TERM PAPER

ON
NANO-TECHNOLOGY
ECE-F6005

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Miss Karanpreet Kaur. Jasbeen Joshi
Sec:-F6005
Roll No :-
REF6005A05 Reg.
No -11001877
 NANO TECHNOLOGY
Definition:
Nanotechnology is the branch of engineering that deals with functional system at
molecular scale.

The main principle is volume/surface.

Nano electronics on the other hand offer a new approach for the electronics industry in the
form of new circuit materials, processors, information storage and even ways of transferring
information such as optoelectronics

• One of the basic principles of nanotechnology is positional control. At the

macroscopic scale, the idea that we can hold parts in our hands and assemble them
by properly positioning them with respect to each other goes back to prehistory: we
celebrate ourselves as the tool using species. Our wisdom and our knowledge would
have done us scant good without an opposable thumb: we’d still be shivering in the
bushes, unable to start a fire.

• At the molecular scale, the idea of holding and positioning molecules is new and
almost shocking. However, as long ago as 1959 Richard Feynman, the Nobel Prize
winning physicist, said that nothing in the laws of physics prevented us from
arranging atoms the way we want: “…it is something, in principle, that can be done;
but in practice, it has not been done because we are too big.”

• For starters, we could continue the revolution in computer hardware right down to
molecular gates and wires — something that today’s lithographic methods (used to make
computer chips) could never hope to do.
• We could inexpensively make very strong and very light materials: shatterproof
diamond in precisely the shapes we want, by the ton, and over fifty times lighter than steel
of the same strength.
 • We could make a Cadillac that weighed fifty kilograms, or a full-sized sofa you
could pick up with one hand.
• We could make surgical instruments of such precision and deftness that they could
operate on the cells and even molecules from which we are made — something well
beyond today’s medical technology

What will we be able to make?

Nanotechnology should let us make almost every manufactured product faster, lighter,
stronger, smarter, safer and cleaner. We can already see many of the possibilities as these
few examples illustrate. New products that solve new problems in new ways are more
difficult to foresee, yet their impact is likely to be even greater. Could Edison have foreseen
the computer, or Newton the communications satellite?

• Today, computer chips are made using lithography — literally, “stone writing.” If
the computer hardware revolution is to continue at its current pace, in a decade or so we’ll
have to move beyond lithography to some new post lithographic manufacturing
technology. Ultimately, each logic element will be made from just a few atoms.
• Designs for computer gates with less than 1,000 atoms have already been proposed
— but each atom in such a small device has to be in exactly the right place. To
economically build and interconnect trillions upon trillions of such small and precise
devices in a complex three dimensional pattern we’ll need a manufacturing technology
well beyond today’s lithography: we’ll need nanotechnology.
• With it, we should be able to build mass storage devices that can store more than a
hundred billion bytes in a volume the size of a sugar cube; RAM that can store a mere
billion bytes in such a volume; and massively parallel computers

• Nanotechnology will cut costs both of the solar cells and the equipment needed to
deploy them, making solar power economical. In this application we need not make new
or technically superior solar cells: making inexpensively what we already know how to
make expensively would move solar power into the mainstream
• Extrapolation of these trends suggests we will have to develop molecular
manufacturing in the 2010 to 2020 time frame if we are to keep the computer
hardware revolution on schedule.
• Of course, extrapolating past trends is a philosophically debatable method of
technology forecasting. While no fundamental law of nature prevents us from
 developing nanotechnology on this schedule (or even faster), there is equally no law
that says this schedule will not slip.
• Much worse, though, is that such trends imply that there is some ordained schedule
— that nanotechnology will appear regardless of what we do or don’t do. Nothing
could be further from the truth. How long it takes to develop this technology
depends very much on what we do. If we pursue it systematically, it will happen
sooner. If we ignore it, or simply hope that someone will stumble over it, it will take
much longer. And by using theoretical, computational and experimental approaches
together, we can reach the goal more quickly and reliably than by using any single
approach alone.
 The term Nanoscience often refers to research that discovers and characterizes new
behaviors and properties of materials at the nanoscale. Nanotechnology describes how
discoveries at the nanoscale are put to work, especially by controlling the behavior of matter
and building useful devices.

Nanotechnology Applications
Various applications of nanotechnology are given:

: -
Fig : In medical science
Medical nanotechnology or nanomedicine is the medical aspect or application of
nanotechnology using different approaches such as nanoelectronic biosensors,
nonmaterial, and a very futuristic but underdeveloped molecular nanotechnology that
includes molecular manufacturing. Medical nanotechnology aims to provide cheaper
yet quality health and medical equipment, facilities, and treatment strategies through
continuous researches and studies. A lot of pharmaceutical and medical companies all
over the world have already adhered to medical nanotechnology because of its
numerous benefits and practical uses.

• With nanotechnology, tools and equipment for surgery and diagnostic would be a lot
cheaper yet remain to be effective and state of the art. Medical research and processes
require highly
• With medical nanotechnology, treatment would be more efficient and precise.
Instead of opening the whole body area for surgical purposes, a microscopic nanotool
would spare the patient from bloody and risky surgical process. With nanotechnology
in the medical field, treatment would be precise, eliminating trial-and-error drug
prescription.
• With highly advanced medical equipment, potential diseases can easily be detected
and prevented.
• Since diseases can be prevented, the quality of life for mankind would be improved
and lifespan would be increased.
• With the application of nanotechnology in medicine, replacement of body organs
using machines smaller than body cells can be possible. Because of advanced
nanotechnology, candidates for organ replacement and augmentation will receive far
better body organs enhanced by tiny machines introduced to the body for better organ
performance and functions.
• Medical nanotechnology can largely contribute to genetic therapy and improvement.
Diseases can be easily treated if approached at the genetic level. So instead of treating
diseases based on the symptoms, nanotechnology will help medical practitioners treat
the problem by looking at the root cause.
Nanotechnology Materials and particles:-
Things used for daily necessities used to be so simple, uncomplicated, and easy to use. But
over time, out of man’s effort to improve his living conditions including his total wellness,
more and more scientific and technological inventions were formulated and are now used at
present time. Nanotechnology is one of the technologies applied for the improvement of
several essential tools and equipment and even the simplest products available in the market
we thought casual.

Nanotechnology refers to all the researches and studies being conducted in advance
scientific laboratories that aim to produce nanotechnology materials to enhance the living
conditions of man. Nanotechnology is also known as the science of small things or the
development and engineering of functional systems at a molecular scale.

What Are Nanotechnology Materials?

Nanoscience and nanotechnology are basically concerned with new or enhanced functional
materials that can be beneficial to man. These materials are called nanotechnology materials
or nanomaterials. There are different approaches to construct nanomaterials. These
approaches are the following:

• Reduction of large materials to small structures or top-down technique. Another way

of doing this is the bottom-up technique. This is done by allowing atoms to arrange
themselves or self-assemble to come up with functional structures out of their natural
properties.
• Another approach is by using tools to help the molecules move individually. This
process has greater construction control but laborious and not applicable for industrial
uses.
 •

• Fig : Nanoparticles

(a, b, and c) images of prepared mesoporous silica nanoparticles

with mean outer diameter: (a) 20nm, (b) 45nm, and (c) 80nm. (d)
Image corresponding to (b). The insets are a high magnification
of mesoporous silica particle
In nanotechnology a particle is defined as a small object that
behaves as a whole unit in terms of its transport and properties.
It is further classified according to size: in terms of diameter,
fine particles cover a range between 100 and 2500nanometer,
while ultrafine particles, on the other hand, are sized between 1
and 100 nanometers. Similar to ultrafine particles, nanoparticles
are sized between 1 and 100 nanometers. Nanoparticles may or
may not exhibit size-related properties that differ significantly
from those observed in fine particles or bulk materials. Although
the size of most molecules would fit into the above outline,
individual molecules are usually not referred to as nanoparticles.

Conserve Energy with Nanotechnology Solar Panel

With the evident effects of environmental neglect, energy all over the world is becoming
more and more depleted. With energy sources becoming scarce, it generally results to a stiff
competition to obtain the limited sources for energy resulting to high power charges. There
are several sources of energy, and some of them are even natural resources such as wind,
solar, and hydro. But even if the sources of energy are natural resources and should be
delivered to the people at a lower cost, still, power costs are high due to expenses incurred
while generating electricity.

For several years now, scientists and researches has been looking at other means to obtain
the following:

• minimize generation costs of energy

• provide energy to the people without causing any damages to the environment
• generate renewable and recyclable energy resources
• provide energy and electricity with the least possible charges
• deliver electricity and energy to the public at the lowest possible cost

 Achieving These Goals Using Nanotechnology Solar Panel

Nanotechnology aims to build important things with the use of tiny machines or by
producing highly advanced, essential, and quality products using tools and techniques
provided by nanotechnology.

Part of the researches being conducted is to come up with a solar panel that would
accurately capture solar energy that can be utilized at home, in the office, and even in large-
scale industrial areas. Although there are already solar panels available in the market today,
these solar panels that are usually made of silicone panels only capture 67.4% light incident
or solar energy emitted by the sun. Whereas, with nanotechnology, industrial and electrical
manufacturers can now produce a coating for solar panels using nano rods that can capture
96.7 % light incident.

Fig : Solar Pannel

Nano rods used in nanotechnology solar panel looks like multi-layer funnels designed to
capture light incident. The first layer absorbs the light that hits the panel at wide outer
angles and turns it to a slightly narrower angle. The succeeding layers become narrower,
like they are passing the light to the next layer even further as it funnels the light till it
reaches the active region of the panel at a 90° angle. This process makes the solar panel
securely capture the sun’s energy without having to rotate with the sun.

• Benefits of Nanotechnology Solar Panel

Installing a nanorod on your solar panel can give out a lot of benefits not just for your
personal advantages but to the whole of mankind. Some of these benefits include:

1. Lower solar power cost. The usual silicone solar panels available in the market
today are placed at a single angle and can therefore absorb and generate lesser
energy making the cost of solar power high. Nanotechnology solar power is
designed to absorb the sunlight from any angle thus making generating more energy
and making it available at a lesser cost.
2. Environment friendly by patronizing renewable sources of energy such as energy
coming from the sun, you would help in saving the world in your own little way.
3. Solar power is also proven safe and does not emit hazardous waste.

What Are the Benefits of Nanotechnology?

The basic benefit of nanotechnology is its ability to produce important products in a
massive scale with the least or minimum cost. If managed properly, meaning, if the makers
of products using nanotechnology would only make products that will provide benefit to
mankind with utmost safety precautions in mind, nanotechnology is the next wave of
industrial revolution. Nanotechnology will eliminate production costs for materials, labor,
and energy because it can produce bigger and better things invented by our forefathers at a
staggering speed and amazing precision there is no room for mistakes.

Nanotechnology in Cars: Drive of the Future

• Cars are common expressions of how developed a nation is. True to this statement,
the most developed nations of the world have their own and stable car
manufacturing industries that they export to the rest of the world, earning revenues
for the source country. More than that, some nations have become synonymous with
the brand and quality of their manufactured cars as the case of Japan, Germany, and
the United States. Unsatisfied with this and all the modifications they have created
on their cars, they have taken automotive technology a bit further by using
nanotechnology for cars.

When nanotechnology was discovered, the automotive industry was not seen as a possible beneficiary from this
piece of knowledge. Yet in time, the automotive industry became one of the heaviest users of nanotech. With
nanotechnology in cars, vehicles were made more efficient.

The Application of Nanotechnology in Cars

The following are some of the most common examples of the application of
nanotechnology in cars:

• Engine and transmission systems. In contemporary cars, a large share of the

vehicle’s weight is due to the weight of the engine and the transmission system of the
vehicle. As a result, cars are fuel-hungry because of the need to push forward such a
heavy machine. Nonetheless, with the advent of alloys, engines were made lighter
somewhat but not sufficient to make them fuel-efficient. The answer came with the
arrival of nanotechnology. With nanotechnology, engines and parts were made a lot
lighter, thus eliminating the need to consume more fuel just to power the vehicle
forward.
 Chassis. In the same manner that the engine and its parts were made lighter, the
same benefit happened in the case of the chassis. Aside from being lighter, chassis and
engines were also made more durable, making them withstand daily workload on the
road.
 One of the most advanced examples of nanotechnology in cars involves the
production of paint that is constituted in micro volumes. The idea is to create a surface
that automatically heals itself whenever it is scratched or tainted with some foreign
mark. This procedure allows for the paint to release nano paint particles that
automatically spreads to cover up the scratched area. It works instantly you’ll hardy
notice the surface was scratched at some point.
 Another of the advanced applications of nanotechnology for cars involves the
production of mirrors and side panels that are made out of nano particles. Being so,
they filter the rays of the sun, smoke, and other pollutants in the atmosphere. The same
technology allows radio and phone signals as well as sound waves to freely enter the
cars so that the occupants of the vehicle will not be made oblivious to the world
outside. This is beneficial for those who have some form of hearing defects; even with
all the windows closed, you may still be able to hear the honking of the horn of the
 next car. Likewise, you do not have to open the window when it is raining just to get a
clear signal when calling from your mobile phone.
 Safety Concerns with Nanotechnology: some Risks and Benefits

Nanotechnology is one of the hottest scientific discoveries of the present times. This is
because nanotechnology presents a lot of promise that all other treatment methodologies
before it were unable to deliver. Moreover, nanotechnology also saw applications in other
areas aside from the fields it was intended for. As a result, the fields of applications of
nanotechnology are as varied as the possible risks that come with it. As such, safety
concerns with nanotechnology aired by ordinary citizens and experts alike must not be
ignored because it is one of the ways to make the technology very safe for anyone using
them.

Common Concerns with Nanotechnology

The following are some of the most common concerns expressed by people on the use of
nanotechnology:

• Nanotechnology is a new scientific application. Although this can also mean to be a

benefit for mankind, there are safety concerns related to its applications mainly
because of the fact that it is something that is not yet fully tested. One of the safety
concerns with nanotechnology in this field involves the application of the technology
in medical and health fields. Some are afraid that they might trigger harmful effects
instead of the intended beneficial effects.

• There are also fears that the environment may be placed in jeopardy that
nanotechnology products may increase the pollution level in many areas at a time
 when the need for environmental conservation is vigorously pursued everywhere. For
example, the production of better engines for automotives and windows for cars may
prompt car manufacturers and local dealers to wantonly discard these parts that can
possibly cause environmental nightmare with the absence of better programs on waste
disposal. An interesting twist here is nanotechnology is a thriving business in the
United States, amounting to billions of dollars. However, despite all these income,
very little thought is spared for health and environmental concerns. Because nano
particles are very small, they are very difficult to degrade and may easily pass on from
one person to another, in the process becoming agents of ailments.
• Another of the numerous safety concerns with nanotechnology is the lack of a
centralized monitoring agency that will see to it that all endeavors in this field are
religiously monitored. As a proof of this, there are very little journals and researches
on the safety concerns with nanotechnology that inevitably enhances the fears that
people may have on this technological applications and advancements.

Defining the Limits of Nanotechnology

Because the full impact of nanotechnology has not been fully realized, various governments
and scientists are afraid that the unrestricted applications of nanotechnology will result to
health and environmental problems. Characteristic of something that is not fully regulated
in a uniform manner, various nations have their own reactions to nanotechnology
applications. For example, some aspects of nanotechnology are allowed in the United States
with a wide range of freedom—including its use for sunscreen products—but in other
countries, the situation is different. In the United Kingdom, nanotechnology ethics also puts
into consideration the impact on the environment first, particularly on the release of nano
particles to the atmosphere that may trigger pollution. On the other hand, in other countries,
the debate on nanotechnology ethics is more on the definition of the size of matter that can
be considered as part of nanotechnology.

Various Nanotech Companies:-

 Because nanotechnology is one of the hottest scientific products today, consumers
and product users need to be familiar with the various nanotechnology companies
that can provide them their needs for nanotech and its applications. Companies that
specialize in nanotechnology cover almost anything under the sun, although most of
 these are involved in industries such as in engineering and in automotive
applications.

Searching Nanotech Companies

Whatever the reason for looking nanotechnology companies, it is always better to do it by
searching for them in the Internet. This is a convenient way to search for them because in
the web, nanotech companies are categorized in various ways, making searching for them
easy and fast. Some of the popular nanotech companies are the following:

• Zetta core is one of the nanotech companies that pioneered the development of low-
cost memory chips in use in computers and in industries. Because of their low-cost
setting, they are very beneficial to the microelectronics industry by providing cheap
but excellent alternatives to high-maintenance memory chips. Their memory chips are
also used by aircrafts especially those that rely on autopilot for long-distance flying
that can be stressful for human pilots.
• In the field of nanotechnology applications on health sciences, one of the leading
nanotech companies is Z-Medical. Their famed product the Quick Clot is a popular
product being an effective and fast-acting haemostatic agent that rapidly stops severe
arterial and venomous bleeding. This is very beneficial in instances when the patient is
very far from hospitals and medical facilities. In the end, it is one of the factors that
can set the difference between life and death.
• Another of the nanotechnology companies that are actively involved in using the
technology to medical applications is Advectus. The company is in fact the holder of
exclusive worldwide rights on the delivery and production of drugs that are used in
fighting brain cancer and tumor. Due to the drug’s development, surgery is no longer
required in most cases when before surgery was the only means to properly treat brain
cancer. This is indeed one of the most revolutionary inventions involving
nanotechnology.
• Agendia is another of the nanotech companies that are involved in the medical
applications of nanotechnology. Specifically, they are active on the field of tumor
mapping in identifying tumor cells in order to categorize them for better treatment.
Tumor-mapping is made possible with the use of micro-array genetic profiling that the
company also developed.
• Nano Materials is an Israeli company that specializes in the delivery of inorganic
compounds for use in industrial applications. Their products are actively used in
microelectronics, semiconductors, and aerospace applications. Likewise, they also
produce nano lubricants for the metal working markets that revolutionized the way
metal works were done.

• In the field of cosmetics, one important research on nanotechnology leads to the

development of sunscreen based on nano particles. As a result, sunscreens are better
when it comes to providing protection from the sun compared to the traditional UV
protection systems that is the standard today in most sunscreen products. With
 nanotechnology-based sunscreens, the cosmetic is able to penetrate deeper into the
skin layers to cause the cells to react against getting burned by the sun. This is
considered to be far better than simply superficial sun blockage, which is common in
conventional sunscreen cosmetics.
• In health, nanotechnology research is also key to advancing tissue engineering. This
is very important when there is a need to repair damaged tissues, especially those
affected by severe diseases. Moreover, nanotechnology is also one of the most
promising applications that scientists are employing in the fight against the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In this, the process aims at killing affected cells to
prevent their replication and thus stop the spread of the disease. Moreover, because it
is atomic in nature, nanotechnology is far better than taking medications because
unlike the latter, it does not affect otherwise healthy tissues, specifically attacking only
the affected ones.

References;
1) www.bowlesphysics.com
2) Springer hand book of nanotechnology
3) Book of Nanoscale ,devices scale
4) Nanogloss.com