DAY 16

I LISTENING (50 points)

Part 1. You will hear an interview with Peter Watkins, a writer, who is taking about his book, which
discusses the behaviour of animals and birds in relation to the weather.
Decide whether the following statements are True (T), False (F), or Not Given (NG) according to
what you hear. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.

1. Peter says that low-flying birds suffer badly in storms.

2. According to Peter, insects have difficulty in sensing changes in the atmosphere.
3. Sue knows quite a few sayings about the weather and the rain goose’s behaviour
4. Peter says that the sayings fulfilled a basic human need for control.
5. According to Peter, in the past people relied on animal and bird behaviour to predict the weather.

Your answers:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Part 2. Listen to a news report about a typhoon in the Philippines and answer the questions.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS and ONE NUMBER taken from the recording for each
answer.

6. How many people in the Philippines died in the typhoon?

______________________________________________
7. Which provinces of the country were struck by the typhoon?
______________________________________________
8. Where did the rescuers put the baby in an attempt to save his life?
______________________________________________
9. What has dried up the government’s funds, leaving insufficient funding for disaster relief?
_______________________________________________
10.What is reported to have hit the Philippines in just the past two years?
_______________________________________________

Part 3. Listen to part of a programme in which two racing drivers, Eddie Kiwitz and Jenny Pelaw,
are discussing their profession and choose the answer A, B, C or D which fits best according to
what you hear. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.

11.What does Eddie say to Jenny about being the number one driver in the world?
A. She will have to adjust quickly to her new status.
B. She needs to recognize that nobody is unbeatable.
C. She must convince herself that she is worthy of the title.
D. She must keep reminding herself that she can still improve.
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12.What do we learn about a leading journalist’s criticism of Jenny?
A. It led Eddie to leap to Jenny’s defence.
B. It was widely seen as unnecessary harsh.
C. It didn’t upset Jenny as much as people thought.
D. It provided Jenny with the motivation she needed.
13.When talking about differences between their respective eras, Eddie and Jenny agree that
A. there is now less comradeship among drivers.
B. drivers are now more prone to self-doubt.
C. racing has become substantially safer.
D. nowadays drivers tend to go faster.
14.What view do Eddie and Jenny share about simulators?
A. Their influence is likely to increase as time goes on.
B. They are useful for drivers working on technique.
C. They are no substitute for natural ability.
D. Their attempt to provide fitness is ill-conceived.
15.In the programme as a whole Eddie gives the impression of
A. rather regretting some of the things he did.
B. being rather indifferent to Jenny’s enthusiasm.
C. wanting to avoid the public eye wherever possible.
D. preferring the racing world from when he was a driver.

11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Part 4. Listen to a news report about anti-vaxxers in Texas and complete the sentences.
Write NO MORE THAN 3 WORDS taken from the recording for each blank.
(16.)_____________________________ about a link between vaccines and developmental disorders
have fueled the so called “anti-vaxxer” movement for years now. Over 20 vaccine-related bills were
introduced in the lately finished 85th (17. )___________________________. And while some of
those bills promote vaccinations, others definitely don’t.
Briscoe Cain, aged 31, a member of the (18.)_________________________, is a Republican State
Representative, states that the parent should have the ability to decide whether or not their child takes
medicine or receives an injection. He believes that in the (19.)______________________, personal
liberty is higher than safety and security. In Texas, (20.) ___________________________ from
vaccines can be given for any personal reason, including religion.
Stacy, a would-be nurse, finds it hard to think of a future where children would (21.)
_________________. Heather Pencil, who lives in the Austin suburbs, says measles is a serious
disease which can cause (22.) ______________________. A bill brought in this year to make
exemption rates for individual schools publicly available was shelved in May for limiting (23.)
____________________.
Peter Hotez, a vaccine expert says that a great many people in Texas have been convinced by a group
of anti-vaccine activists that this is a (24.)________________________. In California, when they had
measles outbreaks, the (25.) __________________________ closed all the non-medical exemptions.

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 II. LEXICO-GRAMMAR (20 points)
Part 1. Choose the correct answer A, B, C, or D to each of the following questions. Write your
answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.

26. Do you think this kind of meat ___________ itself to stewing?

A. lends B. gives C. offers D. allows
27. The _____________ boards in the staircase would always wake us up whenever somebody
climbed up at night.
A. screeching B. cracking C. roaring D. creaking
28. The way he acted took us by surprise. All he did was at complete ____________ with his former
scenario.
A. disagreement B. incompatibility C. discrepancy D. variance
29. You needn’t treat us to anything, we won’t stay long for it’s only a _________ visit.
A. minute B. flying C. small D. speedy
30. Let’s make a dash for the train now as the rain seems to be _____________ off.
A. easing B. slowing C. reducing D. running
31. Susan has taken ______________ to Peter’s remarks about her appearance.
A. exception B. annoyance C. irritation D. nerve
32. During winter the shelters are full of people of no fixed ___________.
A. residence B. abode C. home D. domicile
33. I had gotten quite _____________ attached to my car and was sad to see it go to the junkyard.
A. forlornly B. emotionally C. sorrowfully D. sensitively
34. Until your finances are in the ____________, it’s not a good idea to take out a loan.
A. credit B. funds C. profits D. black
35. The entire staff was thrown off _____________ when the news of the takeover was announced.
A. composure B. disarray C. stable D. balance
36. He’s so lazy! We all have to work harder because he’s always ____________ his duties.
A. evading B. shirking C. ducking D. dodging
37. A(n) _____________ proportion of the population did not vote in the last elections.
A. essential B. significant C. grave D. fundamental
38. Having seen the film that won the Oscar, I was disappointed as it wasn’t all that it’s
____________up to be.
A. creased B. cracked C. lined D. valued
39. You haven’t signed a contract yet, so it’s not too late to back __________ the deal.
A. into B. down from C. away from D. out of
40. Every time the government meets their demands, the union leaders move the ___________.
A. lamp-posts B. goalposts C. bus stops D. roadblocks
26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.
34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.

Part 2. Write the correct form of each bracketed word in each sentence in the numbered space
provided. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
41. Many years had gone by until the Africans captured by the English colonizers managed to break
free from (SERVE) _______________to their masters.
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 42. “What (FURY) _________________ your father so much last night?”
“Well, it was Pamela who didn’t return home until 3 a.m.”
43. One of the card players communicated with his partner by means of discreet facial movements
which were almost (PERCEIVE) _______________ to the eye of the less experienced
participants.
44. His (INSTANT) _______________ reaction was to cover his face.
45. He took off his hat and a pigeon flew out. It was ________ a trick. (GUILE)
Your answers:

41. 42. 43. 44. 45.

III. READING (50 points)

Part 1. Read the passage and fill each of the following numbered blanks with ONE suitable word.
Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.

One branch of linguistics, the science concerned with human language, is phonetics. Linguists working in
this field investigate the manner in which (46) ________________ are produced, received and transcribed.
There are many kinds of sounds, or phonemes, as they are known technically. They can be articulated at any
point between the (47) ___________ cords and the lips and, depending on the position, will be either vowels,
(48) ______________ or semi-vowels.
The study of how these phonemes are represented in writing is a very complex area, since (49)
___________alphabet is perfect. Perfection would only be potentially attainable if each sound were
represented by a single and constant letter, (50) ____________ no letter representing more than one sound.
Spanish, German and Italian are all reasonable phonetic, but living speech does not conform (51)
__________ the written word. All alphabets (52) ____________ symbols for some sounds, while also
containing some redundant letters.
(53) ______________, the ancient Roman alphabet with 23 letters was never sufficient to express every
phoneme in the English language. Even after the alphabet had been enlarged by a further three symbols, it
was still necessary to form compounds of letters to express certain sounds. On the other hand, some sounds
can be written in more than one way, which means that these extra (54) ____________ are superfluous.
An additional complication is the difference which (55) _____________ between the sound systems of each
language. This includes not only the range of phonemes but also the number of them. For instance, while
Japanese has only 20 phonemes, English has 43.

Your answers:

46. 47. 48. 49. 50.

51. 52. 53. 54. 55.

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Part 2. Read the following passage and do the tasks that follow.

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Choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs A-F from the list below.

56. Paragraph A
57. Paragraph B
58. Paragraph C
59. Paragraph D
60. Paragraph E
61. Paragraph F

Complete the sentences below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS taken from the text.
62. New Zealand excels in ______________
63. Full immersion learning can only happen in an ____________________________.
64. Educational standards are monitored by three ___________________________.
65. The ______________________ develops on a Bachelor’s degree but can take up to two years.

Decide whether the following statements are True (T), False (F) or Not Given (NG).
66. Most international students starts their studies in a secondary school.
67. Postgraduate students undertaking a diploma course extend what they have learnt during their Bachelor’s
degree.
68. All quality control at a tertiary level is done by the universities themselves.

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Your answers:

69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75.

Part 4. Read the following passage and choose the answer A, B, C or D which fits best according to the
text. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
AGGRESSION

When one animal attacks another, it engages in the most obvious example of aggressive behavior.
Psychologists have adopted several approaches to understanding aggressive behavior in people.

The Biological Approach. Numerous biological structures and chemicals appear to be involved in
aggression. One is the hypothalamus, a region of the brain. In response to certain stimuli, many animals
show instinctive aggressive reactions. The hypothalamus appears to be involved in this inborn reaction
pattern: electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in
many animals. In people, however, whose brains are more complex, other brain structures apparently
moderate possible instincts.

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An offshoot of the biological approach called sociobiology suggests that aggression is natural and even
desirable for people. Sociobiology views much social behavior, including aggressive behavior, as
genetically determined. Consider Darwin's theory of evolution. Darwin held that many more individuals
are produced than can find food and survive into adulthood. A struggle for survival follows. Those
individuals who possess characteristics that provide them with an advantage in the struggle for existence
are more likely to survive and contribute their genes to the next generation. In many species, such
characteristics include aggressiveness. Because aggressive individuals are more likely to survive and
reproduce, whatever genes are linked to aggressive behavior are more likely to be transmitted to
subsequent generations.

The sociobiological view has been attacked on numerous grounds. One is that people's capacity to outwit
other species, not their aggressiveness, appears to be the dominant factor in human survival. Another is that
there is too much variation among people to believe that they are dominated by, or at the mercy of,
aggressive impulses.

The Psychodynamic Approach. Theorists adopting the psychodynamic approach hold that inner conflicts
are crucial for understanding human behavior, including aggression. Sigmund Freud, for example, believed
that aggressive impulses are inevitable reactions to the frustrations of daily life. Children normally desire to
vent aggressive impulses on other people, including their parents, because even the most attentive parents
cannot gratify all of their demands immediately. Yet children, also fearing their parents' punishment and
the loss of parental love, come to repress most aggressive impulses. The Freudian perspective, in a sense,
sees us as "steam engines." By holding in rather than venting "steam," we set the stage for future
explosions. Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents in indirect
ways such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangers later in life.

According to psychodynamic theory, the best ways to prevent harmful aggression may be to encourage less
harmful aggression. In the steam-engine analogy, verbal aggression may vent some of the aggressive
steam. So might cheering on one's favorite sports team. Psychoanalysts, therapists adopting a
psychodynamic approach, refer to the venting of aggressive impulses as "catharsis." Catharsis is theorized
to be a safety valve. But research findings on the usefulness of catharsis are mixed. Some studies suggest
that catharsis leads to reductions in tension and a lowered likelihood of future aggression. Other studies,
however, suggest that letting some steam escape actually encourages more aggression later on.

The Cognitive Approach. Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by
the ways in which we interpret our situations, and by choice. For example, people who believe that
aggression is necessary and justified—as during wartime—are likely to act aggressively, whereas
people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression
is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.

One cognitive theory suggests that aggravating and painful events trigger unpleasant feelings. These
feelings, in turn, can lead to aggressive action, but not automatically. Cognitive factors intervene. People
decide whether they will act aggressively or not on the basis of factors such as their experiences with
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aggression and their interpretation of other people's motives. Supporting evidence comes from research
showing that aggressive people often distort other people's motives. For example, they assume that other
people mean them harm when they do not.

76. According to paragraph 2, what evidence indicates that aggression in animals is related to the
hypothalamus?
A. Animals behaving aggressively show increased activity in the hypothalamus.
B. Some aggressive animal species have a highly developed hypothalamus.
C. Artificial stimulation of the hypothalamus results in aggression in animals.
D. Animals who lack a hypothalamus display few aggressive tendencies.

77. According to Darwin's theory of evolution (paragraph 3), members of a species are forced to struggle
for survival because ___________________.
A. not all individuals are skilled in finding food
B. individuals try to defend their young against attackers
C. many more individuals are born than can survive until the age of reproduction
D. individuals with certain genes are more likely to reach adulthood

78. The word “gratify” in the passage is closest in meaning to __________________.

A. identify
B. modify
C. satisfy
D. simplify

79. The word "they" in the passage 5 refers to_______________.

A. future explosions
B. pent-up aggressive impulses
C. outlets
D. indirect ways

80. According to paragraph 5, Freud believed that children experience conflict between a desire to vent
aggression on their parents and _________________.
A. a frustration that their parents do not give them everything they want
B. a desire to take care of their parents
C. a desire to vent aggression on other family members
D. a fear that their parents will punish them and stop loving them

81. Freud describes people as steam engines in order to make the point that people ___________.
A. must vent their aggression to prevent it from building up
B. deliberately build up their aggression to make themselves stronger
C. usually release aggression in explosive ways
D. typically lose their aggression if they do not express it

82. Which of the sentences below best expresses the meaning of the sentence in bold in paragraph 7?
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 A. People who believe that they are fighting a just war act aggressively while those who believe that they
are fighting an unjust war do not.
B. People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified are more likely to act aggressively than
those who believe differently.
C. People who normally do not believe that aggression is necessary and justified may act aggressively
during wartime.
D. People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified do not necessarily act aggressively during
wartime.

83. According to the cognitive approach described in paragraphs 7 and 8, all of the following may
influence the decision whether to act aggressively EXCEPT a person's ________________.
A. moral values
B. previous experiences with aggression
C. beliefs about other people's intentions
D. instinct to avoid aggression

84. The word “distort” in the passage is closest in meaning to ________________.

A. mistrust
B. misinterpret
C. criticize
D. resent

85. Which of the following square brackets [A], [B], [C], or [D] best indicates where in the paragraph the
sentence “According to Freud, however, impulses that have been repressed continue to exist and
demand expression.” can be inserted?
The Psychodynamic Approach. Theorists adopting the psychodynamic approach hold that inner conflicts
are crucial for understanding human behavior, including aggression. Sigmund Freud, for example, believed
that aggressive impulses are inevitable reactions to the frustrations of daily life. Children normally desire to
vent aggressive impulses on other people, including their parents, because even the most attentive parents
cannot gratify all of their demands immediately. [A] Yet children, also fearing their parents' punishment
and the loss of parental love, come to repress most aggressive impulses. [B] The Freudian perspective, in a
sense, sees us as "steam engines." [C] By holding in rather than venting "steam," we set the stage for future
explosions. [D] Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents in
indirect ways such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangers later in life.
A. [A] B. [B] C. [C] D. [D]

Your answers:
76. 77. 78. 79. 80.
81. 82. 83. 84. 85.

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