Meaning of High Pressure Boilers:

These are used to increase the efficiency of the plant. These are developed because of rising cost of fuel and
restrictions on air pollution. Modern power generation plants generally use high pressure boilers. These high
pressure boilers have pressures above 140 bar and the temperature may be up to 540 – 650°C.
High pressure boilers use both natural and forced circulations. Forced circulation is achieved with the help of
centrifugal pumps. By using this forced circulation, because of high velocity of water scale formation in the
tubes and boiler drums is reduced.

Types of High Pressure Boilers:

1) Lamont Boiler: LaMont boiler is a high pressure forced circulation water-tube boiler in which
water is circulated through an external pump through long closely spaced tubes of small diameter.The
pump is employed in order to have adequate and positive circulation in steam and hot water boilers.

Parts or Construction of Lamont Boiler:

A Lamont Boiler consists of several parts like:
 Economizer
 Centrifugal Pump
 Evaporator Tube
 Grate
 Furnace
 Superheater
 Water Steam Separator Drum
 Air Preheater

 Economizer:Economizer use to preheat the water by using the remaining heat of the combustion gases.The
feed water first supplied to the economizer before entering the boiler.Economizer is a device that is used to
increases boiler efficiency.

Centrifugal pump:The Lamont boiler is a force convection boiler. So a centrifugal pump is used to circulate
water inside the boiler.This pump is driven by a steam turbine. The steam for the turbine is taken by the boiler.
Evaporator tube:The evaporator tube or can say water tubes are situated at the furnace wall which increases
the heating surface of the boiler.This is also at the upside and downside of the furnace and other equipment.The
main function of these tubes to evaporate water into steam.This also cools down the furnace wall.
Grate:The space in the furnace where the fuel is burned is called grate.It is placed at the bottom side of
the furnace.
Furnace:In the Lamont boiler vertical furnace is used.The main function of the furnace is to burn the fuel.
Superheater:The steam generated by the evaporator tube is saturated steam.If it directly used in the steam
turbine can cause corrosion.So the saturated steam sends to the upper heater, where it can increase the
temperature of the steam.
Water Steam Separator Drum:The steam separator is situated outside of the boiler.The mixture of water
and steam from the evaporator tube sends it to the steam separator, where it separates the stem and sends it to the
superheater.The remaining water again sends to the economizer.
Air Preheater:The main function to preheat air before entering into the furnace.Air preheater is a device that
increases the efficiency of the boiler.
Working Principle of Lamont Boiler:Lamont boiler works on the principle of forced circulation of
water within the boiler with the help of the centrifugal pump.It’s working totally depends upon the pump. The
centrifugal pump circulates the mixture of steam and water through the small diameter tubes of the boiler.A feed
pump forces the water into the economizer where the temperature of water increases.This water forced into the
evaporator tube by using a centrifugal pump driven by the steam turbine. Water passes 10 – 15 times into the
evaporator tube.The mixture of saturated steam and water is formed inside the tube. This mixture sends to the
steam separator drum which is outside the boiler. Steam from the separator sends to the superheater, where the
saturated steam converts into superheated steam.The water again sends to the economizer where it again passes
by the evaporator tubes.The air from the air preheater enters into the furnace where fuel burn.The flue gases first
heat the evaporator tube then passes by the superheater.These gases form the superheater again use to preheat the
air into air preheater before exhausting into the atmosphere.This working pressure of this boiler is above 170 bar
and have the steam generation capacity of about 50000 kg/hour at temperature 773 K.
Applications of Lamont Boiler:Boilers are mostly used in power plants where steam turbines are used for
the generation of electricity.
Advantages of Lamont Boiler:
These are some advantages of Lamont Boiler:

1. Lamont boiler can generate a high amount of steam.

2. It is easy to start its operation.
3. The construction design of the Lamont boiler is very simple and easy to understand.
4. This boiler can reassemble with the natural circulation boiler and
5. it has a high heat transfer rate.
6. It is flexible in design.

Disadvantages of Lamont Boiler:The main disadvantages are Bubble formation on a surface of the tube
reduces the heat transfer rate. For this reason a little problem with the total amount of steam generation.

2) BENSON BOILER
Introduction:
The main difficulty experienced in the La Mont boiler is the formation and attachment of bubbles on
the inner surfaces of the heating tubes. The attached bubbles reduce the heat flow and steam generation as it
offers higher thermal resistance compared to water film. Benson in 1922 argued that if the boiler pressure was
raised to critical pressure (225 atm.), the steam and water would have the same density and therefore the danger
of bubble formation can be completely.
 Fig.Benson Boiler
Construction:-
Benson boilers have two types of evaporator i.e. convective evaporator and radiant evaporator. Radiant
evaporator are mounted as near as possible to the combustion chamber.
 The economizer is also used in Benson boiler to heat the feed water from flue gases.
 This heated water passed to evaporating drum.
 At the top of the boiler air preheater is installed to heat the air which is required for combustion in
combustion chamber.
 The furnace walls of the boiler can be more efficiently protected by using small diameter and close
pitched tubes.
 The super heater in the Benson boiler is an integral part of forced circulation system, therefore no special
starting arrangement for super heater is required.
 The Benson boiler can be started very quickly because of welded joints.
 The Benson boiler can be operated most economically by varying the temperature and pressure at partial
loads and overloads.
 The desired temperature can also be maintained constant at any pressure.
 Sudden fall of demand creates circulation problems due to bubble formation in the natural circulation
boiler which never occurs in Benson boiler. This feature of insensitiveness to load fluctuations makes it
more suitable for grid power station as it has better adaptive capacity to meet sudden load fluctuations.
Working: -
1. The main difficulty of Lamont boiler is the formation of bubbles at the inner side of heating tubes which
reduces the heat flow and steam generation as it offers high thermal resistance than water film.
2. The arrangement of boiler is as shown below. The water as passed through the economizer into the
radiant evaporator where most of the water is converted into the steam.
3. The remaining water is evaporated in the convective evaporator absorbing the heat from hot gases by
convection.
4. The saturated high pressure steam (at 225 bar) is further passed through the super heater. The capacity of
the Benson boiler is about 150 tonnes/hr at a pressure of 210 (kg force per square centimeter). and at a
temperature of 650ºC.
Advantages:-
1. As the generation of steam is carried out in the evaporating tubes at pressure higher than critical pressure it
doesn’t require any evaporating drum.
2. The boiler can be started in short time in 10 to 15 minutes only.
3. Benson boiler is lighter in weight with high generation rate of steam.
4. Due to absence of the evaporating drum the total weight is 20% less than other boilers.
5. The super heater of the Benson boiler is the integral part of forced circulation system therefore no special
starting arrangement for super heater is required.
6. The cost of the boiler is reduces as there is no evaporating drum.
7. Bubble formation is eliminated in Benson boiler which is critical problem in Lamont boiler.
Disadvantages:-
1. The evaporation process will leave small deposits during conversion of water into steam due to which it
requires frequent cleaning. To obviate this problem, the water softening plant is required.
Application of Benson Boiler:

This supercritical boiler is used in different industries to generate steam for the production of electricity or
mechanical power.

3) Loeffler Boiler
Loeffler Boiler is a forced circulation, high pressure, and water tube boiler with internally fired furnace. In this boiler, the
2/3 of superheated steam is used to evaporate the water in the evaporating drum and remaining 1/3 of the steam from the
superheater is used by the turbine. A steam circulating pump is used to circulate the steam into the boiler.

Fig. Loeffler Boiler

Working Principle
Its main working principle is to evaporate the feed water by the use of superheated steam from the superheater. 2/3 of the
total steam generated by the superheater is made to flow into the evaporator drum. The superheated steam changes the feed
water into saturated steam. And 1/3 part of the superheated steam is used by the turbine to do work.
Water feed pump:
The main function of the water feed pump is to supply the feed water into the system.
It can be used in the beginning or in between like the feed water coming from the turbine to condensate and more.
Air Preheater:
As the name Airpreheater, that means it heats the air before sending it to the combustion chamber.
The primary function of this device is used for increasing the efficiency of the boiler.
Blower:
Blower Is also a heater type device that supplies the hot air.
Economizer:
An economizer is also used for increasing boiler efficiency.
The main function of the economizer is that it receives the waste heat of the boiler and transfer into the boiler feedwater
that means there is no additional work required to generate and supply hot flue gases here.
In simple Economizer is used to preheat the water before sending it to the evaporating drum
Evaporating drum:
The main function of the evaporating drum is:
It is used to convert feedwater into saturated steam with the help of superheated steam from the superheater.
Steam circulating pump or Centrifugal Pump:
It works is to circulate the steam which is inside the boiler.
The location of this pump is in between evaporating drums and radiant superheater.
Radiant superheater:
Here it works as a chamber used for converting into superheated steam.
The location is near to the combustion chamber.
Convection superheater:
It is used to transfer heat from flue gases to steam. Here it heats up to the desired temperature up to 500 degrees Celsius.
Working of Loeffler Boiler
 In Loeffler boiler, the feed pump forces the water to enter into the economiser. The economiser preheats the feed
water and then it is passed to the evaporator drum.
 The evaporator drum has nozzles. The 2/3 of the superheated steam from the superheater enters into the nozzles of
the evaporator drum and the nozzles mix this superheated steam with the feed water. This changes the feed water
 into saturated steam. This saturated steam is then drawn from the evaporating drum by a steam circulating pump
and allows it to passes through the radiant superheater.
 The radiant superheater superheats the saturated steam with help of radiation energy produce from the burning of
the fuel. The radiant superheater tubes are placed in furnace. The heat transfer to the water takes place through the
radiation produced. After the radiant superheater, the steam is passed to the convective superheater.
 The convective superheater is placed in the path of hot flue gases. It superheats the steam coming from the radiant
superheater to a temperature of about 500 degree C. This superheated steam is than flows to the turbine and
evaporating drum. In this boiler, the 2/3 part of the superheated steam is used to evaporate the feed water into the
evaporating drum and remaining 1/3 part flows to the turbine.
 Loeffler boiler has the capacity to produce 100 tonnes/ h of steam at a temperature of 500 degree C and pressure of
140 bar.

 Advantages:
 It can use salt water for steam generation.
 The problem of deposition of sediments and scale in the boiler tubes are eliminated.
It is compact in size.
Disadvantages:
The disadvantages of Loeffler boiler are:
 The evaporating drum is costly and Bulky in size.
 Here bubble formation occurs which creates a problem of Heat transfer rate.
Applications of Loeffler Boiler:
The main application of the Loeffler boiler is It can be used for power generation. Other industries like textile, Medical and
so on.

4)Velox Boiler – its components and working

Principle of Volex Boiler :-Volex Boiler is based on the fact that when the velocity of gas becomes more than
the velocity of sound, the transmission of heat by gas becomes much higher as compared to heat transmission of
heat at sub-sonic speed i.e lower than the speed of sound. In this boiler heat transfer rate or stream generation
rate can be increased without increasing the size of the boiler. It can be increased by simply increasing speed of
gas.

Volex Boiler Diagram

Construction :-
Volex Boiler contains many parts. Following are the parts of Velox Boiler in
working sequence :- i) Feed Pump ii) Economizer iii) Water Circulation Pump iv) Combustion Chamber v)
Gas Turbine vi) Axial Compressor vii) Steam Seperator Viii) Super Heater . In this axial compressor is used
to compress the air and pass it to the combustion chamber for better combustion rate.The economizer is used to
preheat the water coming from feed pump.Steam Steam Seperator seperates the steam from water and functions
of other parts will be explained in details in the working section.
Working :-
At first water is feed to the economizer from the feed pump. The economizer heats the water but does not heat up
to the boiling point. Then the warm water from the economizer is passed to the water circulating pump. Then the
water enters into the tube evaporating section which is inside the combustion chamber.
On the other hand , a gas turbine drives an axial air compressor . A gas turbine converts gas into mechanical
energy and with that mechanical energy axial air compressor is driven. In axial air compressor the air flows
through the axis of rotation of compressor.
The compressed air by air compressor enter into combustion chamber and passes from it. When this compressed
air passes from the combustion chamber more heat is released by the fuel which increases the velocity of flue gas
up to sound velocity .Flue gas is the gas exiting to the atmosphere via a flue by steam generator or furnance.
The compressed air by air compressor enter into combustion chamber and passes from it. When this compressed
air passes from the combustion chamber more heat is released by the fuel which increases the velocity of flue gas
up to sound velocity .Flue gas is the gas exiting to the atmosphere via a flue by steam generator or furnance. Flue
gases pass from the fire tubes near the bottom of combustion chamber. Thsese fire tubes are surrounded by the
evaporator water tubes.
When the water enters the evaporating tube at high speed , the heat form the gases are transferred at very high
rate due to high speed of water and gas. After that mixture of water and steam is formed which is passed through
water and steam separator. This separator separates the steam from water . The steam from steam seperator is
passed to the super heater and after that passed for the pricess work. The remaining water again passes from the
evaporator tube and this process continues until the water is converted to steam.
The flue gases from the fire tubes are send to the super heater for heating the steam . After that the flue gas from
the super heater is send to the gas turbine where it rotates the gas turbine and after that gas passes through the
economizer used to heat the water initially which are coming from feed pump.
Advantages of Velox Boiler :-
1) Velox Boiler is very compact and require very less space as compared to other boilers.
2 ) It can be started quickly and easily.
3) It has good flexibility.
4) It has hogh thermal efficiency about 90-95%.
5) It has high heat transfer rate.

5)SCHMIDT-HARTMANN BOILER
Introduction:
The operation of the boiler is similar to an electric transformer. Two pressures are used to effect an
interchange of energy. In the primary circuit, the steam at 100 bar is produced from distilled water. This steam is
passed through a submerged heating coil which is located in an evaporator drum as shown in the figure. The high
pressure steam in this coil possesses sufficient thermal potential and steam at 60 bar with a heat transfer rate of
2.5 kW/m2-°C is generated in the evaporator drum. Natural circulation is used in the primary circuit and this is
sufficient to affect the desired rate of heat transfer and to overcome the thermo-siphon head of about 2 m to 10
m.

Construction: -
 Schmidth-Hartmann boiler consists of air preheater to heat the surrounding air which is required for
combustion chamber. It also consist steam drum, super heater, and feed pump.
 Feed water preheater, primary separator is also used in this boiler. In Schmidth-Hartmann boiler there are
two circuits one uses distilled water and other uses impure water.
Working: -
1. The Schmidth-Hartmann boiler is different from other boiler because in this boiler distilled water is used
for generation of the high pressure steam which is recalculated without any wastage in the circuit.
2. This high pressure steam is utilized for generation of low pressure steam from impure water.
3. Distilled water from water drum enters into the primary evaporating tubes by natural circulation.
4. Steam at 95-100 bar pressure is generated in the evaporating tubes with the help of hot flue gases
circulated over the tubes from combustion chamber.
5. This steam enters via primary separator into the tubes submerged in impure water of the evaporator or
steam drum.
6. The exchange of heat between high pressure steam and impure water allows the water to be converted
into steam at a pressure of 55-60 bar which is further passed into super heater for superheating purposes.
7. The superheated stem is finally supplied to the steam turbine.
8. The condensate of high pressure steam collected from the drum passes through the feed water preheater
where it heat the low pressure feed water up to its saturation temperature.
9. The low pressure (L.P.) feed water is pumped into preheater with the help of feed pump.
Advantages:-
1. It can use impure water for generation of steam.
2. As it can use impure water there is no requirement of water softening plant ultimately reduces cost.
3. Any deposits in the evaporator drum due to impure water can easily brushed off by removing the
submerged tube from the drum or by blowing off the water.