CHAPTER

4 Quadratic Equations

Basic Concepts

60
Quadratic Polynomial

2
A polynomial of the form ax + bx + c is called a Quadratic polynomial,
a ≠ 0. Degree of this polynomial is 2

E3
Quadratic Equation

ID
A equation of the form ax + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0 is called a Quadratic equation,
in one variable x, where a, b, c are real numbers.
U
Methods for solving
Roots of a Quadratic Equations
Quadratic Equations
YG

By Using Quadratic
By factorisation Formula (Given by
Sridhar Acharya)

(a) By using identities

(b) By splitting the middle term
D

2
Quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0
Discriminant has two roots α and β given by
2
D = b – 4ac is
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−b + b 2 − 4ac − b − b2 − 4ac
called discriminant α= ,β=
2a 2a
Nature of roots
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2 2 2
Case I : D > 0, b – 4ac > 0 Case II : D = 0, b – 4ac = 0 Case III : D < 0, b – 4ac < 0
Roots are real and distinct Roots are real and equal Roots are not real

Real roots can be

rational or irrational

34 Mathematics-X
 NOTES:

−b ± b 2 − 4ac
1. Real and distinct roots are
2a
−b −b
2. Real and equal roots are ,
2a 2a
3. There are quadratic equation which donot have any real roots e.g. x2 + 1 = 0

60
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Multiple Choice Questions:
1. Which of the following is not a Quadratic Equation?

E3
(a) 2(x – 1)2 = 4x2 – 2x + 1 (b) 3x – x2 = x2 + 6

( 3 x + 2 ) = 2x – 5x
2 2
(c) (d) (x2 + 2x)2 = x4 + 3 + 4x2
2. Which of the following equation has 2 as a root
(a) x2 + 4 = 0
(c) x2 + 3x – 12 = 0
1 5
ID (b) x2 – 4 = 0
(d) 3x2 – 6x – 2 = 0
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3. If is a root of x2 + px – = 0 then value of p is
2 4
(a) 2 (b) –2
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1 1
(c) (d)
4 2
4. Every Quadratic Equation can have at most
(a) Three roots (b) One root
D

(c) Two roots (d) Any number of roots

5. 2
Roots of Quadratic equation x – 7x = 0 will be
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(a) 7 (b) 0, –7
(c) 0, 5 (d) 0, 7
6. Fill in the blanks:
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(a) If px2 + qx + r = 0 has equal roots then value of r will be ______ .

(b) The qaudratic equation x2 – 5x – 6 = 0 if expressed as (x + p) (x + q) = 0 then
value of p and q respectively are ______ and _______ .
(c) The value of k for which the roots of qaudratic equations x2 + 4x + k = 0 are
real is ______ .

Mathematics-X 35
 (d) If roots of 4x2 – 2x + c = 0 are reciprocal of each other then the value of c is
________ .
(e) If in a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, value of a is zero then it become
a _____ equation.
7. Write whether the following statements are true or false. Justify your
answers.
(a) Every quadratic equation has atleast one real roots.

60
(b) If the coefficient of x2 and the constant term of a quadratic equation have
opposite signs, then the quadratic equation has real roots.
(c) 0.3 is a root of x2 – 0.9 = 0.
(d) The graph of a quadratic polynomial is a straight line.

E3
(e) The discriminant of (x – 2)2 = 0 is positive.
8. Match the following :
(i) Roots of 3x2 – 27 = 0 (a) 169/9

(ii) D of 2x2 +
5
3
x–2=0
ID
(iii) Sum of roots of 8x2 + 2x – 3 = 0
(b) 0

(c) x2 – (a + b)x + ab = 0
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(iv) A quadratic equation with roots a and b (d) 3, – 3
−1
(v) The product of roots of x2 + 8x = 0 (e)
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SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS-I

9. If the Quadratic equation Px2 – 2 5 Px + 15 = 0 has two equal roots then find
the value of P.
D

10. Solve for x by factorisation

(a) 8x2 – 22x – 21 = 0
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(b) 3 5 x 2 + 25 x + 10 5 = 0
(c) 3x2 – 2 6 x + 2 = 0 (CBSE 2010)
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(d) 2x2 – ax + a2 = 0 (CBSE 2014)

(e) 3 x 2 + 10 x + 7 3 = 0
(f ) 2 x 2 + 7 x + 5 2 = 0
(g) (x – 1)2 – 5(x – 1) – 6 = 0
11. If – 5 is a root of the quadratic equation 2x2 + px – 15 = 0 and the quandratic
equation p(x2 + x) + k = 0 has equal roots find the value of k. (CBSE 2014, 2016)
36 Mathematics-X
 2
12. If x = and x = – 3 are roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + 7x + b = 0. Find the
3
value of a and b. (CBSE 2016)
13. Find value of p for which the product of roots of the quadratic equation px2 + 6x
+ 4p = 0 is equal to the sum of the roots.
14. The sides of two squares are x cm and (x + 4) cm. The sum of their areas is 656
cm2 Find the sides of these two squares.

60
15. Find K if the difference of roots of the quadratic equation x2 – 5x + (3k – 3) = 0 is 11.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS-II

16. Find the positive value of k for which the quadratic equation x2 + kx + 64 = 0

E3
and the quadratic equation x2 – 8x + k = 0 both will have real roots.
17. Solve for x
1 1 1 1
(a) = + + a + b + x ≠ 0, (CBSE 2005)
a+b+ x

(b)
1
a b x

2a + b + 2 x
=
1 1 1
+ +
2a b 2 x
ID a, b, x ≠ 0

2a + b + 2x ≠ 0,
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a, b, x ≠ 0
2x 1 3x + 9 −3
+ + = 0, x ≠ 3,
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(c)
x − 3 2 x + 3 ( x − 3)(2 x + 3) 2
1 1 6
(e) − = , x ≠ 1, 5 (CBSE 2010)
x −1 x + 5 7
(d) 4x2 + 4bx – (a2 – b2) = 0
(f) 4x2 – 2(a2 + b2) x + a2b2 = 0
D

2 3 23
(g) + = , x ≠ 0, – 1, 2
x + 1 2( x − 2)
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5x
2
 2x  10 x
(h)   + − 24 = 0, x ≠ 5
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x−5 ( x − 5)
(i) 4x2 – 4a2x + a4 – b4 = 0
(j) 2a2x2 + b(6a2 + 1)x + 3b2 = 0
 7 x + 1  5x − 3 3 −1
(k) 3   − 4   = 11, x ≠ ,
5x − 3 7x +1 5 7

Mathematics-X 37
 1 1 11
(l) − = , x ≠ − 4, 7 (NCERT)
x + 4 x − 7 30
x − 4 x − 6 10
(m) x − 5 + x − 7 = 3 , x ≠ 5, 7 (CBSE 2014)

1 2 4
(n) + = , x ≠ –1, –2, – 4
x +1 x + 2 x + 4

60
1 1 3
(o) + = 1, x≠ ,5
2x − 3 x − 5 2
(p) x2 + 5 5x – 70 = 0
16 15

E3
(q) −1 = , x ≠ 0, – 1 (CBSE 2014)
x x +1
18. Solve by using quadratic formula abx2 + (b2 – ac) x – bc = 0. (CBSE 2005)
2
19. If the roots of the quandratic equation (p + 1)x – 6(p + 1) x + 3(p + 9) = 0 are equal
find p and then find the roots of this quadratic equation.

ID
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
20. A train travels at a certain average speed of 54 km and then travels a distance of 63
U
km at an average speed of 6 km/hr more than the first speed. If it takes 3 hours to
complete the total journey, what is its first speed?
21. A natural number, when increased by 12, equals 160 times its reciprocal. Find the
YG

number.
22. A theif runs with a uniform speed of 100 m/minutes. After one minute a policeman
runs after the thief to catch him. He goes with a speed of 10 m/minute in the first
minute and increases his speed by 10 m/minute every succeeding minute. After
how many minutes the policemen will catch the thief?
D

23. Two water taps together can fill a tank in 6 hours. The tap of larger diameter
takes 9 hours less than the smaller one to fill the tank separately. Find the time in
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which each tap can separately fill the tank.

24. In the centre of a rectangular lawn of dimensions 50 m × 40 m, a rectangular
ST

pond has to be constructed, so that the area of the grass surrounding the pond
would be 1184 m2. Find the lenght and breadth of the pond.
25. A farmer wishes to grow a 100 m2 recangular garden. Since he has only 30 m
barbed wire, he fences three sides of the rectangular garden letting compound wall of
this house act as the fourth side fence. Find the dimensions of his garden.
26. A peacock is sitting on the top of a pillar, which is 9 m high. From a point 27 m
away from the bottom fo a pilar, a snake is coming to its hole at the base of the
38 Mathematics-X
 pillar. Seeing the snake the peacock pounces on it. If their speeds are equa, at what
distance from the hole is the snake caught?
27. If the price of a book is reduced by ` 5, a person can buy 5 more books for
` 300. Find the original list price of the book.
28. ` 6500 were divded equally among a certain number of persons. Had there been
15 more persons, each would have got ` 30 less. Find the original number of
persons.
29. In a flight of 600 km, an aircraft was slowed down due to bad weather. Its

60
average speed was reduced by 200 km/hr and the time of flight increased by 30
minutes. Find the duration of flight.
30. A fast train takes 3 hours less than a slow train for a journey of 600 km. If the
speed of the slow train is 10 km/hr less than the fast train, find the speeds of the
two trains.

E3
31. The speed of a boat in still water is 15 km/hr. It can go 30 km upstream and
return downstream to the orignal point in 4 hrs 30 minutes. Find the speed of the
stream.
32. Sum of areas of two squares is 400 cm2. If the difference of their perimeter is 16

33.

34.
find length of its base. ID
cm. Find the side of each square.
The area of an isoscles triangle is 60 cm2. The length of equal sides is 13 cm

The denominator of a fraction is one more than twice the numerator. If the sum of
U
16
the fraction and its reciprocal is 2 . Find the fraction.
21
YG

35. A girl is twice as old as her sister. Four years hence, the product of their ages (in
years) will be 160. Find their present ages.
36. A two digit number is such that the product of its digits is 18. When 63 is
subtracted from the number, the digit interchange their places. Find the number.
CBSE 2006
37. Three consecutive positive integers are such that the sum of the square of the
D

first and the product of other two is 46, find the integers. CBSE 2010
38. A piece of cloth costs ` 200. If the piece was 5 m longer and each metre of cloth
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costs ` 2 less than the cost of the piece would have remained unchanged. How
long is the piece and what is the original rate per metre?
39. A motor boat whose speed is 24 km/hr in still water takes 1 hour more to go 32
ST

km upstream than to return downstream to the same spot. Find the speed of the
stream
(CBSE 2016)
40. If the roots of the quadratic equation (b – c)x2 + (c – a)x + (a – b) = 0 are equal,
prove 2b = a + c.
41. If the equation (1 + m2)n2x2 + 2mncx + (c2 – a2) = 0 ha equal roots, prove that c2
= a2 (1 + m2).
Mathematics-X 39
 ANSWERS AND HINTS

1. (d) [x4 + 4x2 + 4x3 = x4 + 3 + 4x2  4x3 = 3  degree = 3]

2. (b) [Check by substituting x = 2 in the equation.]
1 5
3. (a) [Substitute x = in x2 + Px – = 0.]
2 4
4. (c) [ A quadratic polynomial is of degree 2 and it has atmost two zeroes.]

60
5. (d) [x(x – 7) = 0  x = 0, x = 7.]
q2
6. (a) [r = (D = 0  q2 – 4pr = 0)]
4p

E3
(b) p = – 6, q = 1 [x2 – 5x – 6 = 0  (x – 6) (x + 1) = 0]
(c) K < 4
C C
(d) c = 4 ( product = 1  =1 =1)
A 4

7.
ID
(e) Linear equation (x = 0  ax2 + bx + c = 0 reduces to bx + c = 0)
(a) False (A quadratic equation has atmost two real root).
(b) True (Coefficient of x2 = a, Constant = – c, D = b2 – 4ac = b2 – 4(a) (– c) = b2
U
+ 4ac > 0)
(c) False (x2 = 0.9  x =  0.9 )
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(d) False (Degree of quadratic polynomial is 2 not 1  Not a straight line)

8. (i)  d
(ii)  a
(iii)  e
(iv)  c
D

(v)  b
9. D=0 20p2 – 60p = 0, p  0
U

20p (p – 3) = 0
p= 3
ST

40 Mathematics-X
 7 3 −2 5
10. (a) x = ,x= − (b) x = 5, x =
2 4 3
2 2 a
(c) x = ,x= (d) x = ,x=–a
3 3 2
−7 3 −5 2
(e) x = − 3 , x = (f) x = − 2 , x =
3 2

60
(g) Take (x – 1) = y
y2 – 5y – 6 = 0 ⇒ (y + 1) (y – 6) = 0
y = –1, y = 6
x – 1 = – 1, x – 1 = 6

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x = 0, x = 7
11. 2(– 5)2 + p(– 5) – 15 = 0 ⇒ p = 7
∴ 7x2 + 7x + k = 0, D = 49 – 28 k = 0

⇒k=
49
28
2
=

12. Sub, x = to get

7
4
ID 4a + 9b = – 42 ...(1)
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3
Sub, x = – 3 to get 9a + b = – 21 ...(2)
Solve (1) and (2) to get a = 3, b = – 6.
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c 4p −b −6
13. Product = = = 4, sum = =
a p a p
−6 −6 −3
ATQ = =4 ⇒ P= =
p 4 2
D

14. x2 + (x + 4)2 = 656

x2 + 4x – 320 = 0
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−4 ± 1296 −4 + 36 −4 − 36
D = 1296 x= = ,
2 2 2
ST

32
x= = 16, (rejecting –ve value)
2
Sides are 16 cm, 20 cm
15. ATQ α – β = 11
Solve to get α = 8, β = 3

Mathematics-X 41
 −b
Sum of roots α + β = =5
a
c
Product of roots =
a
24 = 3k – 3
27 = 3k ⇒ k=9 Ans.

60
16. x2 + kx + 64 = 0 → D1 = k2 – 256 ≥ 0, k2 ≥ 256
⇒ k ≥ 16 ...(1)
k ≤ – 16

E3
x2 – 8x + k = 0 → D2 = 64 – 4k ≥ 0
⇒ k ≤ 16 ...(2)
(1) and (2) gives k = 16
1 1 1 1
17. (a) − = +
a+b+ x x
x−a−b− x
a b

=
a+b
ID
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(a + b + x) x ab
– (a + b) ab = (a + b) (a + b + x) x
YG

x2 + xa + bx + ab = 0
(x + a) (x + b) = 0, x = – a, x = – 6
1 1 1 1
(b) − = +
a+b+ x x a b
D

x−a−b− x a+b
=
(a + b + x) x ab
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– (a + b) ab = (a + b) (a + b + x) x
x2 + xa + bx + ab = 0
ST

(x + a) (x + b) = 0, x = – a, x = – 6

−3
(c) Take LCM to get 2x2 + 5x + 3 = 0, x = – 1, x ≠ .
2

42 Mathematics-X
 (d) (4x2 + 4bx + b2) – a2 = 0
(2x + b)2 – a2 = 0 apply A2 – B2 = (A + B) (A– B)
( a + b) a−b
Ans. x = − ,x=
2 2
2
(e) Take LCM to get 3x – 13x + 12 = 0
4
Ans. x = 3,
3

60
(f) 4x – 2a x – 2b2x + a2b2 = 0
2 2

2x(2x – a2) – b2(2x – a2) = 0 ⇒ (2x – b2) (2x – a2) = 0

b2 a2

E3
x= ,
2 2
(g) Take LCM to get 11x2 – 21x – 92 = 0
11x2 – 44x + 23x – 92 = 0. Solve and get
−23
x = 4, x =

 2x 
(h) 
2
11
 2x 
 + 5 
ID
 − 24 = 0
x − 5
U
x−5
2x
Let = y ∴ y2 + 5y – 24 = 0. Solve to get y = 3, y = –8
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x−5
2x 2x
Sub, = 3, =–8
x−5 x−5
Ans. x = 15, x = 4
(i) 4x2 – 4a2x + a4 – b4 = 0
D

(2x – a2)2 – (b2)2 = 0

(2x – a2 – b2) (2x – a2 + b2) = 0
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a 2 + b2 a 2 − b2
x= , x=
2 2
ST

(j) Find D = b2 (6a2 – 1)2

−B ± D
Use x = to get answer
2A
−b
Ans. x = , – 3b
2a 2

Mathematics-X 43
 7x +1
(k) Let =y
5x − 3
4
∴ 3y – = 11 ⇒ 3y2 – 11y – 4 = 0. Solve to get
y
1
y= − ,y=4
3
Sub y and get x = 0, 1

60
(l) Take LCM to get 9x2 + 3x – 12 = 0
4
Solve to get x = 1, x = −
3

E3
2
(m) Take LCM to get 2x – 27x + 88 = 0
11
x = 8,
2

Ans. x = 2 ± 2 3 ID
(n) Take LCM to get x2 – 4x – 8 = 0 (Use quadratic formula)

(o) Take LCM to get 2x2 – 16x + 23 = 0

U
Solve using Quadratic formula
−8 ± 3 2
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Ans. x =
2
(p) x 2 + 7 5 x − 2 5 x − 70 = 0

( x + 7 5 )( x − 2 5 ) =0
D

x = 2 5, −7 5
16 − x 15
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(q) =
x x +1
x2 – 16 = 0
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x=±4
54 63
20. Equation + = 3, x → speed of train at first, x + 6 → Increased speed.
x x+6
Ans. x = 36, x ≠ – 3.

44 Mathematics-X
 21. Let the natural number be x.
160
ATQ x + 12 = to get x2 + 12x – 160 = 0
x
(x + 20) (x – 8) = 0
x = 8, x ≠ – 20
22. Let total time to be n minutes.
Policeman will catch the theif in (n – 1) minutes.

60
Total distance covered by thief = (100 x) metres ...(1)
(as distance covered in 1 min = 100 min)
Distance covered by policemen

E3
100 + 110 + 120 + .... + to (n – 1) tan ...(2)
(n − 1)
(1) and (2) ⇒ 100 n = [2 × 100 + (n – 2) 10]
2
Solve and get n2 – 3n – 18 = 0

ID n = 6, n ≠ – 3
Policeman will catch the thief in 5 minutes.
23. Time taken by top of smaller diameter = x hrs
U
Time taken by larger tap = (x – 9) hrs
1 1 1
+
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ATQ = and get x 2 – 21x + 54 = 0

x x−9 6
Ans. x = 3, x = 18
x = 3 rejeced as x – 9 = – 6 < 0
∴ x = 18 hrs x – 9 = 18 – 9 = 9 hrs
24.
D
U

Pond
x 40

x
ST

50
Length of rectangular lawn = 50 m
Breadth of rectangular lawn = 40 m
Length of pond = 50 – 2x
Breadth of pond = 40 – 2x
Area of lawn – Area of pond = area of grass
50 × 40 – (50 – 2x) (40 – 2x) = 1184
Mathematics-X 45
 get x2 – 45x + 296 = 0
x = 37, x = 8
x = 37 rejected  40 – 2x = 40 – 2(37) < 0
Ans. Length of pond = 34 m
Breadth of pond = 24 m
25. x + y + x = 30, xy = 100
Solve x = 5m, 10 m, House

60
y = 20 m, 10 m
x x
26.
yA

E3
x
–
27
27 – x x
C
ID D B

In ΔABD, pythogorus theorem 92 + x2 = (27 – x)2. Solve it to get x = 12 m.

27. Let original list price = ` x
U
300 300
ATQ − =5
x−5 x
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Solve and get x = 20, x = – 15 → rejected

Ans. ` 20
28. Let original number of persons be x
6500 6500
−
D

ATQ = 30
x x + 15
Solve and get x = 50, x ≠ – 65.
U

600 600 1
29. ATQ − = [Speed of slow train = x km/hr]
x − 200 x 2
Solve to get x = 600, x ≠ – 400
ST

600
Duration of flight = 1hr.
600
600 600
30. ATQ − = 3 (Speed of slow train x km/hr)
x x + 10
Solve to get x = 40, x ≠ – 50
Ans. 5 km/hr
46 Mathematics-X
 30 30 9
31. ATQ   (Speed of stream x km/hr)
15  x 15  x 2
Solve to get x = 5, x  –5
Ans. 5 km/hr
32. x2 + y2 = 400 ...(1)
4x – 4y = 16  x – y = 4 ...(2)
y–x=4 ...(3)

60
Solve (1) and (2) to get x = 16, x  –12
Solve (1) and (3) to get x = 12, x  –16
Ans. x = 16 m, y = 12 m from (1) and (2)

E3
x = 12 m, y = 16 m from (1) and (3)
33. BC = 2x, BD = x
Use pythagoreas to get
AD = 169  x 2  60

A=
1
2
ID
 2 x  169  x 2  60
U
Solve to get x2 = 144, x2 = 25
x = 12 or x = 5
x  –12, –5
YG

base 2x = 24, 10 cm
x
34. Fraction is
2x 1
x 2x  1 16 58

D

ATQ =2 =
2x  1 x 21 21
7
Solve to get x = 3, x 
U

11
3
Ans. Fraction = .
ST

7
35. Age of sister = x years
Age of girl = 2x
ATQ (x + 4) (2x + 4) = 160
Solve to get x2 + 6x – 72 = 0
Ans. x = 6 years, x  – 12
2x = 12 years
Mathematics-X 47
 18
36. Let tens place digit = x, then units digits = .
x
18
No, 10x +
x
 18   10 × 18 
ATQ  10 x +  −  + x  = 63
 x  x 
Solve to get x = 9, x ≠ – 2.

60
Ans. No. 92
37. Let no. be x, x + 1, x + 2
ATQ (x)2 + (x + 1) (x + 2) = 46
To get 2x2 + 3x – 44 = 0

E3
22
Use quadratic formula to solve q get x = 4, x ≠ –
4
∴ No.s are 4, 5, 6.

ATQ
200 200
x
−
x+5
=2 ID
38. Let length of piece be x metre.
U
Solve to get x2 + 5x – 500 = 0
Solve to get x = 20, x ≠ –25
YG

200 200
Rate per meter = = = ` 10
x 20
39. Let speed of boat = x
32 32
ATQ − =1
24 − x 24 + x
D

x2 – 64x – 576 = 0
(x – 72) (x + 8) = 0
x≠–8
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x = 72 km/hr
40. Find D and let D = 0
ST

(c – a)2 – 4(b – c) (a – b) = 0
Solve to get (a + c – 2b)2 = 0
∴ a + c = 2b
41. D = 0
(2 mnc)2 – 4 (1 + m2) n2 (c2 – a2) = 0
to get 4n2c2 = 4n2a2 (1 + m2)
∴ c2 = a2 (1 + m2)
48 Mathematics-X
 Practice Test
Quadratic Equations
Time: 1 Hour M.M : 20
SECTION-A
1. The value of k is .................. if x = 3 is one root of x2 – 2kx – 6 = 0. 1

60
2. If the discriminant of 3x + 2x +  = 0 is double the discriminant of x – 4x + 2 = 0
2 2

then value of  is 1
3. If discriminant of 6x2 – bx + 2 = 0 is 1 then value of b is ............... . 1

E3
4. (x – 1)3 = x3 + 1 is quadratic equation. (T/F) 1

SECTION-B
5.

6. Solve for x : 21x2 – 2x +

ID
If roots of x2 + kx + 12 = 0 are in the ratio 1 : 3 find k.

1
21
=0
2

2
U
7. Find k if the quadratic equation has equal roots : kx (x – 2) + 6 = 0. 2
SECTION-C
YG

8. Solve using quadratic formula 3

4 3x 2  5 x  2 3  0
9. For what value of k, (4 – k)x2 + (2k + 4)x + (8k + 1) = 0 is a perfect square. 3
D

SECTION-C
U

7
10. Two water taps together can fill a tank in 1 hours. The tap with longer diameter
8
takes 2 hours less than the tap with smaller one to fill the tank separately. Find the
ST

time in which each tap can fill the tank separately. (CBSE 2018)
4

Mathematics-X 49