This document contains lecture notes on the plastic analysis and design of steel and timber structures. It discusses key concepts like plastic hinges, section modulus, load factors, and the virtual work method for plastic analysis. It provides examples of determining plastic moments using these plastic design concepts. The document is authored by Prof. Nathaniel C. Tarranza of the MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology for the design of steel and timber structures course.
This document contains lecture notes on the plastic analysis and design of steel and timber structures. It discusses key concepts like plastic hinges, section modulus, load factors, and the virtual work method for plastic analysis. It provides examples of determining plastic moments using these plastic design concepts. The document is authored by Prof. Nathaniel C. Tarranza of the MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology for the design of steel and timber structures course.
This document contains lecture notes on the plastic analysis and design of steel and timber structures. It discusses key concepts like plastic hinges, section modulus, load factors, and the virtual work method for plastic analysis. It provides examples of determining plastic moments using these plastic design concepts. The document is authored by Prof. Nathaniel C. Tarranza of the MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology for the design of steel and timber structures course.
This document contains lecture notes on the plastic analysis and design of steel and timber structures. It discusses key concepts like plastic hinges, section modulus, load factors, and the virtual work method for plastic analysis. It provides examples of determining plastic moments using these plastic design concepts. The document is authored by Prof. Nathaniel C. Tarranza of the MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology for the design of steel and timber structures course.
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Design of Steel and Timber Structures Tarranza, NC Date: Page
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Prof. Nathaniel C. Tarranza Date
Department of Civil Engineering and Technology MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology PLASTIC ANALYSIS AND DESIGN Fy Fy Fy Fy extreme fiber
C d n.a. T
b Fy Fy Fy Fy (a) (b) (c) (d)
Development of a plastic hinge:
1. At stage (a), the extreme fiber stresses reach yield strength Fy . The causing moment is My, and Fy = My/S, where S = elastic section modulus. 2. If the moment is increased, the stresses on fibers adjacent to the extreme fibers will successively reach Fy as shown in (b) and (c). 3. If the moment is further increased, a stage is reached where all stresses reach FY. At this stage a plastic hinge is developed and the causing plastic moment is Mp and Fy = Mp/Z, where Z = plastic section modulus. Plastic Design of Steel Beams; Plastic Hinges and Section Modulus Tarranza, NC Date: Page The elastic section modulus S = I/c , where I = moment of inertia w.r.t. to n.a. c = extreme fiber distance.
The plastic section modulus Z is determined by analyzing the equilibrium of
forces when plastic hinge developed.
By summing forces along the horizontal,
T = C ; FY (Abelow ) = FY (Aabove ) Abelow = Aabove
Thus, when plastic hinge is developed, the neutral axis divides the whole section into two equal areas, and Z is the sum of the moments, about the neutral axis, of these two equal areas .
Mp / My = Z/S = shape factor
If the section is rectangular; S = I/c = (bd3/12)/(d/2) = bd2 / 6
The area above and below n.a. when plastic hinge develops is A =bd/2 Hence; Z= 2[(bd/2)(d/4)] = bd2 /4 shape factor = Z/S = [bd2 / 4]/ [bd2 /6] = 1.50
Plastic Design of Steel Beams; Plastic Hinges and Section Modulus Tarranza, NC Date: Page Factor of Safety and Load Factors:
Factor of safety , F.S. = Fy / Fallow Fallow = working stress.
Load factor = (F.S.) x(Shape Factor) To be applied to working load in order = average of 1.70 for beams. to obtain the load at collapse.
Plastic Analysis by Virtual Work Method:
- In plastic design, the collapse mechanism is analyzed after the plastic hinges develop. At the plastic hinges, the structure cannot resist any additional moment and simply rotates. - Plastic hinges develop at points of maximum +ve and –ve moments and the internal moment thereat is Mp. - The sum of internal work done is equal to the sum of external work done.
- Work done by a moment M = Mѳ , where ѳ = the rotation at the point where
M is acting. - Work done by a force P = Pd where d = the distance moved along the direction of P
Plastic Design of Steel Beams; Virtual Work method Tarranza, NC Date: Page Prob. Using plastic design, determine the safe value of P using 1.70 overload factor and A36 steel. (Fy = 248 Mpa)
P 100mm A B C 10mm 4m 8m h n.a. (plastic) Solution: 80mm A C 10mm To locate plastic n.a.: ѳ 4ѳ α area above n.a. = area below n.a. α = 4ѳ/8 = ѳ/2 40(10) + h(10) = (80-h)(10) ѳ+α B h = 20 Maximum moments will occur at A and B and plastic hinges will develop there. C is a real roller and no internal work is done here. ∑ Wint = ∑Wex Z = ∑moments of area above and below n.a. Mp (ѳ + ѳ + α) = Pu (4ѳ) = 40(10)(25) + 20(10)(10) + 60(10)(30) = 30,000mm3 Mp (ѳ + ѳ + ѳ/2) = Pu (4ѳ) Mp = (8/5)Pu (1000) = Fy Z = 248(30,000) Mp = (8/5)PU N-m Pu = 4650 N; 1.7P = φPu ф = 0.9 P = 2461.77 N.
Plastic Design of Steel Beams; Sample problem 1 Tarranza, NC Date: Page
Prob. Using a load factor of 1.70 and A36 steel, determine the required plastic section modulus. Figure: w = 3 k/ft L/2 L/2
ѳ ѳL/2 ѳ L=24ft 2ѳ Solution: The maximum +ve and –ve moment will occur at the fixed supports and at midspan and plastic hinges will develop at these points.
∑ Wint = ∑Wex note: work done by the distributed
MP (ѳ + 2ѳ + ѳ) = w (1/2)(L)(ѳL/2) load equals w times the area in the collapse mechanism applied with MP = w L2 /16 w. wu = 1.7(3) = 5.1 k/ft Mu = (5.1)(24) 2 /16 = 183.6 k-ft. = φFy Z x φ= 0.90 Z = Mu/ φFy where Fy = 36 ksi. For A36 steel. = 183.6 (12)/(0.9x36) = 68.0 in3
Plastic Design of Steel Beams; Sample problem 2 Tarranza, NC Date: Page
Prob. Determine the largest M p for the beam loaded as shown below. 0.6 Pu Pu
