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Increments and Straight Lines: Babylon University / College of Engineering Building Construction / 1 Stage

This document contains lecture notes on linear equations and straight lines from a building construction class. It defines increments as changes in coordinates, and uses examples to demonstrate calculating increments between points and finding the slope of lines. It then presents three forms of the equation of a straight line: point-slope form using a known point and slope, two-point form using two known points, and slope-intercept form using slope and y-intercept. Examples are provided to illustrate writing equations of lines in each form. The notes conclude by presenting the general linear equation and discussing how to extract the slope and y-intercept from such an equation.

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هاني عاطف جبار
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59 views7 pages

Increments and Straight Lines: Babylon University / College of Engineering Building Construction / 1 Stage

This document contains lecture notes on linear equations and straight lines from a building construction class. It defines increments as changes in coordinates, and uses examples to demonstrate calculating increments between points and finding the slope of lines. It then presents three forms of the equation of a straight line: point-slope form using a known point and slope, two-point form using two known points, and slope-intercept form using slope and y-intercept. Examples are provided to illustrate writing equations of lines in each form. The notes conclude by presenting the general linear equation and discussing how to extract the slope and y-intercept from such an equation.

Uploaded by

هاني عاطف جبار
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Babylon University / College of Engineering

Architectural Engineering
Building Construction / 1st Stage

Assistant Prof.
Lecture 2 Dr. Fatima F. Al-khafaji

Increments and Straight Lines


When a particle moves from one point in the plane to another, the net changes in its
coordinates are called increments. They are calculated by subtracting the coordinates
of the starting point from the coordinates of the ending point. If x changes from x 1 to
x2 the increment in x is:

Δx = x2 – x1

Example //
In going from the point A(4, -3) to the point B(2, 5) the increments in the x- and y-
coordinates are
Δx = 2 – 4 = -2 , Δy = 5 – (-3) = 8
From C(5, 6) to D(5, 1) the coordinate increments are
Δx = 5 – 5 = 0 , Δy = 1 – 6 = -5

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Babylon University / College of Engineering
Architectural Engineering
Building Construction / 1st Stage

Assistant Prof.
Lecture 2 Dr. Fatima F. Al-khafaji

Slope of straight line


Slope is a measure of the steepness of the line.
Given two points P1 (x1, y1) and P2 (x2, y2) in the plane, we call the increments
Δx = x2 – x1 and Δy = y2 – y1 the run and the rise, respectively, between P1 and P2.
Two such points always determine a unique straight line (usually called simply a line)
passing through them both. We call the line P1 P2.
Any non-vertical line in the plane has the property that the ratio has the same value
for every choice of the two points P1 (x1, y1) and P2 (x2, y2) on the line). This is
because the ratios of corresponding sides for similar triangles are equal.

Example //
Find the slop of the non-vertical straight line L1 passes through the points P1 (0, 5)
and P2 (4, 2) and L2 passes P3 (0, -2) and P4 (3, 6).
Solution:

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Babylon University / College of Engineering
Architectural Engineering
Building Construction / 1st Stage

Assistant Prof.
Lecture 2 Dr. Fatima F. Al-khafaji

Equation of straight line :


(a) Point-Slope Form of the Equation of a Line
Now let’s find an equation of the line that passes through a given point P1 (x1, y1)
and has slope m.

3
Babylon University / College of Engineering
Architectural Engineering
Building Construction / 1st Stage

Assistant Prof.
Lecture 2 Dr. Fatima F. Al-khafaji

Example //
Find an equation of the line through (1, -7) with slope – 1/2.
Solution:
Using Point-slope form of the equation of a line with m = -1/2, x1 = 1 and y1= -7, we
obtain an equation of the line as:
y + 7 = -1/2 (x – 1)
which we can rewrite as:
2y + 14 = - x +1 or x + 2y +13 = 0

Example //
Write an equation for the line through the point (2, 3) with slope -3/2
Solution:
We substitute x1 = 2, y1= 3 and m = -3/2 into the point-slope equation and obtain
y = 3 - 3/2 (x -2), or y = - 3/2 (x) + 6

(b) A Line Through Two Points


Example//
Find an equation of the line through the points (-1, 2) and (3, - 4).
Solution:
By Definition the slope of the line:

Using the point-slope form with x1 = -1 and y1 = 2, we obtain:

y - 2 = - 3/2 (x + 1)
or
3x + 2y = 1

4
Babylon University / College of Engineering
Architectural Engineering
Building Construction / 1st Stage

Assistant Prof.
Lecture 2 Dr. Fatima F. Al-khafaji

(c) Slope-Intercept Form of The Equation of a Line


Suppose a non-vertical line has slope m and y-intercept b.

Example:
Write the standard equations for the vertical and horizontal lines through point (2, 3).
Solution:
(a, b) = (2, 3)
x-intercept = a = 2
y-intercept = b = 3
- Horizontal line equation:
y=mx+b
=0 x +3
y =3

5
Babylon University / College of Engineering
Architectural Engineering
Building Construction / 1st Stage

Assistant Prof.
Lecture 2 Dr. Fatima F. Al-khafaji

(d) The General Equation of a Line

6
Babylon University / College of Engineering
Architectural Engineering
Building Construction / 1st Stage

Assistant Prof.
Lecture 2 Dr. Fatima F. Al-khafaji

Example //
Find the slope and y-intercept of the line 8x + 5y = 20
Solution:
Solve the equation for y to put it in slope-intercept form:

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