Scribd
Upload
52 views16 pages

MODULE-2: Industrial Instrumentation EEE 4033: Flow Measurement: Target Flow Meters, Ultrasonic Flow Meters

The document discusses flow measurement devices and focuses on target flow meters and ultrasonic flow meters. It provides details on the operating principles, components, and measurement techniques of target flow meters and ultrasonic flow meters. Target flow meters use sensor blocks mounted in double or triple reflex configurations to measure flow. Ultrasonic flow meters use the transit time difference or Doppler shift of ultrasonic pulses to determine flow velocity. The document explains the input-output relationships and factors that affect the accuracy of ultrasonic flow measurement.

Uploaded by

sabarivelan s
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
52 views16 pages

MODULE-2: Industrial Instrumentation EEE 4033: Flow Measurement: Target Flow Meters, Ultrasonic Flow Meters

The document discusses flow measurement devices and focuses on target flow meters and ultrasonic flow meters. It provides details on the operating principles, components, and measurement techniques of target flow meters and ultrasonic flow meters. Target flow meters use sensor blocks mounted in double or triple reflex configurations to measure flow. Ultrasonic flow meters use the transit time difference or Doppler shift of ultrasonic pulses to determine flow velocity. The document explains the input-output relationships and factors that affect the accuracy of ultrasonic flow measurement.

Uploaded by

sabarivelan s
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

MODULE-2:

INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION
EEE 4033
LECTURE 3:
FLOW MEASUREMENT:
Target Flow meters, Ultrasonic Flow meters

Course Instructor:-
Dr. K.V.Lakshmi Narayana,
Associate Professor
SELECT, VIT, Vellore.
Types of Flow Measurement Devices (Flow meters)
• Flow meter is a device that measures the rate of flow or quantity of a
moving fluid in an open or closed conduit. Flow measuring devices
are generally classified into four groups.
1. Mechanical type flow meters. Fixed restriction variable head type
flow meters using different sensors like orifice plate, venturi tube, flow
nozzle, pitot tube, dall tube, quantity meters like positive displacement
meters, mass flow meters etc. fall under mechanical type flow meters.
2. Inferential type flow meters. Variable area flow meters
(Rotameters), turbine flow meter, target flow meters etc.
3. Electrical type flow meters. Electromagnetic flow meter,
Ultrasonic flow meter, Laser doppler Anemometers etc. fall under
electrical type flow meters.
4. Other flow meters. Purge flow regulators, Flow meters for Solids
flow measurement, Cross-correlation flow meter, Vortex shedding flow
meters, flow switches etc.

Dr.K.V.L.Narayana
5) Target Flow Meter

Sensor Block Sensor Block Sensor Block Sensor Block

A B A B

Liquid Liquid
Flow Flow
Pipe wall Pipe wall

Double reflex mounting Triple reflex mounting


• ease of setup • ease of setup
• useful for smaller pipe • useful for smaller pipe
diameters diameters
• good on low flow rates • good on low flow rates
Target Flow Meter
6) Ultrasonic Flow meters
• There are various types of ultrasonic flow meters in use
for discharge measurement:
1. Transit time: This is today’s state-of-the-art technology
and most widely used type.
 This type of ultrasonic flow meter makes use of the
difference in the time for a ultrasonic pulse to travel a
fixed distance.
 First against the flow and then in the direction of flow.
 Transit time flow meters are sensitive to suspended solids
or air bubbles in the fluid.
2. Doppler: This type is more popular and less expensive,
but is not considered as accurate as the transit time flow
meter.
• It makes use of the Doppler frequency shift caused by
sound reflected or scattered from suspensions in the flow
path.
Ultrasonic Flow meters
• The operating principle of Ultrasonic flow meter
is based on the apparent change in the velocity of
propagation of sound pressure pulses (acoustic
waves) in a fluid with a change in velocity of the
fluid flow. This meter employs short bursts of
sinusoidal sound pulses whose frequency is above
the audio frequency range (i.e., above 20 kHz). A
typical frequency may be in the order of 10 MHz.
Ultrasonic Flow meters

Figure 1: Travel time difference method


(Single Transmitter-Receiver System)
Ultrasonic Flow meters-Input-output relation

• Figure 1 shows a typical single transmitter-receiver


system of ultrasonic pulses. With zero flow velocity, the
transit time t0 of the pulse from the transmitter to the
receiver is given by
l
t0 
Where Vs
• l is the distance between the transmitter and receiver
• Vs is the velocity of sound in the fluid
• V is the fluid velocity
Ultrasonic Flow meters-Input-output relation
Ultrasonic Flow meters-Input-output relation
• To determine the transit time
against the direction of flow
an additional set of
transmitter-receiver system is
to be used along with the
previous arrangement (fig1).
• If t1 is the transit time along
with the flow and t2 is the
Figure 2: Travel time difference method transit time against flow, then
(Twin Transmitter-Receiver System) travel time difference ∆t is
given by
Thus, output flow velocity is
proportional to the ∆t and is linear
in V for constant Vs but Vs strongly
depends on pressure and
temperature of the flow field.
Doppler shift ultrasonic flow meter or Oscillating loop
method

• Another approach is the Doppler shift


method in which the effect of
ultrasonic velocity Vs is eliminated by
arranging each pair of transducers in
an oscillating loop. A pulse is emitted
by the transmitting transducer T1
(pulse generator) and is received by the
receiving transducer R1 after time t1.
• This pulse is amplified and
instantaneously fed back to the
transmitting transducer for
retransmission. This generates a train
of pulses in each path whose time
Now the frequency difference (Doppler shift) , period equals the acoustic travel time.
∆f is given by Now the repetition frequencies along
and against the fluid flow are f1 and f 2
Doppler shift ultrasonic flow meter or Oscillating
loop method

Now the frequency difference (Doppler shift) , ∆f is given by

• Thus the frequency difference ∆f is directly proportional to V and


it is independent of the value of ultrasonic velocity Vs. The
drawback of this method is that the frequency difference is usually
very small.
Advantages and disadvantages of Ultrasonic flow meter
Modes of operation of ultrasonic flow meter
Sensor Block Sensor Block Sensor Block

A B A

Pipe wall

Liquid Liquid
Flow Flow
Pipe wall
B
Sensor Block

Reflex mounting Diagonal mounting


• ease of setup • better for high flows
• good results over a • better with turbulent
broad range of applications
applications
Principle of transit time flow meter connected in
Diagonal mode.

The ultrasonic flow meter consists of an electronic housing,


transducers and a pipe section. The manufacturer mounts the
transducers to a flanged pipe section
Principle of transit time flow meter connected in
Diagonal mode-I/p-O/p Relation

You might also like