Operating System:

1. A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer

and the computer hardware
2. Defines an interface for the user to use services provided by the system
3. Creates an environment for the user

Unix: The Unix operating system is a set of programs that act as a link
between the computer and the user.

Shell: The shell is a command line interpreter; it translates commands

entered by the user and converts them into a language that is understood by
the kernel.

Kernel: The kernel is the heart of the operating system. It interacts with the
hardware and most of the tasks like memory management, task scheduling
and file management.

Files and Directories: All the data of Unix is organized into files. All files
are then organized into directories. These directories are further organized
into a tree-like structure called the filesystem.

Piping: A pipe is a form of redirection that is used in Linux to send the

output of one program to another program for further processing.

Example: cat sample | grep -v a | sort - r

COMMANDS:

Command Function
concatenate and display
cat reads data from the file and gives their content
as output
echo output a string
mkdir make directories
cd change directory
cp copy files and directory
rm remove files and directory
mv move or rename files
rmdir remove empty directories
tail output the last part of files
Command Function
file determine file type
used to find files and directories and perform
find
subsequent operations on them
get information about currently logged in user
on to system.

who 1. Time of last system boot

2. Current run level of the system

3. List of logged in users and more.

passwd used to change the user account passwords.
prints the file name of the terminal connected to
standard input

tty - short of teletype allows you to interact with the system by passing
on the data (you input) to the system, and
displaying the output produced by the system
list out all the files or directories available in a
ls
directory
list the account name associated with the
whoami
current login
date +%d/%m/%Y print out today's date
uname -nr machine's name and version of the OS
clear clear the screen
tput 10 30 moves the cursor to row 10, column 30
bc used for command line calculator
breaks the output of a program so that it can be
both displayed and saved in a file

tee does both the tasks simultaneously, copies the

result into the specified files or variables and
also display the result
makes a typescript of everything printed on your
script
terminal
grep [globally
search a regular used to search for a string of characters in a
expression and specified file
print it]
used to create, change and modify timestamps of
touch
a file
used to set default permissions for files or
umask
directories the user creates
chmod [changemode] used to change the access mode of a file
Command Function
used for printing lines of input text files and
sort
concatenation of all files in sorted order
used for cutting out sections from each line of
cut
files and writing the result to standard output
used to prepare a file for printing by adding
suitable footers, headers, and the formatted text

pr
adds 5 lines of margin both at the top and
bottom of the page
used to list the currently running processes and
ps [process status]
their PIDs
used to terminate processes manually

kill sends a signal to a process which terminates the

process
used to set or unset specific flags and settings
set
inside the shell environment.

SHELL

Command Function
takes the input from the keyboard and assigns it as the value
read
of the variable
echo echo command in linux is used to display line of text/string
used to evaluate a given expression and display its standard
expr
output

SHELL OPERATORS

Command Function
logical negation, this inverts a true condition into false and
!
vice versa.
logical OR, if one of the operands is true, then the condition
-o
becomes true.
logical and, if both the operands are true, then the condition
-a
becomes true otherwise false.
Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not; if yes,
-eq
then the condition becomes true.
Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not; if
-ne
values are not equal, then the condition becomes true.
 Command Function
Checks if the value of the left operand if greater than the
-gt value of the right operand. if yes then condition becomes
true.
Checks if the value of the left operand if less than the value
-lt
of the right operand. if yes then condition becomes true.
Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to
-ge the value of right operand, if yes then the condition becomes
true
Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to
-le the value of right operand, if yes then the condition becomes
true

Question and Answers

1. Difference between terminal and shell?

Terminal Shell
A terminal is a text input and output The shell is a command-line
environment. interpreter.
The shell is the program that
A terminal is a wrapper program that
actually processes
runs a shell and allows us to enter
commands and outputs
commands.
results.
The terminal is a program that A shell is a user interface for
displays a graphical interface and accessing the services of an
allows you to interact with the shell. operating system.
  
2. What is process status?
Linux provides us a utility called ps which stands as abbreviation for
“Process Status” and is used for viewing information related with the
processes on a system
3. How can we find the running status?
By using ps or top command
4. How to kill a process?
Using kill command. To specify which process should receive the kill
signal we need to provide the PID.
5. How to interrupt a process?

6. Functionality of top command?

The top command displays the list of running processes in the order of
decreasing CPU usage.
7. Shell Script and is requirement
A shell script is a list of commands in a computer program that is run
by the Unix shell which is a command line interpreter
Shell helps in doing work which is repetitive in nature. For
example: When executing a bunch of commands, often, shells
can take all these commands directly from a stored file and
execute it, instead of writing them again every time.
We can transfer the shell script to other UNIX and similar
operating systems and execute.
8. Multiply two numbers using shell script
expr 10 * 5
 
9. Command to find all file accessed in the month of january
ls -l | grep 'Jan'
10. How to change password in linux?
1. How can we convert file permission
using chmod or umask

2. Difference between sh and bash

Bash is “Bourne Again SHell”, and is an improvement of the sh
(original Bourne shell)
bash is sh, but with more features and better syntax
Shell scripting is scripting in any shell, whereas Bash scripting is
scripting specifically for Bash
3. Difference between chmod and umask?

umask chmod
used to set the default access used to change the access
permissions for files and permissions for files that have
directories which will be been already created and are
created in the future present in the system

4. How to set and calculate umask values for files and directories?
1. We can use the umask command to set the default permissions
with which the files/directories will be created.
2. File -> The full permission set for a file is 666

Directory -> The full permission set for a directory is 777

3. the permissions will be calculated as (full permissions for
directory) – (umask value)

5. Negative PID indicate?

Negative PID values are used to indicate the process group ID.
6. Different types of Shell

C Shell The Bourne Shell

The prompt for the shell
The prompt for this shell is $
is %
 C shell also is known  POSIX shell also is known as sh

as csh
 Korn Shell also knew as ksh

 Tops C shell also is  Bourne Again Shell also knew as bash

known as tcsh (most popular)
 7. Types of variable in Shell
System variables - Created and maintained by Linux itself. This type
of variable

defined in CAPITAL LETTERS.

User defined variables (UDV) - Created and maintained by user.
This type of

variable defined in lower letters.

8. Rules for naming variable
1. Variable name must begin with Alphanumeric character or
underscore character ( ) Variable name must begin with
Alphanumeric character or underscore character (_), followed by
one or more Alphanumeric character.
2. Don't put spaces on either side of the equal sign when assigning
value to variable.
3. Variables are case-sensitive.
4. You can define NULL variable
5. Do not use ?,* etc, to name your variable names.
9. Command Substitution: the mechanism by which the shell performs a
given set of commands and then substitutes their output in the place of
the commands
10. Shell Loop Control

 The break statement

 The continue statement

 The continue statement

Basic calculator in shell script

# !/bin/bash

# Take user Input

echo "Enter Two numbers : "
read a
read b

# Input type of operation

echo "Enter Choice :"
echo "1. Addition"
echo "2. Subtraction"
echo "3. Multiplication"
echo "4. Division"
read ch

 # Switch Case to perform

# calculator operations
case $ch in
1)res=`echo $a + $b | bc`
;;
2)res=`echo $a - $b | bc`
;;
3)res=`echo $a \* $b | bc`
;;
4)res=`echo "scale=2; $a / $b" | bc`
;;
esac
echo "Result : $res"