Goals Of This Lecture

● Introduce Modeling
● Introduce Simulation
● Introduce system and environment
● Introduce various types of Models
● Develop an Appreciation for the Need for Simulation
● Develop Facility in Simulation Model Building
● “Learn by Doing”--Lots of Applications
● Case Studies: Overview of Modeling concept

2
 What is A Model ?

A Representation of an object, a
system, or an idea in some form other
than that of the entity itself.
( Defined by Shannon)

3
 Types of Models
Physical
(Scale models, prototype plants,…)
Mathematical
(Analytical queuing models, linear
programs, simulation)

4
 What is Simulation?
● A Simulation of a system is the operation of a model,
which is a representation of that system.
● The model is amenable to manipulation which would be
impossible, too expensive, or too impractical to perform
on the system, which it portrays.
● The operation of the model can be studied, and from
this, properties concerning the behavior of the actual
system can be inferred.

5
 Applications
● Designing and analyzing manufacturing and Dynamical systems
● Evaluating H/W and S/W requirements for a computer system
● Evaluating a new military weapons system or tactics
● Determining ordering policies for an inventory system
● Designing communications systems and message protocols for
them

6
 Applications:(continued)
● Designing and operating transportation facilities such as
freeways, airports, subways, or ports
● Evaluating designs for service organizations such as hospitals,
post offices, or fast-food restaurants
● Analyzing financial or economic systems

7
 System and environment
— System is a collection of interacting entities/elements, whose
collective performance leads to satisfying a desired end.
— The overall system performance will be lesser or equal to the
performance of the individual components
— A system is the part of the universe that is being
studied
Whereas
— The environment is the remainder of the universe
that lies outside the boundaries of the system. It is
also known as the surroundings or neighborhood.

8
 TERMINOLOGY
● System
— A group of objects that are joined together in some regular
interaction or interdependence toward the accomplishment of
some purpose.
— Entity
— An object of interest in the system.
— E.g., customers at a bank

9
Example of Educational Institute
System

10
 Terminology of system
— Inputs
— Elements/Entities
— Boundary
— Output
— Functions/Relationship
— Feedback
— Subsystem

11
 TERMINOLOGY (continued)
● Attribute
— a property of an entity
— E.g., checking account balance
● Activity
— Represents a time period of specified length.
— Collection of operations that transform the state of an entity
— E.g., making bank deposits

12
 TERMINOLOGY (continued)
● Event:
— change in the system state.
— E.g., arrival; beginning of a new execution; departure
● State Variables
— Define the state of the system
— Can restart simulation from state variables
— E.g., length of the job queue.

13
 TERMINOLOGY (continued)
● Process
— Sequence of events ordered on time

✷ Note:
— the three concepts(event, process, and activity) give rise to
three alternative ways of building discrete simulation models

14
 A GRAPHIC COMPARISON OF DISCRETE
SIMULATION METHODOLOGIES

A1 A2
P1
E1 E2 /E3 E4
A1 A2
P2
E1’ E2’ E3’ E4’

Simulation Time
15
EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMS AND
COMPONENTS
System Entities Attributes Activities Events State
Variables

Banking Customers Checking Making Arrival; # of busy

account deposits Departure tellers; # of
balance customers
waiting

Note: State Variables may change continuously (continuous sys.)

over time or they may change only at a discrete set of points
(discrete sys.) in time.

16
 SIMULATION “WORLD-VIEWS”
● Pure Continuous Simulation

● Pure Discrete Simulation

— Event-oriented
— Activity-oriented
— Process-oriented

● Combined Discrete / Continuous Simulation

17
 Examples Of Both Type Models
● Continuous Time and Discrete Time Models:
CPU scheduling model vs. number of students attending the
class.

18
 Examples (continued)
● Continuous State and Discrete State Models:
Example: Time spent by students in a weekly class vs.
Number of jobs in Q.

19
 Other Type Models
●Deterministic and Probabilistic Models:

Output Output

Input Input
nStatic and Dynamic Models:
CPU scheduling model vs. E = mc2

20
 Stochastic vs. Deterministic

System Model
1
Deterministic Deterministic
3

2
Stochastic Stochastic
4

21
 Discrete and Continuous Systems

— A discrete system is one in which the state variable(s) change only at

a discrete set of points in time. E.g. customers arrive at 3:15,
3:23, 4:01, etc.
— A continuous system is one in which the state variable(s) change
continuously over time. E.g. the amount of water flow over a dam.
— Discrete model: the state variables change only at a countable
number of points in time. These points in time are the ones at
which the event occurs/change in state.
— Continuous model: the state variables change in a continuous way,
and not abruptly from one state to another (infinite number of
states).

22
 Linear and Non-linear models
— A linear model is an equation that describes a relationship
between two quantities that show a constant rate of
change.
— A linear regression equation simply sums the terms. While the
model must be linear in the parameters, you can raise an
independent variable by an exponent to fit a curve. ... Nonlinear
regression models are anything that doesn't follow this one form.
— A nonlinear model describes nonlinear relationships in
experimental data. Nonlinear regression models are generally
assumed to be parametric, where the model is described as a
nonlinear equation. ... The parameters can take the form of an
exponential, trigonometric, power, or any other nonlinear
function.

23
 Deterministic and Stochastic models
— A deterministic system is a system in which no randomness is involved in the
development of future states of the system. A stochastic system has a random probability
distribution or pattern that may be analysed statistically but may not be predicted precisely.
— A deterministic model is a model where:
1 - the material properties are well known, i.e. deterministic. none of them is random
2 - The applied load are also deterministic
— A Stochastic model has on the other hand:
1 - random properties, e.g. the Young's modulus is a random variable with uniform
distribution [E1, E2]; or normal distribution (of a given mean or standard deviation)
2 - The applied load is random variable, e.g. Wind Load, earthquake (vibration of random
amplitude and displacement)
— The Hybrid model is a "mixture" of both Deterministic and Stochastic.
Its treatment is quite similar to the Stochastic model. The presence of a
single random variable in the model necessitates the consideration of the
stochastic treatment.
— Example: Stochastic processes are widely used as mathematical models of
systems and phenomena that appear to vary in a random manner. Examples
include the growth of a bacterial population, an electrical current fluctuating
24 due to thermal noise, or the movement of a gas molecule.
 Types of other Models

25
 Static Physical Model

26
 Dynamic Physical Model

27
 Static Mathematical Model

28
 Dynamic Mathematical Model

29