1.

Preparing work:
a. Preparing construction plan:
+ Pile arrange area must be outside the pile pressing area, the path from the pile
placement to the pile pressing place must be flat, not bumpy, concave.
+ The pile must have a pre-marked center line so that when pressed it is
convenient for weighing and adjusting.
+ Remove piles that do not meet technical requirements. For concrete piles, it
should be noted: The allowable buckling of the connecting steel ring is not greater than
1% compared to the plane perpendicular to the pile axis. The concrete surface of the
pile head must be flat. The axis of the pile segment must pass through the center and
be perpendicular to the two pile head sections.
+ Prepare full technical reports of geological survey work, penetration results ….
+ Positioning and settement foundation.
b. Construction equipments
* Pile press equipment:
     Pile press equipment must have certificates, a machine history issued by the
manufacturer and a competent authority to verify the technical characteristics of the
equipment.
     For hydraulic jacking equipment, it is necessary to record the following basic
technical characteristics:
+ Oil pump flow
       + Maximum oil pump pressure
       + Area of piston bottom
+ Effective stroke of the piston
+ Certificate of quality inspection of head pressure gauge and pressure valve
issued by a competent authority.
     Pile press equipment selected to be used in the project must satisfy the following
requirements:
+ The maximum pressure of the device is not less than 1.4 times the maximum
pressure acting on the pile due to the design regulations.
+ The pressure of the device must ensure the correct action along the pile axis.
+ The pressing process does not cause lateral forces to act on the pile
+ The movement of the jack piston must be uniform and control the pile driving
speed.
+ The pressure gauge must match the measuring force range.
+ The pile pressing device must have a valve to keep the pressure when the
machine is turned off.
+ Pile press equipment must ensure operating conditions in accordance with
regulations about labor safety during construction.
 The maximum measured pressure value of the meter does not exceed twice the
measured pressure when pressing piles. Only about 0.7 - 0.8 of the device's maximum
capacity should be mobilized.

* Choose a pile press machine:

- To ensure that the pile is pressed to the design depth, the pressure of the
machine must satisfy the following conditions: P pressure > 1.4 x P design.
- Use concrete blocks to place on the pile press as a counterweight.

2. Construction sequence.
       The process of pressing piles in the foundation pit includes the following steps:
a. Preparing:
- Accurately determine the position of piles to be pressed through positioning and
foundation work.
- If the soil subsides, it is necessary to use a wooden backing board first to ensure that
the base is stable and flat during the piling process.
- The crane installs the base frame in the right position.
- Counterweight on the base frame.
- The crane mounts the presser rack to the base frame, accurately positioning and
adjusting for the presser to stand upright.
b. Pile pressing construction process:
Step 1: Press the first pile C1, hoisting the pile into the press rack, adjust the pile tip
to the right design position and adjust the vertical pile shaft.
   The verticality of the first pile segment greatly affects the verticality of the entire pile,
so the first pile segment C1 must be erected carefully, must be adjusted so that the axis
of C1 coincides with the axis of the jack passing through the fixed point. pile position.
The eccentricity is not more than 1 cm.
   The upper end of C1 must be fastened to the guide bar of the chassis. If the machine
does not have a guide bar, the bottom of the jack (or piston head) must have a guide
bar. Then the pile head must be in close contact with them.
When the two frictional surfaces are in close contact with the side of pile C1, the valve
control gradually increases the pressure. In the first seconds, the head pressure
increases slowly, so that the C1 segment slowly deepens into the soil with a penetration
speed of no more than 1 cm/s. When a tilt is detected, stop and correct it.
Step 2: Pressing to the design depth (squeezing the C2 pile body):
When the first pile C1 has been pressed to the design depth, proceed to connect
and press the C2 body piles.
   Check the two ends of the C2 section and fix it to be flat.
   Check the details of the pile joint and prepare the welding machine.
   Install segment C2 into the pressing position. Align so that the axis of C2 coincides
with the axis of jack and the axis of C1. The inclination of C2 is not more than 1%.
 Before and after welding, check the verticality of the pile with leveling instrument. Apply
a force to the pile to create contact so that the pressure at the contact surface is about
3-4 KG/cm2 and then proceed to weld the pile according to the design regulations.
   Pressing the C2 pile. Gradually increase the compression pressure so that the press
has the necessary time to create enough pressure to overcome the frictional force and
the resistance of the soil at the tip of the pile for the pile to move.
At the beginning, C2 goes deep into the ground with a penetration speed of no more
than 1 cm/s.
When section C2 moves uniformly, the pile will move with a penetration speed of no
more than 2 cm/s.
When the compressive force increases suddenly, it means that the tip of the pile has
encountered a harder soil layer (or encountered a local foreign object), it is necessary to
reduce the compression speed so that the pile can have enough ability to enter the
harder soil (or must check for foreign objects to handle it).) and keep it so that the
pressure does not exceed the maximum allowable value.
In the process of pressing piles, it is necessary to add counterweights to the frame at
the same time with the process of increasing the pressure. As required, the
counterweight weight must be increased by 1.5 times of the pressing force. Because the
pile consists of many segments, when pressing each pile segment, it must be connected
to the pile by lifting the movable frame of the press rack, and then erecting the next
segment. into the press frame.
Requirements for pile welding:
-  The axis of the pile segment is connected to coincide with the direction of compression.
-  The concrete surface at the two ends of the piles must be in close contact with each
other, in case of contact is not tight, measures must be taken to close.
-  The size of the weld must be guaranteed compared to the design.
-  The weld seam connecting the pile segments must be uniform throughout the
circumference of the pile head box according to the design.
-  The surface of the contacts must be flat, with a deviation of not more than 1% and
without burrs.

Step 3: Press deep into the soil. When pressing the last pile (4th segment) to the
ground, crane the core pile (steel) to capture the pile head and then continue to press
the pile core so that the pile head is plugged to the design depth, this core segment will
be pulled. up to continue for another pile.
Step 4: After pressing a pile center, slide the press rack system on the base frame to the
next center of pile center to continue pressing. During the pressing of piles on the first
foundation, use a crane crane to put the second base into position. location of the
second foundation pit.
After pressing a foundation, move the whole press frame system to the 2nd base frame
that was placed in the 2nd foundation pit. Then lift counterweight from base 1 to base 2.
Piles are recognized as finished pressing when the following conditions are satisfied:
Pressure before stopping, (P)KT in the range from (P) min to (P)max, where:
(P)min which is the minimum pressure specified by the design;
(P)max is the maximum pressure specified by the design;
(P)KT is the pressure at the end of pile driving, this value is maintained with a
penetration velocity not exceeding 1 cm/s on a depth of not less than three times the
diameter (or side) of the pile.
If the pile is pressed to the design depth but the pressure has not reached P(min), then
the pile must be connected and pressed until the pressure is P(min) before it can be
stopped.
If the pressure pile has not reached the design depth but the pressure reaches P(max),
the pressure should be stopped to avoid damage to the pile.
The recording of the pressure according to the pile pressing log should be carried out for
each m of pile length until (P)min is reached, starting from this depth should be recorded
every 20 cm until the end, or as required. Specific requirements of Consulting, Design.
 Piles that are tilted beyond regulation (greater than 1%), unfinished pressed piles due
to foreign objects in sand drives, abnormally hard clay seams, broken piles, etc. must all
be handled by uprooting or pressing additional piles. new (specified by design).
 Use appropriate drilling methods to destroy foreign bodies, through sand drives, hard
clay seams...
c. Tolerance:
At the height of the bottom of the pile top, the error must not be more than 75mm
compared to the design position, the inclination of the pile is not more than 1%.
Deviation from the design position of the pile shaft on the ground must not exceed the
value stated in Table 11 or stated in the design.
 Table 11- Deviation on the plan

Types of piles and their arrangement Allowable pile shaft deviation

1) Pile diameter d=0,35 m
a) When arranging one-row piles 0,2d = 7cm
b) When spread out or grouped 2 and 3 rows
- boundary pile 0,2d = 7cm
- Middle pile 0,3d = 10,5cm
c) Only arrange more than 3 rows on the pile 0,2d = 7cm
strip or pile yard 0,4d = 14cm
- boundary pile 5 cm
- Middle pile 3 cm
d) Single pile
e) Pile
Note: the number of skewed piles should not exceed 25% of the total number of
piles when arranged in strips, and when arranged in clusters under columns, it
should not exceed 5%. The possibility of using piles with deviations larger than
the values in Table 11 shall be specified by the Design.
d. Report on pile pressing history.
The pile press history must be recorded right during the construction process
according to the form in Appendix A.5 (TCVN 9394-2012) as follows:

Contractor: ..........................................................
Project: ...............................................................
Diary of pile pressure
(From N  .................... to N0 ............................)
0

Start.......................... Finish ...................

1. Type of pile press machine............................................................................................
2. Maximum pressure of oil pump, kg/cm² ....................................................................
3. Oil pump flow, liter/ minute ...............................................................................
 4. Effective area of piston, cm² ....................................................................
5. Certificate number...............................................................................................

Number pile (according to the ground of the pile yard)......................................................

1. Ngày tháng ép ....................................................................................................
2. Number and length of pile segments..................................................................
3. Absolute elevation of the ground next to the pile...........................................................
4. Absolute pitch of pile tip..............................................................................
5. Pressure specified in the design (min, max), tons ......................................................

Pressed Pressing depth Pressure value Remark

date and Pillar segment Depth, m Pressure, Pressing
time kg/cm² force, T
1 2 3 4 5 6

Construction techniques Supervision consultants

-  Technical problems impede the design of pile driving, errors in position and inclination.
3. Safety:
When constructing piles, all regulations on occupational safety must be complied with
according to TCVN 5308:1991 and ensure environmental sanitation in accordance with
current regulations.
-   Must train workers, wear protective equipment and check safety of pile pressing
equipment.
-   Strictly comply with regulations in occupational safety on the use and operation of
hydraulic jacks, crane electric motors, etc.
-    Counterweight blocks must be arranged according to the principle of forming a stable
block, do not allow the counterweight block to tilt and fall during the pile driving process.
-    Must strictly and strictly follow the safety procedures for working at height, safety belts,
iron ladders.
-  In pile pressing, the steel primer pile must have a cap. When pressing concrete piles also
has a reason to cause a few harms that can affect neighboring building, so in this case
we must drill a lead before pressing concrete piles for the following reasons:
+ The foundation of the neighboring building is weak, due to long-term construction.
+ The effect of drilling work reduces soil extrusion that can cause settlement, cracking,
swelling of the floor next to it.