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 1. Motivational interviewing

Goal: Motivational interviewing is designed to create an internal drive for customer change.
Instead of forcing perceptions on him the therapist listens to more than speaks and draws his
perceptions. In this approach, the customer is keener to keep the change for a long time (Magill,
et al., 2018).

Strategies of Motivational interviewing

Reflective Listening: The purpose is to reflect the customer include empathy, confirm customer
thoughts and sentiments, and enable the customer to continue the journey of self-discovery. The
reflections encompass several degrees of complexity or depth, from content knowledge to
meaning and sensation exploration.

Rolling With Resistance: Clients are typically faced with defensive and ultimately
unsatisfactory treatment results. Therefore, MI advisers evade arguments, instead of challenging
them by "rolling with resistance." The MI meeting is more like a dance than a match.

Agenda Setting: Clients are invited to assist define the meeting’s agenda to make sure that they
participate actively and willingly. This can involve determining the conduct(s) to discuss and the
goals for the discussion (or the intervention in general)

Eliciting Change Talk: One key approach of MI is to generate self-motivational statements or

speak about change, based on the ideas that individuals embrace and act upon, and that, the more
they defend, the stronger is their commitment to it. Many IM practitioners employ methods
designed originally for a short smoking cessation procedure by doctors to initiate transformation.
Two questions begin this approach. First, customers are asked to assess the motivation to alter
behavior, on a scale from 0 to 10 (10 being highest) (Frost, et al., 2018).

Application

Smoking Cessation: MI for smoking cessation, particularly in clinical settings, has been
engaged in several published research. The MI intervention (in-person and telephone monitoring)
was presented to clinic personnel, a motivating film was reviewed and tailored patient tactics
depending on willingness to leave were devised. Intention to analysis revealed that 7-day
abstinence levels after 6 weeks were substantially greater than 6 months after therapy for the
intervention team. In the MI group, the number of smoked cigarettes decreased significantly both
6 weeks and 6 months (D'Amico, et al., 2018).

2. Chronic fatigue syndrome

Etiology: CFS is a condition with excessive exhaustion, which does not go away with rest, and
which cannot be explained by the underlying medical condition. CFS can alternatively be called
encephalomyelitis (ME) or intolerance illness of the systematic exercise (SEID). There is still no
understanding of the etiology of CFS. There are ideas about viral infection, psychological stress,
or a mix of variables. CFS can be hard to diagnose since there is no one because and because
many other illnesses generate similar symptoms (Komaroff, 2019). No CFS tests are available.
When making a diagnosis, your doctor will need to exclude other reasons for your weariness.
Although CFS was a contentious diagnosis in former times, it is now universally recognized as a
medical illness. CFS may affect anybody, however, Trusted Source women in their 40s and 50s
are more frequent among women. No cure presently exists, however, symptoms may be
alleviated by therapy. Here is all the information you need about CFS, including symptoms,
treatment choices, and perspectives.

Symptoms

 Fatigue
 Sore throat
 Headaches
 Unexplained joint pain
 Unrefreshing sleep
 Mental exercise.

Treatment: CFS/ME treatment is aimed at relieving distress it depends on how patients are

treated with CFS/ME.

 Cognitive-behavioral therapy:
 The organized exercise regimen is known as graded exercise therapy 
 Pain, nausea, and sleep difficulties regulate medicine.
Diagnosis: There is no particular test for CFS/ME therefore the symptoms are assessed and
additional diseases that may cause the symptoms are ruled out. Because CFS/ME symptoms are
comparable to those of many common diseases, which are often improved on their own, a
CFS/ME diagnosis can be seen if patients do not improve as fast as possible (Son, 2019).

3. Substance abuse

Abuse of substances is not something to be taken lightly. It happens when people are using too
much or wrongly alcohol, prescription drugs, and other legal or illicit substances. Differs from
addiction in substance abuse. Many persons with drug addiction problems can stop or alter their
harmful behavior. Suffering is a sickness, on the other hand. It implies that even if the condition
affects, the patient cannot stop utilizing it. Legal and illicit medications include substances that
can affect the way your mind and body function. People can make their life happy, alleviate the
tension or assist them to avoid difficulties (Andersen, 2019).

Effects of Substance abuse

Drugs are chemical substances that influence the body and psyche. The specific impacts differ
across people and depend on the medicine, dose, and mode of delivery. The use of any
medication may have short-term consequences even in moderation or with a medical
prescription. One or two portions of alcohol, for example, can cause moderate poisoning. A
person may have sleep or feel calm. Blood pressure and alertness rise by nicotine produced by
cigarettes and other tobacco products. The usage of a doctor's prescription opium will assist
alleviate moderate to severe pain, but opioids can also produce somnolence, faint breathing, and
constipation (Hampton, Hanik, & Olson, 2019).

Substance Abuse Screening

In general, methods to screen and assess substance addiction are not as sensitive as issues with
substance abuse in detecting women. Screening for disorders of drug use is carried out by
employing an interview or a brief written questionnaire. While the choice of instrument may well
be based on several criteria, including cost and administration, it is also necessary to decide on
the level of comfort of the counselor and healthcare professional to utilize an interview vs. a
personality screening tool (Pinedo, 2019).
General Alcohol and Drug Screening

AUDIT: The AUDIT is efficient in detecting no pregnant women with excessive drinks. There
are 10 questions, which have been closely connected to the dangerous or detrimental use of
alcohol. This tool may be used as an independent exam, or questions can be read aloud. The
administration time of the AUDIT is around 2 minutes.

TCUDS II: A 15-item, self-administrated drug addiction screening test that takes 5-10 minutes
to complete is the Texas Christian University Drug Screen II (TCUDS II). The study is based on
a diagnostic interview schedule and references, in part, to a 4th edition, Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual on mental illness. In criminal courts, TCUDS II is extensively utilized. It is helpful for
women's dependability.

References
Andersen, S. L. (2019). Stress, sensitive periods, and substance abuse. Neurobiology of Stress,
10, 100140.

D'Amico, E. J., Parast, L., Shadel, W. G., Meredith, L. S., Seelam, R., & Stein, B. D. (2018).
Brief motivational interviewing intervention to reduce alcohol and marijuana use for at-
risk adolescents in primary care. Journal of consulting and clinical psy.

Frost, H., Campbell, P., Maxwell, M., O’Carroll, R. E., Dombrowski, S. U., Williams, B. .., &
Pollock, A. (2018). Effectiveness of motivational interviewing on adult behaviour change
in health and social care settings: a systematic review of reviews. PLo.

Hampton, W. H., Hanik, I. M., & Olson, I. R. (2019). Substance abuse and white matter:
Findings, limitations, and future of diffusion tensor imaging research. Drug and alcohol
dependence, 197, 288-298.

Komaroff, A. L. (2019). Advances in understanding the pathophysiology of chronic fatigue

syndrome. Jama, 322(6), 499-500.

Magill, M., Apodaca, T. R., Borsari, B., Gaume, J., Hoadley, A., Gordon, R. E., & Moyers, T.
(2018). A meta-analysis of motivational interviewing process: Technical, relational, and
conditional process models of change. Journal of consulting and clini.

Pinedo, M. (2019). A current re-examination of racial/ethnic disparities in the use of substance

abuse treatment: Do disparities persist?. Drug and alcohol dependence, 202, 162-167.

Son, C. G. (2019). Differential diagnosis between “chronic fatigue” and “chronic fatigue
syndrome”. Integrative medicine research, 8(2), 89.