝐨𝐝𝐲 𝛄𝐛𝐨𝐝𝐲

𝐀𝐬 = A = A
𝐬𝐩.𝐠𝐫.𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐢𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐝 𝛄𝐥𝐢𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐝
As

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BUOYANCY

For homogeneous solid body of volume V “floating” in a homogeneous fluid at rest

𝐬𝐩.𝐠𝐫.𝐨𝐟 𝐛𝐨𝐝𝐲 𝛄𝐛𝐨𝐝𝐲

𝐕𝐃= 𝐬𝐩.𝐠𝐫.𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐢𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐝 V = 𝛄 V
𝐥𝐢𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐝

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SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 1
An iceberg having specific gravity of 0.92 is floating on salt water
of sp.gr. 1.03. If the volume of ice above the water surface is 1000
m³, what is the total volume of the ice?

Solution:
V = total volume of ice
Wice = γice V
VD = volume displaced
Wice =(9.81 kN/m3)(0.92)(V)
VD = V -1000m³
Wice = 9.0252 V

Wice ice, sg = 0.92 BF = γseawater VD

Vabove = 1000 m³ BF = (9.81 kN/m3)(1.03)(V-1000 m3)

BF = 10.1043(V-1000)

VD ΣFv = 0
Wice = BF
BF 9.0252 V = 10.1043(V-1000)

Seawater, sg = 1.03 𝐕= 9,364 m³

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 SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 2
A wooden buoy (sg=0.62) is 50mm x
0.05 m
50mm by 3m long is made to float in
sea water (sg=1.025). How many N of 0.05 m
steel (sg=7.85) should be attached to
the bottom to make the buoy float 0.45 m
with exactly 450mm exposed above
the water surface? L. S.

2.55 m

Solution:
0.05 m Wwood
0.05 m

ΣFv=0
0.45 m
BFsteel + BFwood − Wsteel − Wwood = 0
L. S.
BFsteel = γsw Vsteel
BFsteel = (9810 N/m3 )(1.025)Vsteel
BFwood 2.55 m BFsteel = 10,055.25 Vsteel

BFwood = γsw Vwood

BFwood = (9810 N/m3 )(1.025)(0.05m)2(2.55m)
BFwood = 64.102 N

BFsteel Wsteel

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Solution:
0.05 m Wwood
0.05 m
Wwood = γwood Vwood
0.45 m Wwood = (9810 N/m3 )(0.62)(0.05m)2(3m)
L. S.
Wwood = 45.617 N

Wsteel = γsteel Vsteel

Wsteel = (9810 N/m3 )(7.85) Vsteel
BFwood 2.55 m
Wsteel = 77,008.5 Vsteel

10,055.25 Vsteel + 64.102 N− 45.617 N −

77,008.5 Vsteel = 0
Vsteel = 0.000276 m3

BFsteel Wsteel

Solution:
0.05 m Wwood
0.05 m

0.45 m
Vsteel = 0.000276 m3
L. S.
Wsteel = (9810 N/m3 )(7.85) (0.000276 m3)
𝐖𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 = 21. 261 𝐍
BFwood 2.55 m

BFsteel Wsteel

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STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES

A floating body is acted upon by two equal opposing forces.

Bodyweight, W

When these forces are collinear, it floats in an

upright position.

However, when the body tilts due to wind or wave

action, the center of buoyancy shifts to its new
position and the two forces are no longer
collinear.

Buoyant Force, F

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STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES

𝐘𝐀𝐖𝐍𝐈𝐍𝐆

𝐁
𝐇 𝐋

𝐋
𝐁 𝐑𝐎𝐋𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐆
𝐏𝐈𝐓𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐍𝐆

𝐇 𝐇

𝐋
𝐁
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STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES
W − weight
W
G – center of gravity
BF- buoyant force
L. S. BO - Initial center of
G buoyancy
BO

BF

𝐔𝐏𝐑𝐈𝐆𝐇𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍

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STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES

B′O – final center of
W buoyancy
M M – metacenter
L. S. M – intersection of the
G axis of the body and the
line of action of BF.
BO B′O x – distance between
x center of gravity and the
final center of buoyancy
BF

𝐑𝐎𝐋𝐋𝐄𝐃 𝐏𝐎𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍

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STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES
W
RM x

M
W G
L. S. L. S. OM
G M
BO B′O BO B′O
x

BF BF

If M is above G, the body will be stable If M is below G, the body will be unstable
BF and W will create a righting moment BF and W will create an overturning moment

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STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES

W
෍ Fv = 0
M

𝐁𝐅 = 𝐖 M
L. S. θ
θ
G

෍ MG/B′O = 0 BO B′O

G
𝐌 = 𝐖𝐱 x
x

𝐑𝐌 𝐨𝐫 𝐎𝐌 = 𝐖𝐱 sinθ =
x
MG BF
𝐑𝐌 𝐨𝐫 𝐎𝐌 = 𝐖𝐌𝐆 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉
𝐱 = 𝐌𝐆 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉

θ – angle of tilting
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STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES
Value of MBo
MBo = distance from M to Bo W
M
𝐯𝐒 θ
𝐌𝐁𝐨 = L. S.
𝐕𝐃 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉
G

v = volume of the wedge immersion BO B′O

v = Atriangle (L) x
y
θ 1 B
B/2 v= (y)(L)
2 2 BF

1 B B
v= ( tanθ)(L)
2 2 2
1 2
v = B L tanθ
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STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES

S = horizontal distance between the cg of the wedges
W
M
B/2
B/2 θ
L. S.
G

2 2 BO
B/2 B/2 B′O
3 3
x

S/2 BF
2 cos θ =
3
B 2 S
B
3
θ
S/2 2
S= Bcos θ
3

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STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES
VD = volume displaced

VD = BDL
width = L
vS L. S.
MBo =
VD sinθ G

1 2 2 BO 𝐃
8 B L tanθ 3 Bcos θ
MBo =
BDL sinθ
B2 BF
12 sinθ
MBo = 𝐁
D sinθ
𝐁𝟐 𝐁𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝛉
𝐌𝐁𝐨 = 𝐌𝐁𝐨 = 𝟏+ Note: For rectangular prism only
𝟏𝟐𝐃 𝟏𝟐𝐃 𝟐

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STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES

Value of MBo
𝐈
𝐌𝐁𝐨 = width = L
𝐕𝐃 L. S.
G
I = moment of inertia of the initial
waterline section BO 𝐃
VD = volume displaced

BF

𝐁
𝐁

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STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES
Value of MBo
𝐈 LB 3
𝐌𝐁𝐨 = I=
𝐕𝐃 12

VD = BDL
I = moment of inertia of the initial
waterline section LB 3
VD = volume displaced MBo = 12
BDL
B2
MBo =
12D
𝐁 B2 vS I
MBo = 12D
= V sinθ = V
D D

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SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 3

A rectangular scow 9 m wide, 15 m long, and 3.6 m
high has a draft in sea water of 2.4 m. Its center of
gravity is 2.7 m above the bottom of the scow.
Determine the following:
a. initial metacentric height
b. righting or overturning moment when the
scow tilts one side is just at the point of
submergence.

L. S. G

2.7 m 3.6 m
2.4 m

B=9m

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Solution:
a. initial metacentric height
W

L. S. G

2.7 m Bo 3.6 m
2.4 m
1.2 m

BF
B=9m

I (15 m)(9 m)3

MBo = MBo = 12
VD
(9 m)(2.4 m)(15 m)
LB 3 (15 m)(9 m)3
MBo = 12 MBo = 12
BDL (9 m)(2.4 m)(15 m)

MBo = 2.8125 m

Solution:
a. initial metacentric height, MG

L. S. G
2.8125 m

Bo 3.6 m
GBo =2.7 m – 1.2 m
2.4 m 2.7 m
1.2 m
GBo = 1.5 m

B=9m

MG = MBo − GBo

(15 m)(9 m)3

MG = 2.8125 m − 1.5 m
I
MBo = VD MBo = 12 𝐌𝐆 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟓m
(9 m)(2.4 m)(15 m)
LB 3 (15 m)(9 m)3
MBo = 12 MBo = 12
BDL (9 m)(2.4 m)(15 m)

MBo = 2.8125 m

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Solution:
b. righting or overturning moment
B2 tan2 θ
MBo = 1+
M 12D 2
W
(9 m)2 tan2 (14.93)
L. S.
MBo = 1+
G 12 (2.4 m) 2
Bo B′o
MBo = 2.91 m
MG = MBo - GBo
BF
MG = 2.91 m- 1.50 m
MG = 1.41 m

Since MBo > GBo , the moment is righting moment

1.2 m 1.2 m RM = Wx
θ tan θ =
4.5 m
RM = γV MG sinθ
B θ = 14.93°
= 4.5 m kN
2 RM = 9.81 3 (1.03)(9 m)(2.4 m)(15 m) 1.41m sin14.93
m
RM = 𝟏, 𝟏𝟖𝟗. 𝟐𝟕 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦

THANK YOU!

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STATE UNIVERSITY

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