Transient Stability Studying of Power System with

Synchronous Generators Equipped with AVR and GOV,

Using Neplan Software

Submitted by:

M. Ehtisham Arshad 2017-EE-132

M. Zaher Rasheed 2017-EE-148

Submitted to: Dr. Asghar Saqib

Department of Electrical Engineering

University of Engineering and Technology Lahore

 Form-I
Power System Operation and Control Laboratory
Complex Engineering Problem (CEP) Proforma

CLO3: “Use Co-operative Groups to maximize learning”

Group Members

M. Ehtisham Arshad 2017-EE-132

M. Zaher Rasheed 2017-EE-148

Title of Research Paper

Transient Stability Studying of Power System with Synchronous Generators Equipped with
AVR and GOV, Using Neplan Software
Journal/Conference Paper

Journal Paper

Year of Publication

Feb 2018

Your intended target:

Reproducing the results given in paper

Software: NEPLAN

BUSES: 9 BUS system

 Form -2

Note: Value of variable ‘x’ will be disclosed to students after evaluation of CEP. Students will
present their slides via MS Teams and viva will also be conducted online.

Registration No: 2017-EE-132 && 2017-EE-148

Chapter 1

Introduction

Stability of power system is the ability of the system to return under normal working conditions after
being stressed by different transients. Otherwise, “stability” can be described as the natural tendency
of the system to develop equal or greater forces than the disturbing forces, in order to continue
working in a steady state. The system remains in synchronism if forces attempting to keep machines in
synchronism are sufficient to defeat disturbing forces.
Conversely, instability means conditions that lead generators to lose
synchronism and power system failure. The transient stability studies involve the determination of
whether or not synchronism is maintained after the machine has been subjected to several
disturbances. These disturbances might be sudden application of a large load, loss of generation, loss
of large load, short circuits or phase loses in transmission.
Power system stability is calculated during initial phases when generating and transmission units are
still in development. Research is needed to determine the relay protection system, circuit breakers,
optimal fault clearing time, voltage levels and transmission capacity between systems.
If power system loses stability, the machines will no longer work at
synchronous speed. That will lead to drastic fluctuations of voltage levels, currents and power. That
condition can cause damages to the loads that are supplied with energy from the unstable system.
Transient stability studying requires a lot more attention because its impact on the system is greater
than other conditions. Studies in this area should be carried out to ensure that the system supports the
transitional provisions that come as a result of a great transient. Short circuits are a kind of these
transients. During the occurrence of a fault, the stability of the power system depends not only by the
system itself, but also depends on the type and location of the fault, the clearing time, etc. System
response during transient conditions includes changes in rotor angle and it is influenced by the non-
linear relationship between power and the rotor angle. Following the sudden transients in the power
system, differences of rotor angles, rotor speeds and the power transmitted through transmission lines,
change rapidly according to the type of fault. For large transients, the change in rotor angle can be
large enough to get the machine out of synchronism. Transient stability is a phenomenon that occurs
within a second for generators placed near the fault location. The goal of transient stability studies is to
 assure if rotor angle remains in stable conditions after the fault clear.
Fault clearing includes, switching off transmission lines, which weakness the system. Changes in
transmission system, lead to changes in rotor angle. Loss of synchronism becomes obvious within a
second from the fault occurring. Faults in overloaded transmission lines cause more instability than
faults in slightly loaded lines. Also, three phase faults cause greater transients than one phase or two-
phase faults.

Element that Effects Transient Stability

There are a lot of factors affecting the transient stability of a generator in a practical power system.
Some of those factors are listed below:
• The post-disturbance system reactance as seen from the generator. The weaker the post
disturbance system, the lower the Pmax will be.
• The duration of the fault-clearing time. The longer the clearing time is, the longer the rotor
will be accelerated and the more kinetic energy will be gained. The energy that is gained
during acceleration will be greater, resulting to be difficult to dissipate it during deceleration.
• The inertia of the generator. With a high value of generator inertia, the rate of change of angle
will be slower, and as a result less energy will be gained during the fault.
• The generator internal voltage (determined by excitation system) and infinite bus voltage
(system voltage). The lower these voltages, the lower the Pmax will be.
• The generator internal reactance. If the reactance is of low values, the peak power will be
higher and the initial rotor angle will be lower.

• The generator output during the fault. This is depending on the fault’s location and type of the
fault.

Source of Transient
Transients are disturbances that usually occur within a very short duration and the electrical circuit is
quickly restored to original operation condition provided no damage has occurred due to the transient.
An electrical transient is a cause-and-effect phenomenon. For transients to occur there must be a cause,
some of the more common causes of transients:
• Atmospheric phenomena including lightning, solar flares, or geomagnetic disturbances.
 • Switching loads on or off
• Interruption of fault currents
• Switching of power lines
• Switching of capacitor banks
• Short circuits

FREQUENCY STABILITY IN POWER SYSTEMS

Frequency stability is the ability of a power system to maintain frequency in rated values
following a severe system disturbance as a result of an imbalance between generation and load.
A typical fault causing frequency instability is the loss of generation, which results in an undesired
and sudden unbalance between the generation and load. The controllers of systems generators
alter the power delivered by the generators until a balance between power output and load
consumption is re-established.
Chapter 2

Problem Statement and Model used

2.1 Problem Statement

Transient Stability Studying of Power System with Synchronous Generators Equipped

with AVR and GOV, Using Neplan Software

2.2 Model Used

Voltage stability refers power system ability to maintain steady voltages at its
buses after being prone of a disturbance from a given initial operating condition. The
voltage deviations have to maintain within predetermined ranges. Voltage stability
depends on the balance between active and reactive power of load and generation in the
entire power system and the ability to maintain this balance during normal and abnormal

Basic Diagram of AVR with PID controller

One of the most common controllers available today is PID Controller. The PID controller is used to
improve the dynamic response as well as to reduce the steady state error.
The generator excitation system using an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) keeps the terminal
voltage magnitude of a synchronous generator to a defined standard level. Furthermore, it plays an
important role to control the reactive power and improve the stability of power system. AVR assists
improving the steady-state stability of power systems
 Basic Diagram of Governor

In transient state, machine is affected by several impacts, mostly in a short time which causes several
drops on the terminal voltage of machine. Using AVR has an important impact to remain voltage
levels within standard levels during transients.
Chapter 3

Simulation Model

In the Figure 2, a 9-bus model is shown with two generators

and 4 loads and 3 transformers. Across each generator you can see a set of AVR and
GOV Controller. This is the same model implemented on NEPLAN software to study
the transient stability of power system with and without AVR and GOV Controller.

There are
• 2 Generators X and Y
• 9 buses
• 3 transformers
• Pair of GOV and AVR Controller

Figure 2: Model Implemented on NEPLAN

All the parameters and specification of system are taken from research paper attached below.
3.1 AVR and GOV Model
These are the model of AVR and GOV implemented on NEPLAN software using PID Controller
and block diagram technique

Figure 3: Generator AVR Model Implemented

Figure 4: Generator GOV Model Implemented

 Chapter 4

Results and Discussion

For the above scheme load flow analysis has been simulated in the Neplan software. After the
simulation the listed below results are taken.
Here there are two kinds of voltage on buses other then generator buses
• 110kv
• 30kv

V (KV) %V V angle P Load Q Load P Gen Q Gen

(MW) (MVAR) (MW) (MVAR)
BUS-X 13.8 100 0 0 0 60 28.55
BUS-Y 15.75 100 0 0 0 99.172 67.34
BUS-N1 107.09 97.01 -3.18 0 0 0 0
BUS-N2 105.89 96.31 -3.88 0 0 0 0
BUS-N3 103.77 94.66 -4.4 0 0 0 0
BUS-N4 104.55 95.01 -4.39 134.22 65.11 0 0
BUS-N5 28.995 96.82 -8.5 14.56 4.72 0 0
BUS-N6 28.227 95.90 -9 3.67 1.77 0 0
BUS-N7 28.15 95.25 -9.1 4.507 2.813 0 0

Figure: Load Flow Analysis Result

As seen from the results below, voltage in the normal operation condition is within rated parameters.
Line and transformer lose are in low rates, so they do not affect in undesirable voltage drops.
Simulated values are very near to the research paper values.

Transient Stability Analysis

Case 1:
a) First case consists in studying system stability for several disturbances, while generators are not
equipped with AVR. Different simulations are made in the scheme starting from lose of
 generator GX in time t=0.3s for this disturbance, frequency response, power in the generator
GY and voltage in bus N1 have been taken.
• Frequency Response at Bus -Y

• Power Developed by Generator Y:

• Voltage at Bus -N1:

 Conclusion:

As it is seen from the above responses, power system loses synchronism. There is no balance between
active powers, system frequency does not remain in a stable value, and bus voltage gets undesired values
out of predetermined range.

b) Another simulation is been made for sudden loss of load 2 in time t=0.3s.
The frequency response, and the changing of active power of generators are taken.

• Frequency response in BUS-Y

• Power developed by Generator Y

• Power developed by Generator X

b) Another simulation made is that of a three-phase short circuit in bus N3.

The faults occur in t=0.2 s, while the fault is cleared after 0.1s in t=0.3 s. The shown below
responses are taken for that case.

• Power developed by GY
 • Frequency response at BUS-Y

Conclusion:

It is very clear from above figure when fault occur there is transient as can be seen in figure and the frequency also
changes and when fault clear at 0.3s the system is coming toward stability.
CASE 2
Generators are equipped with AVR and GOV
Different simulations are made placing several faults in the system.

a) After placing a sudden loss of generator GX in the time t=0.3 s,

frequency response, power in generator GY, voltage in bus N3 and power in load
L1 are taken.

• Frequency response in BUS-Y

• Power developed by Generator Y

• Voltage at BUS-N3
• Power in load L1

Conclusion a):

In this case, system frequency drops under unrated values, to later stabilize in a lower range. Bus
voltages become lower, but the impact of AVR is visible making voltages to remain in stable values.
The active power in load L1 becomes lower in accordance with frequency drops.

b) Another simulation is made for sudden loss of load

• Frequency response at BUS-Y

• Voltage at BUS- N5
• Power developed by Generator Y

Conclusion b):

After sudden load loss the frequency gets stable and voltage on the bus also gets within the nominal
range. You can see the power developed across generator y also decreases as we have removed one
load.
c) Three phase short circuit in bus N4, occurs in t=0.2 s,
while the fault clearing time is set in t= 0.3 s. For this case the shown below responses
are taken.

• Frequency response at BUS-Y

• Power developed by GY
 • Current at line L5

Conclusion c) :

Short circuit dynamic process is closely linked to active power fluctuations in the balancing generator, and
causes an increase in transmission lines currents. As the generators are equipped with automatic regulators,
system frequency stabilizes in a very short time.
 Conclusion:

• In this paper power system transient stability and impact of AVR and GOV is briefly studied. Making
simulation for different system disturbances and taking responses for generators with and without
AVR and GOV, a clear and simple concept about system stability and behavior during transients is
given.
• For generators equipped with AVR, the voltage and system frequency, get a steady value after the
disturbance, after the impact of the controllers. It takes a greater time for frequency to re-establish in a
steady value, in the case of generator lose, and it takes a smaller time in the case of three phase
circuits.
• From that, we can easily understand that losing of a generating unit is a larger disturbance than the
short circuit fault. Bus voltages reestablish in 0.9Un after the impact of AVR, and this value is close to
the predetermined voltage range. Making simulations for missing AVR and GOV, lets us see that
system frequency does not re-establish for loss of generating unit. Furthermore, bus voltage takes
value under normal predetermined range. As it is shown from the study, using of AVR and GOV,
plays an important role in the power System transient stability
References

[1] Jan Machowski, Janusz W. Bialek and James R. Bumby, (1997), Power
System Dynamics and Stability, John Wiley &Sons Ltd.

[2] G¨oran Andersson, Modelling and Analysis of Electric Power Systems,

Power Flow Analysis, Fault Analysis, Power Systems Dynamics and
Stability, Lecture 227- 0526-00, ITET ETH Zurich, September 2008.

[3] Michael J. Basler and Richard C. Schaefer (2005), “Understanding

Power System Stability”. IEEE Basler Electric Company, 0-7803-8896-
8/05/.

[4] P. Kunder, “Power System Stability and Control,” McGraw, Hill,

New York, 2001.
Appendix