Question Paper 2017

1) Define Internet
The Internet is a vast network that connects computers all over the world.
Through the Internet, people can share information and communicate from anywhere
with an Internet connection
2) What is DnS?
The Domain Name System (DNS) is the phonebook of the Internet. Humans access
information online through domain names, like nytimes.com or espn.com. Web
browsers interact through Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. DNS translates domain
names to IP addresses so browsers can load Internet resources.
3) Expand
HTTP- Hypertext Transfer Protocol
URL- Uniform Resource Locator
4) What is e commerce?
E-commerce (electronic commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and
services, or the transmitting of funds or data, over an electronic network, primarily
the internet. These business transactions occur either as business-to-business
(B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C), consumer-to-consumer or consumer-to-
business.
5) What is advantages of e commerce?
Advantages of E-Commerce
 E-commerce provides the sellers with a global reach. They remove the barrier of
place (geography). Now sellers and buyers can meet in the virtual world, without the
hindrance of location.
 Electronic commerce will substantially lower the transaction cost. It eliminates many
fixed costs of maintaining brick and mortar shops. This allows the companies to enjoy
a much higher margin of profit.
 It provides quick delivery of goods with very little effort on part of the customer.
Customer complaints are also addressed quickly. It also saves time, energy and effort
for both the consumers and the company.
 One other great advantage is the convenience it offers. A customer can shop 24×7.
The website is functional at all times, it does not have working hours like a shop.
 Electronic commerce also allows the customer and the business to be in touch
directly, without any intermediaries. This allows for quick communication and
transactions. It also gives a valuable personal touch
6) What is ERP?
ERP is an acronym that stands for enterprise resource planning (ERP). It's a
business process management software that manages and integrates a company's
financials, supply chain, operations, commerce, reporting, manufacturing, and human
resource activities.
7) Define:
G2G- Government to Government
B2B- Business to Business
G2C- Government to Customer
B2C- Business to Customer
 8) How Email Works?

Step A: Sender creates and sends an email

The originating sender creates an email in their Mail User Agent (MUA) and clicks 'Send'. The MUA is
the application the originating sender uses to compose and read email, such as Eudora, Outlook, etc.

Step B: Sender's MDA/MTA routes the email

The sender's MUA transfers the email to a Mail Delivery Agent (MDA). Frequently, the sender's MTA
also handles the responsibilities of an MDA. Several of the most common MTAs do this, including
sendmail and qmail (which Kavi uses).

The MDA/MTA accepts the email, then routes it to local mailboxes or forwards it if it isn't locally
addressed.

In our diagram, an MDA forwards the email to an MTA and it enters the first of a series of "network
clouds," labeled as a "Company Network" cloud.

Step C: Network Cloud

An email can encounter a network cloud within a large company or ISP, or the largest network cloud
in existence: the Internet. The network cloud may encompass a multitude of mail servers, DNS
servers, routers, lions, tigers, bears (wolves!) and other devices and services too numerous to
mention. These are prone to be slow when processing an unusually heavy load, temporarily unable to
receive an email when taken down for maintenance, and sometimes may not have identified
themselves properly to the Internet through the Domain Name System (DNS) so that other MTAs in
the network cloud are unable to deliver mail as addressed. These devices may be protected by
firewalls, spam filters and malware detection software that may bounce or even delete an email.
When an email is deleted by this kind of software, it tends to fail silently, so the sender is given no
information about where or when the delivery failure occurred.

Email service providers and other companies that process a large volume of email often have their
own, private network clouds. These organizations commonly have multiple mail servers, and route all
email through a central gateway server (i.e., mail hub) that redistributes mail to whichever MTA is
available. Email on these secondary MTAs must usually wait for the primary MTA (i.e., the designated
host for that domain) to become available, at which time the secondary mail server will transfer its
messages to the primary MTA.

Step D: Email Queue

The email in the diagram is addressed to someone at another company, so it enters an email queue
with other outgoing email messages. If there is a high volume of mail in the queue—either because
there are many messages or the messages are unusually large, or both—the message will be
delayed in the queue until the MTA processes the messages ahead of it.
Step E: MTA to MTA Transfer

When transferring an email, the sending MTA handles all aspects of mail delivery until the message
has been either accepted or rejected by the receiving MTA.

As the email clears the queue, it enters the Internet network cloud, where it is routed along a host-to-
host chain of servers. Each MTA in the Internet network cloud needs to "stop and ask directions" from
the Domain Name System (DNS) in order to identify the next MTA in the delivery chain. The exact
route depends partly on server availability and mostly on which MTA can be found to accept email for
the domain specified in the address. Most email takes a path that is dependent on server availability,
so a pair of messages originating from the same host and addressed to the same receiving host could
take different paths. These days, it's mostly spammers that specify any part of the path, deliberately
routing their message through a series of relay servers in an attempt to obscure the true origin of the
message.

To find the recipient's IP address and mailbox, the MTA must drill down through the Domain Name
System (DNS), which consists of a set of servers distributed across the Internet. Beginning with the
root nameservers at the top-level domain (.tld), then domain nameservers that handle requests for
domains within that .tld, and eventually to nameservers that know about the local domain.

DNS resolution and transfer process

 There are 13 root servers serving the top-level domains (e.g., .org, .com, .edu, .gov, .net,
etc.). These root servers refer requests for a given domain to the root name servers that
handle requests for that tld. In practice, this step is seldom necessary.
 The MTA can bypass this step because it has already knows which domain name servers
handle requests for these .tlds. It asks the appropriate DNS server which Mail Exchange (MX)
servers have knowledge of the subdomain or local host in the email address. The DNS server
responds with an MX record: a prioritized list of MX servers for this domain.

An MX server is really an MTA wearing a different hat, just like a person who holds two jobs
with different job titles (or three, if the MTA also handles the responsibilities of an MDA). To
the DNS server, the server that accepts messages is an MX server. When is transferring
messages, it is called an MTA.

 The MTA contacts the MX servers on the MX record in order of priority until it finds the
designated host for that address domain.
 The sending MTA asks if the host accepts messages for the recipient's username at that
domain (i.e., [email protected]) and transfers the message.

Step F: Firewalls, Spam and Virus Filters

The transfer process described in the last step is somewhat simplified. An email may be transferred to
more than one MTA within a network cloud and is likely to be passed to at least one firewall before it
reaches it's destination.
An email encountering a firewall may be tested by spam and virus filters before it is allowed to pass
inside the firewall. These filters test to see if the message qualifies as spam or malware. If the
message contains malware, the file is usually quarantined and the sender is notified. If the message is
identified as spam, it will probably be deleted without notifying the sender.

9) What are the advantages and disadvantages of social media?

Advantages of social media are:-
1) Technological Literacy
2) Bringing People Together
3) Attracts Attention
4) Abundance of Knowledge
5) Opportunity to expand business

Disadvantages of Social Media:

1) Distraction
2) Mental Health Problems
3) Relationship Problems
4) Illegal Crimes, Virus Attacks
5) Negative effects on worker productivity

10) Differentiate traditional commerce and e commerce

11) What are the main challenges when it comes to running an ecommerce business?

 Cyber & Data Security. When it comes to eCommerce, one of the biggest challenges faced is
security breaches. ...
 Online Identity Verification. ...
 Attracting the Perfect Customer. ...
 Customer Loyalty. ...
 Converting Shoppers into Paying Customers. ...
 Competition & Competitor Analysis. ...
 Price & Shipping. ...
 Product Return & Refund Policies.

12) Difference between web browser and web server

 13) What are the different classes of IP address?

 Class A Public & Private IP Address Range

Class A addresses are for networks with large number of total hosts. Class A allows for 126 networks
by using the first octet for the network ID. The first bit in this octet, is always zero. The remaining
seven bits in this octet complete the network ID. The 24 bits in the remaining three octets represent
the hosts ID and allows for approximately 17 million hosts per network. Class A network number
values begin at 1 and end at 127.

Public IP Range: 1.0.0.0 to 127.0.0.0

First octet value range from 1 to 127

Private IP Range: 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 (See Private IP Addresses below for more information)

Subnet Mask: 255.0.0.0 (8 bits)

Number of Networks: 126

Number of Hosts per Network: 16,777,214

 Class B Public & Private IP Address Range

Class B addresses are for medium to large sized networks. Class B allows for 16,384 networks by
using the first two octets for the network ID. The first two bits in the first octet are always 1 0. The
remaining six bits, together with the second octet, complete the network ID. The 16 bits in the third
and fourth octet represent host ID and allows for approximately 65,000 hosts per network. Class B
network number values begin at 128 and end at 191.

Public IP Range: 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.0.0

First octet value range from 128 to 191

Private IP Range: 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (See Private IP Addresses below for more
information)

Subnet Mask: 255.255.0.0 (16 bits)

Number of Networks: 16,382

Number of Hosts per Network: 65,534

 Class C Public & Private IP Address Range

Class C addresses are used in small local area networks (LANs). Class C allows for approximately 2
million networks by using the first three octets for the network ID. In a class C IP address, the first
three bits of the first octet are always 1 1 0. And the remaining 21 bits of first three octets complete
the network ID. The last octet (8 bits) represent the host ID and allows for 254 hosts per network.
Class C network number values begins at 192 and end at 223.

Public IP Range: 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.0

First octet value range from 192 to 223

Private IP Range: 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (See Private IP Addresses below for more
information)

Special IP Range: 127.0.0.1 to 127.255.255.255 (See Special IP Addresses below for more
information)

Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 (24 bits)

Number of Networks: 2,097,150

Number of Hosts per Network: 254

 Class D IP Address Range

Class D IP addresses are not allocated to hosts and are used for multicasting. Multicasting allows a
single host to send a single stream of data to thousands of hosts across the Internet at the same time.
It is often used for audio and video streaming, such as IP-based cable TV networks. Another example
is the delivery of real-time stock market data from one source to many brokerage companies.

Range: 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255

First octet value range from 224 to 239

Number of Networks: N/A

Number of Hosts per Network: Multicasting

 Class E IP Address Class

Class E IP addresses are not allocated to hosts and are not available for general use. These are
reserved for research purposes.

Range: 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255

First octet value range from 240 to 255

Number of Networks: N/A

Number of Hosts per Network: Research/Reserved/Experimental

Private IP Addresses

Within each network class, there are designated IP address that is reserved specifically for
private/internal use only. This IP address cannot be used on Internet-facing devices as that are non-
routable. For example, web servers and FTP servers must use non-private IP addresses. However,
within your own home or business network, private IP addresses are assigned to your devices (such
as workstations, printers, and file servers).

14) Explain the components of search engine.

Search Engine Components
Generally there are three basic components of a search engine as listed below:

 Web Crawler
 Database
 Search Interfaces

Web crawler
It is also known as spider or bots. It is a software component that traverses the web to gather
information.

Database
All the information on the web is stored in database. It consists of huge web resources.

Search Interfaces
This component is an interface between user and the database. It helps the user to search
through the database.

15) What are the major driving forces of ecommerce?

DRIVING FORCES OF E-COMMERCE

Environmental factors that create Business Pressures:

 Economic Forces
 Market Forces
 Technology Forces
 Societal and environmental forces
Economic Forces

Lower marketing costs: marketing on the Internet maybe cheaper and can

reach a wider crowd than the normal marketing medium.

Lower sales costs: increase in the customer volume do not need an increase

in staff as the sales function is housed in the computer and has virtually

unlimited accessibility

Lower ordering processing cost: online ordering can be automated with

checks to ensure that orders are correct before accepting, thus reducing

errors and the cost of correcting them.

New sales opportunities: the website is accessible all the time and reaches

the global audience which is not possible with traditional storefront.

Market Forces

Strong competition between organizations,

extremely low labor cost in some countries,

frequent and significant changes in markets and

increased power of consumers

Technology Forces

The development of information and communications technology (ICT) is a

key factor in the growth of ecommerce.

This in turn has made communication more efficient, faster, easier, and

more economical as the need to set up separate networks for telephone

services, television broadcast, cable television, and Internet access is

eliminated.

From the standpoint of firms/ businesses and consumers, having only one
information provider means lower communications costs.

Societal and environmental forces

Changing nature of workforce

Government deregulations

Shrinking government subsidies

Increased importance of ethical and legal issues

Increased social responsibility of organizations

Rapid political changes

16) Explain impacts of e commerce on businesses,

Ecommerce businesses are fast gaining grounds and changing the way of doing business. The
main aspect of ecommerce involves doing business on the web and includes:

 Business to business (B2B) trading which involves a business such as a company trading
with another business on the world wide web.
 Business to consumer (B2C) trading which involves a business such as a company
directly dealing with consumers over the world wide web.

Ecommerce has affected businesses positively and negatively. On the one side, ecommerce
makes it easier for businesses to reach a much wider audience at less expense than would be
required if the traditional retail method was to be applied. With ecommerce, there is no
requirement to acquire expensive shops in high streets. You can produce or store your goods at a
remote upcountry location and still advertise and sell them worldwide. While the cost of
developing a good website may be substantial, it is much cheaper than letting expensive high
street storefronts. Additionally, once you have your website operational, you will reach a wide
client base. The next thing is to ensure that you have access to appropriate means of transporting
goods to customers who make orders.

On the other hand, established enterprises, most of which are vertically integrated are finding it
harder than before to retain their market share. More flexible competitors are entering the market
traditionally dominated by these established companies, making competition fiercer than ever. To
remain relevant, old school companies are having to adjust to the new technologies and incur
capital expenditure in developing new capabilities. Blockbuster, a leading video rental and
franchise in the world had enjoyed many years of success. However, Netflix, an ecommerce
based firm entered the market and took away a considerable market share from Blockbuster
which was forced to readopt its business model to offer ecommerce services. Another good
example of how ecommerce is changing the business landscape is Amazon.com which grabbed a
substantial market share from traditional booksellers forcing them to start selling online as well.

Traditional companies that have spent significant amounts of money in the past in developing
physical infrastructure are suddenly finding themselves being outsmarted by startups with much
less physical infrastructure, usually based on ecommerce model. These ecommerce based
startups ship goods from oversea suppliers who produce high-quality goods at less expense. This
gives them an advantage over vertically integrated companies that have traditionally sought to do
everything from production to supply. It should be noted that such integrated companies may not
be the best in everything; a company may be good in one aspect and another in a different
aspect. The traditional companies are therefore being forced to focus only on what they can do
best and outsource the rest if they have to compete favourably.

Ecommerce has contradicted the classic economic theory of decreasing returns to scale which
holds that a business cannot grow its profits infinitely. E-commerce based enterprises have been
shown to sustain fast growth while increasing returns as well. The reason is that these startups
have minimal infrastructure and inventory and rely heavily on information and communication. In
fact, in information based product industries, distribution and sale via ecommerce may bring the
cost per unit to almost zero. A perfect example here would be the online software vendors who
allow customers to buy products and added licenses online.

The impact of ecommerce on businesses is immense and cannot be exhaustively elucidated in a

short article like this. The impact is expected to increase as internet penetration in emerging
markets increases.