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Solution Manual Introduction To Statistical Theory (Part I) Sher M (PDFDrive)

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Solution Manual Introduction To Statistical Theory (Part I) Sher M (PDFDrive)

These include solution in a very easy way to understand.

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Hadiqa Ijaz
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SOLVED PROBLEMS INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICAL THEORY PART | ( Prof. Sher Muhammad Chaudhary Dr. Shahid Kamal ) CONTENTS Chapter Page 1. Introduction 1 2. Presentation of Data 3 3. Measures of Central Tendency or Averages . 18 4. Measures of Dispersion, Moments and Skewness 48 5. Index Numbers 95 6. Probability . 116 7. Random Variables ” . 164 8. Discrete Probability Distributions te 219 9. Continuous Probability Distributions 262 10. ‘Simple Regression and Correlation 312 11. Multiple Regression and Correlation 341 12. Curve Fitting by Least Squares . 371 13. Time Series Analysis . 409 € “hapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.9 (b)(i) The number of students attending a class is a discrete ii) (iii) (iv) Ww) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x) 1.10 variable. The amount of milk produced by a cow is a continuous variable. The number of heads in the toss of 6 coins is a discrete variable. The yearly income of a College Professor is a discrete variable. . The age of a shopkeeper is a continuous variable. The weight of a college student is a continuous variable. The number of petals on a flower is a discrete variable. The life time of -television tubes produced by a company is a continuous variable. Temperature recorded every half hour at a weather bureau is a continuous variable. _ The number of shares sold each day in the stock market is a discrete variable. (i) Qualitative, Gi) Quantitative, (iii) Qualitative, (iv) Quantitative, (v) Quantitative, (vi) Quantitative, (vii) Qualitative. (i) Ratio, Gi) Ordinal, (iii) Interval, (iv) Ratio, (v) Nominal, (vi) Ratio, (vii) Ordinal, (viii) Ratio, (ix) Ordinal, (x) Ratio. 2 ° 2.21705 rounded off to four significant digits becomes 32.22. 937 05002 rounded off to four significant Gigits becomes 937.1. We' increase zery git (0:003599499 rounded to four significant digits becomes 0.003599 because beginning zeros are not significant but they serve only to locate the decimal point. 1003599499 rounded to four significant digits becomes 1.004. jing 5 by 1 a8 5 is followed by @ non. | | | 0.07000455 rounded to four significant digits | becomes 0.07000. 22.2500001 rounded’ to four significant digits becomes 22.26. ; Chapter 2 PRESENTATION OF DATA 24 ff the data given in the paragraph in the le. "DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYEES OF THE JOHN SMITH MANUFACTURING COMPANY BY SEX AND MEMBERSHIP DURING 1941-44 Unien Non Union Source: Census of Manufacturers Report, 1945. of class-boundat ‘weight = 98 Ib, the largest weight = Range = 226~98 = 128 andn = 300. Let us take A (class-interval) = 10 Ib and the lower limit of the first cla’s as 95 Ib, The last class is to include the highest value of 226 Ib. The-required values are Chass limits [Class boundaries] Clavemark 95-104 | 95-1045 99.5 zat 25-234 | 2245-2345 | 2295 i) ‘The smallest observation = 0421 and the largest observation = 0.563, so that range = 0.563 ~ 0.421 = 0.142, n = 460. Let us decide to have about 8 classes. ‘then h = 2142 ~ 0,020 approximately and we may take the lower limit of the lowest class as 0.420. 4 ‘The desired figures are given below: [Glass boundaries] Clazemmark —] Caer Fast] 0400-0439 [0.4195-0.4905] 0.4295 tas | 0560-0579 |0.5595-0.5795] 0.9695 The class-boundaries, the class-limits and class marks ae ‘Class Marks 1995-2195 | 200-219 209.5 2195-2395 | 220-239 229.5 2395-2585 | 240-259 249.5 2595-273.5 | 260-279 269.5 279.5- 298.5 | 280-299 289.5 2995-3195 | 300-919 309.5 3195-3395 | 320-339 820.5 26 tion of a Frequeney Table, Classes Tally] Frequeng 35-39 u 2 40-45 | uni 6 45-49 | nl 6 50-54 wn 8 55-59 8 60-64 1 65-69 1 0-74 3 15-79 4 80-84 4 85-89 3 90-94 2 9-99 | 1 1 100~108 |_| 1 Prat Here the smallest value = 36, and the largest va smallest then constructed as above 2.1 (b). Absentees | No.ofdays | fx (a 0 o 3 % 1 7 1 ' 9 18 3 6 18 . a 16 5 2 10 6 1 6 a 1 1 Total — 2 No, of days on which fewer than 4 people were absent = 5+ 74946 = 27 days No. of days on which atleast 4 people were absent = 4424141 = Sdays ‘Total number of absences aver the whole 35 days = /x~82 2.8, Preparation of the Frequency Distribution. ‘The lowest marks = 49, highest marks = 121 o Range = 121 - 49 = 72. \s take 10 marks as class-interval, ie, h=10. and place 's-limit of the lowest class or group at 40. Then the tion is constructed as follows: Let us the lower clas frequency distribu 6 Frequency Distribution of Marks of 60 Students a 2.9 Constryction of the frequency distribution Here the smallest value=61, the largest value= 153, so that the range=153-61=92, Class-interval (h)=5, (given). Locating the lower class limit of the first group at 60, the frequency di ibution is formed as below: Classes iy] Frequency ] 60 - 64 a2 1 2 2 7 4 9 1 1 10 10 9 5 2 3 4 3 2 [C tetal ~ 100 7 2.10 (1) Arrangement of the data tn an array 486, 559, 58.2, 594, 638, 64.2, 657, 676, 689. 601, 108, 716, 11.6, 72.1, 73.0, 73.8, 242, 7 , 73.8, 24.2, 74.2, i 81.8, 81.9, 82.7, 82.9, 63.2, 83.5, 541 one TAB Gs Construction of a fre interval of 5.00, Glase-limits quency distribution using a Ciaer boundarine 45.45 - 60.45 5045 - 55.45 55.45 ~ 6045 60.45 ~ 65.45 6545-7045 10.45 - 75.45 75.45 ~ 6045 | 80.45 ~ 85.45 85.45 ~ 9048 nar | 9545-10045 |! F 3) we] 45 | 5- 45-28617 = 81 10- 81-45=36 a: use) 15- 143-81=62 2 | 280 | a0- 280-148=137 3% | 49 | 25- 249-280-69 3 au 30- 374-349=25, 40 395 35- 395-374=2) * 400 40-45 400-395 =5 Histogram is: SSS a ‘Se 10— 15— 20— 28— 99 96 AO a 0 2.41(b) Here range is 32 ~ 8 = 24 and number of classes = 5, so the class internal is “# = 4.8, ie, 5. Thus the class limits are 8 to 12, 13 to 17, 28 to 32. The frequency against 4th class is 15 - 9 = 6. Let total frequency be x. Then 0.30x = 6 gives x = 20. Relative frequency 0.05 gives a frequency of 1. Proceeding this way, we complete the table as follows: Class Relative ‘Cumulative | Cumulative Limits Frequency | Frequency | Percentage Sto 12 0.25 5 35 13 to 17 0.05 6 30 18 22 os 9 5 230 27 0.30 5 75 2B toa2| 5 0.25 20 100 a) 1.00 = LG - MO? +n M=A)?4+20M-AVE Le, -M) But 5 x;-M) = 0, as the sum of deviations taken from mean is always equal to zero. Therefore the cross product term vanishes, Hence Dt%-A)? = Dis,-M? + nt-a)? (c) Let ¥ denote the mean of the combined distribution, Then | 2 nly + mahy + 8 pn RUE may + ay ema 17 (0) 2.42 _ Stem-and-Leaf Display of the given data Stem [Leaf 3a TT 4 0 3557 2 ]s 08452245 MEASURES OF CENTRAL a foresees TENDENCY OR AVERAGES 7 8s 950 3.13) The decision is wrong, as an aves joes not reveal 8 o 0 Bs rage de jot reveal 9 9 0 ‘The ‘h J Je conclasion in wrong, an there can be several ii) _ Condensing the Stem-and-Leaf display, we get brilliant students in the case, = one Laat : (Gi) "The conclusion Is wrong, as the mean is highly se aaa TSP wT acd by normaly argo sal ae oF TTT i (iv) ‘The conclusion is absurd as few people walk in the RAE BREREREBS i idle of the rad S 3.18(b) NowS(x,-A} = Eixj-M+M-Al?, (adding and sub- acing) eccccecce = Dle-M + (May? = E(ce- M+ (MA) 4 2A 9 where Z,, ¥, Z) are the means and nny, R3 are the frequencies of the 3 components respectively. Substitution gives 18 19 729244654500 78g Bearded 16. (c) Let ¥ denote the mean of the combined ution, Then Hit make + nak ey ze where F;. ¥.%) are the means and 1), rg, my are the frequencies of the 3 components respectively. 4512) + 4002.5) + 65:2) Fen 0 20 + 100 + 190 _ 320 “0 150 7 18- 3.17. Calculation of the mean, the median and the mean of the values which have been arranged in ascending order. 12.3220 Hence i) Mean ie, « ZE , 180 aps 3.18 (a) 20 Ci) Median = Size or! {+(e )]th observation (2 Fis aninteger) = Size of [5th + 6th] observation 16+ 18 = BEB GM. = antstog (21282) 12, = antislog [725520) anti-tog of 1.2322 17.07 Given two positive numbers a and b. ‘The A.M, G.M. are HM. are then defined as 2 FGM. = Vab and HM. = oe AM. ab, ab Now AM. 20M o(® 222 a5 or a+522yab or (a + b)*2 dab or (a+b)? dab 20 or (a—b)22 0, which is true. Asie ote 2 HM, if date? fab =, or abe (a+ by 2SE™, or (a+ bz dab (a +b)? — dab 20 or (a-b)? 2 0, which is true. Hence, for two positive numbers, AM. 2 G.M.>H.M. 24 22 on of the arithmetic average, 3.19. Calculation of the arithmetic mean, the (b) Call geomotric mean and the harmonic meaD: geometric mean and the harmonic mean. * log x is aa 1.8451 fm on : 90 1.9542 96 1.9823 1.8751 | | sms 2.6990 two] acm on 200 2.3010 288 360 2.5563 sn 430 | 2.6812 2.3979 woo | sant : 1060 | 3.0253 1.5563 1000 | oome2 1450 | 8.1614 z200_| 9.8673 z= 1116 | ee | = [15866 | 98.6487 Ee _ 15566. . ou senees es ‘al | Ens 1037.73, | Slog # 38,6487) log £) = anti-log [G5 = anti-log (22 '] = anti-log (1.74313) = Rs. 55.35 oat, « ant-iog = 7 st = Anti-log (2.5766) = $77.2 0 HM -—t-. = Rs. 28.82 | ; arming zo HM. = 7 * 08048 : zQ Here G.M. is the best ave j aes een = { 43.20 (a) @) Mean earnings" 50” 80 per hour 2 24 (b) Calculation of the weighted mean. 3.22. We first construct the frequency table and then =w caleulate the average bonus paid per employee, which would be the weighted mean. English 73 4 292 Monthly salary in rupees | Tally Zw French 82 3 246 Maths 37 3 am [Preceding 0 bot not exceoding 7 J 3 Science 62 1 62 reeling T8but nt exeeting 90 fi 4 1s | 60 History 60 1 60 exceeding $0 but not exceeding 105.) 3 20 | 100 Taal = 2 aa. fsceeding 105 bat not ene 3 5 ras Hence weighted mean = 2 = $7 = 69.25% marks. fesceding 15 bu not exceeding 150 ut | 6 3s | 210 ‘ PFotal = 30 = _| 735 3.21 Calculation of the simple and weighted averages o @ @ Hence weighted mean = £2" ~ 235 . Rs. 24.50. Piece goods | Priceper | Quantity aw iz = metre (Rs.) | (millions 3.23. ‘Calculation of the average age of the horses. ) | metres) (w) [Age (years) = | D |] @ | mean Unbleached 8.37 286 2393.82 age, % Bleached 9.50 255 2422.50 1 1-4 25 |-95 | -114 | 27 | 324 Printed flags 9.16 64 586.24 5-9 70 | -5 |-1115 | 76 | 1694.8 Dyelre ice Be 1692.48 10-14 120 | 0 [~229] 120 | 52200 otal 62.47 1022 10303.29 20-24 22.0 | 10 | 1610 | 208 | 3348.8 o 7.2, ma 25-29 270 | 15.] 510 | 258 | 772 n 76 "8.10.41 per metre \ sokever | 6 | 320 | 20 | 120 | 31.8 | 190.8 | Tol | 143 | - | - | 23600| ~ [157976 i) Weighted average = 224 _ 10303.29 \ 2371 ‘Sw 10d ~~ Rs.10.08 per metre ‘The weighted avers We = a + price beret sage rie more early the real average (a) Average age winnn = @ + 2 multiplied by the and every piece goods has been 2971 corresponding quantity, Le. propedle werahvea = 12.0427 = 12.0+2.07= 14.07 years perly weig! 43 25 15797.6 | 15 99 Ba metre va more nearly the Teal average ‘The weighted averste 1 and every AB¢-BTOUP has been rod 3.24, Calculation of the arithmetic mean, the geometric mean and the harmonic mean of the (n+1) values 1, 2 4 8 16, «» 2" which are in geometric ean The sum of the valu (&) Average age ceiehet) .es in GP. is obtained by the formula g@=n, where r>1 se rol AGE), where rc a Sum of the values=2@"=D (> gears eB aed) “my Product of the values = 1x2x4x 8x 16x... x 27 =x 21x22 x 23x 4x x OF = 20614263¢de on = 2nF1O+n)/2 w onine v2 1 1 Sum of reciprocals «2,1, 1 Itgtqgtet J Slate t 26 Hance ¥ = Sum ofthe vatues | 2*°1— 1. No. of values nael ”* GM. = (Product of the values)!/"*1 = (NMOL 2 29/7; and ___Number of values nat HM. ™ um of their reciprocals 1 2(-pr) 3.25. Calculation of the arithmetic mean, the geometric mean and the harmonic mean of the (n+1) Values 1, 3, 9, 27, . 3” which are in geometric progression. ‘The sum of the values in G-P. is obtained by the formula sum = , where r>1 r-1 SOR) where P< =r a= Land r (common ratio) = 3 Sum of the values = +82 « dort-p Here x3" Product of the values = 1x 3x 9x 27% 81x. a g0ele2eSetm a Bienen D/2 aw grins 2 27 GM. = [Product of the values}!/"*” Danna in 997%; and Number of valves nti = __Number of values HM. = Som of their reciprocals 3/1 3-H) 3.27. The rates of his salary after getting rises come to 1.10, 1.20 and 1.25 respectively. The appropriate average of these rates is the geometric mean. Thus GM. = Yi10 x 1.20 «1.25 Taking logs, we have logG = }flog 1.10 + log 1.20 + log 1.25) 0.2175 3 = 1 0,0414+0.0792+0.0969] = = 0.0725 GM. = Anticlog of 0.0725 = 1.181. Hence the required annual percentage increase = 18.1% 3.28. (b) Calculation of the Harmonic mean which is the correct average speed of the person in this question. 2 2 117005 30 * 60 40 miles per hour ion of the Harmonic mean which is the correct average speed of the person in the question. a 3 eos Toe zai 55 3 Oa401s = 6.8 miles per hour 28 ) As the distances are equal (and hence and the times vary, therefore the correct ‘sverage is the harmonic mean, which is obtained below: n 10 ry Thus HM.= = 22.56 kilometres p.h. (b) (i) Caleulation‘of the harmonic mean, the correct average rate. HM. = 8 abel *s*é Soo " O3917 7.66 mp. 3 01000 + 0.1250 + 0.1667 b. im pop come out to be 1.20, 1.25 and 1.44. The average rate of increase would be their G.M. 3 GM, = V1.0 x 125 x 144 Taking logs, we have log G = 3 [og 1.20 + log 1. 22848 ong 25 + log 1.44) ).0792 + 0.0969 + 0.1584] 29 GM. = Anti-log (0.1118) = 1.299 suired percentage increase = 20.3%. ‘on of the Geometric mean and. the Hence the a0, Cale Harmonie mesa Wek Tite |e | tex | floes | Fa a | a | 1a | BIBERD | 0058 wu] 1 ‘| 1.6232 | 21.1016 | 0.3095 jean | 1 qo | vera | 284257 | 02617 ae £ | aareo | 49.7640 | 05877 _ o | asse | 93149 | 0.1030 60-64 62 1.7924 17.9240 | 0.1613 ee & | xez61 | 91905 | 00746 Stowe Tee 1657 | 2.0688 Now GM. = Anti-log of \ Pe) = Anti-log of| y = Anti-log of (1.6918) = Rs, 49.18, and ° 100 Rs. 48.47 ie and Harmonic means, 30 Hence GM. = Anti-tog [ L198 ] = antistog [ 225% } hs Satlan ~ nary off ai iil) 7 2966) = 19.80; and 75 Teior ~ 1627 1 Rs. 950, Rs. 1500, Rs, 2100, Rs. 10000. n+ th person ("2 (75 person (is not an integer = salary of (5+1)/2 th, ie, 3rd 5 . Le. Srd person = Rs. 1500, The given heights do not differ greatly, so arithmetic ‘mean is more suitable average. Therefore = = ©1%65+65+ 68+ 66+67 @ _ 383 _ gn ge ang = ee Here again medi sa more suitable average. Since is a integer, therefore median is the average value of (2 x: 2 and (5+ 1, i.e, 2nd and 3rd observations. Teer] 2 Te) 0.7958 | 0.4000 | 0.8000 4.3755, | 0.1393 | 0.6665 7.6783 | 0.0800 | 0.5600 16.1590 | 0.0571 | 0.7423 28.3962 | 0.0444 | 0.9324 | | 23,0288 | 0.0364 | 0.5824 12.0952 | 0.0308 | 0.2464 4.7220 | 0.0267 | 0.0801 97,2508 <6101 32 Hence = ELE, 1888 cf. 1888 . 5.75, Nedian i(=9 Approx 0 Seaaeaaticaesee x eSieee rec io aero en gtte Upper Class Soun Checking the answers by caleulat: Daily wages f F 4-6 13 13 os | mi | 126 10 | 182 | 206 10-12 105 411 12-14 19 | . 430 1-16 7 | 47 Toul | a8 ian = Daily wage of Median = Daily wage of (Sh employee 437 = Daily wage of "th, ie., 218.5th employee which lies in the group 8-10, Therefore hfn ) Median =1+ (2-6 2 = 8+ Typ (218.5 - 124) = B+ 1.04 = Rs. 9.04 34 3.36 Calculations of the median and quartile ages by formula Axe of head Ter under 25 | 4a] 25 and under 0 | 79 | 123 30 and under 40. | 152 | 275 40 and under 50 | 122 | 397 50 and under 60 | 141 | 538 | | 60 and under 65 | 100 | 38 65 and under 70 | 58 | 696 70 and under 75 | a2 | 728 and under 35 | 28 | 756 7a Modian = Age of head of 5 sh household = Age of head ot 320, ie, 378th household, which lies in the age-group 40 and under 50. Therefore hn 10 Motion «1+ M(2-0)= 40+ Shians-210 wid vaste taijus Qy = Ageot eat} nosenld = Age of head of $2, Le, 189th household, Which lies in the age group 30 and under 40, Thus An 10 i wy k(Z-c)= 006 7S «189 - 123) = 30 + 4.34 = 34:34 years; and 2 y= Aveothed a2} house 3 (3x 756 _— 1 Age of head of (2°75 fhe. 967th household which lies in the age group 60 and under 65. Thus Sgg7— 508) = 60 + 145 = 61.45 years = 60 + Ty 567 538) Graphical location is left as an exercise. Height Number | Cumulative inehes! o frequency 575-600 6 6 600-625 26 32 625-650 190 222 650-675 281 503 675-700 412 915. 700-725 27 red 725-750 38 1080 Total 1080 is /n Medien = Height of [2h person et of 5 ih ps = Hag 2, ce. ate pes, wich isin the ro 628-100 fn Metin =1+4(8-c) + 675+ 25 so-so = 61502906772 inehes 36 Lower quartile =H. ne of (Sa — ight of M8 rh, ie 270th person, which lies in the group 65.0 - 67.5. Thus h(n a =7G-9 = 50 + 28 270-282 » 65.0+049°05.49 inches Similarly Qg= 1+ 5 -e) = 615 + 25 0-503) = 675+1.86060:36 inches ‘These results are checked on the following graph ¥__ Cumulative Frequency Curve 37 38 3.89. Caleulation of the mean and median ages. 3.38. Calculation of the Median. a umber Csr] Cas bounties [Somber O| [ange | Roster] FT [ie 108" 9. 5-104.8 <1 5 3] os | 25 100-104 . | as 14 10 1s | 25 | 250 105-109 | 1045-1085 78 5-9 u 2 | 70 | 770 110-118 1095-1148 60 wis | 2 aa | 14s | 1740 its 138 | 2316 20-29 2 eo | 245 | 5390 neng | 1450 452 30-39 18 7a | a5 | e210 195-1245 236 roe | i 40-59 8 a6 | 495 | 3960 125-129, 124,5-129.5 a6 | 700 60-79 1 93 | 695 | 496.5 ya0-134 | 129.5-1945 380 | 1130 Total = #—T=1= TRO fe 0 135-139 134.5-189.5 450 | 1580 Mean age = = = 2229 «94.96 years. 500 | 2080 as wot | 1995-1445 00 Median age = age tt} porte sus | MAS-H85 430 | 2510 a, sentes rso-iss | 1495-1545 260 | 2770 age ot SPA, ie, 45.5¢ person which les in 155-159 | 154.5-169.5 128 | 2898 the group 199-208 reese | 1505-1645 66 | 2964 Median age -1+4G-0) 2 | 2992 165-169 | 164.5-169.5 eo = 195 + 2046 5-38)=19.5 + 35 = 23:6 years Fa 7 12 | 8004 read iev.s-1746 3.40. (b) Calculation of the median, the lower and Toa} = 3008 the upper quart Tay Class Interval | Class boundaries] | F Metian = Sizeof (Fh number Under 25 vupto245 | a2 | 222 iota 25-29 245-295 | 405 | 627 = Size of MH 1a, ie, 1502nd number, which lies 30-34 295-345 | 508 | 1135 35-39 345-395 | 520 | 1655 in the group 134.5 ~ 139.5. Thus 40-44 305-445 525 | 2180 Median «1+ 5(3-c) 45-49 445-495 | 490 | 2670 . 50-54 49.5-54.5 as7 | 3127 = 1945 + © (1502-1130) = 134.5+4.13= 138.63, 55-59 54.5-59.5, 416 | 3543 350 60 & over s9.srover__| 166 | 3709 Total = 3709 |_| 39 Median ~ Size of (F}4 observation = size of 2208 1h, ie. 1854 51h observation, which lies in the group 39.5 ~ 44.5. Thus Median =1+2(2-c) 2@ 12 905 + Se(ss45~ 1086) + 5 + L9~= 414 ha =8G-0) fa em YF a conates ve 528 4 m5] 580 | 4 | 45-245 25-44 6 345 | 2070 | 10 | 245-445 }} 45-64 u | 545 | 163.0 | 26 | aas-o45 65~84 22 | 745 | 16390 | 46 | 64.5-04.5 85-104 14 | 945 | 1323.0] 60 | 945-1045 105-124 5 |iiss| 5725 | 65. |104.5-124.5 125-144 1 1345] 9415 | 72 |124.5-144.5] Total 75. = [59675 40 dean - EE «8875 «2957 lowat hour Median = Kilowatt hours of ($) consumer = Kilowatt hours of (22), ie. 97.8ch consumer which lies in the group 64.6-84.5, Thus ; h(n 20 Median = 1+4(5~c) ~ e458 + Bears m0) 245 «20. rer tewae nous @ = Mowatt hours of (#}it consumer = kalowatt hours of 22}, Le, 18.75ch consumer, which lies in the group 44.5-64.5. Therefore a, -1+8(b-c)-us+ ass = 445 2S sri hours am, 4 20 Similarly, Qy= 1+ 4( = 0) = 84.5 + 5625-46) = 99.14 kilowatt hours. at median and the a2 culation of the mean, the a First quartile = yield of (7 sh plot : rin] @ | F ee | “2 yield of 22m, 125ch plot which hes in 27-29 | 28 | 4 6 [| 4 the group 3.5 - 3.7 19 h 2e-31 | 30 | 15 -s | 7% wpe hlt—¢) nas « 22 125-86) | - “is 5 Qh FZ e) = 85 + Gy 125-86 si-a3 | 32 | 2 4 ry axa5 | 4 | 47 -3 | -u | 86 = 35+ 0.12 = 3.6216, and ; 2 |- 149 f as-37 | 36 | | a | aes Third quartile = yield of (3 zh plot az-39 | 38 | 7 “4 78 | 227 M4, gous | 40 | 8 o | -s24 | 315 = yietd of 250%) rh, Le 275¢h plot, which lies aiaa | 42 | # ap || See the group 4.1 - 4.3. Thus asas | 44 | 99 2 | us | 443 Kies) a tr | as | et au aes tr BBC) a are GF is7s-31) avag | 46 | 10 4 40 | 488 H = 414017 = 43 ag-51 | 5.0 8 5 40 | 496 4.43. Calculation of the average weight, the median sisa | 52] 4 6 24 | 500 | weight, the mode, ete. Tow! | ~ | 500 | e386 | [Class Boundries|No. of Seeds) fe F | Ss i o a 7 9.05 24.95 16 | 174s 0 16 Now peas dey 24.95-99.95 es | s245| 220660] 84 39.95-54.95 zoa| 4745 | 967980 | 288 233 | 62.45 | 1450.85 | 521 54.95-69.95 Median = yn ofp poe 60.95-94.95 240 | 77.45 | 1858800] 761 _ 84.95-99.95 655 | 92.45 | 6055475 | 1416 = yield of “Pen, ie. 250th plot, which 99,95-114.95 803 | 107.45 | 96282.95 | 2219 sreu080-Jathn 114.95-129.96 294 | 122.45 | 3600.90 | 2513, fn _o) 02 129,95-144.95 a1 | 13745 | 288645 | 2534 Median = 1+ 2(2-c)=39+ 92 c250- ’ 7{3-¢)= 98 + Gp 280-220 14490-18098 ¢{ rseas | soos | asas = 3.9 + 0.05 = 3.95 Ib. Total I 2538 | - | 231638.10 = “aa 281638.10 | 9) 27 milligrams: doy average weg = DEE = EIEIO 27 mii Median = weight of (3) seed « wigt (8S). 260 sed which in the group 64.95-99.95. Therefore a(n + = (1269-761) stan Bc) = 808» 0m = 64.95 + 11.68 = 96.58 milligrams Mode 1 CA) + mf (603-655) a5 = 99.95 + “Eo5— 655) + (803 - 294) 148 148 + x15 = 99.95 + Fx 15 = 99.95 + 735 = 509% 16 a7 = 99.95 + 3.88 = 103,33 milligrams. (oy = weight oS} aed = weight: ot 228), i.e. 634.5th seed which lies in the group 69,96-64.95. Thus hfn 16 oy 1B c= ons BS oosaen = 69.95 + 7.00 = 77.04 milligrams Similarly, we estimate Qs ate 5(-c) = 90.95 + 25 1903.5-1416) = 99,96 + 9.11 = 109.06 milligra: h (an 15 . Dy tr b(- ) £4.96 + 35 (7614-76) = 84.95 + 0.01 = 84.96 milligrams; and = 84.95 + 8.78 = 95.66 milligrams, 3.44, Assuming # range of Rs. 55.00 to Rs. 105.00, the frequency distribution would be as below: Grosp_ oe oe a Hs 65.00 and under Rs 6000 | 4 Rs, 60.00 and under Rs. 62.60 Rs, 62.60 and under es, 72.75 Rs, 12.76 and under Rs. 78.75 s. 78.75 and under Rs. 82.25 s. 82.25 and under Ms. 65.25 85.25 and under Rs. 90.50 96.50 and under Re. 95,00 95.00 and under Res. 100.00 100.00 and wnder Rs.205.00 Total Now Mear.wage = 4045.37 _ 2 = its, SEES = Rs. 80.92 approximately 6.45. (L) Calculation of the mean. the medi: mode. and the Weight 118-228 327-195 +2 -10 8 186-144 “1 -9) 145-153, ° =28 | 29 164-162, 1 5] a4 163-271 2 a} 38 173-180 3 6| 40 Toul = 45 Moon as Elta 14g + CBD w 149 2.025 = 148.979 Median = Weightof (3) student 40) dent, which lic weight ot (12) te 200k student, which Tes in the group 144.5-153.5 (€ .ss boundaries) h(n a siotun 108 (oe) 84 AO? o 144s + 225 = 14676. fh ‘Mode ate a hb Guth) + Gn fo) ois + 2 «9 2-9) + 2-5) 2 ois + Ee 72. 446, The calculations needed to find the mean median and mode are given in the following tab! Max.loads | Class [No.of cables} x fe Fr Gahor tons) | Boundries | 9.8-10.2 |9.75- 10.25 7 10.0 | 70.0 7 10.3 = 10.7 |10.25 - 10.75} 12 10.5 | 126.0) 19 10.8 ~ 11.2 [10.75 ~ 11.25} Ww 11.0 | 187.0] 36 ra—117 fazs— iia 4 | 145 1610) 99 11.8 — 12.2 11.75 ~ 12.25) 6 12.0 | 72.0 56 12.3 — 12.7 [12.25 - 12.75] 4 12.5 | 50.0.| 60 [teat wo | = [6680 Median = A Max. load of (3h cable = Max, $0) toad ot (SP)h ie Sch able, which les in the group 10.75 ~ 11.25, os Median = 1 + #(2—¢) F(G-¢) = 10:78 + 98.30 ~ 19) = 10.75 + 0.82 = 11.07 short tons Mode =1+——="f__, Tn—T) * Gm) = 10.75 + ——O7= 1) os (7-124 07-140) * = 10.75 + 0.81 = 11.06 short tons. 3.47. Calculations needed to find the moda! and the ‘median wages are given in the table below: Daily Wages Glass] No. of Employees (Rs) Boundries p 22 21-23 3 3 4 23-25 13 16 26 25-27 43 59 28 27-29 102 16 30 29-31 175 336 32 31-33 ‘220 586 34 33-35 204 60 36 35-37 139 899 38 37-39 69 968 40 39-41 25 993 42 41-43 6 999 4 43-45 1_| 1000 Total 1000 gga gts 148 = Rs. 2248 +31 ye 6 wage of (3) # emplovee (1000 = Daily wage of| ow i.e 600th Medisn wage = ‘employee, which lies in the group 31-23, ‘Therefore 2 seamegen tot (h=0) 98+ 5600-90 . 228 j 331 8-91 + 148 = Rs. 92.49 air Spr ant nat. (©) Calculation of mode by the empirical © { (Median) ~ 2 (Mean) 5 (36) — 2(40,5) = 108 ~ 81 = 27. enoee Chapter 4 MEASURES OF DISPERSION, MOMENTS AND SKEWNESS the relation Qn. Calculation of Quarti appropriate formula: Deviation by using an Tacome por] Class | Not weak (Ha) | Boundaries | Earners. | aso | aos-sos| 9 | 90 51-60 50.5-60.5 36 “66 61-70, 60.5-70.5 43 109 aia | ros-s05 | 301 | 2 81-90 80.5-90.5 3 286 oi-100 | 905-1005 | 14 | 300 Total : 300 ap, = 22, where Q, = Income of (2h earner 300) : = income of (2h, Le. 18th earner which isin the ‘group 60.5~70.5, therefore an 49 hfn_¢ a ue ° won. + 10cr5~ 66 = 605+ 200 ~ BA 62.59; ana Qs = Income of @ 7} ‘yh earner os rncore of 252% th, Le, 226th enrmer which Les in the group 80. 5-905; therefore = 905 + 19 025 — 218) = 80.5 + 1.64 = Rs. 82.14 ore, $2.14-0259 . Re 9.775 = Rs. 9.78 Hence @.D. = 4.5 Construction of a Cumulative Frequency Table 50 wit x SOS TAS THOS VHS 1495 THES 1505 1645 TORS 1745 From graph, we estimate the approximate values of Median = 152 1b, Q; ~ 146 1b and Q3 ~ 161 Ibs. Qs si s $10 Range = S2591 I= Es asi Weigutao | Tally | 7 | Weight Com? | cal aleul: of Mean and Standard Deviati ing the 1295-1985 3 fessthan 129.5] 0 “ a a ‘ion, using the jess than 134.5) 3 grouped data: 1945-1395 fl" 3 jess than 199.5] 6 weient [xi | f [ucexsan/s| fe_| 199.5 - 1445 jess than 144.5) 12 1295-1945 | 182 | 3 -3 -9 | 27 1345-1395 | 197] 8 - 4 | 2 144.5 - 145 than 149.5| 26 aa poeta 199.5-144.5 | 142] 6 -t i a 149.5 ~ 154.5 jess than 154.5| 35 tace-teas | 247 | 14 ° an 154.5 - 159.5 jess than 159.5] 43 149.5-154.5 | 152] 9 1 9 9 159.5 - 164.5 less than 164.5) 50 164.5-150.5 | 157 8 2 ae | 32 164.5 ~ 169.5 jess than 169.5] 54 159.5-164.5 | 162] 7 3 21 63 169.5 - 174.5 jess than 174.5} 164.5-169.5 | 167] 6 4 av | = Total 169,5-174.5 | 172 | 4 5 go |, 100 Total = [60 = ae | 51 Ween 695. 147+5,754 152.75 Ibs, and 60 Now mean,# = a+ = ure 5 (aay 5 (35) op [ETE = 512.108) = 10.52 bs, Moan and Standard Deviation of Original Observations 9175 DX 11+ 160+. + 144 9179 159 917 Ibs, 60 60 Mean = = = /23489.98333-23383.50694 = 10647639 = 10. Comparing the means and standard deviations computed from the grouped data and the original observations, we find that they are almost the same. 4.6. (b) Calculation of the Mean Deviation from the mean. No. of Marks _| Students, 0-9 2 10-19 3 20-29 8 30-39 Ey 40-49 27 50-59 40 60-69 n 70-79 5 Total 120 3 52 pu EL 8540 ae Now z= = [ap 7 46:17; and therefore Mean Deviation, cp)» ELLEL = 1858.36, 11.28 marks 120 Calculation of the Quartile Deviation, Mean yn and their Coefficients. Group A Group B oe a Med) Mea 1 TERE] 92.50 |e “aae [450 18 223s | «220 | 20 2.26 | 45.20 30 =135 | 4050] 32 =126 | 40.32 2 “03s | 1170] 35 -0.26, 3 03 | 2275] 33 ov 28 165 | 4620] 22 wm 25 | 4240] 20 wer | — [eras] a7 2H @, =Height of (3)ch person = Height of (. i.e, 46.75¢h person which lies in the group 59.5 ~ 60.5, h(n * iG 4 = 505 + 4619-28 = 605+062~ 6032 inches dy = Hate ot 22) person = Heigne of 22%, ie 140.25 person which tie in the group 62.5 ~ 63.5 53 h(n + 2 (140.25-135) ay wr B(Stac) rs 35 = 62,540.19 = 62.69 inches Median = Height ot(5}a person 187), je 99.5th person which lies a eign o(' sn throvp 608-818 h(n +, Median =! +4G-¢) = 60.5 + 2 (63.5 ~ 58) = 60.5 + 0.85 = 61.85 inches y= @) , 6269-6032 | 257 1.95 inte, Thus QD. = Qs~ .69-60. 57 a- Wy _ 62.69-60.12 2.57 __ a 99 and Coeff. of @D. = @ —Q, = 62.69+60.12 ~ 122.81 ap, ~ EL k= Mell . 255 «4.45 inches; MD__ 1.45 Coett of M.D. = REO = gigs = 0.024 Group B. Q= Height of (Dye person 187 = Height of (2. i.e, 46.75th person which lies in the group 59.5 ~ 60.5 54, 0g = sgh open = Height of 28%, 140.28th person whieh es in the group 62.5 ~ 63.5 yt B(-c) a ore +135) Qs = 1+ 4 (SEC) = 02.8 + 35 (14025-1951 = 62.5+0.24 = 62.74 inches Similarly, we estimate the median as AB Hg Medion = I+ 6 ) = 605+ 0035-6 = 60.5 + 0.76 = 61.26 inches Now @.p. = 92781 _ $2.74= 5987 - 5 495 inches; cp, = RLE=Modl 29822 gainer Qs-Q _ 62.74-59.87 _ 1.435 Coett of @.D. = Goi = eat4+6087 ” IDRAI 0.012 and MD. _ 1.60 Coeff of M.D. = REP = EAT = 0.028 4.9. Calculation of population variance and standard deviation 55 A EME, OP o 6.35: and [EE (BS. eas = 202 on of sample mean and standard ds ap] 00 af} oo| o 50 -10 100 m (aso (@ Now, we calculate the sample mean and the standard deviation of the scores obtained by adding 10 points to them: y= | on | om? be 10 100 0) -10 100 0 ° a 80 10 166 ba: -10 100 = 350 = 7 56 Ey. 250 7 - eo 20 3 + 10; and Pe on EE FB c= ss jereasing al! scores by 10% implies that each score is t 0 hie swherea= 22, + 66 = Ho 0) = ak, wherea = Tig (8.944) = 6S, Hence we observe that (j) when 10 is added to all scores, the mean is increased by ‘standard deviation remains unchanged: and i) when che scores are inereased by 10%. i 0 100" ba Itis based on the and S, = ial Sp mean and standard deviation are mi yoax+b, then J=az+b, ng properites. If S7 Given n=15, a View ioe = V5 = 5 4.12, (b) Calculation EC x | xe | we 3} 4 1 é 2 4 2 -2 * 1 | -3 8 7 3 9 5 1 1 = | 2 28 z-.™ 7-4 and Saowe s, =\ [EE =. /B = Va0667 = 2 Now y=2e+5,Then y oy oy? n | -2 4 w 4 16 9 | --4 16 7 | -6 36 19 6 36 15 2 4 =i 112) Sxr=480 & Lx 4=15,735. Therefore of means and standard deviations 58 y- BB. = 28 + 5, an go eBags rus 5= 2 + Sand = 2(2.16) = (2) S,. (©) () When the age of the youngest child is 1 year, the ages of enildsen arel, 2 9,4, 6, 6and 7. Therefore mean Dig DA2b tT 28 ean #2 tat 1 8 years and Se (a) ewes ca By (EF *)-F) = 20-16 = Vi = 2 years When the youngest child is 8 years old, the ages of the children are 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18 and 14 years. Therefore Mean = S79 * + 24 77 = 11 years; and = Vins ami = Vi = 2 years ‘The standard deviations of coincide because they 4.13, Let the sample of size n consists of 1) X2- + ¥ jues. Then, assuming x, as the smallest observation and x, the largest observation, we compute the Range and the Standard deviation by the r Range = x, -xy,and eT so+ eee. 7 When n = 2, then assuming x, > x, we have and Range = #2~*15 SD. x z Hence we cbse that Range and Standard Deviation are 415. deviation. = 33.9, and = V2.28-001 = 227 = 1.507 4.16. The mean and standard deviation calculated for question 4.15 are The tora mean 25° bined x ew 7 s0886 end 36514 This trol 30886 ~ 6.014 wit acting t Cbbyeher' rl contain at east (1h) ie Bot200 = 10 mtbr. The number of metal brs yng within heater 190 whi = Rs, 105 + 54-30 » Rs. 105 + 1.92 = Re. 106.92 Place BE Tht cn yeat 49. 99 = Rs. 105 + 1.46 = Rs. 106.46 Mean wage ord =a + 62 Ee yh, where u = x- 12.00 and h=1 ° - * To00 7 .006, and pana + fg Be 08a = Ra 108 * 7010 = \EBDTOEE = Rs. 2.626 Calculation of the mean and the standard 9 ————— = [uex-90 | 2{ «| * 109.5-115.5 5 | 5] -5 | ® 115.5-121.5 -2 | -16 | # 121.5-127.5 -1 | 1 | -18 | 8 127.5-133.5 o | # -67 o 133,5-189.5 rfsf 8 199.5-145.5 2) 8 ae | 92 145,5-151.5 s|4 12 | 36 1515-1575 x | so | s4t | 208 * 6 Substituting the valves in the formula ak (Eee, we get nm 80 ho = 96+1.6= 6,and tu mean a+ 5h (16) ie 1953 2 a+ 5x6 ea- a = 1353+ 12 = 136. ae (2) = hx/2.60-0.04= 1.68 12 66 Thus the midpoint of the actu frequency 22 is 136.5. fe lenght ined by adding to and its, the width of the class interval thus determined are shown in the last The other class repeatedly. The column of the tat 4.22, Calculation of the mean, standard deviation, ee a Souree A: Mean life,ieZ a+ she = 20x/1.365-0.255=20%1-110=21.1 hours Source B: ” 67 V5 182 — 0.2663 = 22.2 hours. in hours of the components two sources have nearly the data give a false impression as the = 62 + 5.83 = 67.83, and eae BEB Tnwen« Stix ay wl (49) Jeno ass a611)-90 55 ‘And s2corrected) = #2 (uncorrected) ~ 4 = 355 8-99 955-20858688 717, sm s corrected) = 88471 68 Now F204 nh, where = 5 = 5 V2.1 - 01521 = 5 x y27579 = Rs 8.3. CV, for locality A = $x 100 = Bas" 16.58% 4.9 se ity as the coefficient of Again C.V. for locality B = £-x 100 = °° x 100 = 9.50% he co-efficients of ¥-¥ [a-7? 39 | -24.4 [595.36 38 | 25.4 | 645.16 86 | 22.6 | 510.76 7} 86 | 7396 75 | 116 | 13456 69 | 56 | 3136 57 | -64 | 40.96 49 | -144 | 207.36 77 | 143 | 20449} 83 | 196 | 384.16 48 | -147 | 21609 | 66 | 26] 676 Toul | ear Tse 10 | ae EET Candidate X: gE ST 607 marks 3° fexme 7 fase 16 = W145 61 = 12.07marks 69 Se, 99 « 229% EV tor eantidate X = $6 «100 = {iy * 100 = 18255, Candidate ¥: as = DHL, S24 63.4 marke Po BH 6.4m yen EE. SRE. Tine ts & 16.22 CV. for candidate Y= x 100 = 65-4 ‘The performance of the candidate X is more consistent than that of the candidate Y as the C.V. for X is smaller than that for Y. 4.27 (a) Here 7=67.45, «? (uncorrected) =8.5275, and h=3 fa 2 (corrected) = s? (uncorrected) — 55 3? (corrected) = s? (uncorrected) — 75 x 100 = 25.58% 9 = 85275 ~ 5 = 7.7775, and (corrected) = 77775 = 2.79. Hence CV. (corrected) = £2882? 199 219 was (&) Calculation of the means, standard deviations and the coefficients of variation for Batemen A and B. x 100 = 4.14% Buisman A Batsman B Seorese |x? 2 aa 15 | 295 6 | 3 73 | 329 7 | 49 iy 361 199 | 39601 36 | 1296 a4 | 7058 29 | sat = | 480 | Sa038 70 Bastman A: Moan scores = 22 = $80 = 48 scores, = (5490.80 2304 = SISOS = 56.48 scores, and S. 56.48, = 5 100 = 848 x 100 = % cy, = SE x 100 = Sige x 100 = 117.67; Bastman B: Ey . 336 Mean scores = 2 = “Ty = 83.6 scores, z ZY, (SF ie ao n nm) 10 = -(160020-1108.96 = -J5G0I4 = 23.67 scores, and s, cv. = F100 = Beig * 100 = 70.45% 336 Batsman A is better asa run getter as A's and B's average score is 33.6. average score is 48 Calculation of coefficient of variation. 2] 27 > Blur nakboae © ” Lhe 50+ 4x h,where had, and w= = 149 + G2 x 9 = 149- 2.025 = 146.975 Ibs ru? _(Zfu)? 1 concorrecea) = 4? ELE (BAY) 95_(-9)" -0 f8-()] = 81 (2.875 ~ 0.0506) = 81 x (2.9244) s (uncorrected) = 9 x \/2.5244 = 18.716 Ibs; and 13.716 %100 = 146.975 x 100 = 9.33% cv.= 2 Now, s? (corrected) = s* (uncorrected) ~ z a1 = 81(2.3244) - > = 81(2.3244-0,0833] = 81%(2.2411) 8 (corrected) = 9 x 2.2411 = 9x1:497 = 13.473 Ibs; and 13.473 146.975 4 (corrected), ‘mean C.V.(corrected) = «100 *100=9.17% 280 @ = 2 x 100 = V. for tube A = Zoe x 100 = 18.8% 310 CV. for tube B = See 100 = 16.4% Tube B has a greater absolute dispersion as Sp > S, Tube A has ve dispersion as the co- ger than that for B. greater 72 4.29. Computation of co-efficients of variation. — Town A Town B cue | x | au Pople leet | me re zao fase | a} a] -0| a] 2[ -6[ 9 ar4o |as | -2 | or |-122| as] 14] 28] 56 a1-so |45.8 | -1 | 132 |-192| 132] 20] 20] 20 si-so |s5.5 | 0 | 153 [-260a] 0] 27| -s] © e170 Joss | 1 | 140 [140] 140] 28[ 28] 28 nso 755 | 2] si | 12] 24] 7] 14] 28 si-so [ans | a | 2] «| | 2] 6] 1 Total | — | - | saz [22] 765 | 100 168 Town A: : mm, as) peat nn o55+ SP x10 "= 55.5 — 0.28 = Rs. 55.22; Ent _(Enyt 7m ‘=18? = @) = 10x \fiaita— 0.0008 = 10 x-YTAIOS = 10 x (1.1876) = Rs. 11.88; and Rs. 11.88 Rs. 55.22 s=hx CV. = $x 100 = x 100 = 21.51% Town B: eeae Ltt ye gear xn = 955+ 5 x10 = 55.5 0.6 = Rs. 54.9; ? = 10 x Vi.68 = 0.0036 = 10 x 16764 = 10 x (1.2948) = Rs. 12.95; and 2.95 5 199 » 28.59% 549 =£x100 cv Ex Du x7 45 Fay 4x h, where = 10andu = ==! 745 + 5x 10 = 45 + 1.29 = 46.29 kilograms; = 10 x V/1.8548-0.0166 = 10x,/1.3982 = 11.57 kg; and CY. = Fx 109 = ST 100 = 755 < 100 = 24.99% Class B: Faas he a+ x 74 345 + B10 - 45 4 149 = 46.43 kg: ~ 10 x 2148-00204 = 10 x 1.099 = 10,90 kg; and 1os0 ev. = £100 «1223 199» an s4e * Class C: Baas they = 345+ PP = 45435 = 4065 enihoo ae _ (ea) eal = 10 VOB 0 06 - 100.627 = 9.27 bg and © son « 921 ev. « $x 100-222. 190 = 22808 4.21, By definition, the variane In, Ot Ine, se Th, Mere n, denotes the frequency and ¥=: rE Dalyk+k-2? = SS, where k is any arbitrary number. Xn, +g et - + @~ b= 2c, -k) E-*))] Gb? G.-w? Tae, - et = Bee gg yy ee «,-b? 2 SE get ag Sn, p= BP _ 52, where = # + 5: En, ‘aan, ) Here n= 60,2) 7 595.517 838 Ba 4a,3, = 540,527 828 the mean and standard deviation ed group of children. Then = 50,31 Let # and 5 denct respectively ofthe combi ny + os FT ny thy (50) (59.5) + (40) (64.0) | 5135 57.06; and 50 + 40 90 a gt « L_[n,? + my &- #8 + Sy + 2 Be D] mem «Aso (836+ 5608~ 51.008 + 40 (8298 + 40(54.0 — 57.06)7) = A tasir.az + 297.68 + 2709.82 + 974.54) 9892.76 90 Hence $= 76.5862 = 8.75 (b) Here n, = 200,%, = 25,5, = 3, ng = 250, ¥) = 10,82 = 4, ny = 300, ¥ = 15,59 = 5. Let ¥ and 5 denote the combined mean and the standard deviation respectively ofthe combined distribution. Then po MEL nels + msi mF ag Fag = 76.5862 76 __ 200125) + 250010) + 30035) | 12000 16, ana 200 + 250 + 300 750 # yl {q+ @-09)) we 2 16)? ij (200 (9 + (25 ~ 16)? + 260 (16 + (10 ~ 16)") + 300 (25 + (15 ~ 16)71) = ij [18000 + 13000 + 7800] = 51.78, so that 750 s = 51.73 = 7.2; and hence 1 73 GY. = x 100 = 75 x 100 = 45% 4.38 @ Z-seore forthe top eudent = 50 + 10(*Z5) (98-63.7 = 50 + 10( 28822) = 50+ 28 = 78, and z- for the bottor ide 50 (==2) score for the bottom student = 50 + * wes) (o1-63.7) 21-637) = 50 + 10 (215832) = 50-35 = 15. (e-2) 4.34, By definition, a standard Z-score = 50 + 10 Sd Student A: 70 - 70 5 setae 1 Zscore on the 2nd test = 50 + 10 82=78 = 69 7 resides = 800 mj Z-score on 50+ 69+ 58 _ 5g Average score of student A = we Student B: a core om the rt test = S04 1G 0-78) score on the 2nd test = 50 + wo z ) “4 ee) cess + 10(2 24) = 58 90+ 44+ 58 _ gy “s. average score of student B = 4 Z-score on the 3rd “aas (by The data ordered from smallest to largest and the tro (quartiles are found to be 42, 43,58, 63, 65, 67, 68, 72, 75, 75: 78, ri 80, 82, 96. a Qs To find the trimmed mean and the trimmed standard deviation, we remove the three observations 42, 43 and 58 below the firs: quartile and the three observations 80, 82 and 96 abov the third quartile. Thus we have nine observations 63, 65, 67, 8 72, 15, 75, 78, 79 as trimmed data set. 83+ 65+. + 79 _ 64? _ oy 39, and Trimmed mean = 9 9 ay 3 + [638s (65) + (19)? Trimmed S.D. y = \/5118.4444-5088,4444 = 30 = 5.48 78 ‘To find the Winsorized mean and standard deviation. we replace the three observations 42, 43, 58 below @, with 69 and the three observations 80, 82, 96 above Qq with 79; and get the Winsorized data set as 63, 63, 63, 63, 65, 67, 68, 72, 75. 75, 78. 19, 79,79, 79. yy, ‘The Winsorized mean = + = 1088.4 71.2, and frea98 (106m E mis Gs) S15 = 5113, 0667-5060 44 =-/43.6067=6.61 a istits) Tae moments bent the mean are obtained as below: the Winsorized S.D = m,=0 sg = my (mi? = 2.5 (D8 = 15 wl mye SSP @- 209.3) omy = Te 2). To find the moments about x= rag eee nt oe 0, we need the values of nbs, 5 SA, | Spa and = Sift, which are obtained from the relations (1), (8) and (4. ‘Thus from (1), we get 79 122g or os i 7 From (2), we get aoe apne ; x & = From (3), we have 65 = 25/9 - 6x? + 12-8) 2 1y_s- ei 3a? + 1222-5 = 55 n s a ie. 154.3 = 5.5 + 6(10.5) —128) + 8 = 40.5 45, Similarly, from (4) we getaiDife! = 168. Hence the moments about x=0 are fe ** ait Ee mi HEn, my 2s 105, 3 1, pet m= 2 2 40.5, and i cal + Ste 48 (oy m= = BE = oes 1 Efut _ 306 | my = TAB, 308. ous +, Dput | 1962 | a Tag 7 15696 80 Mean oz =a + Ley ™ 10 (2) x5- 10-100 016 ‘The moments about mean are m0 mg = A? [my — (m})?] =(5)? [2.448 — (-0.968)2) = 25(2.818) = 57.825 img = h® (mn ~ 3mimi, + 20m')9) = (6) [1.996 ~ 3(-0.968) (2.448) + 2(-0.868)%] = 125 [-1.936+2.703-0.100) = 125(0.687) = 88.375 img = fet mi — Aims + 6(m')? m} ~ 300n1) 4) = (5)* [15.696 ~ 4(-0.368) (~1.936) + 6(~-0.368)? « (2.448) ~ 3(~-0.368)") '=625[15,696-2.850+ 1.989-0.055] =625(14.78)= 9237.5 Variance = m, = 57.825 2 rm 2 2. (83.875) | 69513906 544 ang iy 92375 92375 Sa 22” (erga5yt ~ Baua.7a06 = *7% ‘As the value of b, #0 and b, < 3, ie. the distribution is platy-kurtie, therefore the distribution would not be considered ‘as normal. 81 82 fon of the moments: 7 eI weny | nat : | te | oe | way | aaa | D> | wm | | me | sy] sat | 20 we | 5 [182 | 488 Z a a 15 6 | -5 | -30 | 150 ~750 | 3750 ag | 52 | 104 | 208 a} 9 re | 19 | -4 | -76 | 304 | -1216) 4864 vos | 25 [25] 25 1 | -35_| | —_| a | 13 | -3 | -9 | 07 -351 | 1053 a 35 | 0 o | 3 | 0 1s | 18 | -2 | -36 | 7 -14a | 288 ' wife) ey ® 19 | 20 | -1 | -20 | 2 -20} 20 2 | 4 2 wpe) rye 2 | 2% | o [-2n | © | -281} 0 4s | 135 | 405 5 we ws | 52 a |] 2 | 28 28| 28 s J a | | 2 63 | 136 a2) 544 + 7 28 282 se 2058 23 |. 22 3 66 | 198 594] 1782 = a | is | 4 | 60 | 240 960 | 9840 : =p.080| 2.496] 0.018 | 18.212 sum j ? ~ . > + ¥ Total | 200 £222 | y965 | +1854 | 14169 a =m| = m2] =m] 7 +t ~627 — bout the mean are Sum r | — | 005] 6325] -3.135] 70.845 foments about the mean ar z ee s . ‘ i} my] = my] smi j m=0 = 2.496 ~ (0.089)? = 2.49 mz = my img = m— Bmimy + B(mi)? = (0.018) ~ 3(-0,089) (2.496) + 2¢-0.089)? = 0.7 212-41-0,089)(0.018) + 6(-0.089)%(2.496)-3(-0.089)' = 1833 "Moments about the mean are: m, = 0 mg = m}— (rm)? = 6.325 ~ (0.105)? = 6.314 img = mi, Sonim + 2 (mi)? = -3.135-3(0.105) (6.325) + 2(0.105)3 = -5.125 my = mi — Anim + 66m)? my ~ Bom)! = 70.845—4(0.105)(—3. 135) + 6(0.105)? (6.325)-3(0.105)+ = 82.58 83 2 my (5.125)? a bye Tegra 7 Clos and ba my | 82.58 bye a eau? 2 2 ‘As b, #0 and by < 3, therefore the distributi 4.42, Calculation of the first four moments. ion ig not normal. 84 mg A8 (m5 ~ 3mims + 20m))9) ‘= 8 [-0.8306 ~ 8(-0.1186) (8.4552) + 2(~0.1186)") = 8 (0.3956) = 3.16 = Aims + 6m)? my ~ 3 omy) m= = 16 (83.0194 ~ 4 (~0.1186) (~0.8305) + 6(-0. (8.4552) ~ 3(-0.1186)") Grou PP * June] m | at | me | Me = 528.06 2 =7a | 288 [1152] 4608 my (3.16? 9.9856 _ a4 [ep oy) im $1 = 73 ~ (13.765 ~ 26052859 ~ 9-004 and as || 5] -3 | -72 | 216 | 648 1944 2 2 | -04 | 188 | -76 | 752 74 928.08 _ 628.06 4 ee [7/7 = 80 bam 2" as.76)! 169.8976” 279 sio | so] 9] -1 | -s0 | 80 | -80 2 7 0 |-2258] 0 4.43. (b) Calculation of by and by. ro fz}! 0 [-s18 Noof | F | DG-a] D | | MW] wD wv | 66] 33] 1 66 | o6 | 66 | 66 heads (x) wets | 40] 15] 2 so | 160 | 320'| 640 0 T og Te] ea | 256 a [7] - 63 | -189 | 567 63 189 | 567 | 1701 3 189 yews |r) 8 ion 2 |2] -2 104 | 208 | 416 1-20 | 15] 19] 4 | 60 | 240 | 960, a foe] ay sa | 54 | 54 Total | 413 +269) 1497 |+1913/ 13697 4] 7 ° o [=sis| 0 =49 343 | 5 fez] 1 s2 [52 ones] 3.0552 |-o8s0s | sa0i94 6 |a2| 2 128 | 256 Sumen {| 1 i ‘ : 1 7 9 3 81 243 mam || id |, Pi | 8 1 4 16 | 64 Hence the moments about the mean and in ordinary units Total | 256) S14 | +615 are obtained as below: +100 TOOTS] 0:3906 mn0 Sum+n | 1 i . ami | me | mg sm =H [ms — (m})?) = 4 (3.4552 ~ (-0.1186)") = 4(3.4411) = 13.76 ‘The moments about the mean are obtained as below: m= 0 85 2 = 2.0078 ~ (0.0625? = 2.0039 my= mi 9 my = m;,~ Smimiz + 2 (2.0078) + 2(0.0625)" = 0.0146 = 0.3906 ~ 340.08! ge mi, — Ami; + Gum)? mg ~ em , .25) (0,3906) + 6(0.0625)? (2.0078) ~ = 11.2016 ~ 410.065 '3(0.0625) = 11.0519 me (0.0146 5 's _ (0.0146) «9.0009, an Hence b, = 3" Se oasa "0 ™ my. 13.0510. 9 75, ba t= onset” 27 2 4.44. Calculation of by and by- 7 zm) mu | m ] ne | re [cesee | = ue) ny] 3 | -4 | -12 | 48 | -192| 768 a 13} 30] -3 | -90 | 270 | -s10 | 2490 vie | 15] 110] -2 | -220 | 440 | -s8o | 1760 16-18 | 17 | 218 -1 -218 | 218 | -218 | 218 275| 0 [sao] 9 |-2100) 222 [222 | 222 432 | 864 | 1728 288 | 864 | 2592 s2 | 128 | 512 2078 22 960 | -0.022 | 10.284 1950 10230 amy | emg | emi 96 1¢ mean and in terms of the class low mys mi — (mi)? = 1.950 ~ (0.00294 » 1.95 mg= m5, —Smim', + 2on')? = 0.022 ~ 3(0.002) (1.950) + 2(0,002)5 = -0.034 img= mi, ~ mim’, + Bim)? (ms) ~ 3im'y4 = 10.230 ~ 4(.002) (~0.022) + 6(.002)2 (1.95) ~ 3.002) = 10.230 my _ (0.094002 3 (0.034) Honee 6, = —3 = ToS y= 0.0002, and mi” 0.95) m, | 10.230 b= Me = 279 2 ne” 98 Applying Sheppard's corrections, we have a my(corrected) = my — >, where my is in ordinary units 2 = 2%1,95) -2 = 2711.95) ~F ma(corrected) = my = (2)9 (0.034) = 0.27, and mnfcoreced) « my—2emg + eh = 21(to2m -} 498 +) ‘= 16(10.230 - 0.975 + 0.021) = 148.216 87 88 4.46 (b) Calculation for skewness. Hence 3" Gat " se = U2 G= BModian | 9715 + 6.27 = 24020) my, 148-216 | 9.66, o . @-@ ~~ 6127 97:15 by Ta ra m™ 98.42 ~ 98.42 9 ‘ = 24.12 able is constructed to apply Charligf ‘Thus the distribution is symmetrical. ‘The following t is greater than mean (1403), check. F [wet [rary True? | rue v? | fs ay Gi) Since mode (#14 “ therefore the distribution is negatively skewed. spat 2l |] | =f Given the first three moments about arbirary origin w| -2} -o| 0} -240| 480 : . : si (e=16) asm! = -0.35, m, = 2.09, m5 = 1.99. = | 10 uo | -110 | 110 We find the third moment about mean to determine the presence a1 | 218 0] 431 |> OUP ot skowness 0 | 275 a [25 | lf. ae ce mg= mg— 8 me my + Bho)? 1 | 222 sss | 1776 | 9562 | 508 om | 26 | 979 = 1.98 ~ 8 (-0.85) (2.09) + 2(-0.35)° = 0.18 ‘As my is not equal to zoro and is positive, therefore the 2048 8192 3 Pe . a) a pia distribution i po sewed. 250 | a3 ad | 2am ion of the coefficient of skewness. 2 37265 = | 1000] — vase | 22208 | z2sso Class 7 . wears) [Meno] x | fe | fe? | Boundries | F jew Fflart) = Thee 1e10] 28) 17] 493) 8981] iasat95| 29 sO 4 1008 20-24] 176] 22| 3872] 5184] 195-245] 205 Spur = Thu? + 25fu +n 25-29) 208] 27| 5616 | 151632} 245-295] 413 = 1950 + 212) + 1000 = 2954; ao-a4| 173] 92/5536 |177152| 205-315| 586 Thus = Saud + 8d + 3 Tfu en 35-39 82] 37| 39034] 112258] 345-395] 668 = -22 + 811950) + 312) + 1000 = 6834; and 4o-aa| 40] 42] 1680] 70560] 395-445) | 708 True vte Tuts aiid + BTit + apa en 45-49| 15 47| 705] 33135] 445-495] ° 723 so-s4| | 82] 156] 132 : 2 = 10290+ 41-22) +6(1350) +4¢2) + 1000=22,850 495-545] 726 Total | 726 | ~ [2i0v2{eveaa] Hence the result, 89 Spe, 21092, ‘ (iy Nov, 3» DEE = 2G? » 28.05 70 in“ nh Mode 14 A) + mf) 008-178) __yg mae (208 — 176) + (208 ~ 173) « ws + B= 165029902809 youre 721092 726 = (00.3774 ~ 849.9025 = 6.82. ‘Applying the Pearsonian measure of skewness, we find fexeaia 726 Sk ‘Mean - Mode _ 29.05 ~ 26.89 - Oe 082 (i) Median Age ot (24 person 26 Afa Median = {+ =/2- fetann t+ 75-0) 5 = 245 + 5 968 ~ 205) « 24.5 + 3.80 = 28.30 years Similarly, we find h Qa te ne ER ee = 195+, 19.5 + 775 (181.5 - 29) = 19.5 + 4.33 = 23.83 years, and 20 od (644.5 ~ 418) = 29.8 + 3.80 = 39.90 ys = 29545 ace using the Bowley’s co-efficient of skewness, we get Q 425-2 Median | 39.90 + 23.88 ~ 2128.30) Sk ="N@s-@1 33.30 ~ 29.83 = 253 - 9.06. 347 4.48, Calculation of the first four moments about the Age | f fu | fut | fe | fut @ 2% [2] -3 | 6 | 1 | -s4 | 162 30 8 2 16 32 64 | 128 35 18 -a -18 18 -18 18 40, 27 0 40 0 -136 o as jas | 1 | 25 | 2 | 25 | 25 50 16 2 32 64 128 | 256 55 7 3 a 63 189 | 567 eo |2| 4 8 | a2 | 128 | 512 Total | 105 +86 | 952 | +479) 1668 +46 Eg casei | 21000 | a.1810 | 16.8857 Sum+n} = + emi fem | ons | oni] Hence the moments about the mean in terms of interval units are obtained below: = 2.4000 - (0.4381)? = 2.2081 a img = m5 Sri + 2 = 9.1810 - 310.4381) (2.4000) + 2(0.4381)# = 0.1949; my = mj —amim; + 6 ) ’ = 15.8857 ~ 4(0.4381) (8.1810) + 6(0.4981)? (2.4000) ~ 0.4981)! = 12.9646; 2 mi a (0.1949) by = 3 fpanen * 00086, and 2 my, 12.9848 | mi” @20807 ae by Hence the distribution is slightly positively skewed and platykurtic. 4.49, The necessary computations are given below: “469 (a) Mean, X= 10+ 57= 10+ 52 = ae m= EBs 0.368; rm = AE 308 ass, my» EE 28. 096, m= A 1982 5.506, malvariance, $2) = h? (mj-(m{)2) = 25(2.448-(~0.368)41 = 254 = 57:25, s0 thats = 7.60 my = 125 (1.996 ~ 960.968) (2.448) + 2(-0:868)5 = 195 {-1.996+2.708-0,100} » 125 (0.667) = 89.375 | | | | 92 mq = (5)415.696~4(-0,368-1,936) +6(-0.368)? (2.448) -3(-0.368)4} = 625 [15.696 ~ 2.850 + 1.989 ~ 0.055), = 625 78) = 9237.5 ; M8 _ e376 bin Tan Graaas Cobend Lm, 05 ae (57.825)? = 2.76, ) Mean, = 20 +5 =904 20. ® B= 20+ 22. 20105; ‘ 1 3265 mi = op 7 0108; mj = 1282. 6.295, mje 21 + 14169 5 = Fog = 188; m; = AEE ros4s Img{vatiance, $2) = m i)? = 6.925 ~ (0.105) ts = VES = 251 = 6314, 30 my = my~3mims + = 8.135 ~ 9(0.105) (6.325) + 2(0.105)° = ~5.125; Similarly, m, = 82.58; (5.128 82.58 = CSA25" «0,104 and by = 82585 = 2.07 by Ge ana 7 04104 and ba = Tera = 20 (A distribution with smaller C.V. will be more consistent. s 7.60 GL. for (a) = $100 = FFG x 100 = 99.14% 251 CLV. for (b) = Tog * 100 = 12.48% Hence distribution (b) is more consistent 93 Gi) A distribution having my negative, wi skewed. The distribution (b) has ms = — negatively skewed. ‘A distribution with 6, = 0 and dg = 9 will be mesokurtic, None of the distributions is mesokurtic. 4.50. (a) For a quale 8. We are given that m, = 249. Therefore % us Matyas ie 2-8 ™ 2 or nbeta ct or me Hence the desired vale ofthe standard deviation ="/9 =3. (b) First we calculate the moments about the mean, Thus m= 0; Img = my — (mi)? = 17 (1.8)? = 14.75; sig = mj —Smims +2 = -90- 3-1. 07 +2 = 18.5 ~ 36.75 = 99.7 mg = mi— dims + 6 = 108 ~ 4(-1.5) (-30) + 6(-1.5)? (17) - 3(-1.8)4 = 987.50 ~ 195.19 = 142.91 2 m} _ (99.7512 Hence by = “3 Ta75H = 0.49, and my 142.31 Be - by 2 Ta” rare?” O85 2 ‘The distribution is platy-kurtic as by < 3. 94 451. (a) by in the first case = 74 = 230. ” min ented 780 Bite secon cae = ME = 280 «05> 8 m ‘Hence we may conclude that the second distribution is lepto-kuctie, neither di bution is mesoku the first distribution is platy-kurtic mm. Werhave by = t= ty "2 @ For leptokurtic, 6g must be greater than 3, ie b> a or m> ie. Hyp > 9 or my > 1876. (i) For meso-kurtic, by is equal to 3, B= 3 or m= he GE 8 or my = 1875 For platy-kurti, by must be less than 9, je Bees or m< ie. Be <8 or m, 1875 4.54 Here, Mean 0) = ¥ = 60 SD X) = 8.944 i) Lot Y= values of X increased by 20 points = X + 20, Then, Mean (¥)= ¥ = ¥+20=60+20=80 | and S.D(¥)=8.D (X+20) = S.D0X) = 8.944 ii)" Let Z= Values of X increased by 25% =X+0.25X=125X ‘Thus, Mean (2) = Z =1.25¥ =1.25(60) = 75 and S.D(Z)=SD(125X)=125 SD) = 1.25 (8.944) = 11.1800 4.55 Given is, ii) iii) 94 (a) ‘Mean = 3, = 2804.35 ean = X= 313333, Made = 804. 3133.33 — 2804.35 796.70 = 0.413 Skewness = 5p gsitivel Distribution is ponte Coefficient of variation = Mean 796.10... 499 = = GB gg « 100 = 25.49% ee Gp oF es0ne313333+ 50036. and, SD()= SD (X+ 500)= S.D(X)= 796.70 Let ZeX+0.10X= 10X Mean(Z)=Z=1.10X= 1 and, S.D(Z)=S5D (1.10%) = 33.33) = 346.6630 0 S.D (Xx) (0 (796.70) = 876.3700 | | | Chapter 5 INDEX NUMBERS 5.20, Calculation of the price relati Year | Retail Price (Rs) [(@) 1995 as base | Gi) 1998 as base 1995 |. 14.95 100 95.5 1996 | 14.94 99.9 95.5 1997 | 15.10 101.0 96.5 1998 | 15.65 104.7 100 1999 16.28 108.9 104.0 2000 |, 16.53 110.6 105.6 5.21. Calculation of Index Numbers. Price relatives [ v= rrcin | rans | EO 1964 282 100 51.90 10958 389 137.94 71.60 1956 438 155.82 80.61 1957 470 168.67 86.50 1958 sil 181.21 94.05 1959 555 196.81 102.15 1960 564 200.00 103.80 1961 630 223.40 115.95 1962 662 284.75 121.84 1963 ei | tatao 125.34 95 96 5.22. Computation of the simple asgregative Index Numbers. prices in Rs, Per unit 004 | 2005 [ 2006 35.5 | 35.3 | 36.0 67 | 171 | 11.6 56 | 7.2 | 10.2 518 54 50.7 [45.0 | 46.8 | 59.6 ative indices are calculated by the ‘The simple ageree | 97 5.23, Calculation of the price Index Numbers for 1002 and May 2002 with May 2001 as base, using G) Simple aggregative method ‘The simple aggregative price index for April 2002 is = 18.37 + 14.58 + 13.94 + 13.75 - Pon = 17.50 + 14.58 + 14.67 + 17.50 * 100 = 94.38, and the simple aggregative price index for May 2002 is formula i 17.58 + 16.50 + 15.25 + 13.42 2, = BBs 100, | Va= 1750+ 14.58 + 14.67 + 17.50 * 100 = 97.67 Tp, . (ii) __ Simple average (mean) of price relatives: where the symbols heve their usual meaning. Thus the | ate price relatives: —_ simple aggregative price index for ; Years Tyres] barey | davar Ponsa] ore | meet 02 = 527 4 100 =1006, ‘ relatives | relives 2002 = ay TOT To Co a ‘pri 2002 | 105.0 e50 | 736| s736 | 9465 2003 = 4: «100 = 89.3, i May 2002 | 1005 | 1132 | 1040 | 767 | 2944 | 98.60 a Geometric mean of price relatives: ~ 2004 = £68 , 100 = 92.9, i Year Price relatives _, [Un Blog] Indices JS 504 : co [heat [Barley | Tawar [Bare] S* | |e) 2005 = 52 «100 = 118.3, fay 2001} 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 50.4 Jog 2.0000 | 2.0000 | 2.0000 | 2.0000 | 8.0000 | 2.0000 | 100 57.8 pr 2002] 105.0) 190 | 950 | 786 2006 = 328 100 =114.7, u 504 ; Jog 2.0212| 2.000 | 1.9777 | 1.9954 | 72043 | 1.9738 | 94.14 Calculation of the simple Average of Relatives price , stay 2002] 1005 | 1132 | 1040 | 767 E indices for years 2002 to 2006: log 2.0021 | 20539 | 2.0170 | 1.6848 | 7.9578 | 1.9804 | 97.59 Price relatives | Sum of price] Index No. are : c va wae |i avenge 24. Construction of chain index numbers for Gold | Wheat | Cotton i oven average prices. 201 | 100 | 300 ~i00 300 100 , [rer Tink Relates Chale [a002-[122-[ 8a [69 [275 21.6 Hie [Wat [neeeal_cor_ [EaonFFORT| Total |Average|indices 2003 | 132 | 28 | 88 | 246, 2.1 1928100 }100 [100 [00 ]100 [100] 600 | 100 | 100 ‘2004 [140 | 33 | 72 245, a1.7 929 105.5| 733 | 114.3] 115.9] 874 |oae | 505.2 | 99.2 | 99.2 2008 [140-100] 92] 292 110.7 990/752 |955 |ar2 |e40 [sar jae | sao | 75.0 (2006 [142-67 | a31 [240 1134 sar] 70.7 [75.0 |ean fers |7m7 Jano |ase.7 | 724 | x9 "Hence the chain indices are 100, 99.2, 74.4 and 53.9. 98 dices for prices relatives, at] Awerage] Chain Indices 75 | go | 88.5 | 885 1942 | 102 | 109 402 | 100.5 | 88.9 roag | 114 | 100 424 | 106.0] 94.9 rots | 96 | 102 402 | 100.5 | 94.7 6.5, 88.9, 94.2 and 94.7, Hence the chain indi 5.26. Construction ces are 8 of chain indices from price , Gi) Caleulatic Aisa OO Phere, wing a Tink relatives oF Year commodities Total of a tei | te | Chin nds 2001 [10 | 300 400] 100 100 ana | 16) a 7 | 407 | wis] 1018 92 ist] 455. | 1138 138 =1158 2004] 112] 109] 117 | 120] ass | amas 126 2005 | 105 | 106 | 113] 93 | 417 | 104.2 | ssz6ci042 S02 50 (ii) The fixed base and the chain indices are relatives. Price Relatives of of | @) ) eat real ‘Cananidied FT aurage | Chain generally not in close agreement. The reason being that the Indices farther it is from the base year, the less reliable is the chain 2001 300] 100 f 100 index likely to be. 23.0 107.7 107.7 " 2002 ano tect | 1098 5.28. Computation of weighted aggregative price 2003 index for 2007. 2004 3149, | 105.0 | 115.0 | 2005 2984 | 99.5 1144 , Base | Current 2006, 1 32 [103.7_| 118.6 i Groups |__year year pote | Psto 527, G) Calculation of Index Numbers, using the Po [go |Pi_|% simple mean of price relatives. Az [85] 50 | 116 | 45 [4250 | 5800 Total of | Index no. B [34 |120| 42 | 185 | 4080 | 5040 eas relatives | asmean | / cio} 35 | 15 | 68 | 350_| 525 2001 400 100 i Dp] 48 | 210 | 50_| 250 | 10080 | 10500 ons 407 ao 8 Total |=] — 1 — | — | 18760 | 21865 2003 439 109.8 = 3p, 21865 2004 503 125.8 Hence Por “pe x 100 = 288 100 = 116.6 2005 520_| 190.0 00 i ‘The weighted aggregative price index for 2007 on tu the basis of 2003 is 116.6. This means that the prices have increased by16.6%. 100 5.29. (a) Computat of the weighted price indices 101 5.30 Computation of weighted aggregative price index for 20 with base period quantities as weights 1997 yar Dase your] Current your | Paro" Comm | Base year | Cunt year ys 48 rie : Po | go | Pi | as | PoMe | Pit | PsA: | Pos fat ta} Pane 223.03 ‘A [a [oor [10 | aio: 6012] so10 | 2000" 7200. 2.00] 1.80] 138] sq] 4.00] 192.60) 192.609] | 108.49 524.75] | 624.74] Lovo jeighted-aggregative price index, Po, = =~ 100 Weighted-aggregstive price 0. * Sas 524.75 = BEB x 100=84.14 Weighted Average of Relatives Price Index is y(t P09 Hag) 70% a SPAT 109 w ats: Por Seay 100 gaa.za 10 = ® 2005 quantities as weights. ‘omputation of weighted price indices with B__| 38 [100 | 50 [194 | 800 [5000 | 9700 | 7372 C__| 40 [36 [40 [76 [2240 [2240 | s040 | 3040 Tot [= [| - | — | 12050 | 9250 [isto | 17612 @ By Laspeyre's method: 239 12250 Sota * 100 = jgggp * 100 = 101.6 (i) By Paasche's method: 2th 18740 Spqn * 109 = 17612 5.31. Computation of weighted price index for 2007 Py = Py = «100 = 106.4 Group | Base year | Current year Po | 9 | Pi | % |P191|Po9s|P2/Po Weighted aggregative price Index is bu 600.15 Poe A x 100= % 100 = 85.22; an Spun 704.20 id Weighted Average of Relatives Price Index is comme [Base year | Current year [a5 [0 | ais as aaa) sen| 367 ay pore B } a] ato] a2] 185] 7770) 200) 2259 Po ax [roa | russ | evro [oreo 5 | a] ato] so] aso | aso) ooo] Lee Rice | 3.20 40} 280.0/252.00) 0.000] 252.00] Fowl [= [Tf oso 2288 Bariey | 2.00 134 ‘eraolomconl (0.sool sal ‘@) _ Weighted Aggregative Price Index by Paasche's method: Maize | 2.60) 31] 1482} 99.75] 0.673) 99.74 Pp, = EI 100 = 26822 100 = 116.90 Tova -| “| 7083] [600.5] oon ies Weighted Average of Relatives Price Index by Paasche’s method: 26510.42 ‘Doh 22795 x 100 = 116.30 102 5.32. Construction of weighted Index numbers of 103 5.83. Computation of weighted index numbers. prices for 2004 and 200 come | ati = Commo] year [Ouro any ity [po Tao | my [a B ] os] 2] 2] 2) so tle =e c | wl} as] 8] | see) ail 20 HE ate | so] 4] 42] 450) 200) ans — aT e | af ie] wo| 25] asl _too] sl Products Continued ce : —[ieral zig] 20 Pa |_ Padi f Po | Pita Fisher's index oy 2 2 5 100 79458,00 | 222594 | 20445.00 | 24650.00 Lio Lot 2645.10 | 2790.0 | 6465.80 | 6809.00 3085.50] 3992.5 | 34931.50 | 4178.50 =-\fiara tae * 100 = 868: a4 17288.25 | 20025.0 2986.25 | 21637.25 3p Got? | 42476.65 | 490069 | 53390.55 | 57274.75 | Marshall Edgeworth index > Ox 100 Gi) Base year weighted indices: See ae Index for 2004 - Poses Fets 100 pido 43595.50 ato + FAO (2004) = x 100 = 37955.55 x 100 = 115.16 2334 2paao : = BE x 100 = 865 Index for 2005 Epa 41904.75 5.34, Construction of Fisher's Ideal Index ‘Number. (P2008) = a 100 = 37g55°56 * 100 = 110.70 Commo | Base year | Current year : ity Po. Go | Pa | 9 | Pogo Pio | Pots | Prt Current year weighted indices: 7 oa too] 48] 07] 00 e209] B79 Index for 2004 fee | ctf n| an| 29] 4) 209) 8 Ih 49006.90 3| 25s] 135] 155) nos) = Zo x 100 = Fog76-85 * 100 = 11537 Liawar | 5] 5] 27 wo Feo ae [Total (i) Taking 1964 as base: 7025.9] 504.2| 973.9] Index for 2005 pitt Looms | Pato Pi Po] to_| pits LP 7274.7 L— = (mos) = 2 « 100 = 5590 3B 5 100 = 107.28 Spite , P12. 100 2a (Fisher's index for 1964= \ 155.0," Spon FAT HES , 199 = 494 025.5 © 973.9 Using Laspeyres’ formula, we get Index for 2005 = pido 49,480.57 Index for 2004 = 5107 x 100 = 53 399.15 * 100 = 92.68 2P290 | 99 - 52,859.21 pote 53,388.15 x 100 = 99.00 Calculation of the weighted index numbers. ‘Base Year Current years 1998 7999 2007 vo | % [a [au | me Go. 3.95 [9,675] 889 | 9717] 413 | 10,496 61.50] 118 [6220] 116 | 69.70 | 116 34.80] 78 [3540] 78 | 3890 | 83, Laspeyre's, Paasche’ indices are given belo. neceseal y prodeucts for the calculation of Fisher's and Marshall-Edgeworth's va [Pm Pie ass 7 Basi ay [Pe wiz | i008 7359.60 eno | aso 540] 922870 ia | ssasee 105 ‘“ " 2pr% G) Laspeyres’index for 1999 = "1% , Baa 10° 47,736.55 = 48,187.65 2PAo 2po0 50,036.55 48,187.65 Pa pon 41,775.53 * 48,230.55 2px Zpota 53,254.58 Index for 2007 = 2x 100 100 = 103.84 (i) Paasche's index for 1999 = x 100 Index for 2007 = 100 = x 100 = 103.92 = 51,244.60 (ii) Fisher's Ideal index for 1999 = Sato Pata TPeto UPAle 50,0985 Index for 2007 = x 100 = 99.06 ; and x 100 = 99.06 ; and 2P190, Pid Polo” *P oti [7,736.65 47,775.53 48,187.65 * 48,230.55 = V0.9906 x 9906 x 100 = 99.06; 53,254.58 48,187.65 * 51,244.60 = 1.0384 x 1.0392 x 100 = 103.88; js pido a) Gv) Marshall-Edgeworth index for 1999 = 5 (o> 4.) 106 70+ SPs0t , 100 Index for 2007 Epgto + Pat , 199 = Spot Pot 103,291.13 | 199 = 103.88 = 49,432.25 | (v) The necessary products for the calculation 's are obtained as below:- neds | Nea of Walsh Ziv gor Walsh index for 1999 = * 100 ‘Thus Walsh index for Spo Vays 47,756.04 . = 76.309 19 * 100= 99.06 ; and Epi Vale Index for 2007 = «100 2p Vaca 51,595.14 a = 49,669.10 x 100 = 103.88 (vi) The necessary calculations for Palgrave indices are given below:- Diary | a | #2 Pa (Ba! Products| 5, Po | Pitalpg} | P22 Milk | 0.9848 | 1.0456 | 37224.58 | 45,066.07 Butter | 1.0114 [0.9707 [7,292.45 | 6,722.29 Cheese _| 1.0172 | 1.1178 | 2,808.69 | 3,609.04 Total = - 47,325.72 | 55,397.40 107 A coat) Tin 47,325.72 = 77,775.53 *100 = 99.06 ; and ‘Thus Palgrave index for 1999 = x 100 Index for 2007 = Tay 100 55,397.40 =53'054.59 * 100 = 104.02 5.87, (a) Rewriting the values in columns 2 and 3 in symbols, we get ‘Declared values ‘Value on the basis, of 1938 values @ @ @ Index numbers of volumes are thus obtained by dividing the values in column 3 by, Dpqgq, ie. by Laspeyres's method. Thus the volume index for 1998 = 2P240., 199 Loto 858 858 Volume index for 1999 = 2241 , 199 Loto 832 = ggg * 100 = 97; = Gas < 100 = 100: 108 1e index for 1940 = Theat baariey Xroas = «228.100 = raaiaaestrt90i* 2 is a hers of average values (prices) are obtained by Price index for 1962= —S2 ‘entry in column 2 for any year ie. by Pansch £38. Computation of Fisher's price index number for nury in column 3, thus 1976: Foto sea Commodity [Quantity (unite) Value (Rs) the average value index for 1998 = 57° « 1961 (g5) [ 1976 (a) | 1961 oes) [1976 D493) "040 A 100 150 600 1200 = 858, 199 = 100; B 80 100 400 700 858 | c 60 72 180 432, D 30 33 450 363 Zeit 199 the average value index for 1999 = 5 Total 7630 2605 : Seo | Sons = 49, 100 = 101; To find other necessary products, we first compute the unit 32 prices in both 1961 and 1976 by dividing the value figures by.the corresponding quantity figures in both the years. Thus Leva 5 the average value index for 1940 = <1" 100 Unit prices * Po. Py yo | 1126 6 8 800 900 . « = 140; and 807 ioe 5 7 ‘560 500 = ; 3 6 360 216 the average value index for 1941 « = « 100 15 i 330, 495, Yeots = = 2050 410 Hence = Epa, Sm Fisher's price index for 1976 = [122 x SU ' x 100 sher's price Index for Epato * Zot R050, 2655. 149 1630 * 2111 = 1.2577%1.2767%100 = 126.72 . 111 ‘The quantity index for 1997 with 2007 as base is _ 2g 1570 Ap = Fpgy* 100= pore x 100 = 76.3 ‘The price index for 2007 with 1997 as base is _2Pi%0 1570 Por = Fpqqq “100 = 339 * 100 = 118.0 and the price index for 1997 with 2007 as base is 4 ton ti Xp, 5.39. Computation of quantity and price index Pro = Hpi x 100 = 39g « 100 = 88.9 numbers. ‘Quantity (anits) ‘Value (6) iene Commodity [7997 (go) 1997 2007 Se \e necessary products are given below: z 100 500 200 com, PS 1965 =. 2 80. 320 500 Po | % | P1 | % | Pit | Pome] Br pea 0 3 60 160 360 Po + 3 ae a7 a | 10] 601/12] 600| e012] soio| 120] coe B Total = <= 1830 = Spay | 2057 = 2,0, 40] 100] 8} 194| 3800] 4000| 0.95| 3800 c_| s50| 76 40/ 56| s040| 2800] 0.80] _s040 = 12852 To find other necessary products, we first calculate the average or unit prices in both 1997 and 2007 by dividing the value figures by corresponding quantity figure in both the years. Thus Unit price Commodity F557%,) [sara] Pots Pito i 5 6 750 600 2 4 5 400 400 3 28 5 180. 300 4 50} 2 396 270, Total = ~__ [1726 = Bq, | 1570 = Fito From these products, the following quantity and price indices (i.e. Laspeyres’ type) can be obtained as follows: ¢ ‘The quantity index for 2007 With 1997 as base is _ Pat 1726 _ ox = Fpgqg * 100 = 1330 * 100 = 129.8 | -- [12852 fi2si0 = Ne jow the Weighted Aggregate price index for 1965, using base period quantities as weight, i.e. by Laspyres’ formula is D9 1 Leoto and the Weighted Average of rel using Laspyres’ method is 100 = Ze 1/do) Pot Py = 0 109 = 22852 199 = 01 Toate 100 = F355 * 100 = 100.33. 113 i echt ihe cost of living index number for 1929 with 1928~ 130, less than 100, we therefore conclude that prices in 1929 ar compared with the prices in 1928 have fallen down 5.43. (i) Construction of the consumer price index number, using the Aggregate Expenditure Method. Quantity Pricein | Price Com. Unit of ; a- | ccnsumed | Uaitof | “3999 | in 1940] pea | pit modity | in 1999cqq) | P| gy) | 2) Tice | 240kg | Weperig | 6.75 | 600 | 1900 | 1440 Rs. peri} 6.00 | 8.00] 1200 ] 1920 ‘Wheat | 240 kg Total Gram | 40g | Bs.perkg | 600 | 9.00 | 240 | 360 x(a) Sugar | 40 eg — | Wa-yorkg-[20.00 | 16.00-| 800] 600 «iy Indo for 1943 on 1998 as base = 22 — x 100 Behar [bai Reese [800] tooo | ea [210 x Ghee | 4kg | Beperlg. | 200 | 160] 8 | 6 8291.63 Totals | — ae 3548 [ 6726 = $221.88 «190 = 173.8 , 13642.05 Consumer price index for 1940 = «100 index for 1998081945 an tase» 296425 «100 = 70.0 sce 6726 5.42, Calculation of the cost of living index number. = Begg * 100 = 121.23 Expenses | Weight [Price relative for] I=price relative | r

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