Ieee-Std C57.13-2016

IEEE Standard Requirements for
Instrument Transformers
IEEE Power and Energy Society
Sponsored by the
Transformers Committee
IEEE
3 Park Avenue IEEE Std C57.13™-2016
New York, NY 10016-5997 (Revision of
USA IEEE Std C57.13-2008)
Authorized licensed use limited to: Univ of Calif Santa Barbara. Downloaded on June 29,2016 at 06:02:47 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
IEEE Std C57.13™-2016
(Revision of
IEEE Std C57.13-2008)

Sponsor
Transformers Committee
of the
IEEE Power and Energy Society
Approved 29 January 2016
IEEE-SA Standards Board
Abstract: Electrical, dimensional, and mechanical characteristics are covered, taking into consideration
certain safety features, for current and inductively coupled voltage transformers of types generally used in
the measurement of electricity and the control of equipment associated with the generation, transmission,
and distribution of alternating current. The aim is to provide a basis for performance and interchangeability
of equipment covered and to assist in the proper selection of such equipment. Safety precautions are also
addressed. Accuracy classes for metering service are provided. The test code covers measurement and
calculation of ratio and phase angle, demagnetization, impedance and excitation measurements, polarity
determination, resistance measurements, short-time characteristics, temperature rise tests, dielectric tests,
and measurement of open-circuit voltage of current transformers.
Keywords: accuracy, current transformer, IEEE C57.13™, instrument transformer, primary winding,
rated secondary voltage, routine tests, secondary winding, type tests, voltage transformer
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3

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Participants
At the time this IEEE standard was completed, the Requirements for Instrument Transformers Working
Group had the following membership:
Ross McTaggart, Chair

Thomas Sizemore, Vice Chair
Fred Elliott James McBride Steven Snyder

Marcel Fortin Scott McCloskey Eddy So
Rolando Gomez Paul Millward Adam Strader
Michael Haas Randolph Mullikin Richard vonGrimmingen
Nathan Jacob Rudolf Ogajanov Deiter Wagner
Vladimir Khalin Adnan Rashid David Wallace
Marek Kornowski Pierre Riffon Barrett Wimberly
Brian Leslie Zoltan Roman Peter Zhao
Nigel MacDonald
The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this standard. Balloters may have
voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention.
Roy Alexander Richard Jackson Bruce Muschlitz

Ficheux Arnaud
Ali Naderian Jahromi Ryan Musgrove
Thomas Barnes
John John K. R. M. Nair
Barry Beaster
Gerald Johnson Dennis Neitzel
Wallace Binder
Wayne Johnson Arthur Neubauer
Thomas Blackburn
Laszlo Kadar Michael Newman
Carl Bush
Innocent Kamwa Joe Nims
Thomas Callsen
Gael Kennedy James O’Brien
Paul Cardinal
Vladimir Khalin Rudolf Ogajanov
John Crouse
Yuri Khersonsky T. W. Olsen
Gary Donner
James Kinney Lorraine Padden
Randall Dotson
Hermann Koch Mirko Palazzo
Donald Dunn
Boris Kogan Bansi Patel
Douglas J. Edwards
Marek Kornowski Dhiru Patel
Fred Elliott
Jim Kulchisky Brian Penny
Jorge Fernandez Daher
Saumen Kundu Christopher Petrola
Namal Fernando
Chung-Yiu Lam Donald Platts
Keith Flowers
Brian Leslie Alvaro Portillo
Paul Forquer
Albert Livshitz Tom Prevost
Marcel Fortin
Thomas Lundquist Iulian Profir
Frank Gerleve
Nigel MacDonald Ulf Radbrandt
David Giegel
Bruce Magruder Samala Santosh Reddy
David Gilmer
J.Dennis Marlow Johannes Rickmann
Jalal Gohari
Lee Matthews Pierre Riffon
Edwin Goodwin
Omar Mazzoni Michael Roberts
James Graham
John McClelland Charles Rogers
Randall Groves
Mark McNally Zoltan Roman
Ajit Gwal
Ross McTaggart Thomas Rozek
Michael Haas
John Miller Steven Sano
John Harley
Sujeet Mishra Daniel Sauer
David Harris
Georges Montillet Bartien Sayogo
Roger Hedding
Thomas Mulcahy Devki Sharma
Jeffrey Helzer
Daniel Mulkey Hyeong Sim
Robert Hoerauf
Randolph Mullikin Charles Simmons
Jill Holmes
Jerry Murphy Thomas Sizemore
Philip Hopkinson
Edrin Murzaku Jerry Smith
6
Steven Snyder Jane Verner Barrett Wimberly
David Stankes David Wallace Jian Yu
David Tepen David Wallach Peter Zhao
Roger Verdolin D. Weers Xi Zhu
John Vergis Kenneth White
When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 29 January 2016, it had the following
membership:
Jean-Philippe Faure, Chair

Vacant Position, Vice Chair
John Kulick, Past Chair
Konstantinos Karachalios, Secretary
Chuck Adams
Ronald W. Hotchkiss Mehmet Ulema
Masayuki Ariyoshi
Michael Janezik Yingli Wen
Ted Burse
Joseph L. Koepfinger* Howard Wolfman
Stephen Dukes
Hung Ling Don Wright
Jianbin Fan
Kevin Lu Yu Yuan
J. Travis Griffith
Annette D. Reilly Daidi Zhong
Gary Hoffman
Gary Robinson
*Member Emeritus
7
Introducti
This introduction is not part of IEEE Std C57.13™-2016, IEEE Standard Requirements for Instrument Transformers.
This standard was prepared by the Instrument Transformer Subcommittee of the Transformers Committee
of the IEEE Power and Energy Society. The purpose of this standard is to cover the electrical, dimensional,
and mechanical characteristics and to take into consideration certain safety features, for current and
inductively coupled voltage transformers.
The changes in this revision of IEEE Std C57.13 include revised partial discharge requirements, the
addition of Annex B, covering bushing current transformers and two classes of instrument transformer
requirements have been introduced. In addition, this standard has been reorganized to make it more
understandable. The accuracy requirements from IEEE Std C57.13.6™ have also been incorporated into the
standard.1
1
Information on references can be found in Clause 2.
8
Conten
1. Overview....................................................................................................................................................11
1.1 Scope...................................................................................................................................................11
1.2 Purpose................................................................................................................................................11
2. Normative references..................................................................................................................................12
3. Definitions..................................................................................................................................................12
4. General requirements..................................................................................................................................13
4.1 Service conditions................................................................................................................................13
4.2 Effect of air density on flashover voltage............................................................................................14
4.3 Frequency............................................................................................................................................15
4.4 Effect of altitude on temperature rise and effect of ambient temperature on permissible loading......15
4.5 Basic impulse insulation levels, dielectric tests, and outdoor instrument transformer creepage
distance and wet test..................................................................................................................................16
4.6 Temperature rise..................................................................................................................................19
4.7 Capacitance and dissipation factor requirements................................................................................20
4.8 Classification of tests...........................................................................................................................20
4.9 Construction.........................................................................................................................................22
5. Accuracy classes for metering....................................................................................................................25

5.1 Basis for accuracy classes....................................................................................................................25
5.2 Expression of transformer correction factor at 0.6 power factor (lagging) of metered load...............26
5.3 Standard accuracy classes....................................................................................................................26
5.4 Limiting values of ratio correction factor and phase angle for standard accuracy classes..................27
6. Current transformers...................................................................................................................................30
6.1 Terms in which ratings shall be expressed..........................................................................................30
6.2 Standard burdens.................................................................................................................................30
6.3 Accuracy ratings for metering.............................................................................................................30
6.4 Accuracy ratings for relaying..............................................................................................................32
6.5 Continuous thermal current rating factors based on 30 °C average ambient air temperature.............34
6.6 Short-time current ratings....................................................................................................................34
6.7 Secondary winding-induced voltages..................................................................................................35
6.8 Nameplates..........................................................................................................................................36
6.9 Terminals.............................................................................................................................................36
6.10 Application data.................................................................................................................................36
6.11 Routine accuracy tests.......................................................................................................................39
7. Voltage transformers..................................................................................................................................40
7.1 Terms in which ratings shall be expressed..........................................................................................40
7.2 Standard burdens.................................................................................................................................44
7.3 Accuracy ratings..................................................................................................................................45
7.4 Thermal burden ratings........................................................................................................................45
7.5 Nameplates..........................................................................................................................................46
7.6 Terminals.............................................................................................................................................46
7.7 Short-circuit capability........................................................................................................................46
7.8 Application data...................................................................................................................................47
7.9 Induced voltage test.............................................................................................................................47
7.10 Routine accuracy tests.......................................................................................................................47
Conten
8. Test procedures applicable to instrument transformers..............................................................................47
8.1 Ratio and phase angle measurement and calculations.........................................................................48
8.2 Impedance, excitation, and composite error measurements................................................................49
8.3 Polarity.................................................................................................................................................52
8.4 Resistance measurements....................................................................................................................53
8.5 Dielectric tests.....................................................................................................................................55
8.6 Partial discharge measurement............................................................................................................57
9. Test procedures applicable to current transformers....................................................................................59

9.1 Ratio and phase angle measurement and calculations.........................................................................59
9.2 Demagnetization..................................................................................................................................63
9.3 Impedance measurements....................................................................................................................64
9.4 Polarity.................................................................................................................................................65
10. Test procedures applicable to voltage transformers.................................................................................66

10.1 Ratio and phase angle measurement and calculations.......................................................................66
10.2 Impedance measurements..................................................................................................................68
10.3 Polarity...............................................................................................................................................69
11. Type test procedures applicable to instrument transformers....................................................................70

11.1 Short-time characteristics..................................................................................................................70
11.2 Temperature rise tests........................................................................................................................72
11.3 Impulse tests......................................................................................................................................75
11.4 Partial discharge measurement..........................................................................................................77
11.5 Wet voltage withstand tests...............................................................................................................78
11.6 Ground shield check—72kV class and above...................................................................................79
12. Type test procedures applicable to current transformers..........................................................................79

12.1 Short-time thermal rating of current transformers.............................................................................79
12.2 Current transformer temperature rise tests........................................................................................80
12.3 Inter-turn overvoltage test.................................................................................................................80
13. Type test procedures applicable to voltage transformers.........................................................................81

13.1 Short-circuit thermal capability of voltage transformers...................................................................81
13.2 Voltage transformer temperature rise tests........................................................................................82
Annex A (informative) Bibliography.............................................................................................................83
Annex B (normative) Bushing-type current transformer (BCT) and special purpose window type current
transformers....................................................................................................................................................86
B.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................................86
B.2 Scope...................................................................................................................................................86
B.3 General requirements..........................................................................................................................86
B.4 Continuous thermal ratings.................................................................................................................88
B.5 Short-time ratings................................................................................................................................90
B.6 Dielectric consideration......................................................................................................................90
B.7 Construction........................................................................................................................................90
B.8 Routine tests........................................................................................................................................92
B.9 Type tests............................................................................................................................................93
B.10 Installation.........................................................................................................................................93
B.11 Field tests..........................................................................................................................................94
B.12 Bushing linear coupler (BLC)...........................................................................................................94
10
IMPORTANT NOTICE: IEEE Standards documents are not intended to ensure safety, security, health,
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This IEEE document is made available for use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers.
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Concerning IEEE Documents.” They can also be obtained on request from IEEE or viewed at
http://standards.ieee.org/IPR/disclaimers.html.
1. Overview
1.1 Scope
This standard is intended for use as a basis for performance and interchangeability of equipment covered,
and to assist in the proper selection of such equipment. Safety precautions are also addressed.
This standard covers certain electrical, dimensional, and mechanical characteristics, and takes into
consideration certain safety features of current and inductively coupled voltage transformers of types
generally used in the measurement of electricity and the control.
1.2 Purpose
The purpose of this standard is to provide the performance requirements for electrical system and test
interchangeability of current and inductively coupled voltage transformers. These transformers are for both
indoor and outdoor application.
This standard covers the requirements for Class 1 instrument transformers. For instrument transformers of a
nominal system voltage of 115 kV and above if Class 2 is required refer to IEEE Std C57.13.5™.1
1
Information on references can be found in Clause 2.
11
IEEE Std C57.13-2016
IEEE Standard for Requirements for Instrument Transformers
2. Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document (i.e., they must
be understood and used, so each referenced document is cited in text and its relationship to this document is
explained). For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of
the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies.
IEC 60270, High-voltage test techniques—Partial discharge measurements.2
IEC 61869-2, Instrument Transformers—Part 2: Additional Requirements for Current Transformers.
IEEE Std 4™, IEEE Standard for High-Voltage Testing Techniques.3, 4
IEEE Std 693™, IEEE Recommended Practice for Seismic Design of Substations.
IEEE Std C37.04™, IEEE Standard Rating Structure for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers.
IEEE Std C37.09™, IEEE Standard Test Procedure for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a
Symmetrical Basis.
IEEE Std C57.12.00™, IEEE Standard General Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power,
and Regulating Transformers.
IEEE Std C57.12.90™, IEEE Standard Test Code for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and
Regulating Transformers.
IEEE Std C57.13.5™, IEEE Standard of Performance and Test Requirements for Instrument Transformers
of a Nominal System Voltage of 115 kV and Above.
IEEE Std C57.13.6™, IEEE Standard for High-Accuracy Instrument Transformers.
IEEE Std C57.19.00™, IEEE Standard General Requirements and Test Procedure for Power Apparatus
Bushings.
3. Definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. The IEEE Standards
Dictionary Online should be consulted for terms not defined in this clause.5
class 1 instrument transformer: An instrument transformer that is constructed and tested in accordance
with this standard.
class 2 instrument transformer: An instrument transformer that is constructed and tested in accordance
with IEEE Std C57.13.5™.
gapped core: A core where the magnetic core has an intentional gap filled with non-magnetic material.
2
IEC publications are available from the International Electrotechnical Commission (http://www.iec.ch/). IEC publications are also
available in the United States from the American National Standards Institute (http://www.ansi.org/).
3
IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854,
USA (http://standards/ieee.org/).
4
The IEEE standards or products referred to in this clause are trademarks of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
5
IEEE Standards Dictionary Online subscription is available at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/dictionary.jsp.
12
indoor voltage transformer: One that, because of its construction, shall be protected from the weather.
prescribed extinction voltage: The minimum voltage at which the reference partial discharge intensity
shall be met when the voltage applied to the transformer is gradually decreased without interruption from
the power frequency withstand voltage or pre-stress voltage value during the partial discharge test.
partial discharge inception voltage: The lowest voltage at which partial discharges exceeding a specified
level are observed under specified conditions when the voltage applied to the test object is gradually
increased from a lower value.
4. General requirements
4.1 Service conditions
4.1.1 Unusual temperature and altitude service conditions
Instrument transformers conforming to this standard shall be suitable for operation at their thermal ratings,
provided that the altitude does not exceed 1000 m.
The minimum ambient air temperature is –30 °C for outdoor applications and –5 °C for indoor
applications.
4.1.1.1 30 ºC average ambient temperature
If the transformers are air cooled, the ambient temperature of the cooling air does not exceed 40 °C and the
average ambient temperature of the cooling air for any 24-hour period does not exceed 30 °C.6
4.1.1.2 55 ºC average ambient temperature
Instrument transformers may also be given ratings for operation in 55 °C average ambient temperature,
with maximum ambient air temperature not exceeding 65 °C.
4.1.2 Unusual temperature and altitude service conditions
Instrument transformers may be applied at higher altitudes or higher ambient temperatures than specified in
4.1.1, but the performance may be affected and special consideration should be given to these applications
(see 4.2 and 4.4).
NOTE—For applications involving bushing-type current transformers, see Annex B.7
6
It is recommended that the average temperature of the cooling air be calculated by averaging 24 consecutive hourly readings. When
the outdoor air is the cooling medium, the average of the maximum and minimum daily temperature may be used. The value that is
obtained in this manner is usually higher than the true daily average by not more than 1/2 °C.
7
Notes in text, tables, and figures of a standard are given for information only and do not contain requirements needed to implement
this standard.
13
4.1.3 Other conditions that may affect design and application
Where conditions other than those discussed in 4.1.1 or 4.1.2 exist, they should be brought to the attention
of those responsible for the design and application of instrument transformers. Examples of these
conditions are as follows:
a) Damaging fumes or vapors, excessive or abrasive dust, explosive mixtures of dust or gases, steam,
salt spray, excessive moisture or dripping water, etc.
b) Abnormal vibrations, shocks, or tilting.
c) Ambient temperatures above 55 °C or below –30 °C.
d) Unusual transportation or storage conditions.
e) Unusual space limitations or restricted ventilation.
f) Unusual duty, frequency of operation, difficulty of maintenance, poor wave form, unbalanced
voltage, special insulation requirements, etc.
g) Applications in switchgear assemblies, including metal enclosed bus.*
h) Applications with high-voltage power circuit breakers.*
i) Applications with power transformers.*
j) Applications with outdoor bushings.*
k) For altitudes below sea level or buried underground.*
l) Seismic conditions: For seismic qualification methods refer to IEEE Std 693.
*For applications involving bushing-type current transformers, see Annex B.
4.2 Effect of air density on flashover voltage
The effect of decreased air density is to decrease the flashover voltage for a given flashover distance. See
IEEE Std 4 for use of a correction factor.
The dielectric strength of air decreases as altitude increases. Dielectric strength that depends on air should
be multiplied by the proper altitude correction factor to obtain the dielectric strength at the required altitude
(see Table 1). For an altitude exceeding 3000 m, caution should be exercised.
14
Table 1 —Dielectric strength correction factors for altitudes greater than 1000 m
Altitude Altitude correction factor

(m) for dielectric strength
1000 1.00
1200 0.98
1500 0.95
1800 0.92
2100 0.89
2400 0.86
2700 0.83
3000 0.80
3600 0.75
4200 0.70
4500 a
0.67
NOTE 1—Intermediate values may be obtained by

interpolation.
NOTE 2—This table considers the effect of decreased air
density due to decreased air pressure.
a
An altitude of 4500 m is considered a maximum for instrument
transformers conforming to this standard.
4.3 Frequency
Instrument transformers shall be designed and rated for operation at a frequency of 60 Hz.
4.4 Effect of altitude on temperature rise and effect of ambient temperature on

permissible loading
4.4.1 Loading of current transformers at less than rated current at high altitudes
Current transformers may be operated at altitudes greater than 1000 m without exceeding established
temperature limits provided the current is reduced below rated (or below rated times continuous thermal
current rating factor) by 0.3% for each 100 m that the altitude exceeds 1000 m.
4.4.2 Operation of current transformers at other than 30 °C ambient temperature
Current transformers designed for 55 °C temperature rise above 30 °C average ambient air temperature
may be loaded in accordance with the curves shown in Figure 1 for any given average cooling air
temperature and continuous thermal current rating factor. The percent of rated primary current that can be
carried continuously without causing established temperature limits to be exceeded is given by the curves.
For example, a transformer with a continuous thermal current rating factor (RF) of 2.0 at 30 °C ambient
temperature can be used at approximately 150% of rated current at an ambient temperature of 55 °C.
Refer to Annex B for use of bushing-type current transformers in ambient temperatures of 90 °C in hot oil.
15
4.4.3 Loading of voltage transformers at higher altitudes or higher ambient temperatures
For safety reasons, voltage transformers can be operated at higher altitudes or higher ambient temperatures
only after consultation with the manufacturer, because a large percentage of the temperature rise may be
due to iron loss, which varies widely with design.
4.5 Basic impulse insulation levels, dielectric tests, and outdoor instrument
transformer creepage distance and wet test
An instrument transformer shall be assigned a basic impulse insulation level (BIL) to indicate the factory
dielectric tests that the transformer is capable of withstanding.
With the following exceptions, basic impulse insulation voltages, applied voltage test voltages for primary
winding insulation, and creepage distances and wet tests for outdoor instrument transformers are listed in
Table 2 and Table 3:
a) Applied voltage tests for primary winding insulation are not required on grounded-neutral-terminal-
type voltage transformers.
b) For insulated-neutral-terminal-type voltage transformers, the applied voltage test for primary
winding insulation shall be 19 kV on outdoor types with BILs greater than 110 kV. On indoor
types, and on outdoor types with BILs of 110 kV or less, the test voltage shall be 10 kV.
c) There is no BIL requirement on the neutral terminal of grounded-neutral- or insulated-neutral-
terminal-type voltage transformers.
d) The applied voltage test for secondary winding insulation and between multiple secondary
windings shall be 2.5 kV.
e) The applied voltage test for autotransformers for use in the secondary circuits of instrument
transformers shall be 2.5 kV.
f) The applied voltage test for the primary insulation of auxiliary instrument transformers (for use in
the secondary circuits of instrument transformers) shall be 2.5 kV.
16
NOTE 1—Average ambient cooling air temperature for 24-hour period degrees Celsius (maximum ambient air
temperature does not exceed average by more than 10 ºC).
NOTE 2—These curves are based on the assumption that average winding temperature rise is proportional to current
squared.
Figure 1 —55 ºC rise current transformer basic loading characteristics (in air)
17
Table 2 —Basic impulse insulation levels and dielectric testsa, f
Lightning Power frequency

Nominal Maximu impulse voltage Switching withstand voltage
system m system (BIL)b (kV, peak) impulse (kV, rms)
voltage voltage voltage
(kV, rms) (kV, rms) Full Choppedf (kV, peak) Dry Wetc
Wave Wave
0.6 0.66 10e 12e — 4e —
1.2 1.20 30 36 — 10 6d
2.4 2.75 45 54 — 15 13d
5.0 5.60 60 69 — 19 20d
8.7 9.52 75 88 — 26 24d
95 110 — 34 30d
15 15.5
110 130 — 34 34d
125 145 — 40 36d
25 25.5
150 175 — 50 50
34.5 36.5 200 230 — 70 70
46 48.3 250 290 — 95 95
69 72.5 350 400 — 140 140
450 520 — 185 185
115 123
550 630 — 230 230
138 145 650 750 — 275 275
161 170 750 865 — 325 315
900 1035 — 395 350
230 245
1050 1210 — 460 445
1175 1350 950 510 —
345 362
1300 1500 975 575 —
1550 1785 1175 680 —
500 550
1800 2070 1300 830 —
765 800 2100 2420 1550 975 —
a
See 8.5.2 for User tests.
b
The selection of the lower BIL for a given nominal voltage, or for a marked ratio in Figure 14, Table 15,
Figure 16, Table 17, and Figure 18 also reduces other requirements as tabulated above. The acceptability of
these reduced requirements should be evaluated for a specific instrument transformer design and
application.
c
For test procedures, see IEEE Std C57.19.00.
d
These values are requirements for distribution transformer bushings that are in IEEE
Std C57.12.00.
e
For current transformers with no primary insulation, such as bushing-type, there are no BIL,
chopped or applied voltage requirements.
f
The minimum time to chopping shall be 3 s.
18
Table 3 —Creepage distances for porcelain insulators
Nominal system Maximum system Minimum Creepage Distance

voltage voltage (mm)
(kV, rms) (kV, rms) Light Pollution Heavy Pollution
15 15.5 240 380
25 25.5 405 635
34.5 36.5 560 875
46 48.3 745 1 170
69 72.5 1 115 1 750
115 123 1 860 2 920
138 145 2 235 3 510
161 170 2 605 4 090
230 245 3 720 5 845
345 362 5 580 8 765
500 550 8 085 12 705
765 800 12 370 19 435
NOTE 1—The definitions of light and heavy pollution levels are provided in IEEE
Std C57.19.100-2012.
NOTE 2—The creepage distance for composite insulator with silicone rubber
sheds has not been established. This standard recommends the use of the same
creepage distance as that for the porcelain insulator.
4.6 Temperature rise
The limits of observable temperature rise in instrument transformers when tested in accordance with their
ratings shall be as given in Table 4, and the transformers shall be designed so that the hottest-spot winding
temperature rise above ambient will not exceed the values given in Table 4.
Table 4 —Limits of temperature rise
30 C ambient 55 C ambient
Average winding Average winding

Type of instrument Hottest-spot
temperature rise temperature rise
transformer winding Hottest-spot winding
determined by determined by
temperature rise temperature rise (C)b
resistance resistance method
(C)b
method (C) (C)
55 C rise 55c 65 30 40
65 C rise 65c 80 40 55
80 C rise dry-type 80 110 55 85
a
Temperature rise of current transformers that are a part of high voltage power circuit breakers or power transformers shall be in
accord with IEEE Std C37.04 or IEEE Std C57.12.00, respectively (refer also to Annex B for BCTs).
b
Temperature rise of other metallic parts shall not exceed these values.
c
Temperature rise at the top of the oil in sealed transformers shall not exceed these values.
Terminals for use in air shall be designed so that their maximum operating temperature when tested with
their ratings do not exceed the values provided in Table 5.
19
Table 5 —Maximum operating temperature of power terminals

intended for bolted connection in air
Bare copper or Tin- Silver-plated

Performance aluminum plated terminals
terminals (C) terminals (C)
(C)
Maximum operating
90 105 115
temperature
Maximum operating
temperature for use
70 105 105
in metal enclosed
switchgear a
a
Refer to IEEE Std C37.20.1, IEEE Std C37.20.2 and IEEE Std C37.20.3.
4.7 Capacitance and dissipation factor requirements
The capacitance and dissipation factor of the transformer shall be measured at power frequency at the
following test voltages:
 10 kV
 Maximum rated voltage
The test shall be performed before and after the dielectric tests. The increase of capacitance measured after
compared with that measured before the dielectric tests shall be less than the value produced by the
breakdown of one capacitive element.
The dissipation factor shall be in accordance with the following requirements:
a) For oil-filled transformers

1) The dissipation factor shall be 0.5% maximum at a reference ambient temperature of 20°C.
2) The absolute increase of the dissipation factor value measured after compared with the value
measured before the dielectric tests shall be less than 0.1%.
b) For gas-filled transformers
1) The dissipation factor shall be 0.15% maximum at a reference ambient temperature of 20°C.
2) The absolute increase of the dissipation factor value measured after compared with the value
measured before the dielectric tests shall be less than 0.03%.
c) For transformers with a rated voltage less than 10 kV, for dry type molded transformers without
capacitive graded insulation or for bushing current transformers these capacitance and dissipation
factor requirements do not apply.
4.8 Classification of tests
These are the routine, type, and other tests that are necessary to assure that the design and construction of
the transformer are adequate to meet the specified requirements. The method of making tests shall be as
described in Clause 8 through Clause 13, or by equivalent alternative methods. Many references are
available as sources for the material in the preceding clauses. Those references referred to specifically are
listed by number in Annex A. Other references, which may be of general utility to the user of these clauses,
or of the complete standard, are also included in Annex A. Routine and type tests are in Table 6.
20
4.8.1 Test requirements
Test requirements for current transformers and voltage transformers are summarized in Table 6.
Table 6 —Test requirements
Measurement or
Current transformers Voltage transformers
test
Test Test
Reference subclause Reference subclause
classification classification
Capacitance and
4.7 Rd 4.7 Rd
dissipation factor
4.5d), 4.5e), 4.5f), and 4.5a), 4.5b), 4.5c), 4.5d),
Applied voltage R R
8.5.3 4.5e), 4.5f), and 8.5.3
Partial discharge 8.6 R and 11.4 T R/T 8.6 R and 11.4 T R/T
Induced voltage 6.7.2 and 8.5.4 R 7.9 and 8.5.4 R
Inter-turn
12.3 Ta —
overvoltage
Polarity 8.3 and 9.4 R 8.3 and 10.3 R
Accuracy Figure 7, 8.1, and 9.1 R 7.10, 8.1, and 10.1 R
Excitation Figure 7 and 8.2.3 R 8.2.3 T
Composite error 8.2.3.1 Rb —
Resistance 8.4 Rc 8.4 T
Impedance 8.2 and 9.3 T 8.2 and 10.2 T
Short-time thermal
11.1 and 12.1 T 11.1 and 13.1 T
rating
Temperature rise 11.2 and 12.2 T 11.2 and 13.2 T
Impulse tests 11.3 T 11.3 T
Wet voltage
withstand tests – for
11.5 T 11.5 T
outdoor instrument
transformers
Ground shield check 11.6 T 11.6 T

R – Routine test
T – Type test (design test)
a
May be used as routine test in lieu of induced test when secondary voltage exceeds 1200 V.
b
May be used as routine test for verifying compliance to meet relaying class at rated current.
c
Required for relay class CTs. This is not required for metering only CTs.
d
Required for oil-filled and gas-filled instrument transformers.
21
4.8.2 Special tests for gas-filled instrument transformers
These tests are to be performed subject to agreement between the producer and the user. Procedures for the
following tests can be found in IEEE Std C57.13.5:
a) Sealing system test

b) Internal arc test
4.8.3 Other tests
Other tests are additional tests made for application information, for provision of specific data requested by
users, for verification of type capability, and so on. Examples of other tests are, but not limited to the
following:
a) Special accuracy tests

b) Voltage transformer capabilities in respect to 125%, 140%, and 173% overvoltage characteristics
c) Radio influence voltage test (RIV)
d) Thermal-cycle tests
e) Seismic evaluations/tests
f) Mechanical loading
4.9 Construction
4.9.1 Polarity and terminal marking
The relative instantaneous polarity of terminals or leads shall be clearly indicated by permanent markings
that cannot easily be obliterated.
When the polarity is indicated by letters, the letter “H” shall be used to distinguish the leads or terminals
connected to the primary winding and the letter “X” (also “Y” and “Z,” etc., if multiple secondary windings
are provided) shall be used to distinguish the leads or terminals connected to the secondary winding. In
addition, each lead shall be numbered, for example, H1, H2, X1, and X2. If more than three secondary
windings are provided, they shall be identified as X, Y, Z, and W for four secondary windings; X, Y, Z, W,
and V for five secondary windings; X, Y, Z, W, V, and U for six secondary windings, and so on. H1 and
X1 (also Y1 and Z1, etc., if provided) shall be of the same polarity.
When multiple primary windings are provided, the leads or terminals shall be designated by the letter “H”
together with consecutive pairs of numbers (H1, H2, H3, H4, etc.). The odd-numbered leads or terminals
shall be of the same polarity.
When taps or leads are provided on the secondary winding(s), the leads or terminals shall be lettered as
required above and numbered X1, X2, X3, etc., or Y1, Y2, Y3, etc., with the lowest and highest numbers
indicating the full winding and the intermediate numbers indicating the taps in their relative order. When
X1 is not in use, the lower number of the two leads in use shall be the polarity lead. In the case of dual
primary ratios that are obtained by secondary taps, the X3 or Y3 terminal shall be common to both taps.
22
4.9.2 Ground shield requirements
For 72 kV class instrument transformers and above a ground shield shall be provided between the primary
and secondary windings.
4.9.3 Symbols
Instrument transformer symbols are given in Table 7.
23
Table 7 —Instrument transformer symbols

Symbol Voltage transformers Current transformers
: Ratio expression, only to show Ratio between primary and secondary amperes
ratio between primary and
Example: Current transformer with one primary winding
(colon) secondary voltages or between
and one secondary winding
primary and tertiary voltages
Current ratio
Example: Voltage transformer with 100:5 A
one primary winding and one
secondary winding
14 400:120 V
Ratio 120:1
× Voltage ratings or ratios of Current ratings of transformer with a primary or
(multiplication transformer with a primary or secondary winding having two or more coils for series
sign) secondary winding having two or or parallel connection
more coils for series or parallel
Example: Current transformer with two primary
connection
windings in two coils for series or parallel connection
Example: Voltage transformer with for two ratios
primary winding in two coils for Current ratio
series or parallel connection for 100 × 200:5 A
two ratings.
2 400 × 4 800 V
Ratio 20 × 40:1
& Voltage ratings or ratios of separate Ampere ratings of separate primary windings on one
secondary windings on one core core (When all primary current ratings are the same, the
(ampersand) transformer shall produce rated secondary current when
Example: Voltage transformer for
each primary winding carries rated current and the
connection line-to-ground, with one
primary currents are in phase. When all primary currents
primary winding and two
are not the same, the transformer shall produce rated
secondary windings
secondary current when the primary current is rated
14 400:120 & 72 V current in only one primary winding.)
Ratio 120:1 & 200:1
a) Transformer with two or more primary windings
designed to be used individually
Example: Current transformer with two primary
windings
Current ratio
100 & 600:5 A
b) Totalizing transformer with two or more primary
windings that can be used simultaneously and connected
in different circuits
Example: Totalizing current transformer with three
primary windings
Current ratio
5 & 5 & 5:5 A
c) Transformer for three-wire single-phase circuit with
two separate primary windings
Example: Current transformer for three-wire single-
phase
Current ratio
100 & 100:5 A
24
Table 7—Instrument transformer symbols (continued)
Symbol Voltage transformers Current transformers

/ Two or more primary or secondary Different primary current ratings obtained by taps in
voltage ratings obtained by taps in the the secondary winding
(single slant secondary winding.
Example: Current transformer with taps in the
line)
Example: Voltage transformer with secondary winding for additional ratios
taps in the secondary winding for Current ratio
additional primary voltage ratings 300/400/600:5 A
8 400/12 000/14 400 V
Ratio 70/100/120:1
Example: Voltage transformer with a
tap in the secondary winding for
additional secondary voltage ratings
14 000 V
Ratio 120/200:1
// (Not used) Ampere ratings of separate secondary windings each
having an independent core
(double slant
line) Example: Current transformer with two separate
secondary windings and two cores
Current Ratio
600:5//5
E / (E/E1Y) / Example: Voltage transformer with (Not used directly)
(E/E,GrdY) E-rated voltage for connection on an
E
(Designation of voltage system
primary voltage 14 000
ratings) (E)
Example: Voltage transformer with
E-rated voltage that is suitable for
connection on an E voltage system
or for Y connection on an E1 voltage
system
2 400/4 160Y
(E/E1Y)
Example: Voltage transformer with
E-rated voltage with reduced
insulation
at neutral end, for line-to-ground
connection on an E1 voltage
system
7 200/12
470GrdY (E/E,
GrdY)
5. Accuracy classes for metering
5.1 Basis for accuracy classes
Accuracy classes for revenue metering are based on the requirement that the transformer correction factor
(TCF) of the voltage transformer or of the current transformer shall be within the specified limits when the
power factor (lagging) of the metered load has any value from 0.6 to 1.0, under specified conditions as
follows:
a) For current transformers, at the specified standard burden (see 6.2 for standard burdens) at 10% or
5% (see Table 10), and at 100% of rated primary current [also at the current corresponding to the
25
rating factor (RF) if it is greater than 1.0]. The accuracy class at a lower standard burden is not
necessarily the same as at the specified standard burden.
b) For voltage transformers, for any burden in voltamperes from zero to the specified standard burden,
at the specified standard burden power factor (see 7.2 for standard burdens), and at any voltage
from 90% to 110% of the rated voltage. The accuracy class at a lower standard burden of a
different power factor is not necessarily the same as at the specified standard burden.
5.2 Expression of transformer correction factor at 0.6 power factor (lagging) of

metered load
It can be shown that a TCF at 0.6 power factor (lagging) of the metered load is as follows8:
a) For voltage transformers

TCF  RCF  (1)
2600
b) For current transformers

TCF = RCF  (2)
2600
where
RCF is the ratio correction factor derived from 1 – (±Ratio Error/100). Note that for transformers
having negative ratio error the RCF will be greater than unity.
, ß is the phase angle, in minutes, for voltage transformers and current transformers, respectively.
5.3 Standard accuracy classes
The limits of transformer correction factor in standard accuracy classes shall be as shown in Table 8.
8 This is true of errors within the range of the standard metering accuracy
26
Table 8 —Standard accuracy class for metering service and corresponding limits of
transformer correction factor and ratio correction factor [0.6 to 1.0 power factor (lagging)
of metered load]c
Voltage transformers
(at 90% to 110% Current transformers
Metering
rated voltage)
accuracy
class At 100% rated currenta At 10% rated current At 5% rated current
Minimum Maximum
Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
0.15S b
— — 0.9985 1.0015 — — 0.9985 1.0015
0.15b 0.9985 1.0015 0.9985 1.0015 — — 0.9970 1.0030
0.15N — — 0.9985 1.0015 0.9970 1.0030 — —
0.3S — — 0.9970 1.0030 — — 0.9970 1.0030
0.3 0.9970 1.0030 0.9970 1.0030 0.9940 1.0060 — —
0.6 0.9940 1.0060 0.9940 1.0060 0.9880 1.0120 — —
1.2 0.9880 1.0120 0.9880 1.0120 0.9760 1.0240 — —
a
For current transformers, the 100% rated current limit also applies to the current corresponding to the continuous thermal current rating
factor.
b
Previously defined in IEEE Std C57.13.6.
c
Other accuracy requirements may be specified and should be included on the nameplate.
5.4 Limiting values of ratio correction factor and phase angle for standard
accuracy classes
The limiting values of RCF are the same as those for TCF (see 5.2). For any known value of RCF for a
given transformer the limiting values of the angles derived from the expression in 5.2 are given as shown in
Equation (3) and Equation (4).9
a) For voltage transformers
  2600 (TCF  (3)

RCF)
b) For current transformers
  2600 (RCF  (4)

TCF)
in which TCF is taken as the maximum and minimum values, given in Table 8, for the specified accuracy
class.
These relations are shown graphically in Figure 2, Figure 3, and Figure 4 for current transformers, and
Figure 5 for voltage transformers.
9
This is true of errors within the range of the standard metering accuracy classes.
27
Figure 2 —Limits for accuracy classes for current transformers for metering
In Figure 2, the accuracy requirements for 100% rated current also apply at the continuous thermal current
rating of the transformer.
Figure 3 —Limits for 0.15 accuracy class for current transformers for metering
In Figure 3, the transformer characteristics shall lie within the stated limits of the parallelogram at 5% and
100% of rated current. For current transformers, the 100% rated current limits also applies to the current
corresponding to the continuous thermal current rating factor, if it is greater than 1.0.
28
Figure 4 —Limits for 0.3S and 0.15S accuracy classes for current transformers for
metering
In Figure 4, the transformer characteristics shall lie within the stated limits of the parallelogram from 5%
through 100% of rated current. For current transformers, the limit also applies to the current corresponding
to the continuous thermal current rating factor, if it is greater than 1.0.
1.012 1.006 1.0030 1.00150
1.006 1.003 1.0015 1.00075

RATIO CORRECTION
1.000 1.000 1.0000 1.00000
0.994 0.997 0.9985 0.99925
0.988 0.994 0.9970 0.99850
-7.5 -5.0 -2.5 0 +2.5 +5.0 +7.5
-15 -10 -5 0 +5 +10 +15
-30 -20 -10 0 +10 +20 +30
-60 -40 -20 0 +20 +40 +60

LAGGINGPHASE ANGLE-MINUTESLEADING
Figure 5 —Limits of accuracy classes for voltage transformers for metering

In Figure 5, the transformer characteristic shall lie within the limits of parallelogram for all voltages
between 90% and 110% of rated voltage.
29
6. Current transformers
6.1 Terms in which ratings shall be expressed
The ratings of a current transformer shall include:
a) Basic impulse insulation level in terms of full-wave test voltage (see Table 2).
b) Nominal system voltage or maximum system voltage (see Table 2).
c) Frequency (in Hz).
d) Rated primary and secondary currents (see 6.3, as well as Table 9 and Table 2).
e) Accuracy classes at standard burdens (see 6.3, 6.4, as well as, Table 8, Table 10, and Table 13).
f) Continuous thermal current rating factor based on 30 °C average ambient air temperature, unless
otherwise stated (see 6.5).
g) Short-time mechanical current rating and short-time thermal current rating (see 6.6).
Table 9 —Example of ratings for current transformers with one or two ratios
Typical Current ratings (A)a

Double ratio with Double ratio with
Single ratio series-parallel taps in secondary
primary winding
windings
5:5 150:5 1 500:5 25 × 50:5 25/50:5
10:5 200:5 1 600:5 50 × 100:5 50/100:5
15:5 250:5 2 000:5 100 × 200:5 100/200:5
20:5 300:5 2 500:5 200 × 400:5 200/400:5
25:5 400:5 3 000:5 400 × 800:5 300/600:5
30:5 500:5 4 000:5 500 × 1 000:5 400/800:5
40:5 600:5 5 000:5 600 × 1 200:5 500/1 000:5
50:5 750:5 6 000:5 1 000 × 2 600/1 200:5
000:5
60:5 800:5 8 000:5 2 000 × 4 1 000/2 000:5
000:5
75:5 1 000:5 10 000:5 1 500/3 000:5
100:5 1 200:5 12 000:5 2 000/4 000:5
a
Other ratings may be selected as agreed upon between manufacturer and end user.
6.2 Standard burdens
Standard burdens for current transformers with 5 A rated secondary current shall have resistance and
inductance according to Table 10 for metering and Table 13 for relaying.
6.3 Accuracy ratings for metering
A current transformer for metering shall be given an accuracy rating for each standard burden for which it
is rated (see Clause 5). The accuracy class may be stated for the maximum burden for which it is rated and
30
will imply that all other lower burdens shall also be in that class; e.g., 0.3 B-1.8 would imply 0.3 B-0.1, B-
0.2, B-0.5, B-0.9, and B-1.8. If the accuracy class given is specific only to that burden it is assigned, e.g.,
0.3 @ B-0.5, or a range of burdens, e.g., 0.3 @ B0.5-B0.9, then the accuracy class is not guaranteed for
other burdens unless specifically stated.
Electronic meters and connecting circuits may present a lower burden, thus affecting a current transformers
ratio and phase angle. A current transformer that meets a given accuracy class at B-0.1 and less may not
meet the same accuracy class when the application calls for burden power factor between 0.9 and unity.
“E” burdens shall be stated separately.
Table 10 —Standard metering burdens for current transformers with 5 A secondary

windingsa
Burden Resistance Inductance Impedance Total Power Total Power Power

Burdens
designationb () (mH) ()c (VA at 5 A) (VA at 1 A) factor
Electronic E0.04 0.04 0 0.04 1.0 0.04

1.0
burdens E0.2 0.2 0 0.2 5.0 0.2
B-0.1 0.09 0.116 0.1 2.5 0.1
B-0.2 0.18 0.232 0.2 5.0 0.2
Metering B-0.5 0.45 0.580 0.5 12.5 0.5 0.9
burdens
B-0.9 0.81 1.040 0.9 22.5 0.9
B-1.8 1.62 2.080 1.8 45.0 1.8
a
If a current transformer secondary winding is rated at other than 5 A, the impedance, the power factor, and the burden designation
remain the same while the VA at rated current shall be adjusted by [5/(ampere rating)].2
b
These standard burden designations have no significance at frequencies other than 60 Hz.
c
The impedance tolerance is +5% and –0%.
6.3.1 Tapped-secondary or multiple-ratio current transformer accuracy rating
The metering accuracy rating applies only to the full secondary winding, unless otherwise specified (see
Table 11).
31
Table 11 —Current transformer ratings, multi-ratio type
Current ratings Secondary Current ratings Secondary

(A) taps (A) taps
600:5 3000:5
50:5 X2  X3 300:5 X3  X4
100:5 X1  X2 500:5 X4  X5
150:5 X1  X3 800:5 X3  X5
200:5 X4  X5 1000:5 X1  X2
250:5 X3  X4 1200:5 X2  X3
300:5 X2  X4 1500:5 X2  X4
400:5 X1  X4 2000:5 X2  X5
450:5 X3  X5 2200:5 X1  X3
500:5 X2  X5 2500:5 X1  X4
600:5 X1  X5 3000:5 X1  X5
1200:5 4000:5
100:5 X2  X3 500:5 X1  X2
200:5 X1  X2 1000:5 X3  X4
300:5 X1  X3 1500:5 X2  X3
400:5 X4  X5 2000:5 X1  X3
500:5 X3  X4 2500:5 X2  X4
600:5 X2  X4 3000:5 X1  X4
800:5 X1  X4 3500:5 X2  X5
900:5 X3  X5 4000:5 X1  X5
1000:5 X2  X5
1200:5 X1 X5
2000:5 5000:5
300:5 X3  X4 500:5 X2  X3
400:5 X1  X2 1000:5 X4  X5
500:5 X4  X5 1500:5 X1  X2
800:5 X2  X3 2000:5 X3  X4
1100:5 X2  X4 2500:5 X2  X4
1200:5 X1  X3 3000:5 X3  X5
1500:5 X1  X4 3500:5 X2  X5
1600:5 X2  X5 4000:5 X1  X4
2000:5 X1  X5 5000:5 X1  X5
6.4 Accuracy ratings for relaying
A current transformer designed for relaying purposes shall be given an accuracy rating according to Table
12.
32
Table 12 —Relaying current transformer accuracy
Limits of ratio error

Relay class
@ rated current @ 20 times rated current
C and T classification 3% a
10%
X classification 1% user defined
a
For window type CT with 50 secondary turns (250.5) or less, the ratio error at rated
current may exceed 3%.
Table 13 —Standard relaying burdens for current transformers with 5 A

secondary windings
Burden Resistance Inductance Impedance Total Power Power Terminal

Burdens
designationb () (mH) ()c (VA at 5 A) Factor Voltage
B-0.1 0.09 0.116 0.1 2.5 0.9 10
B-0.2 0.18 0.232 0.2 5.0 0.9 20
B-0.5 0.45 0.580 0.5 12.5 0.9 50
Relaying B-1.0 0.50 2.300 1.0 25.0 0.5 100
burdens B-2.0 1.00 4.600 2.0 50.0 0.5 200
B-4.0 2.00 9.200 4.0 100.0 0.5 400
B-8.0 4.00 18.400 8.0 200.0 0.5 800
a
If a current transformer secondary winding is rated at other than 5 A, the equivalent burden shall be derived by
dividing the secondary terminal voltage by (I S × 20). For example, if the rated secondary current is 1 A and the relay
class is C100, then the corresponding burden to develop the secondary terminal voltage would be 100 V / (1 A × 20)
= 5 Ω.
b
These standard burden designations have no significance at frequencies other than 60 Hz.
c
6.4.1 Basis for relaying accuracy ratings
6.4.1.1 C classification
Covers current transformers in which the leakage flux in the core of the transformer does not have an
appreciable effect on the ratio(s) within the limits defined in 6.4 with standard burdens outlined in Table
13, so that the ratio can be calculated in accordance with 9.1.1, 9.1.2, and 9.1.3.
6.4.1.2 T classification
Covers current transformers in which the leakage flux does have an appreciable effect on the ratio(s) within
the limits defined in Table 13 with standard burdens outlined in Table 13, such that it is not practical to
calculate the ratio.
6.4.1.3 Secondary terminal voltage
The relay classification for C and T class is given in terms of the secondary terminal voltage, which the
current transformer will deliver to a standard burden at 20 times rated current without exceeding the limits
outlined in 6.4. The secondary terminal voltage ratings are based on 5 A nominal secondary current (100 A
at 20 times) and standard burdens as per Table 13.
33
6.4.1.4 X classification
User defined for a specific condition in which the minimum secondary excitation requirements are given as
follows:
Ek is the the minimum knee-point voltage

Ik is the the maximum exciting current at Ek
Rct is the maximum allowable secondary winding direct current measured resistance corrected to
75 C
The ratio error at rated current shall be as defined in 6.4. If only Ek is given, then the manufacturer will
establish Ik and Rct based on the necessary design required to meet Ek.
6.4.1.5 Transient performance classifications
For requirements for Class TPX, TPY, and TPZ current transformers, refer to IEC 61869-2.
6.4.2 Tapped secondary or multi ratio current transformer
The relay accuracy class applies only to the full winding, unless otherwise specified. If transformers have C
classification on the full winding, all tapped sections shall be arranged so that the ratio can be calculated in
accordance with 9.1.1, 9.1.2, and 9.1.3.
6.5 Continuous thermal current rating factors based on 30 °C average ambient air
temperature
The preferred continuous thermal current rating factors are 1.0, 1.33, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, or 4.0.
6.6 Short-time current ratings
The short-time thermal current and short-time mechanical capabilities are not independent.
6.6.1 Short-time mechanical current rating
The short-time mechanical current rating is the maximum peak value of a fully displaced (asymmetrical)
primary current wave whose magnitude shall be 2.7 times the short-time thermal rating, that the
transformer is capable of withstanding with the secondary winding short-circuited. “Capable of
withstanding” shall be interpreted to mean that if subjected to this duty, the current transformer shall show
no damage and shall be capable of meeting the other applicable requirements of this standard.
6.6.2 Short-time thermal current rating
The short-time thermal current rating of a current transformer is the rms symmetrical primary current that
can be carried for 1 s with the secondary winding short-circuited without exceeding in any winding the
limiting temperature. The temperature of a conductor in the windings of a current transformer shall be
determined from calculation using methods specified in 11.1.2.
34
The limiting temperature shall be 250 C for copper conductor or 200 C for electrical conductor (EC)
aluminum. A maximum temperature of 250 C shall be allowed for aluminum alloys that have resistance to
annealing properties at 250 C equivalent to EC aluminum at 200 C, or for applications of EC aluminum
where the characteristics of the fully annealed material satisfy the mechanical requirements.
If the 1 second rating is not dependent on core saturation (see 12.1), the short-time thermal current rating
for any time up to 5 s may be determined from the 1 s rating by dividing the current for 1 s by the square
root of the specified number of seconds. For example, the 3 second thermal current rating is equal to the 1
second current rating divided by the square root of 3, or 58% of the one-second rating. This calculation
includes the assumption that the primary current is symmetrical during the time interval.
6.6.3 Short-time and continuous current ratings of window-type or bushing-type

current transformers
Such current transformers, in which the primary conductor is not an integral part of the current
transformers, shall be rated in terms of primary current, even though the short-time mechanical and thermal
limitations and the continuous thermal limitations are those of the secondary winding only. Such ratings
specified for current transformers of this construction should not be considered to be applicable to the
conductor used for the primary winding of these transformers; as such, the conductor may be a component
of other apparatus or bus work having different limitations. For bushing-type current transformers, see
Annex B.
6.7 Secondary winding-induced voltages
6.7.1 Operation with secondary circuit open
Current transformers should never be operated with the secondary circuit open because hazardous peak
voltages may result. Transformers conforming to this standard shall be capable of operating under
emergency conditions for 1 minute with rated primary current times the rating factor with the secondary
circuit open if the open-circuit voltage does not exceed 3500 V peak.
When the open circuit voltage exceeds 3500 V peak, the user should consider applying a voltage limiting
device (varistors or spark gaps) across the secondary terminals. The voltage limiting device should be able
to withstand an open-circuit situation for a period of 1 minute without damage to the secondary circuit. The
voltage limiting device may need to be replaced after such an abnormal condition.
6.7.2 Induced voltage test
For test frequencies of 120 Hz and below the 1 minute test voltage applied to the secondary terminals with
the primary winding open shall be twice the relay rated secondary terminal voltage given in 6.4.1.3 but not
less than 200 V. For test frequencies above 120 Hz, see 8.5.4 for test duration. Transformers with no relay
voltage classification shall be tested at 200 V.
For X classification the induced level shall be 2 × Ek or 2500 V rms (3.5 kV peak), whichever is less.
If a frequency higher than 60 Hz is necessary to avoid excessive exciting current, see 8.5.4 for reduced time
of application. If the voltage cannot be induced sinusoidally even at 400 Hz without core saturation, no test
is required.
35
This test is not required for window-type or bar-type 10 kV BIL current transformers that are rated below
600 A and that have no relay accuracy rating.
6.8 Nameplates
Current transformers shall be provided with nameplates that shall include, as a minimum, the following
information (see Table 7):
a) Manufacturer’s name or trademark

b) Manufacturer’s type
c) Manufacturer’s serial number
d) Year of manufacture
e) Rated primary current
f) Rated secondary current
g) Nominal system voltage (NSV) and/or maximum system voltage (MSV) (none for bushing CTs)
h) Basic impulse insulation level (BIL) (none for bushing CTs)
i) Rated frequency (Hz)
j) Short-time thermal and mechanical rating
k) Continuous thermal current rating factor (RF) (State ambient if other than 30 °C)
l) Accuracy rating
1) Metering accuracy class at specified standard burdens
2) Relaying accuracy rating on transformers intended primarily for relaying applications
m) Applicable standard (IEEE Std C57.13 for Class 1 and IEEE Std C57.13.5 for Class 2)
n) For oil-filled transformers the nameplate shall indicate that the transformer contains no detectable
levels of PCB at the time of manufacture.
NOTE 1—See IEEE Std C37.04 and NEMA SG 4 for nameplate requirements in high-voltage circuit breakers.
NOTE 2—Additional requirements for BCTs, refer to Annex B.
6.9 Terminals
The primary terminals of wound-type and bar-type current transformers shall be suitable for use with either
aluminum or copper conductors. The secondary terminals and voltage terminals, where provided, shall be
suitable for use with copper conductors.
6.10 Application data
The characteristic data in 6.10.1 and 6.10.2 suitable for portraying or calculating performance shall be
made available upon request.
36
6.10.1 Data for metering applications
These data shall consist of the following:
a) Typical ratio correction factor and phase angle curves, for the standard burdens for which metering
accuracy ratings are assigned, plotted over the range of current per Table 8 from 0.1 or 0.05 times
rated current to the maximum continuous thermal current rating. These curves shall be plotted on
rectangular coordinate paper and need not be drawn where the errors exceed the limits of the 1.2
accuracy class.
b) Short-time mechanical and short-time thermal current ratings, as defined in 6.6.1 and 6.6.2,
respectively.
6.10.2 Data for relaying applications
These data shall consist of the following:
a) Relaying accuracy rating, as defined in 6.4.

b) Short-time mechanical and short-time thermal current ratings, as defined in 6.6.1 and 6.6.2,
respectively.
c) Resistance of the secondary winding between the secondary terminals at a specified temperature
given in such a way that the value for each published ratio may be determined.
d) For C class transformers, typical excitation curves on log-log coordinate paper, with square
decades, plotted between excitation current and induced secondary voltage for each published ratio,
extending from 1% of the relay accuracy rating secondary terminal voltage to a voltage that will
cause an excitation current of five times rated secondary current.
Curves shall also show the knee of the curve. For current transformers with nongapped cores, the
knee is defined as the point where the tangent is at 45° to the abscissa. For current transformers
conforming to this standard, it shall be possible to draw the above tangents to the excitation curves.
The maximum tolerance of excitation values above and below the knee shall be as shown (see
Figure 6).
NOTE—The 45° tangent was established from experience using conventional magnetic materials. The
significance of these tangent points will be dependent on the magnetic material in use.
e) For T class transformers, typical overcurrent ratio curves on rectangular coordinate paper plotted
between primary and secondary current over the range from 1 to 22 times rated primary current for
all the standard burdens10 up to the standard burden, which causes a ratio correction of 50% (see
Figure 7).
10
Except B-0.9 and B-1.8.
37
Ek
Figure 6 —Typical excitation curves for multiratio C class current

transformers
with nongapped cores
38
Figure 7 —Typical overcurrent ratio curve
6.11 Routine accuracy tests
Tests for current transformers with metering accuracy ratings shall be made on each transformer, and they
shall consist of the measurement of ratio error (ratio correction factor) and phase angle at rating factor,
100% and at 10% or 5% of rated current as per Table 8, when energized at rated frequency and rated
burden. Unless otherwise requested by the customer, non-compensated current transformers shall be tested
at only the maximum rated burden.
Routine accuracy tests for current transformers with a relay accuracy rating shall be made on each
transformer and shall consist of a turns ratio check, secondary excitation, and RCF measurements at 100%
rated current with standard rated burden. For ring-type cores of low reactance, the RCF measurement may
be the composite error performed by secondary excitation at the voltage equivalent to standard rated burden
at 100% as calculated in 9.1.1, 9.1.2, and 9.1.3.
The routine secondary excitation test shall consist of a knee point determination for C class transformers to
prove compliance with the published characteristic curve.
For X classification transformers, the routine secondary excitation test shall consist of measurements of
exciting voltage versus exciting current at Ek, and at two additional points (one point above Ek and one
point below Ek). The test points are arbitrary and selected for convenience to verify conformance, and shall
be at least 50% of Ek. If Rct was a given parameter, it shall be measured and corrected to 75 °C.
39
All excitation measurements shall be compared with the published curve, and shall comply with the limits
indicated in Figure 6 (except for X class where Ek and Ik are maximum limits). Additional points may be
required as deemed necessary to prove compliance.
7. Voltage transformers
7.1 Terms in which ratings shall be expressed
The ratings of a voltage transformer shall include:
a) Basic impulse insulation level in terms of full-wave test voltage (see Table 14 through Table 18, as
well as Figure 8 through Figure 15).
b) Rated primary voltage and ratio (see Table 14 through Table 18, as well as Figure 8 through Figure
15). Secondary voltage is 120 V up to 25 kV class inclusive and 115 volts above 25 kV.
c) Frequency (in Hz)
d) Accuracy ratings (see 5.3)
e) Thermal burden rating (see 7.4)
In Table 14 through Table 17, voltage transformers connected line-to-ground on an ungrounded system
cannot be considered grounding transformers and shall not be operated with the secondary windings in
closed delta because excessive currents may flow in the delta.
Table 14 —Ratings and characteristics of group 1 voltage transformers
Basic impulse insulation level

Rated voltage (V) Marked ratio
(kV peak)
120/208Y 1:1 10
240/416Y 2:1 10
300/520Y 2.5:1 10
120/208Y 1:1 30
240/416Y 2:1 30
300/520Y 2.5:1 30
480/832Y 4:1 30
600/1 040Y 5:1 30
2 400/4 160Y 20:1 60
4 200/7 270Y 35:1 75
4 800/8 320Y 40:1 75
7 200/12 470Y 60:1 110 or 95
8 400/14 400Y 70:1 110 or 95
12 000/20 750Y 100:1 150 or 125
14 400/24 940Y 120:1 150 or 125
a
Group 1 voltage transformers are for application with 100% of rated primary voltage across the primary
winding when connected line-to-line or line-to-ground. (For typical connections, see Figure 8 and Figure 9.)
Group 1 voltage transformers shall be capable of operations at 125% of rated voltage on an emergency (8 h) basis
(this capability does not preclude the possibility of ferroresonance), provided the burden, in volt-amperes at rated
voltage, does not exceed 64% of the thermal burden rating, without exceeding the following average winding
temperatures: 105 C for 55 C rise types, 115 C for 65 C rise types, and 130 C for 80 C rise types. This will
result in reduction of life expectancy.
40
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS GROUP

1-RATED VOLTAGE 2 400/4 160 Y
2 400 V DELTA
SYSTEM 2 400 V 2 400 V
THE ABOVE
TRANSFORMERS
MAY BE
2 400 V CONNECTED
LINE-TO-LINE ON A
2 400 V DELTA
SYSTEM
Figure 8 —Typical primary connections
OR
4 160 V WYE
SYSTEM-NEUTRAL
4 160 V 4 160 V
EFFECTIVELY GROUNDED
LINE-TO-NEUTRAL ON A
4 160 V 2 400 V 2 400 V 4 160 V WYE SYSTEM
2 400 V
Figure 9 —Alternative typical primary connections
Table 15 —Ratings and characteristics of group 2 voltage transformersa

(kV peak)
120 1:1 10
240 2:1 10
300 2.5:1 10
480 4:1 10
600 5:1 10
2 400 20:1 45
4 800 40:1 60
7 200 60:1 75
12 000 100:1 110 or 95
14 400 120:1 110 or 95
24 000 200:1 150 or 125
34 500 300:1 200 or 150
46 000 400:1 250
69 000 600:1 350
a
Group 2 voltage transformers are primarily for line-to-line services, and they may be applied
line-to-ground or line-to-neutral at a winding voltage equal to the primary voltage rating divided
by the square root of 3. (For typical connections, see Figure 10 and Figure 11.) Note that the
thermal burden capability will be reduced at this voltage.
41
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS GROUP

2-RATED VOLTAGE 14 400/14 400 Y
14 400 V
DELTA SYSTEM 14 400 V 14 400 V THE ABOVE
TRANSFORMERS
MAY BE CONNECTED
LINE-TO-LINE ON A
14 400 V 14 400 V SYSTEM
BUT ARE LIMITED BY
INSULATION
OR
14 400 V WYE SYSTEM
NEUTRAL GROUNDED OR
UNGROUNDED 14 400 V 14 400 V 8 314 V
LINE-TO-NEUTRAL CONNECTION
ON THE SAME SYSTEM
14 400 V 8 314 V
8 314 V
Figure 11 —Alternative typical primary connections
Table 16 —Ratings and characteristics of group 3 outdoor voltage transformersa

(kV peak)
14 400/24 940 Grd Y 120/200 & 120/200:1 150 or 125
20 125/34 500 Grd Y 175/300 & 175/300:1 200
27 600/46 000 Grd Y 240/400 & 240/400:1 250
40 250/69 000 Grd Y 350/600 & 350/600:1 350
69 000/115 000 Grd Y 600/1 000 & 600/1 000:1 550 or 450
80 500/138 000 Grd Y 700/1 200 & 700/1 200:1 650
92 000/161 000 Grd Y 800/1 400 & 800/1 400:1 750
138 000/230 000 Grd Y 1 200/2 000 & 1 200/2 000:1 1050 or 900
207 000/345 000 Grd Y 1 800/3 000 & 1 800/3 000:1 1300 or 1175
287 500/500 000 Grd Y 2 500/4 500 & 2 500/4 500:1 1800 or 1675
431 250/750 000 Grd Y 3 750/6 250 & 3 750/6 250:1 2050
NOTE—The double voltage ratio is usually achieved by a tap in the secondary winding. In such cases, the
nonpolarity terminal of the winding shall be the common terminal.
a
Group 3 voltage transformers are for line-to-ground connection only and have two secondary windings. They may be insulated-
neutral or grounded-neutral terminal type. Ratings through 92 000/161 000 Grd Y shall be capable of the square root of 3 times
rated voltage (this capability does not preclude the possibility of ferroresonance) for 1 minute without exceeding a 175 C
temperature rise for copper conductor or a 125 C rise for EC aluminum. Ratings 138 000/230 000 Grd Y and above shall be
capable of operation at 140% of rated voltage with the same limitation of time and temperature. (For typical connections, see
Figure 12.) Group 3 transformers shall be capable of continuous operation at 110% of rated voltages, provided the burden in volt-
amperes at this voltage does not exceed the thermal burden rating.
42
NOMINAL 3-PHASE SYSTEM
69 000 V WYE SYSTEM NEUTRAL VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS

GROUNDED OR UNGROUNDED GROUP 3-RATED VOLTAGE
69 000 V 69 000 V 40 250/69 000 GRD Y
69 000 V 39 837 V 39 837 V
39 837 V
ONE PRIMARY TERMINAL OF EACH TRANSFORMER IS NOT

FULLY INSULATED AND MUST BE CONNECTED TO
GROUND
Table 17 —Ratings and characteristics of group 4 indoor voltage transformersa

Group Rated voltage (V) Marked ratio
(kV peak)
Group 4A: For 2 400/4 160 Grd Y 20:1 60
operations at 4 200/7 200 Grd Y 35:1 75
approximately
4 800/8 320 Grd Y 40:1 75
100% of rated
voltage 7 200/12 470 Grd Y 60:1 110 or 95
(see Figure 13) 8 400/14 400 Grd Y 70:1 110 or 95
4 160/4 160 Grd Y 35:1 60
Group 4B: For
operation at 4 800/4 800 Grd Y 40:1 60
approximately 58% 7 200/7 200 Grd Y 60:1 75
of rated voltage 12 000/12 000 Grd Y 100:1 110 or 95
(see Figure 14)
14 400/14 400 Grd Y 120:1 110 or 95
a
Group 4 voltage transformers are for line-to-ground connection only. They may be insulated-neutral or grounded-neutral
terminal type. (For typical connections of Group 4A, see Figure 13. For typical connections of Group 4B, see Figure 14.)
Group 4 transformers shall be capable of continuous operation at 110% of rated voltages, provided the burden in volt-
amperes at this voltage does not exceed the thermal burden rating. Group 4A voltage transformers shall be capable of
operation at 125% of rated voltage on an emergency (8 h) basis (this capability does not preclude the possibility of
ferroresonance), provided the burden, in volt-amperes at rated voltage, does not exceed 64% of the thermal burden rating,
without exceeding the following average winding temperatures: 105 C for 55 C rise types, 115 C for 65 C rise types
and 130 C for 80 C rise types (this will result in a reduction of normal life expectancy).
4 160 V WYE
SYSTEM-NEUTRAL
VOLTAGE
EFFECTIVELY 4 160 4 160 TRANSFORMERS
GROUNDED V V GROUP 4A-RATED
VOLTAGE
2 400 2 400/4 160 GRD Y
2 400
4 160 V V V
LINE-TO-GROUND
ON A 4 160V WYE
2 400 V SYSTEM
Figure 13 —Typical primary connections for Group 4A
43
14 440 V WYE
SYSTEM VOLTAGE
14 400 V 14 400 V
TRANSFORMERS
GROUP 4A-RATED
VOLTAGE
14 400 V 8 314 V 8 314 V 14 400/14 400 GRD Y
LINE-TO-GROUND
ON A 14 440 V
8 314 V WYE SYSTEM
Figure 14 —Typical primary connections for Group 4B
Table 18 —Ratings and characteristics of group 5 indoor voltage transformersa

(kV peak)
7 200/12 470 Grd Y 60:1 110
8 400/14 000 Grd Y 70:1 110
12 000/20 780 Grd Y 100:1 150 or 125
14 400/24 940 Grd Y 120:1 150 or 125
20 125/34 500 Grd Y 175:1 200 or 150
a
Group 5 voltage transformers are for line-to-ground connection only, and they are for
use indoors on grounded systems. They may be insulated-neutral or grounded-neutral
terminal type. (For typical connections of Group 5, see Figure 15.) They shall be capable
of operation at 140% of rated voltage for 1 min without exceeding a 175 °C temperature
rise for copper conductor or a 125 °C rise for EC aluminum conductor. (This will result
in a reduction of normal life expectancy.) Group 5 voltage transformers shall be capable
of continuous operation at 110% of rated voltage, provided the burden, in volt-amperes at
this voltage, does not exceed the thermal burden rating. This capability does not preclude
the possibility of ferroresonance.
NOMINAL 3-PHASE SYSTEM
34 500 V WYE SYSTEM VOLTAGE

EFFECTIVELY 34 500 V 34 500 V TRANSFORMERS
GROUNDED GROUP 5-RATED
VOLTAGE
34 500 V 20 125 V 20 125 V 20 125/34 500 GRD Y
20 125 V
ONE PRIMARY TERMINAL OF EACH

TRANSFORMER IS NOT FULLY INSULATED
AND MUST BE CONNECTED TO GROUND
Figure 15 —Typical primary connections Group 5
7.2 Standard burdens
Standard burdens for voltage transformers for rating purposes are shown in Table 19.
44
Table 19 —Standard burdens for voltage transformers
Characteristics on standard
Characteristics on 120 V basisc Characteristics on 69.3 V basisc
burdensa
Power Resistance Inductance Impedance Resistance Inductance Impedance

Designation VA
factor (Ω) (H) (Ω)b (Ω) (H) (Ω)b
W 12.5 0.10 115.2 3.0400 1152 38.4 1.0100 384
X 25.0 0.70 403.2 1.0900 576 134.4 0.3640 192
M 35.0 0.20 82.3 1.0700 411 27.4 0.3560 137
Y 75.0 0.85 163.2 0.2680 192 54.4 0.0894 64
Z 200.0 0.85 61.2 0.1010 72 20.4 0.0335 24
ZZ 400.0 0.85 30.6 0.0503 36 10.2 0.0168 12
a
These burden designations have no significance except at 60 Hz.
b
c
For rated secondary voltages from 108 V through 132 V or from 62.4 V through 76.2 V, the standard burdens for accuracy tests within
10% of rated voltage are defined by the characteristic burden impedance’s at 120 V or 69.3 V, respectively. For other rated secondary
voltages, the standard burdens for accuracy tests within 10% of rated voltage are defined by the characteristic burden volt-amperes and
power factor. The characteristic volt-amperes apply at rated secondary voltage and appropriate impedances are required. When
transformers with rated secondary voltage from 108 V through 132 V are tested at secondary voltages within 10% of 1/2 times rated
voltage, the standard burdens for accuracy test are defined by the characteristic burden impedances at 69.3 V. When transformers with
other rated secondary volts are to be tested at secondary voltages within 10% of 1/√3 times rated voltage, the standard burdens for
accuracy test are defined by the characteristic burden volt-amperes and the power factor. The characteristic volt-amperes apply at 1/√3
times rated voltage; for a given standard burden, the burden impedance is lower and the changes in accuracy resulting from burden
current are greater than at rated voltage.
7.3 Accuracy ratings
7.3.1 Assignment of accuracy ratings
A voltage transformer shall be assigned an accuracy rating for each of the standard burdens for which it is
rated (see Clause 5). The accuracy class may be stated for the maximum burden for which it is rated and
will imply that all other lower burdens shall be in that class; e.g., 0.3Z would imply 0.3 class at 0, W, X, M,
Y, and Z. If the class is different at other burdens, it shall be stated as follows: 0.3Y, 0.6Z, and 1.2ZZ, or it
may be stated at a specific burden, such as 0.3 @ Y, where the accuracy class is not guaranteed for other
burdens unless specifically stated.
7.3.2 Accuracy classification for voltage transformers with two secondary windings
or tapped secondary windings
The burden on any two secondary terminals affects the accuracy on all other terminals. The burden stated
in the accuracy ratings is the total burden on the transformer. The accuracy class shall apply with the
burden divided between the secondary outputs in any manner.
7.4 Thermal burden ratings
The thermal burden rating of a voltage transformer shall be specified in terms of the maximum burden in
volt-amperes that the transformer can carry at rated secondary voltage without exceeding the temperature
rise given in Table 4.
If no thermal burden in volt-amperes rating is given, the thermal burden rating in volt-amperes shall be the
same as the maximum standard burden for which an accuracy rating is given.
45
Each winding, including the primary winding, of a multiple-secondary transformer shall be given a thermal
burden rating. If only one thermal burden rating is specified, it shall be equally divided among the
secondary windings unless otherwise specified.
7.5 Nameplates
Voltage transformers shall be provided with nameplates that shall include, as a minimum, the following
information (see Table 7):
a) Manufacturer’s name or trademark

b) Manufacturer’s type
c) Manufacturer’s serial number
d) Year of manufacture
e) Rated primary voltage
f) Rated secondary voltage(s)
g) Basic impulse insulation level (BIL kV)
h) Rated frequency (in Hz)
i) Thermal burden rating(s) at ambient temperature(s), in volt-amperes at degrees Celsius
j) Accuracy rating: the highest accuracy rating at the maximum standard burden (e.g., 0.3ZZ)
k) Applicable standard (IEEE Std C57.13 for Class 1 and IEEE Std C57.13.5 for Class 2)
l) For oil-filled transformers the nameplate shall indicate that the transformer contains no detectable
levels of PCB at the time of manufacture
7.6 Terminals
Primary terminals shall be electrically and mechanically suitable for use with either copper or aluminum
conductors. Secondary terminals shall be electrically and mechanically suitable for use with copper
conductors.
7.7 Short-circuit capability
Voltage transformers shall be capable of withstanding for 1 second the mechanical and thermal stresses
resulting from a short circuit on the secondary terminals with full voltage maintained on the primary
terminals. “Capable of withstanding” shall be interpreted to mean that, if subjected to this duty, the voltage
transformer shall show no damage and it shall be capable of meeting the other applicable requirements of
this standard. The temperature of the conductors in the windings of voltage transformers under short-circuit
conditions shall be determined from calculations using the methods specified in 13.1. The limiting
temperature shall be 250 C for copper conductors or 200 C for EC aluminum conductors. A maximum
temperature of 250 C shall be allowed for aluminum alloys that have resistance to annealing properties at
250 C equivalent to EC aluminum at 200 C, or for applications of EC aluminum where the characteristics
of the fully annealed material satisfy the mechanical requirements.
46
7.8 Application data
Characteristic data shall be made available upon request as follows:
a) Typical ratio correction factor and phase angle curves for rated primary voltage (and, when
specified, for rated primary voltage divided by the square root of 3), plotted for the standard
burdens from 0 VA to the volt-amperes of the burden, and also plotted for unity power factor
burden from 0 VA to the volt-amperes of the largest standard burden plotted. Ratio correction
factor and phase angle data for other burdens may be calculated by methods outlined in 8.1 and
10.1.
b) Accuracy ratings for all standard burdens up to and including the maximum standard burden rating
of the transformer.
7.9 Induced voltage test
See 8.5.4 for test frequency and duration. The test voltage shall be as follows:
CAUTION
Many
a) Forof the tests calledwith
transformers for in
twothis subclause
fully involve
insulated high
primary voltage. the
terminals, Therefore, they shall
test voltage should
be be performed
twice the rated
only by experienced personnel
voltage of the windings. familiar with any dangers that may exist in the test setups and test
procedures. Although some dangers are specifically pointed out herein, it is impractical to list all
possible dangers
b) For insulated-neutral or grounded-neutral and precautions.
terminal-type transformers, the test voltage shall be equal
to the power frequency withstand voltage specified in Table 2 for the BIL.
7.10 Routine accuracy tests
These tests shall be made on each transformer and shall consist of ratio and phase angle tests at 100% of
rated primary voltage at rated frequency with zero burden, and with the maximum standard burden for
which the transformer is rated at its best accuracy class.
8. Test procedures applicable to instrument transformers
CAUTION
Many of the tests called for in this clause involve high voltage. Therefore, they should be performed
only by experienced personnel familiar with any dangers that may exist in the test setups and test
procedures. Although some dangers are specifically pointed out herein, it is impractical to list all
possible dangers and precautions.
47
8.1 Ratio and phase angle measurement and calculations
8.1.1 Uncertainty limits
The maximum uncertainties for test and calculation shall be as follows:
a) Revenue metering applications: to have proper traceability the uncertainty ratio of the accuracy
measuring systems shall be no less than 4:1, as specified in ANSI/NCSL Z540-3. For example: for
the 0.3 class transformers, the system’s errors shall not exceed ±0.075% for ratio and ±0.75 mrad
(2.6 min) for phase angle.
b) Other applications: ±1.2% for ratio and ±17.5 mrad (1°) for phase angle.
In selecting the measurement method to use from those listed in this subclause, the maximum uncertainty
should be considered. For example, item b) includes relaying, load control, and similar applications. For
these applications, acceptable uncertainty is usually obtainable with nonprecise methods not discussed
herein.
The equipment used for accuracy tests shall be traceable to a national or international standards bureau or
agency. Records of accuracy verification for the calibration systems by an independent laboratory shall be
regularly maintained.
The maximum interval shall be five years for non-electronic equipment and one year for electronic devices,
unless specified otherwise by the measuring equipment manufacturer.
8.1.2 General
Instrument transformers considered herein are designed either for metering or for relaying applications. The
ratio of a transformer can be described by Equation (5):
Q1
Q2  NO  (1 a)  e

(5)
jb
where
Q1 is the primary phasor

Q2 is the secondary phasor
NO is the nominal ratio of the above phasors
a is the correction to the nominal ratio of the phasors
b is the phase angle between phasors (positive when the secondary phasor leads the primary phasor)
[in radians]
The expression in Cartesian form is close enough, and is as shown in Equation (6) as
follows:
Q1 (6)
 N O (1 a  jb)
Q2
where
(1 + a) is identified as the RCF
48
If the transformer is to be used for revenue metering, the method of calibration shall permit the
determination of both the ratio and the phase angle to the uncertainties prescribed in 8.1.1. If the
transformer is to be used only for relaying, only the ratio needs to be determined. This may be achieved
either experimentally or by computation.
8.1.3 Special considerations in calibration for metering purposes
The circuit shall be arranged to avoid or minimize spurious magnetic coupling and the consequent
generation of unknown electromotive forces. Thus, the measuring network should be as far removed as is
practical from conductors carrying large currents, and twisted bifilar or coaxial leads shall be used to
minimize effects from loops.
The proper location of grounds and the proper use of electrostatic shielding and guarding networks are
critical. These locations are governed by the type of circuit and cannot be uniquely prescribed. The
controlling criterion is arranged so that spurious capacitance current cannot enter or leave the measuring
circuit. The arrangement shall eliminate these leakage paths or otherwise control them so that the
capacitance effects are negligible or adequately calculable.
The error of an instrument transformer is a function of current (or voltage), burden, and frequency. For the
minimum uncertainty, the calibration shall be made under the conditions the transformer will encounter in
service. This requirement is appreciably more stringent for current transformers (CTs) than for voltage
transformers (VTs), since the excitation of the CT core varies over wide limits. The voltage normally
applied to the VT is nearly constant so that its excitation varies over a limited range. Also, the error of a
voltage transformer at a given voltage can be computed for any burden at any power factor if the errors are
known for zero burden and for another burden at known power factor.
The errors of a current transformer may be influenced by its location and orientation relative to nearby
high-current conductors. To achieve reproducible results, such conductors should be arranged to minimize
current transformer errors.
To ensure meaningful results, the current transformer shall be demagnetized prior to calibration. Even after
demagnetization, stray direct currents present in the test circuit, e.g., from a dc resistance measurement,
may remagnetize the transformer and introduce errors that will not permit reproducible results.
The errors of a voltage transformer that is not completely enclosed within a shielded structure, such as a
metal tank, can be influenced by the proximity of nearby objects. However, except for high-precision
laboratory measurements, this effect is usually negligible.
Heating effects are also of particular importance in accuracy testing of current transformers. Where
relatively high magnitudes of primary or secondary current, or both, are involved, the test equipment
should have sufficient thermal capacity to permit making the necessary measurements without significant
heating. In making overcurrent accuracy tests, such as for relaying application, care should be exercised to
ensure that (1) the short-time thermal current rating of the transformer under test is not exceeded and (2)
self-heating during the measurements does not materially alter the characteristics being measured.
8.2 Impedance, excitation, and composite error measurements
8.2.1 Impedance measurements
Impedance measurements discussed in 8.2.2 uses terminology typically used for power and distribution
transformers. Impedance measurements discussed in 9.3.1 and 10.2.1 use terminology typically used for
instrument transformers.
49
8.2.2 Impedance voltage
The voltage required to circulate the rated current of the transformer under short-circuit conditions is the
impedance voltage of the transformer as viewed from the terminals of the excited winding.
The impedance voltage is comprised of an equivalent resistance component and a reactive component. It is
not practical to measure these components separately, but after the loss and the impedance voltage are
measured, the components may be separated by calculation.
It is sufficient to measure and adjust the current in the excited winding only, because the current in the
short-circuited winding will be the correct value (except for a negligible excitation current) when the
current in the excited winding is correct. The introduction of current-measuring equipment in series with
the short-circuited winding may introduce large errors in the impedance measurements.
For two-winding transformers, one of the windings (either the high-turn or the low-turn) is short-circuited,
and voltage at rated frequency is applied to the other winding and adjusted to circulate rated current in the
winding.
For transformers having more than two windings, the impedance voltage is a function of the test
connections used. When making tests on multiple-winding transformers, the windings should be connected
in such a manner as to provide the correct impedance data for the purpose intended.
Resistive and reactive components of the impedance voltage are determined by the use of Equation (7) and
Equation (8).
Pz
V 
(7)
r
I
Vx  V 2  V 2 (8)
zr
where
Vr is the voltage, in-phase component

Vx is the voltage, quadrature component
Vz is the impedance voltage
Pz is the power in watts
I is the current in amperes in excited winding
The I2R losses of the two windings are calculated from the ohmic resistance measurements (corrected to the
temperature at which the impedance test is made) and the currents that are used in the impedance
measurement. These I2R losses subtracted from the impedance loss give the stray losses of the transformer.
The temperature of the windings shall be taken immediately before and after the impedance measurements
in a manner similar to that described in 8.4. The average shall be taken as the true temperature.
8.2.3 Exciting current and excitation loss measurements
Loss measurements are not mandatory and only need to be performed if requested. The circuit connection
for the measurement of exciting current and loss is shown in Figure 16. A series of simultaneous readings
are taken on the ammeter, rms reading voltmeter, average reading voltmeter, calibrated in rms, and
wattmeter.
50
Figure 16 —Circuit for measuring excitation current and loss
The following two excitation current curves can be drawn from the data obtained:
a) Curve 1—Average reading voltmeter versus the ammeter

b) Curve 2—rms voltmeter versus the ammeter
If these curves differ, the supply voltage is not a sine wave. In this case, curve 1 will be lower and curve 2
will be higher than the corresponding curve for sine wave voltage. If the two curves are within 2% of each
other, either curve can be used without correction. If they differ by 2% to 10%, the value of the average
reading voltmeter is used to determine the excitation current on a sine-wave basis. If they differ by more
than 10%, very serious waveform distortion is indicated and appropriate circuit changes shall be made.11
The excitation loss of a transformer includes the dielectric loss and core loss. It is measured by the
wattmeter in Figure 16.
The excitation loss determination is based on a sine wave voltage applied to the terminals of the
transformer. Peaked voltage waves (form factor greater than 1.11) resulting generally from the nonlinear
character of the excitation load of the transformer on the test source, give smaller excitation losses than a
sine wave voltage. Flat-topped voltage waves, rarely encountered in such tests, give larger losses.
Current transformer cores should be demagnetized just prior to excitation loss measurements, and all
measurements should be made on the low-current winding with other windings open-circuited
WARNING
8.2.3.1 Composite error measurements
This circuit may result in abnormally high voltages at the high-voltage terminals and abnormally low
Thiscurrents
method in
maythebeexcitation
performedcircuit of certain
as shown voltage
in Figure 16 transformers.
except withoutSafety precautions
the wattmeter. Theshould be taken
exciting current is
measured at an induction level equivalent to rated current with standard rated burden. The exciting current
may be considered the total error as defined in 9.1.2.3.
11
Very large waveform distortion can be detected more conveniently by oscilloscope or wave analyzer.
51
8.2.4 Measurements for high magnetic flux densities
Measurements on voltage transformers and current transformers under overcurrent conditions are made
using the average-reading voltmeter. The average value of the test voltage applied shall be the same as the
average value of the desired sine wave of voltage at the proper frequency. Under this condition, the
hysteresis component of the loss will be correct.
It is recommended that the test be made on the low-voltage winding with all other windings open circuited.
When the low-voltage winding is excited, full voltage will appear across the high-voltage winding and
safety precautions shall be taken.
Low-voltage windings shall be grounded at a single point.
After the voltage is adjusted to the desired value as indicated by the average-reading voltmeter, the
simultaneous values of rms voltage, power, and current are recorded. Then the tare on the wattmeter,
representing the losses of the connected instruments, is read and subtracted from the earlier wattmeter
reading to obtain the excitation loss of the transformer.
Exciting current measurements are obtained at the same time that loss measurements are made. In order to
obtain the correct exciting current measurement, the tare on the ammeter, which represents the current
taken by the voltage elements of the wattmeter and voltmeters, shall be measured and subtracted vectorially
from the previous current measurements. If the readings of voltage as indicated on the rms voltmeter and
the average-reading voltmeter differ by more than 2%, the measurements shall also be corrected for
waveform (see IEEE Std 4).
8.3 Polarity
The lead polarity of a transformer is a designation of the relative instantaneous directions of currents in its
leads. Primary and secondary leads are said to have the same polarity when at a given instant the current
enters the primary lead in question and leaves the secondary lead in question in the same direction as
though the two leads formed a continuous circuit.
Two methods are in common use for determining the polarity of instrument transformers. They are as
follows:
a) Comparison with a transformer of known polarity (see 9.4.1 and 10.3.1)

b) The direct comparison of winding voltages
8.3.1 Direct comparison of winding voltages
To determine the polarity of instrument transformers using this method, do the following:
a) Connect the high-turn and low-turn windings as shown in Figure 17. In most cases, the high-turn
winding of a current transformer is X1X2 and that of a voltage transformer is H1H2.
b) Energize the circuit from a controlled voltage source at the terminals AB of the high-turn winding.
c) Read the value of the voltages across AB and BD.
d) If the voltage across BD is less than the voltage across AB, the polarity is as marked. If the voltage
across BD is greater than the voltage across AB, the polarity is reversed.
52
WARNING
The source voltage should always be impressed across the high turn winding; otherwise, dangerously
high voltages might be encountered.
NOTE—The suitability of this method for high-ratio transformers is limited by the sensitivity of the voltmeter used.
Figure 17 —Polarity by comparison of winding voltages
8.4 Resistance measurements
These measurements are made on instrument transformers for the following reasons:
a) To calculate relaying accuracy of type C current transformers

b) To establish the winding resistance at a known temperature for use in temperature rise tests
c) To calculate winding temperatures and temperature rises at the completion of temperature rise tests
d) To permit calculation of ratios under load conditions (for voltage transformers)
e) To confirm Rct for X class current transformers
A resistance can be measured either as a two-terminal

WARNING network or as a four-terminal network. In a two-
terminal measurement, the resistance network is connected to the measuring circuit through one pair of
leads.Windings other
Thus, both than the
contact one whose
resistance resistance
at the points isofbeing measured
connection andshould be short circuited.
lead resistance become This
part is
of the
important both as a safety measure to prevent the induction of high voltages and to reduce the time
resistance being measured, and to the extent they are unknown, the two-terminal resistance is indefinite.
required for the direct current to stabilize.
If, however, a resistance network is made four-terminal, its resistance can be defined precisely and can be
measured by four-terminal techniques. One pair of terminals (current terminals) is located outside a second
pair (potential terminals) as shown in Figure 18.
53
Figure 18 —Four-terminal network for resistance measurement
The resistance is defined as the open-circuit voltage across the potential terminals divided by the current
entering and leaving the current terminals. Thus, for example, if the resistance of a winding between two
points ‘a’ and ‘b’ is needed, the potential leads are connected to terminals P1 and P2, and the current leads
are connected to terminals C1 and C2.
There is no precise rule that governs the selection of a four-terminal measurement over a two-terminal one.
The choice depends primarily on the magnitude of the resistance and on the accuracy to which it is to be
measured. However, either contact resistance or uncertainties in lead resistance may be as much as 0.01 Ω.
Both two-terminal and four-terminal resistance measurements may be made using voltmeter-ammeter
methods or bridge methods. The four-terminal measurement should be used for resistances of 1 Ω and
below. Resistance bridges suitable to measure the resistance down to the µohm range are commercially
available.
8.4.1 Voltmeter ammeter methods
The voltmeter-ammeter method to be employed is described in 5.3.1 of IEEE Std C57.12.90.
8.4.2 Bridge methods
When a two-terminal measurement is adequate, the Wheatstone bridge is recommended. When four-
terminal measurements are necessary, the double-ratio arm (Kelvin) bridge is required. Both types are
commercially available and require minimum external equipment.
The Wheatstone bridge consists of a pair of ratio arms, an adjustable resistance arm for achieving balance,
and an arm containing the resistance to be measured. In the commercial versions, the ratio arms are
equipped so that any one of several ratios can be readily selected. Thus, resistances can be measured over a
wide range with maximum resolution available from the adjustable arm.
The double-ratio arm bridge is more complex in both its design and its operation. Textbooks in electrical
measurements contain excellent discussions of the bridge and should be consulted. Generally speaking, the
bridge measures a four-terminal resistance in such a way that its points of attachment to the measuring
circuit and its lead resistances do not enter into the measurement.
The lowest measurement uncertainty available from either type of bridge can be obtained if a substitution
technique is employed. The technique, however, requires a known standard whose nominal value is the
same as the resistance being measured. The bridge is first balanced with the standard in the unknown arm
and is then rebalanced with the standard replaced by the unknown resistor. In this way, only the small
difference between the two is measured, and since the other arms of the bridge remain unchanged, their
values need not be known.
54
8.4.3 Reference temperature measurements
The reference temperature of the winding shall be determined accurately when measuring the winding
resistance of the relaying accuracy current transformers and for use in temperature rise tests. The
temperature of the winding shall not be assumed to be the same as the surrounding air.
The resistance measurements shall be made on a transformer only when the winding temperature is stable.
The temperature is considered stable if the external surface temperature of dry-type transformers or top
liquid temperature of oil-filled transformers does not vary more than 1 ºC in a 1-hour period.
8.5 Dielectric tests
Dielectric tests should be made with the transformer at room temperature, and unless otherwise specified,
the voltage should be measured in accordance with IEEE Std 4.
When tests are required on bushings or insulators separately from the transformers, the tests shall be made
in accordance with IEEE Std C57.19.00.
8.5.1 Factory dielectric tests
The purpose of dielectric tests in the factory is to check the insulation and workmanship and to demonstrate
that the transformer has been designed to withstand the specified insulation tests.
Impulse tests, when required, shall precede the low-frequency tests.
8.5.2 Dielectric tests by the user
It is recognized that the dielectric tests impose a severe stress on the insulation and, if applied frequently,
will hasten breakdown or may cause breakdown. The stress imposed, of course, is more severe the higher
the value of the applied voltage. Hence, periodic testing may not be advisable.
It is recommended that initial user tests of insulation should not be in excess of 75% of the factory test
voltage; that for old apparatus rebuilt in the field, tests should not be in excess of 75% of the factory test
voltage; and the periodic insulation tests by the user should not be in excess of 65% of the factory test
voltage. Tests made by the user for design approval may be made at 100% of the factory test voltage.
8.5.3 Applied voltage tests
The terminal ends and taps brought out of the case from the winding under test shall all be joined together
and connected to the line terminal of the testing transformer. All other terminals and parts (including tank
and core, if accessible) should be connected to ground and to the other terminal of the testing transformer.
The ground connection between the apparatus being tested and the testing transformer shall be a substantial
metallic circuit.
Wire of sufficient size and suitable arrangement to prevent excessive partial discharge (corona) at the test
voltage should be used in connecting the respective taps, line terminals, and the test transformer together.
Care shall be taken to keep the wire on the high-voltage side well away from the ground. No appreciable
impedance should be placed between the testing transformer and the one under test.
55
It is recommended that a suitable current-sensitive failure detection device be provided. The reason for this
is that the voltage change across the test transformer at failure may not easily be detected by observation of
the input voltmeter.
As a safety precaution, a relief gap set at a voltage 10% to 20% in excess of the specified test voltage
should be connected during the applied voltage test. For instrument transformers to be tested at 50 kV or
less, it is permissible to omit the relief gap (see 8.5).
The applied test voltage should be started at one third or less of full value and increased gradually to full
value in not more than 15 s. After being held for 1 minute, it should be reduced gradually in not more than
15 s to one third of the maximum value or less and the circuit opened.
The applied voltage test requirements for insulated-neutral-terminal types of voltage transformers are
specified in 4.5.
The test frequency shall be 60 Hz.
8.5.4 Induced voltage tests
These tests are made by applying voltage to one winding with all the other windings open. One end of each
winding shall be grounded during this test. Usually the voltage is applied to the low-voltage winding. When
the voltage across any winding will exceed 50 kV during this test, some means should be provided to verify
the voltage.
As this test (if made at rated frequency) overexcites the transformer under test, the frequency of the applied
voltage should be such as to prevent saturation of the core. Ordinarily this requirement necessitates the use
of a frequency of 120 Hz or more when exciting 60 Hz units. For those types that have large distributed
capacitance, the excitation current increases with the frequency of the applied voltage, making it necessary
to guard against an exciting current that will exceed 200% normal load current based on the thermal rating.
When frequencies higher than 120 Hz are used, the severity of the test is abnormally increased, and for this
reason, the duration of the test should be reduced in accordance with Table 20.
The voltage should be started at one-third or less of the full value and be increased gradually to full value in
not more than 15 s. After being held for the duration of time specified in Table 20, it should be reduced
gradually in not more than 15 s to one-third the maximum value, or less, and the circuit opened.
Voltage transformers in polyphase metering equipment may be tested with single-phase voltage. Usually
the specified test voltage is applied to one of the windings on each core with the neutral ends of the open
windings grounded.
Table 20 —Full voltage duration for induced voltage tests
Frequency Duration
(Hz) (s)
120 or less 60
180 40
240 30
360 20
400 18
56
8.6 Partial discharge measurement
Partial discharge (PD) tests are intended to determine the freedom of internal insulation from damaging
internal discharges.
The preferred arrangement for making the partial discharge test is to have the instrument transformer under
test to be fully assembled prior to conducting the test; however, during the partial discharge test, if external
fittings or hardware on the assembled transformer being tested results in interfering with the test, they may
be removed or provided with supplementary shielding.
Oil-filled, gas-filled, and dry-type instrument transformers 5 kV nominal system voltage and above shall be
given a partial discharge test as a routine test. No test shall be made on terminals that are intended to be
grounded.
At the discretion of the manufacturer, the induced or applied voltage and partial discharge tests may be
performed together.
The background noise level shall be in accordance with IEC 60270.
If necessary, external electrodes may be used for the primary terminal and the ground of the transformer.
The test method shall be in accordance with IEC 60270. For typical test circuits see IEC 60270.
When using a 60 Hz pre-stress voltage it shall be maintained for a minimum of 60 s; where a higher
frequency is used the duration may be reduced as per Table 20. Subsequently the test voltage shall be
reduced to the level of the prescribed extinction voltage, which shall then be maintained for a minimum of
30 s. The partial discharge intensity shall be measured during this time. It is recommended that the
reduction from the pre-stress to test voltage be done over approximately 10 s.
The transformer shall be considered as having met the requirements if the partial discharge intensity
measured at the prescribed extinction voltage level is equal to or less than 10 pC for oil-filled or gas-filled
transformers, and 50 pC for dry-type insulation systems.12
For current transformers the test voltage shall be applied to H1 and H2. All secondary terminals and the
base shall be grounded.
For line-to-line voltage transformers, the partial discharge shall be measured for each of the following
connections:
a) The test voltage shall be applied to H1. H2, one end of each secondary winding, and the base shall
be grounded.
b) The test voltage shall be applied to H2. H1, one end of each secondary winding, and the base shall
be grounded.
For line-to-ground voltage transformers the test voltage shall be applied to H1. H2, one end of each
secondary winding and the base shall be grounded.
For combination units containing both a voltage and current transformer the pre-stress and prescribed
extinction test voltages shall be based upon the guidelines established below for voltage transformers. The
connections for the combination units are to be made with the voltage applied to H1 and H2 with the
current transformer secondary terminals grounded one secondary of the voltage transformer grounded and
the base grounded.
12
It is recommended that the actual measured partial discharge extinction voltage be recorded.
57
A partial discharge test shall be made after all dielectric tests are completed; however, the partial discharge
test may be performed while decreasing the voltage after the induced or applied voltage test. If the
measured PD level exceeds the permitted limits, a separate test shall be performed and shall govern.
Table 21 — Partial discharge test voltages
Nominal system Maximum system Prescribed

Pre-stress voltage
voltage voltage extinction voltage
(kV, rms)
(kV, rms) (kV, rms) (kV, rms)
115 123 185 107
138 145 220 126
161 170 260 147
315 a
230 245 212

370
Routine Type Routine Type
testb test testb test
410 510a
345 362 300 362
460 575
545 680a
500 550 435 550
665 830
765 800 780 975 665 800
a
The values shown are for the reduced insulation levels in reference to Table 2.
b
The standard recognizes the difficulties of partial discharge measurement at these voltage levels
under the industrial environments with high noise level. The problem is aggravated if the test
laboratories are undersized and world-class extra-high-voltage laboratories are required. Therefore,
for the transformers of these voltage ratings, the prescribed extinction voltages are reduced to 1.5
times the rated voltages, which are considered still acceptable since the ground fault factor for a
grounded or effectively grounded system does not exceed 1.4.
8.6.1 Partial discharge measurement for voltage transformers for a nominal

system voltage of 72 kV and below
For voltage transformers the requirements are as follows:
a) The pre-stress voltage is expressed in the formula below.

Pre-stress voltage = (Primary rating voltage) × 1.8
b) The prescribed extinction voltage is expressed in the formula below.
Prescribed extinction voltage = (Primary rating voltage) × 1.2
For Group 1 transformers with extended overvoltage ratings the 1.2 multiplier indicated above may be
changed by agreement between the customer and manufacturer.
Line-to-line voltage transformer example:
Nominal system voltage = 15 kV
Primary rating voltage = 14.4 kV
Pre-stress voltage = 14.4 × 1.8 = 25.92 kV
Prescribed extinction voltage = 14.4 × 1.2 = 17.28 kV
58
Line-to-ground voltage transformer example:
Detail = 7200 / 12470GY
Primary rating voltage = 7.2 kV
Pre-stress voltage = 7.2 × 1.8 = 12.96 kV
Prescribed extinction voltage = 7.2 × 1.2 = 8.64 kV
8.6.2 Partial discharge measurement for current transformers for a nominal system
voltage of 72 kV and below
For current transformers the requirements are as follows:
a) The pre-stress voltage is expressed in the formula below

Pre-stress voltage = (Nominal system voltage) × 1.8
b) The prescribed extinction voltage is expressed in the formula below

Prescribed extinction voltage = (Nominal system voltage / √3) ×
1.2
Medium voltage current transformer example:
Pre-stress voltage = 15 × 1.8 = 27 kV
Prescribed extinction voltage = (15 / √3) × 1.2 = 10.4 kV
9. Test procedures applicable to current transformers
9.1.1 Accuracy calculations for current transformers
For current transformers having substantially continuous ring cores, uniformly distributed secondary
windings, and having either a centrally located primary conductor or a uniformly distributed primary
winding, the values of ratio, ratio error, and phase angle may be obtained by calculation (computation)
from the obtained secondary excitation characteristics at the rated frequency.
Although the following indirect test will lead to results which are close to the results obtained in the direct
test, the routine accuracy tests for the metering current transformers shall always be performed as a direct
test. On the other hand, the alternative method is suitable for on-site measurements, and for monitoring
purposes.
59
For current transformers with negligible leakage fluxes, the equivalent circuit shown in Figure 19 and the
vector diagram shown in Figure 20 are suitable for calculations. It shall be noted that the alternative
(indirect) method never considers the influence of stray fluxes entering the core from the adjacent
conductors.
Figure 19 —Simplified equivalent circuit of current transformer

The following definitions apply to Figure 19:
Ns is the secondary turns on the current transformer
Np is the primary turns on the current transformer
Rs is the resistance of transformer secondary
Rb is the resistance of secondary burden
Xb is the reactance of secondary burden
Ip is the primary current
Is is the secondary current
Ie is the exciting current
Im is the magnetizing current
Ia is the current associated with the loss (or active
component) Xm is the reactive component of the magnetizing
impedance
60
Rm is the resistive component of the magnetizing
impedance Ep is the primary voltage
Eo is induced voltage in magnetizing circuit
Es is the secondary terminal voltage
Assuming that electric and magnetic components of transformer and burden are linear, and primary current
is sinusoidal, then performance of this transformer can be illustrated by the following vector diagram.
Figure 20 —Vector diagram of Figure 19

In Figure 20, IS represents the secondary current. It flows through the total secondary impedance Z Σ of the
secondary winding and the burden which determines the magnitude and direction of the induced voltage E O
and of the flux Φ which is perpendicular to the voltage vector. This flux is maintained by the exciting
current Ie, having a magnetizing component I m parallel to the flux Φ, and a loss (or active) component I a
parallel to the voltage. The vector sum of the secondary current IS and the exciting current Ie is the vector
I’P representing the primary current I P divided by the turns ratio (number of secondary turns to number of
primary turns).
For a current transformer with the turns ratio equal to the rated transformation ratio, the difference in the
lengths of the vectors IS and I’P, related to the length of I’ P, is the current ratio error (RE), and the angular
difference β is a phase angle (PA).
61
9.1.2 Calculation of current transformer performance from secondary

excitation characteristics and equivalent circuits13
9.1.2.1 Determination of current transformer turns ratio
A substantially sinusoidal voltage ES is injected between secondary terminals X1 and X2 of the CT. The
voltage EP across the terminals H1and H2, and exciting current Ie are measured. The value of ES should be
selected to obtain measureable voltages on both windings but shall not exceed the knee point voltage EK.
Turns ratio may be determined from the relationship:
NS EO
NP  EP (9)
where
NS is turns on the secondary winding

NP is turns on the primary winding
EO is (ES – Ie×RS)
RS is the resistance of the secondary winding at 75 °C
In the case of window-type CTs an artificial primary winding has to be established. If they are installed on
equipment, consideration shall be taken as to what the artificial primary winding used in this test is
comprised of.
9.1.2.2 Calculation of current transformer ratio error and phase angle
Determine the equivalent operational secondary voltage ET at the desired secondary current IS (i.e., 5 A, 0.5
A, or some other point of interest) and burden
ET  IS  Z (10)
where
Z  R SB RX
2
B
2
(11)
RB is the resistance component of the secondary burden

XB is the reactive component of the secondary burden
Inject the substantially sinusoidal voltage ET between secondary terminals X1 and X2 of the CT. The
secondary exciting current Ie is measured.
Employing fundamental formulas for current transformer (see Harris [B9]), the accuracy performance
yields:
 Ie 
Ratio Error (RE) =   sin( ) (12)

I
S
13
Refer to 8.2.3 for additional information.
62
 Ie 
Phase Angle (PA) =   cos( ) (13)

I
S
where
Φ is the angle between impedance ZΣ and resistance RΣ = (RS + RB)

θ is the angle between apparent power VA and active power W
9.1.2.3 Calculation of current transformer composite error
From Equation (10) determine the equivalent operational secondary voltage E T at some desired secondary
current IS (rated current, 20 times rated current, or some other point of interest) and burden. Inject the
substantially sinusoidal voltage ET between secondary terminals X1 and X2 of the CT. The secondary
exciting current Ie is measured.
 Ie  
The percent composite error =   100 % (14)
I
 S  
9.1.3 Application of calculating methods to type C relaying accuracy current transformers
Since T-type current transformers have appreciable leakage flux entering the core, they cannot be
represented adequately by an equivalent circuit. This type of current transformer does not lend itself to
simple, accurate calculations. Therefore, these calculations are primarily applicable to types C, i.e.,
bushing-type current transformers for relaying service.
Since these transformers are generally multiratio, the most useful form in which the transformer secondary
excitation characteristics may be given is a family of curves similar to Figure 1 showing the excitation
voltage and currents on the secondary winding turns base for each ratio. These curves are usually
determined from test data taken on a typical unit of a given design by the method covered in 8.2.3.
9.2 Demagnetization
Two methods are presented below for demagnetizing current transformers:
a) Method 1. Connect the current transformer in the test circuit as shown in Table 21. Apply enough
current to the high-turn winding (usually X1X2) to saturate the core of the transformer as
determined by the ammeter and voltmeter readings; then slowly reduce the current to zero. The
rated secondary current of the transformer shall not be exceeded.
63
Figure 21 —Method 1: Circuit for demagnetizing current

transformers
b) Method 2. Connect the current transformer in the test circuit as shown in Figure 22. Pass rated
current through the low-turn winding (usually H1H2). Increase the resistance R in the high-turn
winding (usually X1X2) circuit until the transformer core is saturated and then slowly reduce the
resistance to zero and disconnect the current source. Saturation of the core is indicated by a
reduction of current in the high-turn winding circuit.
Figure 22—Method 2: Circuit for demagnetizing current

transformers
WARNING
9.3AImpedance measurements
continuously variable resistance shall be used to avoid opening the high turn winding circuit when
resistance values are changed, since, as the resistance is increased, the voltage across the resistance
will approach the dangerous open-circuit value.
9.3.1 Current transformer short-circuit impedance measurements
The measured short-circuit impedance of a current transformer is the sum of the primary and secondary
impedance. Since the secondary impedance cannot be determined from this information alone, the data
64
obtained is of little value in the calculation of ratio and phase angle characteristics. However, it is of value
in determining the burden imposed on main transformers by auxiliary transformers.
Except for current, the quantities measured in making impedance measurements on current transformers are
extremely small and great care shall be exercised in order to obtain accurate results.
For the purpose of impedance measurements, current transformers can be divided into the following three
types, according to their physical details:
a) Type 1: Bushing-type, window-type, or bar-type, with turns well distributed about the core. In
current transformers of this type, the leakage reactance is extremely small and the impedance may
be considered to be the resistance of the whole winding or that part to be used if it is well
distributed. The manufacturer should be consulted if the winding distribution is not known.
b) Type 2: Wound type in which the high-current (primary) terminals are at opposite ends of the
transformer. Transformers of this type should be excited from the high-current winding with the
low-current winding short circuited, because a short circuit on the high-current winding will
introduce appreciable error in the measurement due to the added impedance of the short-circuiting
connections.
It is recommended that the three-voltmeter method, as described in 10.2.1, be used for impedance
measurement on this type of transformer.
c) Type 3: Wound type in which the high-current (primary) leads are brought out parallel to each
other through a single bushing. Current transformers of this type may be excited from either the
high-current or the low-current winding with the other winding short circuited.
Either the three-voltmeter method or the wattmeter, voltmeter, ammeter method can be used for
impedance measurements on transformers of this type, depending on which winding is excited.
9.4 Polarity
9.4.1 Comparison with a transformer of known polarity
To determine the polarity of current transformers using this method, do the following:
a) Connect the transformers as shown in Figure 23.
b) Energize the circuit from a controlled current source so that the test current flows in the H1 H2
windings as shown in Figure 23.
c) If the ammeter reads the sum of the currents in the high-turn windings, the polarity of the unknown
transformer is reversed. If the ammeter reads the difference of currents in the high-turn windings,
the polarity of the unknown transformer is as marked.
65
Figure 23—Polarity by comparison with current transformer of known polarity
10. Test procedures applicable to voltage transformers
10.1.1 Accuracy calculations for voltage transformers
Several methods are available for calculating the accuracy of voltage transformers at different burdens.
These methods, utilizing winding impedances and core excitation characteristics, are subject to some
limitations and give results having less precision than those methods that employ a combination of test and
calculation.
The latter methods, using measured values of true ratio and phase angle at zero burden and one other
burden within the maximum standard burden rating of the transformer, yield results having a high degree of
precision. This is possible because both the ratio and the phase angle of a voltage transformer give
practically straight lines when plotted against secondary current at a given voltage, power factor, and
frequency.
10.1.2 Calculation of voltage transformer ratio and phase angle from known zero and
rated burden data
In this method, the true ratio and phase angle of a voltage transformer are known at both zero burden and
one other burden, either a rated standard burden or, more conveniently, a pure resistive or capacitive
burden, for a given voltage and frequency. At the same voltage and frequency, the accuracy for any other
burden and power factor may be calculated from the following equations:14
Bo is the zero burden for which RCF and  are known

Bt is the burden for which RCF and  are known
Bc is the burden for which RCF and  are to be calculated
t is the power factor angle of burden Bt (in radians)
c is the power factor angle of burden Bc (in radians)
14
These equations are approximations. Although they yield accurate results for many cases, the user should be aware that for large
burdens (e.g., Z or ZZ), intolerable errors may be introduced unless the volt-amperes of the known burden are equal to or greater than
those of the unknown burden, and the values for the known and the zero burdens are measured accurately. This problem is minimized
for all cases if the magnitude of the known burden is made nominally equal to the magnitude of the rated burden of the transformer
under test.
66
NOTE 1—t and c are positive angles for lagging power factors.
RCFo is the transformer correction factor for burden B o

RCFt is the transformer correction factor for burden Bt
RCFc is the transformer correction factor for burden Bc
o is the transformer phase angle for burden Bo [in radians]
t is the transformer phase angle for burden Bt [in radians]
c is the transformer phase angle for burden Bc [in radians]
NOTE 2— is considered positive when the secondary voltage leads the primary
voltage.
(15)
RCFd  RCFt  RCFo
which equals difference between the transformer ratio correction factors for burdens Bt and Bo
d  t  o (16)
which equals the difference between the transformer phase angles burdens Bt and Bo, in radians
 Bc 
RCF  RCF    RCF cos(  )   sin(  )
c o   d t c d t c
(17)
 Bt 
B 
    c     cos(  )  RCF sin(  ) [in radians] (18)
c o  d t c d t c

 Bt 
NOTE 3—Multiply radians by 1000 to obtain milliradians (mrad). If minutes are desired, multiply by 3438.
NOTE 4—These equations provide an analytical determination of voltage transformer accuracy. Although they are
long, a simple computer or programmable calculator program can be written to perform the necessary calculations
quickly and accurately. Also, it has been shown that graphical solutions of these equations by means of special scaled
polar coordinate paper and a protractor are sufficiently accurate for most revenue-metering applications.
The equations for RCFc and c above reduce to the following simpler form in the case where the burden for
RCF and  are known to be at unity power factor.
B 
RCF  RCF  c   RCF cos( )   sin( ) 
c o  d c d c
(19)
 B
 t
 Bc 
c  o      d  cos(c )  RCFd sin(c ) [in radians] (20)
 Bt 
where
Bt is the unity power factor burden

d is in radians
67
For burdens not exceeding the burden for which RCF and  are known, the foregoing calculations will
produce the same accuracy as would be obtained from the actual tests at the unknown burden. When the
calculations are used for determining performance at greater burdens, a lower accuracy will be obtained.
Consideration should be given to the effects of the increased heating due to the heavier burdens.
10.2 Impedance measurements
10.2.1 Voltage transformer short-circuit impedance measurements
Voltage transformers operate at high magnetic flux densities in normal service. Although short-circuit
impedance measurements are necessarily made at low magnetic flux densities, the components of
impedance thus obtained are of value for the computation of transformer ratio and phase angle. The short-
circuit characteristics are also of value in selection of fuses.
The short-circuit impedance can be measured by the wattmeter, voltmeter, ammeter method.
The wattmeter, voltmeter, ammeter method is shown in Figure 24. The measured values shall be corrected
for instrument burden, if the analog wattmeter and voltmeter with low input impedance are used.
NOTE—It is recommended that the low-voltage winding be excited and the high-voltage winding be short-circuited
Figure 24—Circuit for measuring impedance: wattmeter, voltmeter, ammeter

method
68
10.3 Polarity
10.3.1 Comparison with a transformer of known polarity
To determine the polarity of voltage transformers using this method, do the following:
a) Connect the high-turn windings of the two transformers in parallel, as shown in Figure 25, by
connecting H1 of the known transformer to H1 of the unknown transformer and H2 of the known
transformer to H2 of the unknown transformer.
b) Connect the low-turn windings through a voltmeter, as shown in Figure 25 by connecting X1 of the
known transformer to X1 of the unknown transformer and X2 of the known transformer to one
voltmeter terminal and X2 of the unknown transformer to the other voltmeter terminal.
c) Energize the circuit at terminals H1H2 from a controlled 60 Hz voltage source.

d) If the voltmeter reads zero, the polarity of the unknown transformer is as marked. If the voltmeter
reads the sum of the voltages of the low-turn windings, the polarity of the unknown transformer is
reversed.
WARNING
High voltages will be present on the high-voltage terminals of both transformers. Safety precautions
should be taken.
Figure 25—Polarity by comparison with voltage transformer of same ratio and

known polarity
69
11. Type test procedures applicable to instrument transformers
11.1 Short-time characteristics
11.1.1 Short-time mechanical rating tests
The test to demonstrate the short-time mechanical current rating of a current transformer shall be made by
subjecting the current transformer, with the secondary winding short-circuited; to a fully asymmetrical
short-circuit current of the duration of at least six cycles. The magnitude of the first asymmetrical peak
current shall be 2.7 times the thermal short-time current rating with the other peaks decreasing in
magnitude. This test may be combined with the thermal short-time test as long as the first peak satisfies the
mechanical rating and the remaining peak values are not less than the thermal rating for the duration of the
test.
The test to demonstrate the mechanical short-circuit capability of a voltage transformer shall be made with
rated voltage maintained on the primary for 1 s with the secondary terminals short-circuited. The test shall
be performed with the secondary windings paralleled if multiple secondary windings are present and by
short-circuiting the taps that result in the highest current. As an alternative, the test could be performed by
short-circuiting the primary winding and applying the rated secondary voltage for 1 s. The test shall be
performed with the secondary windings paralleled and by applying the voltage between the taps that result
in the highest current.
11.1.2 Thermal short-time rating calculations
The calculation of temperature rise of a winding under short-time conditions is based on the assumption
that heating is adiabatic, i.e., that all of the energy developed in the winding during the period of the short
circuit (5 s or less) is stored as heat in the winding.
It is also assumed that the starting temperature of the winding when the short circuit occurs is the maximum
hottest-spot temperature of the winding at 30 °C ambient temperature under continuous loading at (1) the
continuous thermal current rating for a current transformer or (2) the maximum rated standard burden and
110% of rated voltage for a voltage transformer. Where this hottest-spot winding temperature is not
established by test, the limits of hottest-spot temperature rise (specified in Table 4) for 30 °C ambient shall
be used.
The calculated maximum temperature attained by the winding during the short circuit shall not exceed the
limits specified in 6.6.2 for a current transformer or in Clause 7 for a voltage transformer.
The general equation of winding temperature under short-circuit conditions is most conveniently expressed
and used as the current density that will produce the maximum permissible temperature in the winding
under the conditions specified above. Thus,
 T  2
 m   K
I C(T  20)   T  s 
(21)
   ln
A  2 20 t 1 K
where
I is the short-circuit current, in amperes
70
A is the conductor cross section in centimeters squared

C is the average thermal capacitance per unit volume, in wattseconds/(degrees Celsius × centimeters
cubed)
20 is the specific resistance at 20 °C in ohm-cm
t is the duration of short circuit, in seconds
T equals 234.5 °C for copper
equals 225 °C for EC aluminum
s is the starting temperature, in degrees Celsius
m is the maximum temperature, in degrees Celsius
K is the ratio of all stray conductor loss to the dc I2R loss of the winding at the starting temperature,
s
ln is the natural logarithm
This general equation may be simplified for most practical applications, since short-time thermal ratings are
based on a short-circuit duration of 1 s, and except for large current transformer primary bars, K is usually
negligible.
For copper (100% IACS):
20 = 1.725  10-6 Ω-cm

C = 3.575 Ws/(°C  cm3)
T = 234.5 °C
and, for the above

conditions,
I
 16 240   234.5  2   A  (22)
ln  m    2 
A  234.5  s   cm 
For aluminum (EC, 62% IACS):
20 = 2.781  10-6 Ω-cm

C = 2.630 Ws/(°C  cm3)
T = 225 °C
and, for the above

conditions,
I
 10 760   225  2   A  (23)
ln  m    2 
A  225  s    cm 
If m is taken as 250 °C for copper and as 200 °C for EC aluminum (see 6.6.2), and if s is taken as 95 °C
for 55 °C rise types, 110 °C for 65 °C rise types, and 140 °C for 80 °C rise types (see Table 4), then:
For copper:
I/A = 14 260 A/cm2 for 55 °C rise types
71
For aluminum:
I/A = 8110 A/cm2 for 55 °C rise types
11.2 Temperature rise tests
11.2.1 General
All temperature rise tests shall be made under the normal conditions of the means, or method, of cooling.
All temperature rise tests shall be made with the transformer under test in the orientation and under the
conditions for which it is designed to operate. If the transformer is designed for use in any one of several
orientations, or under several possible conditions, the test shall be made in the orientation and condition
that is expected to result in the greatest temperature rise.
The transformer shall be mounted in a normal manner. Mounted in a normal manner shall be interpreted to
mean that the heat dissipation due to conduction and radiation shall not be substantially influenced by
abnormal heat transfer to, or from, surrounding objects. Transformers shall be completely assembled with
normal finish, and if oil-filled, they shall be filled to the recommended level.
Temperature rise tests shall be made in an area as with a wind speed of 0.5 m/s or less.
The design shall be considered as having met the requirements of 4.6 if the temperature rise is in
accordance with Table 4 and terminal temperature rise is in accordance with Table 5.
11.2.2 Ambient or cooling air temperature
The ambient temperature shall be the temperature of the air surrounding the transformer under test.
The ambient temperature shall be not less than 10 °C nor more than 40 °C during a temperature rise test.
The preferred method of measuring the ambient temperature is by using an ideal identical transformer, or
one having similar thermal-time characteristics, and measuring the temperature by the resistance method.
The idle transformer shall be located so as to respond to ambient temperature changes in the same manner
as the transformer under test (see 8.4.3).
When an identical transformer is not available, the temperature of the cooling air shall be determined from
the average of the readings of several thermometers or thermocouples (one may be used for small
transformers) placed around and approximately at the same level as the center of the maximum vertical
heat-dissipating surface of the transformer, at a horizontal distance adequate to prevent the transformer
under test from influencing the readings (1 m to 2 m is usually sufficient).
To reduce to a minimum the errors due to time lag between the temperature of the transformers and the
variations in the ambient temperature, the thermocouples, or thermometers, shall be placed in suitable
containers and shall have such proportions as will require not less than 2 h for the indicated temperature
within the container to change 6.3 °C if suddenly placed in air that has a temperature 10 °C higher, or
lower, than the previous steady-state indicated temperature within the container.
72
When the ambient temperature, based on the average readings of the thermometers or thermocouples
during one observation period, is not 30 °C, the winding losses will not be the same as the values that
would have been obtained at 30 °C ambient conditions. If the temperature rise values obtained are close to
the limiting values for the insulation used in the transformer, a correction shall be applied to that part of the
temperature rise due to the winding losses.
The corrected temperature rise for current transformers shall be obtained by multiplying the total measured
temperature rise by the applicable factor [as shown in Equation (24) and Equation (25)].
264.5
Factor for copper windings (24)
equals 234.5  a
255
Factor for EC aluminum windings equals (25)
225  a
where
a is the ambient temperature at the termination of the temperature rise test
The temperature rise of voltage transformers depends on both the winding losses and the core losses. Only
that part of the temperature rise due to the winding losses is affected by the ambient temperature, as the
core losses are not appreciably changed over the temperature range in which instrument transformers
normally operate.
The part of the temperature rise due to the winding losses shall be corrected by using the applicable factor
covered above. To obtain the part of the temperature rise due to winding losses, a temperature rise test shall
be made with the voltage transformer secondary winding open-circuited and the values obtained subtracted
from the temperature rise values that were obtained under the corresponding condition specified by 13.2.
11.2.3 Temperature rise measurements
Provision shall be made to measure the surface temperature of all metal parts surrounding, or adjacent to,
the outlet leads or terminals carrying large currents.
When possible, the top liquid temperature of oil-filled transformers shall be measured by a thermocouple or
spirit thermometer immersed to approximately 5 cm below the top liquid surface.
The bulbs of the spirit thermometer or other temperature-reading means used for taking temperatures of the
transformer surfaces in air shall be covered by small felt pads, or the equivalent, cemented to the
transformer. If thermocouples are used, the leads shall be so arranged that excessive heat is not conducted
to or from the junction.
The ultimate average temperature rise of the windings shall be determined by the resistance method
whenever practical.
To avoid errors due to the time required for the bridge current to become constant, the time required shall
be determined during the measurement of the winding resistance reference temperature. An equal or
slightly longer time shall be allowed when making ultimate and cooling rate temperature measurements.
Measurements of temperature rise by the resistance method shall not include contact resistances. This may
be accomplished by using a four wire method.
73
The temperature rise shall be considered constant when all temperatures that can be measured without
shutdown at intervals of not less than 30 min show three consecutive readings within 1 °C. Temperature
rise tests shall not be made by any method that requires shutting off the power for more than 2 min in any 2
hours to establish that a constant temperature has been reached.
11.2.4 Determination of winding temperature at time of shutdown
A correction shall be made for the cooling that occurs from the time that the power is shut off to the time
that the hot resistance is measured.
The recommended method of determining the temperature of the winding at the time of shutdown shall be
by measuring the resistance of the windings, as the transformer cools, immediately after shutdown and
extrapolating to the time of shutdown. At least four measurements shall be made at intervals of not more
than 3 min but no less than the time required for the measuring current to stabilize. If the current does not
exceed 15% of the rated current of the winding, it may be maintained during the entire period.
11.2.5 Determination of average temperature by the resistance method
The average temperature of a winding shall be determined by Equation (26) or Equation (27)
 R t  
t  
T    T  o   (26)
 R o  
 R t  R o  
 t   (27)
R (T  o ) 
o
 o  
where
T is for copper equal to 234.5

T is for EC aluminum equal to 225
t is the temperature in degrees Celsius corresponding to the resistance of the winding at time of
shutdown
o is the temperature in degrees Celsius corresponding to the reference resistance of the winding
Rt is the resistance of the winding at time of shutdown
Ro is the reference resistance of the winding
The dc resistance measuring equipment shall have a minimum resolution of three significant digits
following the first significant digit.
11.2.6 Determination of temperature rise from temperature measurements
The temperature rise is the corrected total temperature minus the ambient temperature at the time the
observations were made.
11.2.7 Correction of observed temperature rise for variation in altitude
When tests are made at an altitude not exceeding 1000 m above sea level, no altitude correction shall be
applied to the temperature rise.
74
When tests are made at an altitude that is more than 1000 m above sea level, the temperature rise shall be
corrected to 30 °C conditions by the following method:
  h 1000 
r  m  1 0.005 100 (28)

  
where
r is the temperature rise with standard conditions

m is the measured temperature rise corrected to 30 °C conditions
h is the altitude in meters above sea level
11.3 Impulse tests
11.3.1 Impulse test sequence
These tests consist of applying in the following order one reduced full wave, one full wave, two chopped
waves, and two full waves.
11.3.1.1 Wave to be used
The wave to be used shall consist of a nominal 1.2 × 50 µs wave. Either, but not both, positive or negative
waves may be used. Waves of negative polarity for oil-filled apparatus, and of positive polarity for dry-type
or compound-filled apparatus, are recommended and shall be used unless otherwise specified.
The voltage shall be measured and the waveform traces scaled as specified in IEEE Std 4.
11.3.1.2 Reduced full-wave test
For this test, the voltage wave shall have a peak value of between 50% and 70% of the full-wave peak
given in Table 2.
11.3.1.3 Chopped-wave test
For this test, the applied voltage wave shall be chopped by a suitable air gap. It shall have a peak value and
time to flashover in accordance with Table 2.
To avoid recovery of insulation strength if failure has occurred during a previous impulse, the time interval
between the application of the last chopped wave and the final full wave should be minimized and
preferably should not exceed 10 min.
11.3.1.4 Full-wave test
For this test, the voltage wave shall have a peak value in accordance with Table 2, and no flashover of the
transformer under test or test gap shall occur.
75
The time interval between application of the last chopped wave and the final full wave shall be minimized
to avoid recovery of insulation strength if a failure has occurred prior to the final full wave.
All impulses applied to a transformer shall be recorded if their peak values exceed 40% of the peak of the
full-wave value given in Table 2.
When reports require waveform traces, those of the first reduced full wave, the first full wave, the last two
chopped waves, and the last full wave of voltage shall represent a record of the successful applications of
the impulse test to the transformer.
11.3.1.5 Current transformer connections for impulse test
The impulse voltage shall be applied to all primary leads simultaneously with the secondary windings
short-circuited and grounded.
11.3.1.6 Voltage transformer connections for impulse test
The specified test voltage shall be applied to each primary terminal. In testing transformers equipped with
fuses, the fuses should be short-circuited. Test voltages shall be applied to the polarity terminal of the high-
voltage winding with the opposite lead grounded and to the nonpolarity terminal with the polarity lead
grounded.
One terminal of the winding under test shall be grounded directly or through a small resistance if current
measurements are to be made. One terminal of each of the other windings may be grounded directly or
through a resistor. It is desirable that the voltage on ungrounded terminals of a winding not under test
should not exceed 80% of the full-wave voltage for its BIL rating.
In some cases the inductance of the winding is so low that the desired voltage magnitude and duration of
the 50% point on the tail of the wave cannot be obtained with available equipment. Low-inductance
windings may be tested by inserting a resistor of not more than 500  in the grounded end of the winding.
In all such cases, shorter waves may be used (for additional information, see 10.3.1.1 of IEEE
Std C57.12.90).
11.3.1.7 Detection of failure during impulse test
Any unexplained differences between the first 100% full wave and the final full wave detected by
superimposing the two voltage waveform traces, or any such differences observed by comparing the
chopped waves to each other and to the full wave up to the time of flashover, are indications of failure.
Deviations may be caused by conditions in the test circuit external to the transformer or by protective
devices and should be fully investigated.
Smoke bubbles rising through the liquid in the transformer are definite evidence of failure. Clear bubbles
may or may not be evidence of trouble; they may be due to entrapped air. They should be investigated by
repeating the test, or by reprocessing the transformer and repeating the test to determine whether a failure
has occurred.
In making the chopped-wave test, failure of the chopping gap, or any external part, to flashover, although
the voltage waveform traces show a chopped wave, is a definite indication of a flashover either within the
transformer or in the test circuit.
Unusual noise within the transformer at the instant of applying the impulse is an indication of trouble.
76
For instrument transformers with capacitive graded insulation, current waveform traces comparison is
mandatory. When the ground current method of detection is used, impulse current in the grounded end of
the winding tested is measured. Any unexplained differences detected by superimposing the two current
waveform traces of the first 100% full wave and last full wave tests may be an indication of failure.
Deviations in the current wave shapes may also be caused by conditions in the test circuit external to the
transformers, or by built-in protective devices, and should be investigated fully. It is difficult to shield the
measuring circuit completely from the influence of the high voltage of the impulse generator, and some
stray voltages are frequently picked up that may produce an erratic record for the first 1 µs or 2 µs. Such
influences, if they occur at the start of the current wave, should be disregarded. The ground current method
of detection is not applicable for use with chopped-wave tests.
11.4 Partial discharge measurement
The pre-stress and prescribed extinction voltages shall be in accordance with Table 21 or 8.6.2 depending
on voltage rating.
Before the test, the setup shall be calibrated for the partial discharge measurement of 10 pC for oil-filled or
gas-filled, and 50 pC for dry-type instrument transformers. The measuring method shall be in accordance
with IEC 60270.
The background noise level shall be in accordance with IEC 60270.
If necessary, external electrodes may be used for the primary terminals and the ground of the transformer.
As the test voltage is increased, the voltage at which the partial discharge intensity of 10 pC for oil-filled or
gas-filled, and 50 pC for dry-type instrument transformers is detected shall be recorded (i.e., the partial
discharge inception voltage). The test voltage shall then be increased until it reaches the prestress voltage
level which shall be maintained for the duration in accordance with Table 20. Subsequently the test voltage
shall be reduced to the prescribed extinction voltage level 15 and then maintained for a duration of 30 s
within which the partial discharge intensity shall be measured. The actual partial discharge extinction
voltage shall be recorded during the reduction from prestress voltage to the prescribed extinction voltage.
If the partial discharge intensity exceeds the limit of 10 pC for oil-filled or gas-filled, and 50 pC for dry-
type instrument transformers, the test may be extended, at the manufacturer’s discretion, by up to 10 min at
the prescribed extinction voltage level. The test shall be terminated if the measured partial discharge
intensity has decreased to less than or equal to 10 pC for oil-filled or gas-filled, and 50 pC for dry-type
instrument transformers.
The design shall be considered as having met the requirements if the following are true:
a) No external disruptive discharge or collapse of voltage is observed during the test, and
b) The partial discharge intensity measured at the prescribed extinction voltage level is equal to or less
than 10 pC for oil-filled or gas-filled, and 50 pC for dry-type instrument transformers,16 and
c) No internal insulation failure is found by the capacitance and dissipation factor measurement.
d) For transformers with a rated voltage less than 10 kV, for dry type molded transformers without
capacitive graded insulation or for bushing current transformers these capacitance and dissipation
factor requirements do not apply.
15
The partial discharge intensity may be measured as the test voltage is reduced from the power frequency withstand voltage level.
16
It is recommended that the actual measured partial discharge extinction voltage be recorded.
77
11.5 Wet voltage withstand tests
11.5.1 Switching impulse voltage test on the primary winding
The test shall be performed only on transformer designs of a nominal system voltage of 345 kV and above.
The voltage shall be applied between the primary terminal and the ground terminal of the transformer. All
secondary winding terminals and the base frame shall be grounded.
The preparation of the transformer and wetting procedure shall be in accordance with ‘Wet Tests’ of IEEE
Std 4. The precipitation conditions shall be as described under the “Standard test procedure” as outlined in
Table 3 of the same standard. Air density correction shall be done in accordance with 13.2 of IEEE Std 4-
2013.
The voltage waveshape shall be 250 µs ± 20% × 2500 µs ± 60% (or [200 – 300] µs × [1000 – 4000] µs)
standard wave-shape. The test voltage shall be in accordance with Table 2. The applied wave shall be at
positive polarity only.
The test sequence shall consist of the following:
a) One reduced wave with 50% to 70% of rated value provided in Table 2, and
b) Fifteen full waves
The design shall be considered as having met the requirements if:
 The number of external disruptive discharges is not more than two

 No deviation is detected between the reduced wave and full wave waveform traces and/or between
full wave waveform traces
NOTE—It may happen that small deviations are observed between reduced wave and full wave waveform traces. If
this is the case, comparison between the first and other full wave waveform traces may be used to verify that the
deviations observed when using the reduced wave waveform traces are solely caused by the different voltage level
and corresponding non linearities in the test circuit and/or measuring circuit.
 No internal disruptive discharge or puncture of the solid insulation is observed

 No audible noise is noted from the transformer during the test
 No internal insulation failure is found with the capacitance and dissipation factor measurement
11.5.2 Power frequency voltage withstand test
The test shall be performed only on transformers of a nominal system voltage of 230 kV and below.
The preparation of the transformer and wetting procedure shall be in accordance with IEEE Std 4. The
precipitation conditions shall be as described under the “Standard test procedure” for wet tests. Air density
correction shall be done in accordance with 13.2 of IEEE Std 4-2013.
The design shall be considered as having met the requirements if
a) No disruptive discharge or collapse of test voltage is observed during the test

b) No internal insulation failure is found with the capacitance and dissipation factor measurement
78
11.6 Ground shield check—72kV class and above
A three–terminal capacitance and dissipation factor measurement in the grounded specimen mode and at a
voltage of 1.0 kV (rms) or lower shall be performed to determine the following:
 The capacitance of the primary winding to the ground Cp
 The capacitance of the secondary winding to the ground Cs
 The capacitance between the primary and secondary winding Cps
For gas-filled transformer the test may be performed at any setting of the gas pressure.
The presence of the ground shield shall be indicated if the measured capacitances are in accordance with
Equation (29).
1/ C ps 1/ Cp  1/ Cs
(29)
The transformer shall be considered as having met the requirements if the measured parameters are within
±10% of the value determined with the above expression.
12. Type test procedures applicable to current transformers
12.1 Short-time thermal rating of current transformers
The short-time thermal rating assigned to a current transformer shall be such that the permissible current
density, as determined by Equation (21), Equation (22), or Equation (23) as applicable, will not be
exceeded in any winding.
For current transformers, the major portion of the stray conductor loss, if any, is normally in the primary
winding, and K, the ratio of stray conductor loss to I2R loss, should be applied to the calculations of the
temperature rise in the primary winding only. The value may be determined from the equation:
P  (I2  R) A
 z   (30)
K
I R
2
 cm2 
p
 
where
I2R is the total dc loss for primary and secondary windings

I 2R is the dc loss for primary winding only
p
Pz is the watt measured in impedance test (see 8.2.2)
The value of K at the prescribed starting temperature may be determined from the stray loss ratio Ka at
some other temperature a by the following equations:
For copper:
79
 234.5  2
 A 
K  Ka  234.5 a  cm2 (31)
  

 s
For EC aluminum:
2
 225    A 
K  Ka  225 a  cm2 (32)
  

 s
For the calculation of permissible current density in the secondary winding, K may be considered
negligible and the simplified equations at the end of 11.1.2 may be used.
In a current transformer, under the conditions prescribed for the calculation of temperature rise, saturation
of the core may cause the actual secondary current to be less than that indicated by the marked ratio of the
transformer.
Where actual secondary current under the overload condition has been established by test or calculation,
the actual secondary current density may be used rather than that indicated by the marked ratio.
12.2 Current transformer temperature rise tests
Tests on current transformers shall be made at maximum-rated continuous current and at rated frequency.
All terminals and joints shall be clean and tight and shall provide good electrical contact.
The secondary windings shall be connected to their rated burden(s).
Current transformers that have been magnetized by measuring the resistance of the winding shall be
demagnetized after the completion of temperature rise tests. (The method of demagnetizing is covered in
9.2.)
The current carrying conductors supplying the instrument transformer shall not act as a heat source or a
heat sink. In order to fulfill this requirement, the temperature of the current carrying conductors at a
distance of 1 m from the transformer primary terminals shall not differ by more than ±5°C from that
measured on the transformer terminals.
In making temperature tests on window-type current transformers, the primary conductor used in the test
shall have a continuous-current capacity in the configuration used and according to recognized authority,
not less than the test current. If more than one primary turn is used, the clearance between the turns and the
transformer body around the outside shall be at least 30 cm. For 55 °C or 65 °C rise type transformers, the
continuous-current capacity of the primary bus shall be based on a temperature rise of 50 °C or less, and the
continuous-current capacity of the primary cable shall be based on a maximum conductor temperature of
75 °C.
12.3 Inter-turn overvoltage test
The inter-turn overvoltage test shall be performed in accordance with one of the following procedures.
If not otherwise agreed, the choice of the procedure is left to the manufacturer.
80
Procedure A: with the secondary windings connected to a high impedance peak-reading voltmeter,
gradually increase the substantially sinusoidal primary current at a rated frequency from zero to the
maximum continuous rated current, or until the peak voltage reaches 3500 V, whichever occurs first.
Maintain the primary current for 60 s.
Procedure B: with the primary winding open-circuited, the prescribed test voltage (at some suitable
frequency) shall be applied for 60 s to the terminals of secondary winding, providing that the rms. value of
the secondary current does not exceed the rated secondary current (or rated extended current).
The value of the test frequency shall be not greater than 1000 Hz.
At this frequency, if the voltage value achieved at the rated secondary current (or rated extended current) is
lower than 3500 V peak, the obtained voltage is to be regarded as the test voltage.
When the frequency exceeds twice the rated frequency, the duration of the test may be reduced from 60 s as
shown in Equation (33):
twice the rated frequency

Duration of test ( s)  60 (33)
 test frequency
The inter-turn overvoltage test is not a test carried out to verify the suitability of a current transformer to
operate with the secondary winding open-circuited. Current transformers should not be operated with the
secondary winding open-circuited because of the potentially dangerous overvoltage and overheating that
can occur.
13. Type test procedures applicable to voltage transformers
13.1 Short-circuit thermal capability of voltage transformers
To demonstrate the ability of a voltage transformer to meet the temperature limitations of 7.7, the short-
circuit current in each winding is calculated for the condition of rated voltage applied to the primary
terminals, and the secondary winding short-circuited at its terminals. The current density I/A is then
calculated by dividing the short-circuit current by the cross section of the conductor. The value of current
density so obtained for each winding shall not exceed the applicable value calculated using the equations at
the end of 11.1.2, the stray conductor loss ratio K being considered negligible for voltage transformers.
For the purpose of calculating the short-circuit current from the above discussion, the reactance X, and the
resistance R, may be determined by any of the methods described in 8.2, but the resistance shall be
corrected to a temperature that is the average of the initial and maximum temperatures. For any winding:
where
I is the short-circuit current

V is the rated voltage of the winding
X is the reactance, referred to that winding
R is the resistance, referred to that winding at the average temperature
a is the ambient temperature in °C
m is the maximum temperature in °C
The value of R may be determined from the resistance Ra at a temperature a by Equation (34) and
Equation (35).
81
For copper:
 a  m  
234.5  2 A 
RR  
 (34)
234.5  a  cm2 
a
 
For EC aluminum:
 a  m  
225  2 A 
RR   (35)

a 225  a  cm2 
 
In a voltage transformer under short-circuit conditions, the current, and therefore the current density, will
decrease during the short circuit due to the change of resistance with the temperature of the winding. The
value of the short-circuit current, as determined by the above paragraph, therefore represents an average
value during the short-circuit period. However, this approximation introduces negligible error in the
calculation of temperature rise within the prescribed limits.
13.2 Voltage transformer temperature rise tests
Temperature rise tests shall be made at rated frequency. The power factor of the burden used during
temperature rise tests is not important.
Temperature rise tests at thermal burden rating shall be made at rated primary voltage.
Temperature rise tests, for normal operating conditions, shall be made at 110% rated primary voltage and
with the maximum standard burden for which an accuracy class is published.
82
Annex A
(informative)
Bibliography
Bibliographical references are resources that provide additional or helpful material but do not need to be
understood or used to implement this standard. Reference to these resources is made for informational use
only.
[B1] Arnold, A. H. M., “Current-transformer testing,” Journal of the IEE, vol. 74, pp. 424444, 1934.
[B2] Arnold, A. H. M., “Precision testing of current transformers,” Journal of the IEE, vol. 68,
pp. 898905, 1930.
[B3] ASTM D117-1996, Standard Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, Specifications, and Guide for
Electrical Insulation Oils of Petroleum Origin.
[B4] Bousman, H. W., and Ten Broeck, R. L., “A capacitance bridge for determining the ratio and phase
angle of potential transformers,” AIEE Transactions, vol. 62, pp. 541545, Aug. 1943.
[B5] Brownlee, A. L., “A primary method of measuring the ratio and phase angle of current
transformers,” AIEE Transactions, vol. 69, part 1, pp. 459460, 1950.
[B6] Buchanan, J. H., “Design, construction, and testing of voltage transformers,” Journal of the IEE, vol.
78, pp. 292316, Mar. 1936.
[B7] Clothier, W. K., and Medina, L., “The absolute calibration of voltage transformers,” Proceedings of
the IEE, vol. 104A, pp. 204214, June 1957.
[B8] Glynne, A., “The use of a simple AC potentiometer for the precision testing of instrument
transformers,” Journal of the IEE, part 11, no. 21, pp. 177181, June 1944.
[B9] Harris, F. K., Electrical Measurements. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952.
[B10] Harris, F. K., et al., “An international comparison of voltage-transformer calibrations to 350 kV,”
IEEE Transactions on Communication and Electronics, vol. 83, pp. 1319, Jan. 1964.
[B11] IEEE Std C57.98™, IEEE Guide for Transformer Impulse Tests.
[B12] Kusters, N. L., and Moore, W. J. M., “The compensated current comparator: A new reference
standard for current-transformer calibrations in industry,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and
Measurement, vol. IM-13, pp. 107114, June/Sept. 1964.
[B13] Kusters, N. L., and Petersons, O., “A transformer-ratio-arm bridge for high-voltage capacitance
measurements,” IEEE Transactions on Communications and Electronics, no. 69, pp. 606611, Nov. 1963.
[B14] Kusters, N. L., “The precise measurement of current ratios,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation
and Measurement, vol. IM-13, pp. 197209, Dec. 1964.
[B15] Miljanic, P. N., Kusters, N. L., and Moore, W. J. M., “The application of current comparators to the
calibration of current transformers at ratios up to 36 000/5 amperes,” IEEE Transactions on
Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. IM-17, pp. 196203, Sept. 1968.
[B16] Petersons, O., and Anderson, W. E., “A wide-range high-voltage capacitance bridge with one ppm
accuracy,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. IM-24, no. 4, pp. 336344, Dec.
1975.
[B17] Petersons, O., “A self-balancing current comparator,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and
Measurement, vol. IM-15, nos. 1 and 2, pp. 6271, Mar./June 1966.
83
[B18] Petersons, O., “A self-balancing high-voltage capacitance bridge,” IEEE Transactions on

Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. IM-13, no. 4, pp. 216224, Dec. 1964.
[B19] Silsbee, F. B., “A shielded resistor for voltage transformer testing,” NBS Scientific Papers, vol. 20,
pp. 489514, 1926.
[B20] Silsbee, F. B., Smith, R. L., Forman, N. L., and Park, J. H., “Equipment for testing current
transformers,” NBS Journal of Research, vol. 11, pp. 93122, July 1933.
[B21] Souders, T. M., “A wide range current comparator system for calibrating current transformers,”
IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-90, no. 1, pp. 318323, Jan./Feb. 1971.
[B22] Sze, W. C., “Comparators for voltage transformer calibrations at NBS,” NBS Journal of Research,
part C, Engineering and Instrumentation, vol. 69C, no. 4, Oct./Dec. 1965.
[B23] Zinn, E., “Fundamentale Bestimmung der Fehler von Hochstspannungswandlern durch ein
Summierverfahren mittels Teilern aus Kapazitat und Widerstand,” Archiv fur Electrotechnik, vol. 44, pp.
147156, 19581960.
Useful material covering instrument transformers17
[B24] AIEE Committee on Protective Devices, Current Transformer Subcommittee, “Current- and
potential-transformer standardization,” AIEE Transactions, vol. 61, pp. 698706, Sept. 1942.
[B25] ANSI/NCSL Z540.3, Requirements for the Calibration of Measuring and Testing Equipment.
[B26] Arnold, A. H. M., “Dielectric admittances in current transformers,” Proceedings of the IEE, vol. 97,
part II, pp. 692698, 1950.
[B27] Arnold, A. H. M., “The effect of capacitance on the design of torodial current transformers,”
Proceedings of the IEE, vol. 97, part II, no. 60, pp. 797808, Dec. 1950.
[B28] Arnold, A. H. M., “Leakage phenomena in ring-type current transformers,” Journal of the IEE, vol.
74, pp. 413-423, 1934.
[B29] Davis, R., “The design and construction of a shielded resistor for high voltages,” Journal of the IEE,
vol. 79, pp. 10281034, 1931.
[B30] Dunfee, B. L., and Moore, W. J. M., “An international comparison of current-ratio standards at audio
frequencies,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. IM-14, pp. 172177, Dec.
1965.
[B31] Foley, A. H., “A direct reading high-voltage capacitance bridge,” AIEE Transactions, vol. 69, part
II, pp. 692698, 1950.
[B32] Hague, B., Instrument TransformersTheir Theory, Characteristics and Testing. London: Sir Isaac
Pitman and Sons, Inc., 1936.
[B33] IEEE Std C57.13.1™-1981, Guide for Field Testing of Relaying Current Transformers. 18
[B34] IEEE Std C37.235™, IEEE Guide for the Application of Rogowski Coils Used for Protective
Relaying Purposes.
[B35] ISO/IEC 17025:2005, General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration
Laboratories.
17
Bibliographic references [B24] to [B49] constitute a sample of the large amount of useful material covering instrument transformers
that is available. These references are given for the convenience of obtaining more detailed information and a historical perspective on
the subject matter covered in this standard.
18
IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854,
USA (http://standards/ieee.org/).
84
[B36] Kusters, N. L. and Moore, W. J. M., “The development and performance of current comparators for
audio frequencies,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. IM-14, pp. 178198,
Dec. 1965.
[B37] McGregor, M. C., et al., “New apparatus at the National Bureau of Standards for absolute
capacitance measurement,” IRE Transactions on Instrumentation, vol. I-7, nos. 3 and 4, pp. 253261, Dec.
1958.
[B38] Miljanic, P. N., “Capacitive error in current comparators,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation
and Measurement, vol. IM-13, pp. 210216, Dec. 1964.
[B39] Moreton, S. D., “A simple method for the determination of bushing-current-transformer
characteristics,” AIEE Transactions, vol. 62, pp. 581585, Sept. 1943.
[B40] NEMA SG4, Alternating Current High-Voltage Circuit Breakers.
[B41] Park, J. H., “Accuracy of high-range current transformers,” NBS Journal of Research, vol. 14,
pp. 367392, 1935.
[B42] Pfuntner, R. A., “The accuracy of current transformers adjacent to high-current buses,” AIEE
Transactions, vol. 70, part II, pp. 16561662, 1951.
[B43] Settles, J. L., Farber, W. R., and Conner, E. E., “The analytical and graphical determination of
complete potential transformer characteristics,” AIEE Transactions, part III, pp. 12131219, 1960.
[B44] Silsbee, F. B., “A study of the inductance of four terminal resistance standards,” United States
Bureau of Standards Scientific Papers, no. 281, pp. 375422, 1916.
[B45] Silsbee, F. B., “Notes on the design of four terminal resistance standard for alternating currents,”
NBS Journal of Research, vol. 4, pp. 73107, Jan. 1930.
[B46] Silsbee, F. B., “Precautions against stray magnetic fields in measurements with large alternating
currents,” AIEE Transactions, vol. 48, pp. 13011306, Oct. 1929.
[B47] Weller, C. T., “A 132 kV shielded potentiometer for determining the accuracy of potential
transformers,” AIEE Transactions, vol. 48, pp. 790807, July 1929.
[B48] Woods, C. A., Jr., and Bottonari, S. A., “Overcurrent performance of bushing-type current
transformers,” AIEE Transactions, vol. 59, pp. 554560, Sept. 1940.
[B49] Zocholl, S. E., Analyzing and applying current transformers, Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories,
Inc., 2004.
85
Annex B
(normative)
Bushing-type current transformer (BCT) and special purpose window type

current transformers
B.1 Introduction
Over the years there has been much ambiguity in the treatment of BCTs and how they apply to the
guidelines set forth in this standard. It is the purpose of this annex to define the ratings, selection and test
requirements for BCTs.
B.2 Scope
This annex will cover BCTs as they apply to power transformers, step-voltage regulators, power circuit
breakers, isolated phase bus compartments, generators, and other equipment where they might be used.
This shall apply to any window-type current transformer rated 0.6 kV or less, intended to rely on, in
addition to its own insulation, any combination of conductor insulation and air, oil or gas medium, as a
complete insulation system satisfying the equipment dielectric requirements.
B.3 General requirements
For the purpose of this annex, a BCT is a window-type current transformer wound on a toroidal core with
uniformly distributed windings having negligible leakage reactance (see Figure B.1). It shall have a
nominal voltage rating of 0.6 kV having no BIL rating (unless otherwise stated by the manufacturer). The
primary winding is typically in the form of a lead wire, cable, bus bar, or terminal or wall bushing. This
conductor is typically a single turn centrally located in the window (see The IEEE Standards Dictionary
Online).
PRIMARY
CONDUCTOR
H1
SECONDARY
WINDING
X2 X1
Figure B.1—Typical BCT
B.3.1 Accuracy ratings
Metering performance shall be in accordance with 6.3 and relaying performance shall be in accordance
with 6.4. It is permissible to have dual ratings that are one having both relaying and metering performance
simultaneously.
86
B.3.1.1 Control applications
When used in control functions such as for temperature indication (hot spot), load tap changing (LTC) or
automatic voltage regulation (AVR), neither metering nor relaying class designations apply. The ratio may
be selected by the full load current and may not necessarily coordinate with a standard current ratio. An
accuracy limit of ±1% shall be used at rated current with a 50 VA burden. There will be no limit on phase
error. Verification at 100% rated current at rated burden is required. A direct or indirect test (by composite
error measurement) may be used at the discretion of the manufacturer.
NOTE—Step-voltage regulators are nominally 0.2 A secondary with 3.5 VA burden and are covered in IEEE
Std C57.15. If BCTs are used with 5A secondary and assigned conventional metering or protection ratings, then this
annex shall apply.
B.3.1.2 Non-revenue metering applications
For indication purposes with ammeters, class 1.2 or higher shall be used with no limit on phase error.
Verification at 100% rated current at rated burden is required. A direct or indirect test (by composite error
measurement) may be used at the discretion of the manufacturer.
B.3.1.3 Assignment of metering accuracy for multi-tapped secondary windings
In the case of metering class 0.6 or better, if the BCT is a dual ratio, both taps shall have a defined metering
accuracy, and tested per Figure 7.
It is not desirable to have a metering class for a multi-ratio winding with more than two available ratios
unless all available ratios have defined accuracy classes. The accuracy performance will worsen and the
burden may decrease as the ratio decreases. If none are specified the manufacturer shall verify only the
defined tap per Figure 7, and all other ratios shall have no guarantees of performance. If other ratios are
defined the manufacture shall verify performance of the lowest ratio with the highest accuracy class and
burden. Performing tests at other ratios is subject to agreement between the producer and the user.
87
B.4 Continuous thermal ratings
B.4.1 Ambient temperature
Table B.1—Ambient temperatures
Ambient environment with respect to Average ambient

Application
location of BCT temperaturea
Power transformer, voltage regulator In or above hot oil 90°Cb
Power circuit breaker In air under a sealed cover 55°C
Isolated phase compartment Segregated/non-segregated in air 55°C
Power circuit breaker or ISO-Phase In SF6 gas 30°C
Generator terminal bushing Accessible or inside the lead box 55°C
General purpose With adequate air flow 30°C
Metal-Enclosed Switchgear In air inside the enclosure 55°C
a
These ambient temperatures are typical and may be some other value as defined by the end user.
b
In some circumstances the BCT may be installed in an air pocket above the hot oil surface and the CT ambient may be 15 °C to
20 °C cooler than the top oil temperature. Conversely, if the transformer uses a conservator tank and the BCT would be totally
submerged under oil, the cooling effect of the oil could reduce the actual BCT temperature rise by 50%. At this temperature the
BCT can be energized to its maximum rating factor without any loss of life expected. In overload conditions where the top oil
temperature may reach 105 °C, the BCT can be energized to its rated current only. Temperatures above that, loss of life may be
expected.
c
See IEEE Std C37.20.1, IEEE Std C37.20.2 , or IEEE Std C37.20.3 as applicable.
The ambient temperature for which the basis of continuous duty is assigned shall be determined by its
application as shown in Table B.1. The reference ambient temperature shall be indicated on the BCT
nameplate if other than 30 °C.
B.4.2 Insulation class
The temperature class of the insulation system for determining the maximum allowable rise shall be, as a
minimum, Class 105 °C. If the insulation system is greater than Class 105 °C as shown in Table B.2, then it
shall be stated on the BCT nameplate.
All major insulation components used throughout the BCT assembly shall be thermally coordinated with its
temperature class per Table B.2, and suitable for the environment it will be subjected to as indicated in
Table B.1.
B.4.3 Limits of temperature rise
For the purpose of determining temperature rise in a BCT, there will be no consideration of hot spot
allowance. The secondary turns are usually evenly distributed and the primary is typically a single
conductor passing through the BCT window with little to no contribution of heat to the secondary winding.
The limit of allowable temperature rise shall simply be the difference of the insulation class and the
ambient temperature rating.
Maximum allowable Temperature Rise, ΔT = Insulation Class - Ambient Temperature Rating (B.1)
88
Table B.2—Temperature class
Maximum
Maximum allowable Maximum allowable
Insulation Maximum allowable winding
winding rise @ 30 winding rise @ 55
class working rise @ 90 °C
°C average ambient °C average ambient
designation temperature average ambient
(°C) (°C)
(°C) (°C)
Class 105 105 65 40 15
Class 120 120 80 55 30
Class 130 130 90 65 —
Class 155 155 115 90 —
Class 180 180 140 115 —
Class 200 200 160 135 —
Class 220 220 180 155 —
If the maximum temperature rise is not the difference between the insulation class and ambient temperature
rating, then it shall be conveyed to the end user on the BCT nameplate. It shall also be stated on published
characteristic curves.
For example:
a) If the rated ambient temperature is 95 °C and the insulation is Class 105, the rise is 10 °C; only the
ambient temperature needs to be stated.
b) If the rated ambient temperature is 75 °C, the insulation is Class 105, and the rise is 30 °C; only the
ambient temperature needs to be stated.
c) If the rated ambient temperature is 55 °C and the insulation is Class 130, but the rise is only 30 °C,
then all three items shall be stated.
B.4.4 Rating factor (RF)
For the purpose of this annex all terms relating to the maximum continuous duty of a BCT shall be referred
to as RF. That will include such terms as thermal RF (TRF), continuous thermal RF (CTRF), continuous
current RF (CCRF), and the like.
The maximum current ratio should be based upon the maximum continuous current rating of the bushing or
conductor it is being used on, including any short-time overload conditions that may affect its temperature
rise. In some cases the current ratio may be selected to 125% of the maximum rated current, or to the next
standard ratio. The assigned RF times the rated primary current shall be an absolute limit in accordance
with Table B.1.
When selecting a current ratio higher than the bushing current rating, the RF can be set to match the
bushing rating. For example, a GSU transformer with a 1200 A rated bushing and a 12 000:5 CT ratio to
match upstream CTs, the RF could be stated as 0.1.
In the case of a multi-ratio winding, unless otherwise stated, the RF assigned shall apply to all available
taps.
When using low ratio CTs or tap connections of a multi-ratio CT on bushings or conductors of much higher
ampacity, the apparatus in which the CT is being installed shall be properly de-rated in accordance with the
CT ratio ratings.
89
Rating factors shall be assigned in accordance with 6.5 unless agreed upon by the manufacturer and end
customer.
The use of the de-rating chart (Figure 1) is not applicable for BCTs. In the case of lower ambient
temperatures it should not be assumed that the RF can increase. Such considerations shall be discussed with
the BCT manufacturer.
B.4.4.1 Use of low ratio CTs on high current conductors
When using low ratio CTs or tap connections of a multi-ratio CT on bushings or conductors of much higher
ampacity while intended to be used at lower currents, the apparatus in which the CT is being installed shall
be properly coordinated with the CT ratings.
NOTE—For high voltage power circuit breakers see NEMA SG-4, IEEE Std C37.04, and IEEE Std C37.010 for more
guidance.
B.5 Short-time ratings
Short-time ratings for BCTs shall be assigned as a multiple of rated current and shall apply to the maximum
current ratio unless otherwise stated.
Short-time thermal ratings may be calculated based on the cross-sectional area of magnet wire used in the
secondary winding per 11.1.2. This rating is given as a symmetrical rms value. To maintain alignment with
power circuit breaker ratings, short-time thermal ratings may be provided for three-second durations.
Mechanical short-time ratings of a BCT, for all practical purposes, may be considered unlimited, but in
reality is limited by the conductor it is installed upon. For this reason the short-time mechanical rating is
arbitrarily set to 2.7 times the calculated one-second short-time thermal rating, and is the peak value of the
first asymmetrical major loop.
The user shall keep in mind that these short-time ratings are not necessarily the same as those of the
primary conductor, which may have different limitations.
B.6 Dielectric consideration
BCTs are typically mounted around bushing shanks along the ground plane and are seldom ever in direct
contact with the primary current carrying conductor. They may also be used in conjunction with air, oil or
gas to meet a higher dielectric level. For this reason they cannot be effectively tested to satisfy any applied
withstand and impulse level on their own. The qualification of the insulation system which includes the
BCT in its assembly shall be the responsibility of the equipment manufacturer, or based on successful
industry practices. By default a BCT would have a nominal voltage rating of 0.6 kV class with no BIL
rating, even though they are used on systems at much higher levels.
B.7 Construction
B.7.1 Polarity
The H1 polarity marking should be visible. This mark may be in the form of a stripe, dot, or letters. It may
also be denoted on the nameplate.
90
Secondary terminal markings shall be in accordance with 4.9.1.
B.7.2 Secondary leads
If secondary leads are provided they shall be identified by color, permanent markings on the lead wire
insulation, or some other acceptable means provided it cannot be easily removed.
Secondary leads shall be considered as an extension of the secondary winding and therefore are not part of
the total secondary burden. For application purposes, the manufacturer may provide the lead resistance, in
Ω/ft, separate from the winding resistance since they have no control as to how much may be removed
upon installation. This may typically be stated on the published characteristic curves.
B.7.3 Winding and tap arrangements
All windings including turns between taps (when provided) shall be fully distributed about the core
periphery. Tap arrangements shall be in accordance with Table 11, or some derivative when applicable. In
the case of configurations not defined in Table 11, taps shall be specified by the end user, and all taps shall
be divisible by 5 as a minimum. No tap less than 5 turns shall be provided.
In the case of those BCTs used for control functions such as hot spot sensing, winding temperature
indicators, or load tap changers, some taps (if provided) may not be fully distributed as they are typically
small portions above and/or below the main winding, which shall be fully distributed.
B.7.4 Finish
BCTs are typically classified as indoor type. In application they are contained in an enclosure protecting
them from direct exposure to sunlight and weather elements. The insulation system used throughout the
BCT assembly shall be compatible with its insulation rating and the environment for which it will be used
in accordance with Table B.1.
B.7.4.1 External slip-over BCTs
This is a special type of BCT that has an insulation system protecting the BCT coil assembly from the
direct exposure of weather. They are externally mounted on a terminal bushing with adequate support.
They require no protective cover or housing. A unit of this construction may have a nominal BIL rating of
10 kV or higher, as defined by the manufacturer, and shall be stated on its nameplate. The protective
insulation shall be suitable for use in outdoor environments.
B.7.4.2 Generator class BCTs
This is a special type of BCT that is designed specifically for use on generator terminal bushings or in
isolated phase compartments where high currents are present. These are typically constructed with higher
temperature class materials. Due to the nature of the application and magnitudes of operating current, this
construction may require means of shielding the secondary winding from the effects of external stray flux
from adjacent and return conductors.
91
B.7.5 Nameplates
The nameplate shall comply with 6.8 and may include the following information:
a) Nominal system voltage (NSV) shall be 0.6 kV (unless otherwise stated)

b) BIL – only if applicable
c) RF may include the rated ambient temperature, and temperature rise if applicable per B.4.3, i.e.,
1) RF 1.5 @ 55°C
2) RF 2.0 @ 95°C / 1200A
3) RF 1.0 @ 55°C / 130 °C / 55 °C rise
Other requirements:
d) Insulation system rating. May be combined with NSV, i.e.,

1) Insulation System: 0.6kV / 105 °C / Indoor-oil
2) Insulation Level: 0.6kV / 10kV BIL / 130°C / Indoor-dry
Information left off the nameplate due to available space or other reasons shall be communicated to the end
user either on the published characteristic curves, outline drawing, or some other official means acceptable
to the end user.
B.8 Routine tests
The following routine tests shall be performed in accordance with 4.8.1:
a) Induced voltage test (per 6.7.2 and 8.5.4). In the case of high current ratios where the exciting
voltage may well exceed 1600 V, the induced level shall be 2 times the saturation voltage or 3200
V rms (4.5 kV peak), whichever is less.
b) Turns verification. This test can be made with any suitable configuration or method provided that it
can distinguish ±1 turn from the nominal turns. The actual turns allowance shall be in compliance
with the accuracy class limits for relaying and/or metering class as assigned.
c) Polarity verification (per 8.3).
d) Secondary winding resistance (per 8.4).
e) Accuracy tests (per Figure 7, 8.1, 8.2, and 9.1).
NOTE—This test may require inducing primary currents to very high magnitudes (>20 000A) which can lead
to difficulties obtaining 100% rated currents. These tests are normally performed in a laboratory environment
that require special equipment and setup. If by type test and/or calculations it can be successfully demonstrated
to meet the accuracy requirements, then lower measuring levels for compliance may be performed provided
they are not less than 50% rated current, they are properly reported, and they are mutually agreed upon
between manufacturer and end user.
1) In the case of non-revenue metering applications where the current ratio is non-standard, a
composite error test may be performed to prove compliance provided phase error is of no
importance. This is a secondary excitation test performed at a level equivalent to rated current
with rated burden, where the measured exciting current can be considered the error current.
See 9.1.1, 9.1.2, and 9.1.3.
92
2) For high current ratios that exceed the current rating of one primary loop, multiple primary
loops may be used provided they are equally spaced about the core periphery and the return
path influence is negligible.
3) For those windings that incorporate an internal shield as an integral part of the secondary
winding, or a shield that is isolated from the secondary winding, the accuracy shall remain
within its prescribed class when the primary loop is severely off center, or when multiple
primary loops are distributed not more than 50% of the core periphery.
g) Other tests as agreed between the end user and manufacturer.
B.9 Type tests
Type tests for BCTs can be conducted to verify construction type and design calculations that can
effectively cover a wide range of physical size, ratio and accuracy classes. The following type tests shall be
performed in accordance with 4.8.1:
a) Temperature rise test (per 11.2). This test shall be conducted on the secondary winding only. Some
consideration shall be taken into account regarding the environment, conductor orientation, and
stacking of multiple BCTs.
b) Short-time ratings (per 6.6 and 11.1). Calculations shall be sufficient in lieu of test.
c) Inter-turn overvoltage test (per 6.7.1 and 12.3).
B.10 Installation
It is not the intent of this annex to provide instruction on mounting techniques but to advise of some
cautionary measures in the installation process. When using a method of clamping (plates, rings, brackets,
bars, etc.) caution shall be employed when applying force onto BCTs. The clamping mechanism should not
deform itself or the BCT when tightened. Excessive force may alter the characteristic output of the BCT.
The clamping force should be distributed as evenly as possible along the BCT surface. When possible some
means to cushion the BCT from the force should be employed. For special mounting arrangements and
configurations, consult with the manufacturer.
When the primary conductor through a BCT is a shielded cable, caution shall be used when grounding of
the shield. In some cases it may be necessary to route the shield back through the window of the BCT
before terminating it to ground, thus avoiding the creation of a shorted electrical turn around the BCT core.
This condition will result in the BCT not operating correctly.
Grounding of metallic parts and outer casings should be in accordance with IEEE Std C57.13.3.
B.10.1 Installation of an external slip-over BCT
In most cases the external slip-over BCT is installed over a bushing terminal outside of the tank or
structure, and suspended about the bushing flange with brackets. Excessive force in this case is not so much
detrimental to the performance as it is to its external insulation system. The BCT should be at or below the
bushings effective ground plane. As a precaution to protect the BCT from a flashover event, it is
recommended that a ground shield be installed. When connecting the ground shield to ground, routing of
the lead shall be in a manner that will not cause an electrical shorted turn around the BCT. If a shorted turn
is created, the BCT will not operate correctly.
93
In the case whereby the external slip-over BCT is in direct contact with the tank or structure wall, and the
surface temperature of that wall is elevated above the ambient air temperature, consideration shall be taken
in regards to the possible effects on temperature rise, as well as long term effects of the insulation itself. If
at all possible the BCT should be separated from the wall to allow air flow.
B.11 Field tests
BCTs can be mounted and installed in a wide variety of arrangements. For common field tests and
methods, please refer to IEEE Std C57.13.1.
In the case of revenue metering, it is very difficult to verify accuracy once installed. There are some
methods used that will provide results that may demonstrate a BCT to meet class, but may not necessarily
match the original factory test results. It shall be the responsibility of the end user to determine the
acceptance and validity of any method or portable device that does not:
a) Measure at rated current, and/or

b) Measure at rated power frequency, and/or
c) Have traceability to a national standards bureau (N.I.S.T., N.R.C.-Canada, etc.).
B.12 Bushing linear coupler (BLC)
This is a special type of BCT that is constructed without an iron core. The secondary is wound on a non-
magnetic former. Beyond this deviation it will have the same appearance as any other BCT.
The mutual inductance of the BLC is set such that a voltage output is induced per ampere of primary
current. The typical value is 0.005 Ω where for every 1000 A of primary current a 5 V output is induced in
the secondary winding; other ratios are possible. This relationship remains linear through the highest fault
level encountered. For maximum power transfer, the BLC may be specified by its R, X, and Z elements.
The voltage output shall be ±1% at rated current with the primary conductor centrally located, and remain
±1% when rotated about the primary conductor. The output shall be ±1% when the primary conductor is
offset up to 25% from center. When performing this test the primary loop shall consist of one turn where
there is no external influence from the return path and adjacent iron-core elements. The secondary leads, if
provided, shall be twisted to minimize induced voltages from external sources. In addition to accuracy
verification, the R, X and Z components shall be measured and reported.
Depending on its finish construction, BLCs can also be hindered by excessive mechanical forces. All of its
parameters are geometrically controlled therefore any changes to its geometry can change its self-
impedances. When making the connection, twisted leads are recommended.
By virtue of its construction, the BLC can be easily influenced by external magnetic forces. When
installing it is best that the BLC be positioned as far away from any iron core and return conductor path as
physically possible. The geometry of the enclosure may affect its output. If the BLC is to be adjacent to, or
sandwiched between conventional iron-core CTs, the effective output of the BLC will be influenced. In
these situations the output can be up to ±10% of rated voltage.
NOTE—This is not to be confused with Rogowski coils as they are not the same. Rogowski coils are addressed under
IEEE Std C37.235 [B34].
94
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IEEE Standard Requirements for

IEEE Power and Energy Society

IEEE Standard Requirements for

Approved 29 January 2016

IEEE-SA Standards Board

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3

Copyright © 2016 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

PDF: ISBN 978-1-5044-2029-7 STD20943

IEEE prohibits discrimination, harassment, and bullying.

Notice and Disclaimer of Liability Concerning the Use of IEEE Standards

Secretary, IEEE-SA Standards Board

Laws and regulations

Ross McTaggart, Chair

Fred Elliott James McBride Steven Snyder

Roy Alexander Richard Jackson Bruce Muschlitz

Jean-Philippe Faure, Chair

5. Accuracy classes for metering....................................................................................................................25

Copyright © 2016 IEEE. All rights reserved.

9. Test procedures applicable to current transformers....................................................................................59

10. Test procedures applicable to voltage transformers.................................................................................66

11. Type test procedures applicable to instrument transformers....................................................................70

12. Type test procedures applicable to current transformers..........................................................................79

13. Type test procedures applicable to voltage transformers.........................................................................81

Annex A (informative) Bibliography.............................................................................................................83

IEC 60270, High-voltage test techniques—Partial discharge measurements.2

IEC 61869-2, Instrument Transformers—Part 2: Additional Requirements for Current Transformers.

IEEE Std 4™, IEEE Standard for High-Voltage Testing Techniques.3, 4

IEEE Std C57.13.6™, IEEE Standard for High-Accuracy Instrument Transformers.

4.1 Service conditions

4.1.1 Unusual temperature and altitude service conditions

4.1.1.1 30 ºC average ambient temperature

4.1.1.2 55 ºC average ambient temperature

4.1.2 Unusual temperature and altitude service conditions

NOTE—For applications involving bushing-type current transformers, see Annex B.7

4.1.3 Other conditions that may affect design and application

*For applications involving bushing-type current transformers, see Annex B.

4.2 Effect of air density on flashover voltage

Altitude Altitude correction factor

NOTE 1—Intermediate values may be obtained by

4.4 Effect of altitude on temperature rise and effect of ambient temperature on

4.4.2 Operation of current transformers at other than 30 °C ambient temperature

4.4.3 Loading of voltage transformers at higher altitudes or higher ambient temperatures

Table 2 —Basic impulse insulation levels and dielectric testsa, f

Lightning Power frequency

Table 3 —Creepage distances for porcelain insulators

Nominal system Maximum system Minimum Creepage Distance

4.6 Temperature rise

Table 4 —Limits of temperature rise

Average winding Average winding

Table 5 —Maximum operating temperature of power terminals

Bare copper or Tin- Silver-plated

4.7 Capacitance and dissipation factor requirements

The dissipation factor shall be in accordance with the following requirements:

a) For oil-filled transformers

4.8 Classification of tests

4.8.1 Test requirements

Table 6 —Test requirements

Induced voltage 6.7.2 and 8.5.4 R 7.9 and 8.5.4 R

Polarity 8.3 and 9.4 R 8.3 and 10.3 R