MANAGEMENT OF

INFORMATION
SYSTEM
ASSIGNMENT NO.02

SUBMITTED BY:

Areeba Asif S2021054018

Salman Zafar Chaudhary F2021054040

Syed Asad Raza Shah S2021054012

M. Farukh Ahmad S2021054020

SUBMITTED TO: SIR HAMMAD MUSTAQ

 CASE STUDY QUESTIONS
Question no.01
Describe the role of big data in flattening the COVID-19 pandemic curve in
Taiwan and Malaysia.
Answer:
Big data has played an important role in flattening the covid-19 pandemic curve in
Taiwan and Malaysia. Big data has the potential to aid with outbreak detection.
Big data was used to track, control, evaluate, and eventually flatten the curve
during the pandemic. We may use algorithms to evaluate health records and trace
the contact history of patients to help uncover patterns of virus spread with the
use of big data, which brings together data from a range of sources. The creation
of a vaccine was aided by big data. Big data also provides information on covid-
19 infections, allowing for a novel strategy to the pandemic's containment.
(reliefweb, n.d.)
Role of Big data in Taiwan during pandemic:
In Taiwan, big data technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and regular
digital communication aided in the slowing of the covid virus's spread. The
Taiwanese government made considerable use of artificial intelligence to provide
real-time digital updates informing the public about where infections had been
found.
(Stanford University, n.d.)

Due to big data, Taiwanese also used modern technologies, such as QR code
scanning and online reporting of travel history and health symptoms, to categories
travellers' infectious risks based on flight origin and travel history in the previous
14 days. Taiwan began the creation of big data for analytics by combining its
national health insurance database with its immigration and customs databases.
This enables them to identify cases by producing real-time alerts based on travel
history and clinical symptoms during a clinical visit. (JAMA Network, n.d.)

Role of Big Data in Malaysia during pandemic:

Malaysia, on the other hand, began to accelerate at the start of the second wave and
has been gradually stabilising for the previous two weeks. The implementation of
the Movement Control Order (MCO) has flattened the curve, according to the
Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH). To deal with the epidemic, Selangor, which
has the largest number of COVID-19 cases in Malaysia, established a dedicated
task team to combat it. The state would then be able to conduct communal
screenings and contact tracking in a more efficient and coordinated manner due to
the usage of Big Data.
The Malaysian government has taken a step forward by launching an application
called MySejahtera, which allows users to estimate their risk of contracting
COVID-19.
The government can use the data collected through this app to undertake extensive
study utilising Big Data Analytics to help them contain the pandemic in this
country. Because of earlier and more accurate updates, big data has lowered the
number of cases and deaths. (Newletter, n.d.)

QUESTION NO. 02
What features should be included in a mobile application intended to combat
COVID-19, such as MySejahtera?
ANSWER:
The use of (AI) artificial intelligence and frequent digital communication in
Taiwan sets an example for all the other countries. Due to these technologies
systematic tracking of the proliferation of the virus while providing citizens with
real-time data on ways to minimize the risk of contracting it
These features should be included in mobile application
This mobile application captures the users' personal information, such as their
name, identity card number, contact number, email address, residential address,
and age, and fed it into the Ministry of Health's database for epidemiological
analysis. Identity card numbers verify with the National Registration Department
to weed out bad data.
Data from the application extract for contact tracing when a positive case will be
report. There was a strict data process flow; the data was accessible to just seven
people across the Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre (CPRC), the disease
control center of MOH, and the Ministry of Health and National Cyber Security
Agency (NACSA), which is responsible for data security and governance.
Application will be equipped with a customized dashboard to track locations using
a check-in feature that enabled visitor management for private and government
premises. Once a COVID-19 case will confirmed, the CPRC acted immediately to
retrieve data—using check-in timestamps at particular venues—on close contacts
and other individuals who might have been in proximity to the infected person.
Tracking of close contacts prioritize for venues that carried a high probability of
contracting COVID19, such as enclosed and crowded venues like shopping malls
and restaurants. Low-risk transmission venues more likely to omitted from the
analysis.
Remote support
The application offers users or patients remote assistance. Remote consultation via
video communication, voice call, instant messaging, and emergency call support
are some of the functions that might help you achieve this goal. Patients can use a
self-assessment tool to see if their symptoms are cause by COVID-19. Application
allow users to self-report COVID-19 infection while also receiving virtual medical
help. A few apps also send out regular alerts about new afflicted geographic areas
and COVID-19 awareness material.

Monitor patients
Application should have functionality for monitoring patients by using Bluetooth
certified medical devices to monitor users' health metrics such as temperature,
heart rate, oxygen, and blood pressure. Patients can have live video consultations
with doctors and obtain medical advice. Some apps offer virtual assistance by
allowing users to interact with them using natural language and speech.
Current state
Applications use datasheets and data visualizations to present status and statistics
from a local (specific-country context) and global viewpoint. In terms of time and
geographic region, this status covers the number of confirmed infected people,
recovery, mortality, incubation period, and so on. Some apps provide forecast data
based on various mathematical calculations, while others provide current corona
virus news and push notifications for any new suspect case, suspected
community/regions, death, and recovery.
Treatment services
Applications offer therapy services or information about treatment. Search
functionality to discover local medical facilities with COVID-19 testing capacity
and pharmacies give information about nearby hospitals, hospital maps, and travel
information to reach nearby hospitals are all possible functions to achieve this goal.
Application gives information on COVID-19 symptoms so that users can do a self-
assessment if they suspect infection. Based on their geographical location and
physical symptoms, some other applications advise suspicious patients to contact
nearby care centers or hospitals. (NIH, n.d.)

QUESTION NO: 03
What are the challenges of big data in healthcare?
ANSWER:
Big data is commonly defined through the 4Vs: Volume (scale or quantity of data),
Velocity (speed and analysis of real-time or near-real-time data), Variety (different
forms of data, often from disparate data sources), and Veracity (quality assurance
of the data). The first 3Vs found in most literature and the fourth V is a goal.
What is Big Data in healthcare?
Big Data refers to large amounts of data accumulated, analyzed and processed to
find conditions, patterns and significant ends. It supports for better navigation,
improvement of the administrations or services, customizing the products,
decreasing expenses and reaching many other objectives in business, social and
scientific fields. Inside the healthcare area, Big Data covers each every one of these
areas as it is widely utilized by both - public and private areas. It is a powerful
solution and able to change the entire business techniques or strategies, helping to
invent new medicines and track the virus spreading. (Magdalena, 2020)
(Chakarborty, 2021)
Big Data in healthcare has its own characteristics, including heterogeneity,
inadequacy, promptness and durability, anonymity, and management. In order to
facilitate health-related science, these features introduce a number of challenges to
data storage, mining, and sharing. (Kruse, 2016)
Some of the Challenges of Big Data in Healthcare are:
The top challenges are issues data structure, security, data standardization, data
storage and transfers, managerial issues such as governance and ownership, lack of
skill of data analysts, inaccuracies in data, regulatory compliance, and real-time
analytics. (Kruse, 2016) (Chakarborty, 2021) (Alkhaldi, 2021)
Data Structure Issues:
To use data more efficient, it must be clean, precise, correctly formatted so that it
can be use across various healthcare systems. It is essential that the key functions
of data processing be support by the applications of big data. Big data applications
should be user-friendly, transparent, and menu-driven. The majority of data in
health care is unstructured, such as from natural language processing. It is often
fragmented, dispersed, and rarely standardized. However, with unstructured data,
even within the same organization, unstructured data is difficult to aggregate and
analyze. (Kruse, 2016) (Chakarborty, 2021)
Security Issues
Data that is made available on open source is freely available and, hence, highly
vulnerable. Further, due to the sensitivity of health care data, there are significant
concerns related to confidentiality. Moreover, this information is centralized, and
as such, it is highly vulnerable to attacks. When dealing with highly sensitive data
and even patient data, which is important, the healthcare industry must be very
cautious. Not only can leakage of details prove costly to healthcare companies. For
these reasons, enabling privacy and security is very important.
(Kruse, 2016) (Chakarborty, 2021) (Alkhaldi, 2021)
Data Standardization Issues
Data is stored in formats that are not compatible with all applications and
technologies. This lack of data standardization also causes problems in transfer of
that data. It complicates data acquisition and cleansing. Limited interoperability
poses a large challenge for big data, as data is rarely standardized. This leaves big
data to face issues related to the acquisition and cleansing of data into a
standardized format to enable analysis and global sharing. With globalization of
data, big data will have to deal with a variety of standards, barriers of language,
and different terminologies.
(Kruse, 2016) (Chakarborty, 2021) (Alkhaldi, 2021)
Storage and Transfers
Data generation is inexpensive compared with the storage and transfer of the same.
The price also incurred with transfer of data from one place to another as well as
analyzing it. Some researchers have been able to combine the themes of Data
structure and Storage and transfers when they illustrate how structured data can be
easily stored, queried, analyzed, and so forth, but unstructured data is not easy to
manipulate it. Cloud-based health information technology has the additional layer
of security associated with the extraction, transformation, and loading of patient-
related data. The use of big data should address issues related to increased
expenditures as well as the transmittance of secure or insecure information.
(Kruse, 2016) (Chakarborty, 2021) (Alkhaldi, 2021)
Managerial Issues
Data governance will need to move up on the priority list of organizations, and it
should be treated as a primary asset instead of a by-product of the business. Data
ownership and data stewardship should create new roles in business that consider
big data analytics, and new partnerships will need to be broke when sharing data.
(Kruse, 2016) (Chakarborty, 2021) (Alkhaldi, 2021)
Lack of Appropriate Skills
It is important that health care workers are also keep up to date with the use of
constantly changing technology, techniques, and a constantly moving standard of
care. Due to the constant evolution of technology, there exist populations of
individuals lacking specific skills; as such, this is also a significant continuing
barrier to the implementation of big data. (Kruse, 2016)
Inaccuracies (Veracity)
Self-reported data is extensively use in health care, and so it is crucial that the data
collected in this manner be consistent. Keeping information current as well as
accurate is another challenge of data collection. Precision of data is also need to
provide accurate information. (Kruse, 2016)
Regulatory Compliance Issues
Health care organizations should be aware of the various legal issues that can
surface in the process of managing high volume of sensitive information.
Organizations implementing big data analytics as a part of their information
systems will have to comply with a significant number of standards and regulatory
compliance issues specific to health care. (Kruse, 2016)
Real-Time Analytics (Velocity)
One of the key requirements in health care is to be able to utilize big data in real
time. Real time is defined by enabling the use of applications such as cloud
computing to view said data in real time. The use of these technologies leads to
issues of security and privacy within patient information. (Kruse, 2016)

References
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2. Alkhaldi. (2021). Retrieved from www.itrexgroup.com: https://www.itrexgroup.com
3. Chakarborty. (2021). Retrieved from https://www.analyticsinsight.net/

4. JAMA Network. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2762689

5. Kruse. (2016). Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

6. Magdalena. (2020). Retrieved from https://www.merixstudio.com/

7. Newletter. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/uploads/files/6_Newsletter/Newsletter%202020/DOSM_BPIP_2-
2020_Series-56.pdf

8. NIH. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8545318/

9. NIH. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7467120/

10. Stanford University. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://fsi.stanford.edu/news/how-taiwan-used-big-

data-transparency-central-command-protect-its-people-coronavirus