Addressing & Subnetting
Addressing
• …to identify and locate each host. We call it
“addressing”.
• Identification: hostname, address (MAC, IP)
• IP add ? MAC add ?
• MAC add: local
• IP add: internetwork
• An address generally represents the connection to the
network
Addressing
unique address: letter (network address) and number (host address)
IP Address (IPv4)
• IP address is 32-bit long.
• It is often writen in dotted decimal format.
Addressing
• IP add has two parts: net-id & host-id
• Two different networks must have different network
address (net-id).
• Two different hosts in the same network must have
different host address (host-id).
• Hosts in the same network have the same network
address.
• Broadcast domain: one network add
• Network address= IP address AND Subnet mask
Example 1:
SM : [Link]
Net/host id: N.N.N.H
Net E1 (Net-ID): [Link] Number broadcast domain ?
Net E2 : [Link]
Net E3 : [Link]
Example 2:
H: hhhhhhhh
00000000
00000001
00000010
SM: [Link] 00000011
Net add: [Link] 00000100
Net/host id: N.N.N.H …
11111110
11111111
Example 3:
• IP add: [Link]
• Subnet mask: [Link]
• Net add: [Link]
• Net/Host ID: N.N.N.H
• IP add : 11000000.10101000.01100100.00000001
• SM : 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
• Net add : 11000000.10101000.01100100.00000000
Example 4:
• IP add: [Link]
• Subnet mask: [Link]
• Net add: ?
• IP add : 11000000.10101000.01100100.00000001
• SM : 11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000
• Net add : 11000000.10101000.01100000.00000000
• Note: subnetmask
Hierachical addressing scheme
As a hierachical addressing scheme, IP addresses are divided into
“classes”.
Classes of IP Addresses
• Class A
addresses are
assigned to larger
networks.
• Class B
addresses are
used for medium-
sized networks
• Class C for small
networks.
Classes of IP Addresses
• First octet order bits: • First octet order bits:
– Class A: 00000000 (0) – Class B: 10000000 (128)
00000001 (1) 10000001 (129)
… …
01111110 (126) 10111110 (190)
01111111 (127) 10111111 (191)
• First octet order bits: • First octet order bits:
– Class C: 11000000 (192) – Class D: 11100000 (224)
11000001 (193) 11100001 (225)
… …
11011110 (222) 11101110 (238)
11011111 (223) 11101111 (239)
Classes of IP Addresses
Network Address
• When all host-bits are zeros (0), we have a number that represents
network address. This address is reserved, namely it cannot be
assigned to any host.
Broadcast Address
• When host-bits are all one (1), we have a number that represents
broadcast address. This address is also reserved, namely it cannot
be assigned to any host.
• Exp: ping [Link]
Reference: broadcast Address
• The router supports the following kinds of broadcast types:
– Limited broadcast - A packet is sent to a specific network or
series of networks. In a limited broadcast packet destined for a
local network, the network identifier portion and host identifier
portion of the destination address is either all ones
([Link]) or all zeros ([Link]).
– Flooded broadcast - A packet is sent to every network.
– Directed broadcast - A packet is sent to a specific destination
address where only the host portion of the IP address is either all
ones or all zeros (such as [Link] or [Link]).
Unicast and Broadcast Transmission
Unicast transmission Broadcast transmission
• The concept of unicast and broadcast transmission
exist in both layer 2 and layer 3 protocols. There are
refelections in the addressing scheme.
Reserved IP Address
Host-bits = all zeros (network address); exp: [Link]
Host-bits = all ones (broadcast address); exp: [Link]
Network-bits = all ones; exp: 01111111.x.x.x
Network-bits = all zeros; exp: 00000000.x.x.x
127.x.x.x (loopback address = [Link]).
Reference: Reserved IP Address
• all 0s -This host, exp: [Link]
• all [Link] - Host on this net, exp:0.x.x.x
• all 1s - Limitted broadcast (local net),exp:
[Link]
• [Link] 1s - Directed broadcast for net, exp:
[Link]
• [Link] (often 1) - Loopback, ([Link])
• Exp: ping [Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
Public IP Addresses
• Public IP addresses are unique. No two machines that connect to a public network
can have the same IP address. (X#Y#Z )
• Public IP addresses must be obtained from an Internet service provider (ISP) or a
registry at some expense.
• With the rapid growth of the Internet, public IP addresses were beginning to run out
(IP address depletion).
• New addressing schemes, such as classless interdomain routing (CIDR) and IPv6
were developed to help solve the problem. Private IP addresses are another
solution.
Private IP Addresses
Private IP Addresses
• RFC 1918 sets aside three blocks of IP addresses for private, internal use.
These three blocks consist of one Class A, a range of Class B addresses, and a
range of Class C addresses.
• Addresses that fall within these ranges are not routed on the Internet
backbone. Internet routers immediately discard private addresses.
Using Private Addresses
• When addressing a nonpublic intranet, a test lab, or a home
network, we normally use private addresses instead of globally
unique addresses.
• Private addresses can be used to address point-to-point serial links
without wasting real IP addresses.
• Connecting a network using private addresses to the Internet
requires translation of the private addresses to public addresses.
This translation process is referred to as Network Address
Translation (NAT).
Subnetting
• Net 1: [Link]
• Net 2: [Link]
• Net 3: [Link]
• Net 4: [Link]
• Hosts per network (usable):
2^16-2= 65534 !!!
• IP add for poin-to-point link (router – router): 2 hosts Æ 2 IP add
• Waste !!!
• Exp:
• Net add: [Link]; SM: [Link]; Number hosts usable: 2^8-2=254
• If hosts per network is 60 Æ used: 6 bits host: xxhhhhhh, 2^6-2=62 hosts; unused:
2 bits host
xxhhhhhh
xx000000 (0)
xx000001
xx000010
…
xx111110
xx111111 (63)
Subnetting
• Subnetting is another method of managing IP addresses. This method of dividing full
network address classes into smaller pieces has prevented complete IP address
exhaustion.
• The network is no longer limited to the default Class A, B, or C network masks and there
is more flexibility in the network design.
• Subnet addresses include the network (N) portion, plus a subnet (sN) field and a host
(H) field.
To create a subnet address, a network administrator borrows bits from the host
field and designates them as the subnet field.
Subnetting
• Host bit must be
reassigned as
network [Link]
starting “borrow” bit is
the leftmost hosting
bit.
• Providing broadcast
contentment and low
level security.
Subnetting
• 1 net add: [Link]; SM: Exp:
[Link]; 254 hosts xxxhhhhh
• hosts per network: 30; networks: 6 ? 000 (0)
– Borrows bits: 3 Æ 2^3-2= 6 subnets 001 (32)
– Host bits: 5 Æ 2^5-2=30 hosts
010 (64)
– SM: [Link]
011 (96)
– Subnets: [Link]
[Link] 100 (128)
[Link] 101 (160)
.128
110 (192)
…
[Link] 111 (224)
Establishing SM address
• The number of bits in
the subnet will depend
on the maximum
number of hosts
required per subnet.
• The subnet mask:
using binary ones in
the host octet(s)
• (2 power of borrowed bits) – 2
= usable subnets
• (2 power of remaining host
bits)–2= usable hosts
Applying the Subnet Mask
• 192.168.10.001hhhhh
• .00100000
• .00100001 (33)
• Exp: subnet
• .00100010
[Link]/27 • .00100011
• Host Range ??? •…
• 192.168.10.00111110 (62)
• .00111111
Example 5:
• Primary network [Link]/24
• Hosts per network: 30
• Number subnets: 4
• Borrows bits ?
• Subnets ?
• IP add for hosts ?
